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Lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase: Potential antiparasitic targets for drug development studies. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 50:116458. [PMID: 34687983 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic diseases remain a major public health concern for humans, claiming millions of lives annually. Although different treatments are required for these diseases, drug usage is limited due to the development of resistance and toxicity, which necessitate alternative therapies. It has been shown in the literature that parasitic lactate dehydrogenases (LDH) and malate dehydrogenases (MDH) have unique pharmacological selective and specificity properties compared to other isoforms, thus highlighting them as viable therapeutic targets involved in aerobic and anaerobic glycolytic pathways. LDH and MDH are important therapeutic targets for invasive parasites because they play a critical role in the progression and development of parasitic diseases. Any strategy to impede these enzymes would be fatal to the parasites, paving the way to develop and discover novel antiparasitic agents. This review aims to highlight the importance of parasitic LDH and MDH as therapeutic drug targets in selected obligate apicoplast parasites. To the best of our knowledge, this review presents the first comprehensive review of LDH and MDH as potential antiparasitic targets for drug development studies.
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Sun CS, Luo F, Liu X, Miao F, Hu W. Oncomelania hupensis retains its ability to transmit Schistosoma japonicum 13 years after migration from permissive to non-permissive areas. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:146. [PMID: 32188510 PMCID: PMC7081574 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-4004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The East Route Project (ERP) of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP) stretches across schistosomiasis endemic and non-endemic areas in China, which may lead to the dispersal of Oncomelania hupensis, the intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum, from permissive areas along the Yangtze River Basin to non-permissive areas in northern China. A previous survey demonstrated that O. hupensis could survive and breed for 13 years (12 generations) after being transferred to a non-permissive area, and could be infected by S. japonicum. However, it is not clear if the migrated snails will change their ability to transmit S. japonicum. Methods We infected mice with the cercariae released from the infected transferred snails bred in Jining city of Shandong Province (non-permissive areas) for 13 years. The mice in the control group were infected with cercariae derived from the snails collected in their original habitat (Jiangdu county of Jiangsu Province, permissive areas). Then, we explored the pathogenicity to mice including worm burden, liver egg count and pathology. Additionally, the gene expression profiles of the adult male and female worms recovered from the infected mice were analyzed by RNA sequencing. Results The worm burden, liver egg count and pathology of the mice infected with cercariae released from transferred snails bred in non-permissive areas for 13 years showed no significant differences, when compared with the control cercariae. Slight changes occurred at the transcription level between adult male and female worms recovered from mice infected with cercariae derived from snails bred in permissive and non-permissive areas. Only fourteen genes were significantly differentially expressed in the comparison of adult female worms, and no significantly differentially expressed gene was found in the comparison of adult male worms. Conclusions Our findings strongly suggest that transferred snails did not change their schistosomiasis transmission ability and the worms derived from them retained the original pathogenicity, even after migrating from permissive to non-permissive areas for 13 years. Therefore, a long-term surveillance system of snails along the SNWDP is urgently needed to prevent the diffusion of O. hupensis and reduce the risk of transmission of schistosomiasis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Song Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic Of China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Hefei, 230061, Anhui Province, People's Republic Of China
| | - Fang Luo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic Of China
| | - Xin Liu
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, 272033, Shandong Province, People's Republic Of China
| | - Feng Miao
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, 272033, Shandong Province, People's Republic Of China.
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic Of China. .,National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of China Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Joint Research Laboratory of Genetics and Ecology on Parasite-host Interaction, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention & Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Mayrink W, Mendonca-Mendes A, de Paula JC, Siqueira LMV, Marrocos SDR, Dias ES, de Andrade HM, Machado-Coelho GLL. Cluster randomised trial to evaluate the effectiveness of a vaccine against cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Caratinga microregion, south-east Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2013; 107:212-9. [DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trt006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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MOERTEL L, GOBERT GN, McMANUS DP. Comparative real-time PCR and enzyme analysis of selected gender-associated molecules in Schistosoma japonicum. Parasitology 2008; 135:575-83. [PMID: 18294425 PMCID: PMC2754247 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182008004174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomes are complex parasitic helminths with discrete life-cycle stages, adapted for survival in their mammalian and snail hosts and the external aquatic environment. Recently, we described the fabrication and use of a microarray to investigate gender-specific transcription in Schistosoma japonicum. To address transcriptional differences, 8 gender-associated gene transcripts identified previously by the microarray analysis were selected for further study. First, differential transcription patterns were investigated in 4 developmental stages using real-time PCR. Subsequently, we undertook functional analysis of a subset of 4 transcripts encoding metabolic enzymes, so as to correlate gender-associated transcript levels with enzyme activity in protein extracts from adult worms. The 8 characterized molecules serve as a basis for further investigation of differential gene expression during the schistosome life-cycle and for studying the sexual dimorphism of adult worms. Continual refinement and annotation of the microarray used in the current study should support future work on these aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. MOERTEL
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, and Australian Centre for International Health and Nutrition, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - G. N. GOBERT
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, and Australian Centre for International Health and Nutrition, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - D. P. McMANUS
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, and Australian Centre for International Health and Nutrition, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
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Machado-Pinto J, Pinto J, da Costa CA, Genaro O, Marques MJ, Modabber F, Mayrink W. Immunochemotherapy for cutaneous leishmaniasis: a controlled trial using killed Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis vaccine plus antimonial. Int J Dermatol 2002; 41:73-8. [PMID: 11982640 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-4362.2002.01336.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis is endemic in 88 countries in the world, and 350 million individuals are at risk of acquiring the disease. Treatment for American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is long, expensive, and associated with important side-effects. METHODS In this double-blind, placebo-controlled study, we treated 102 patients with ACL using either a combination of a single-strain Leishmania amazonensis killed promastigote vaccine plus a half dose of meglumine antimoniate, or placebo plus the same half dose regimen of meglumine antimoniate, in 10-day series followed by 10-day intervals. RESULTS Of the 47 patients in the experimental arm, 47 (100%) were cured after four series of treatment, compared to four of 49 (8.2%) in the control group (P < 0.0001). Six patients were lost to follow-up. CONCLUSIONS The combination of a single-strain Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis killed promastigote vaccine with a half dose regimen of antimonial is highly effective for the treatment of ACL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Machado-Pinto
- Department of Dermatology, Santa Casa Hospital, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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Stäger S, Smith DF, Kaye PM. Immunization with a recombinant stage-regulated surface protein from Leishmania donovani induces protection against visceral leishmaniasis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:7064-71. [PMID: 11120835 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.12.7064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination against visceral leishmaniasis has received limited attention compared with cutaneous leishmaniasis, although the need for an effective vaccine against visceral leishmaniasis is pressing. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that a recombinant stage-specific hydrophilic surface protein of Leishmania donovani, recombinant hydrophilic acylated surface protein B1 (HASPB1), is able to confer protection against experimental challenge. Protection induced by rHASPB1 does not require adjuvant and, unlike soluble Leishmania Ag + IL-12, extends to the control of parasite burden in the spleen, an organ in which parasites usually persist and are refractory to a broad range of immunological and chemotherapeutic interventions. Both immunohistochemistry (for IL-12p40) and enzyme-linked immunospot assay (for IL-12p70) indicate that immunization with rHASPB1 results in IL-12 production by dendritic cells, although an analysis of Ab isotype responses to rHASPB1 suggests that this response is not sufficient in magnitude to induce a polarized Th1 response. Although both vaccinated and control-infected mice have equivalent frequencies of rHASPB1-specific CD4(+) T cells producing IFN-gamma, vaccine-induced protection correlates with the presence of rHASPB1-specific, IFN-gamma-producing CD8(+) T cells. Thus, we have identified a novel vaccine candidate Ag for visceral leishmaniasis, which appears to operate via a mechanism similar to that previously associated with DNA vaccination.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Protozoan/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Protozoan/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Protozoan/genetics
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Drug Combinations
- Female
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-12/administration & dosage
- Interleukin-12/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-12/immunology
- Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Leishmania donovani/genetics
- Leishmania donovani/growth & development
- Leishmania donovani/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/prevention & control
- Liver Diseases, Parasitic/immunology
- Liver Diseases, Parasitic/parasitology
- Liver Diseases, Parasitic/prevention & control
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Membrane Proteins/administration & dosage
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Protozoan Proteins/administration & dosage
- Protozoan Proteins/genetics
- Protozoan Proteins/immunology
- Protozoan Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Protozoan Vaccines/genetics
- Protozoan Vaccines/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Solubility
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- Splenic Diseases/immunology
- Splenic Diseases/parasitology
- Splenic Diseases/prevention & control
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stäger
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Franco GR, Valadão AF, Azevedo V, Rabelo EM. The Schistosoma gene discovery program: state of the art. Int J Parasitol 2000; 30:453-63. [PMID: 10731568 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(00)00020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Schistosoma are dioecious digenetic trematodes carrying a large (270 Mb) genome. Gaining knowledge about the genome of these parasites is of importance for the understanding of their biology, mechanisms of drug resistance and antigenic variation that determine escape from the host's immune system. This review will provide an update on the Schistosoma Gene Discovery Program, which is part of the Schistosoma Genome Project created in 1992. One of the main objectives of this program is the discovery and characterisation of new genes of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum in an attempt to search for new targets for drugs and vaccine development. The success of the Schistosoma Gene Discovery Program is demonstrated by the number of catalogued genes, that now reaches 15 to 20% of the full gene complement of its genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Franco
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, UFMG. Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Pampulha., Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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Abath FG. Development of vaccines against human parasitic diseases: tools, current status and perspectives. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2000; 9:301-10. [PMID: 11060678 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.9.2.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines against malaria, leishmaniasis and schistosomiasis are in the most advanced stages of development of all vaccines for human parasitic diseases. Despite the remarkable progress made in identifying and producing protective antigens, at present there are no generally accepted vaccines against parasitic diseases. Vaccines for malaria and leishmaniasis have been taken to clinical trials while vaccines for schistosomiasis are in Phase I/II trials. This review will focus on the most promising antigenic preparations, emphasising the tools, present status and perspectives for development of vaccines against malaria, leishmaniasis and schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F G Abath
- Departamento de Imunologia, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Av. Moraes, Rego s/n, Cidade Universitaria, 50670-420, Recife-PE, Brazil.
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