1
|
Elias DE, Cardinal MV, Macchiaverna NP, Enriquez GF, Gürtler RE, Gaspe MS. Domestic (re)infestation risk with the main vector Triatoma infestans increases with surrounding green vegetation and social vulnerability in the Argentine Chaco. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:240. [PMID: 38802953 PMCID: PMC11131304 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06324-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is still a public health problem in Latin America and in the Southern Cone countries, where Triatoma infestans is the main vector. We evaluated the relationships among the density of green vegetation around rural houses, sociodemographic characteristics, and domestic (re)infestation with T. infestans while accounting for their spatial dependence in the municipality of Pampa del Indio between 2007 and 2016. METHODS The study comprised sociodemographic and ecological variables from 734 rural houses with no missing data. Green vegetation density surrounding houses was estimated by the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). We used a hierarchical Bayesian logistic regression composed of fixed effects and spatial random effects to estimate domestic infestation risk and quantile regressions to evaluate the association between surrounding NDVI and selected sociodemographic variables. RESULTS Qom ethnicity and the number of poultry were negatively associated with surrounding NDVI, whereas overcrowding was positively associated with surrounding NDVI. Hierarchical Bayesian models identified that domestic infestation was positively associated with surrounding NDVI, suitable walls for triatomines, and overcrowding over both intervention periods. Preintervention domestic infestation also was positively associated with Qom ethnicity. Models with spatial random effects performed better than models without spatial effects. The former identified geographic areas with a domestic infestation risk not accounted for by fixed-effect variables. CONCLUSIONS Domestic infestation with T. infestans was associated with the density of green vegetation surrounding rural houses and social vulnerability over a decade of sustained vector control interventions. High density of green vegetation surrounding rural houses was associated with households with more vulnerable social conditions. Evaluation of domestic infestation risk should simultaneously consider social, landscape and spatial effects to control for their mutual dependency. Hierarchical Bayesian models provided a proficient methodology to identify areas for targeted triatomine and disease surveillance and control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dario E Elias
- Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Marta V Cardinal
- Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia P Macchiaverna
- Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo F Enriquez
- Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ricardo E Gürtler
- Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Sol Gaspe
- Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Medina M, Zuluaga S, Martínez MF, Bermúdez JC, Hernández C, Beltrán V, Velásquez-Ortiz N, Muñoz M, Ramírez JD, Triana O, Cantillo-Barraza O. Interrogating the transmission dynamics of Trypanosoma cruzi (Trypanosomatida, Trypanosomatidae) by Triatoma venosa (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) after the elimination of vector transmission by Rhodnius prolixus in Boyacá eastern Colombia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:998202. [PMID: 36275020 PMCID: PMC9582133 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.998202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) is a parasitic zoonosis (Trypanosoma cruzi) that is endemic in Colombia. Vector control of Rhodnius prolixus, the main domestic T. cruzi vector, has been achieved in a large part of the area with historically vector transmission of CD. It is necessary to understand the ecological behavior characteristics of local native vectors to ensure sustainability of the vector control programs. To evaluate the long-term success of a recent vector control campaign in the Boyacá department (Colombia), we used a combined strategy of entomological surveillance with co-existing canine surveillance from ten rural villages within six municipalities of the Tenza valley region (Boyacá, Colombia): Chinavita, Garagoa, Guateque, Somondoco, Sutatenza and Tenza, with historical reports of R. prolixus and secondary vectors. Collected triatomines and canine whole blood were analyzed for T. cruzi infection and genotyping. Triatomine bugs specimens were evaluated for blood meal source. Canine serology was performed using two distinct antibody assays. In total, 101 Triatoma venosa were collected by active search in domestic and peridomestic habitats. A natural infection prevalence of 13.9% (14/101) and four feeding sources were identified: human, dog, rat, and hen. A frequency infection of 46.5% (40/87) was observed from two independent serological tests and T. cruzi DNA was detected in 14 dogs (16.4%). Only TcIsylvatic DTU was detected. The results suggest that T. venosa present eco-epidemiological characteristics to maintain the transmission of T. cruzi in Tenza valley. This species has reinfested the intervened households and it has an active role in domestic and peridomestic transmission of T. cruzi due to their infection rates and feeding behavior. Therefore, this species should be considered as epidemiologically relevant for vector control strategies. Moreover, there is a need for human serological studies to have a close up of risk they are exposed to.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Medina
- Programa de Control de Vectores, Secretaría de Salud Departamental, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Sara Zuluaga
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas (BCEI), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Juan Carlos Bermúdez
- Programa de Control de Vectores, Secretaría de Salud Departamental, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Carolina Hernández
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología – UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Virgilio Beltrán
- Programa de Control de Vectores, Secretaría de Salud Departamental, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Natalia Velásquez-Ortiz
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología – UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Marina Muñoz
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología – UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología – UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Omar Triana
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas (BCEI), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Omar Cantillo-Barraza
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas (BCEI), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- *Correspondence: Omar Cantillo-Barraza,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Grijalva MJ, Villacís AG, Ocaña-Mayorga S, Yumiseva CA, Nieto-Sanchez C, Baus EG, Moncayo AL. Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Chemical Control for Chagas Disease Vectors in Loja Province, Ecuador. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2022; 22:449-458. [PMID: 36044033 PMCID: PMC9508444 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2021.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of selective and community-wide house insecticide spraying in controlling triatomines in the subtropical areas of Loja Province, Ecuador. We designed a quasi-experimental pre–post-test without a control group to compare entomological levels before and after spraying. The baseline study was conducted in 2008. Second, third, and fourth visits were conducted in 2010, 2011, and 2012 in three rural communities. Out of the 130 domestic units (DU) visited, 41 domestic units were examined in each of the four visits. Selective and community-wide insecticide interventions included spraying with 5% deltamethrin at 25 mg/m2 active ingredient. At each visit, a questionnaire was administered to identify the characteristics of households, and DUs were searched for triatomine bugs. In addition, parasitological analysis was carried out in life triatomines. One and two rounds of selective insecticide spraying decreased the probability of infestation by 62% (pairwise odds ratios [POR] 0.38, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.17–0.89, p = 0.024) and 51% (POR 0.49, 95% CI 0.23–1.01, p = 0.054), respectively. A similar effect was observed after one round of community-wide insecticide application in Chaquizhca and Guara (POR 0.55, CI 0.24–1.25, p = 0.155) and Bellamaria (POR 0.62, CI 0.22–1.79, p = 0.379); however, it was not statistically significant. Trypanosoma cruzi infection in triatomines (n = 483) increased overtime, from 2008 (42.9% and 8.5% for Rhodnius ecuadoriensis and Panstrongylus chinai, respectively) to 2012 (79.5% and 100%). Neither of the two spraying methodologies was effective for triatomine control in this area and our results point to a high likelihood of reinfestation after insecticide application. This underscores the importance of the implementation of physical barriers that prevent invasion and colonization of triatomines in households, such as home improvement initiatives, accompanied by a concerted effort to address the underlying socioeconomic issues that keep this population at risk of developing Chagas disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario J Grijalva
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA.,Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Anita G Villacís
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Sofia Ocaña-Mayorga
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - César A Yumiseva
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Claudia Nieto-Sanchez
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA.,Unit of Socio-Ecological Health Research, Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Esteban G Baus
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.,Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Ana L Moncayo
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
de Arias AR, Monroy C, Guhl F, Sosa-Estani S, Santos WS, Abad-Franch F. Chagas disease control-surveillance in the Americas: the multinational initiatives and the practical impossibility of interrupting vector-borne Trypanosoma cruzi transmission. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2022; 117:e210130. [PMID: 35830010 PMCID: PMC9261920 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760210130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) still imposes a heavy burden on most Latin American countries. Vector-borne and mother-to-child transmission cause several thousand new infections per year, and at least 5 million people carry Trypanosoma cruzi. Access to diagnosis and medical care, however, is far from universal. Starting in the 1990s, CD-endemic countries and the Pan American Health Organization-World Health Organization (PAHO-WHO) launched a series of multinational initiatives for CD control-surveillance. An overview of the initiatives’ aims, achievements, and challenges reveals some key common themes that we discuss here in the context of the WHO 2030 goals for CD. Transmission of T. cruzi via blood transfusion and organ transplantation is effectively under control. T. cruzi, however, is a zoonotic pathogen with 100+ vector species widely spread across the Americas; interrupting vector-borne transmission seems therefore unfeasible. Stronger surveillance systems are, and will continue to be, needed to monitor and control CD. Prevention of vertical transmission demands boosting current efforts to screen pregnant and childbearing-aged women. Finally, integral patient care is a critical unmet need in most countries. The decades-long experience of the initiatives, in sum, hints at the practical impossibility of interrupting vector-borne T. cruzi transmission in the Americas. The concept of disease control seems to provide a more realistic description of what can in effect be achieved by 2030.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlota Monroy
- Universidad de San Carlos, Laboratorio de Entomología y Parasitología Aplicadas, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Felipe Guhl
- Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Tropical, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sergio Sosa-Estani
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative Latin America, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Centro de Investigaciones en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Walter Souza Santos
- Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Epidemiologia das Leishmanioses, Ananindeua, PA, Brasil
| | - Fernando Abad-Franch
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Grijalva MJ, Moncayo AL, Yumiseva CA, Ocaña-Mayorga S, Baus EG, Villacís AG. Evaluation of Selective Deltamethrin Application with Household and Community Awareness for the Control of Chagas Disease in Southern Ecuador. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:1421-1433. [PMID: 35604412 PMCID: PMC9278838 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease is endemic in ~70% of Ecuador. Rhodnius ecuadoriensis and Triatoma carrioni (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) are the primary vectors of Chagas disease in Southern Ecuador. This study tested the effectiveness of selective deltamethrin application of Domiciliary Units (DUs) infested with triatomines, coupled with community education activities and a community-based surveillance system. Ten communities were selected in Loja Province, 466 DUs were examined, of these, 5.6% were infested with R. ecuadoriensis (Density [D] = 4 triatomines/DUs searched, Crowding [CR] = 71 triatomines/infested house, Colonization Index [CI] = 77% infested DUs with nymphs) and 8% with T. carrioni (D = 0.6, CR = 7, CI = 64%). Infested DUs were sprayed with deltamethrin. Subsequent visits were conducted at 6 and 12 mo after spraying. At each time point, new entomological searches were carried out in all DUs. All entomological indexes dropped significantly for the primary vector species one year after the initial intervention (R. ecuadoriensis: I = 2%, D = 0.1, CR = 7, CI = 100%; T. carrioni: I = 1.6%, D = 0.1, CR = 5.5, CI = 50%). Fifteen min educational talks were conducted in every DUs and workshops for schoolchildren were organized. Community-based surveillance system was established. However, there is a high risk of DUs reinfestation, possibly from sylvatic habitats (especially of R. ecuadoriensis) and reinforcing educational and surveillance activities are necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario J Grijalva
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Ana L Moncayo
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Cesar A Yumiseva
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Sofia Ocaña-Mayorga
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Esteban G Baus
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gil-Santana HR, Chavez T, Pita S, Panzera F, Galvão C. Panstrongylusnoireaui, a remarkable new species of Triatominae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) from Bolivia. Zookeys 2022; 1104:203-225. [PMID: 36761929 PMCID: PMC9848746 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1104.81879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Panstrongylusnoireaui sp. nov. from Bolivia is described based on male and female specimens. Although morphologically almost indistinguishable from Panstrongylusrufotuberculatus (Champion, 1899), the new species shows remarkable chromosome and molecular features, which are very distinctive among all others Panstrongylus species. The new species is also separated by some characteristics of the processes of the endosoma of the male genitalia. An updated key for species of Panstrongylus is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hélcio R. Gil-Santana
- Laboratório de Diptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tamara Chavez
- Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud, Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Sebastián Pita
- Universidad de la República, Facultad de Ciencias, Sección Genética Evolutiva, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Francisco Panzera
- Universidad de la República, Facultad de Ciencias, Sección Genética Evolutiva, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cleber Galvão
- Laboratório de Diptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Quiros-Gomez O, Segura-Cardona Á, Flórez PA, Pinto N, Medina M, Henao-Martínez AF, Olivera MJ, Parra-Henao G. Risk factors and spatial analysis for domiciliary infestation with the Chagas disease vector Triatoma venosa in Colombia. Ther Adv Infect Dis 2022; 9:20499361221084164. [PMID: 35321343 PMCID: PMC8935413 DOI: 10.1177/20499361221084164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In Colombia, communities living in the Andean region are the most affected by Chagas disease due to the presence of the main vectors, the environmental and risk factors associated with house infestation. Triatoma venosa is classified as a secondary vector that is frequently found in the departments of Boyaca and Cundinamarca, but epidemiological information and its association with risk factors in domestic and peridomestic areas is unknown. The study aimed to evaluate housing and environmental characteristics associated with domestic and peridomestic infestation by T. venosa and a risk map was estimated. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in municipalities of Boyaca and Cundinamarca, Colombia. From March to July 2015, triatomine infestation screening surveys were conducted in 155 households. Multivariate analysis was performed to evaluate associations with the infestation and ecological niche modeling was estimated using environmental variables. Results: No statistical association was found with any of the housing variables in the adjusted multivariate analysis. However, in raw relationship infestation was associated with bushes < 10 m (OR = 3; 95% CI: 1.3–7.3) and higher temperature p value < 0.05. The developed final risk map pointed to 12 municipalities with no previous report of the disease, which should be sampled for the presence of T. venosa. Conclusion: This study highlights the relationship between environmental factors and T. venosa in Colombia and the importance of modeling tools to improve mapping efforts. Additional studies are needed to verify the association with bushes and higher temperatures and to verify infestation in predicted risk area with no previous report of the species
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Quiros-Gomez
- Grupo de Epidemiología y Bioestadística, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | | | - Néstor Pinto
- Departamento de Cundinamarca, Secretaria de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel Medina
- Departamento de Boyacá, Secretaria de Salud, Tunja, Colombia
| | | | | | - Gabriel Parra-Henao
- Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia and Centro de Investigación en Salud para el Trópico, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Santa Marta, Av. Cll 26 N° 51-20 Bogotá, 52162 Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Souza RDCMD, Gorla DE, Chame M, Jaramillo N, Monroy C, Diotaiuti L. Chagas disease in the context of the 2030 agenda: global warming and vectors. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2022; 117:e200479. [PMID: 35649048 PMCID: PMC9150778 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760200479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is a plan of action for people, planet and prosperity. Thousands of years and centuries of colonisation have passed the precarious housing conditions, food insecurity, lack of sanitation, the limitation of surveillance, health care programs and climate change. Chagas disease continues to be a public health problem. The control programs have been successful in many countries in reducing transmission by T. cruzi; but the results have been variable. WHO makes recommendations for prevention and control with the aim of eliminating Chagas disease as a public health problem. Climate change, deforestation, migration, urbanisation, sylvatic vectors and oral transmission require integrating the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainable development, as well as the links within and between objectives and sectors. While the environment scenarios change around the world, native vector species pose a significant public health threat. The man-made atmosphere change is related to the increase of triatomines’ dispersal range, or an increase of the mobility of the vectors from their sylvatic environment to man-made constructions, or humans getting into sylvatic scenarios, leading to an increase of Chagas disease infection. Innovations with the communities and collaborations among municipalities, International cooperation agencies, local governmental agencies, academic partners, developmental agencies, or environmental institutions may present promising solutions, but sustained partnerships, long-term commitment, and strong regional leadership are required. A new world has just opened up for the renewal of surveillance practices, but the lessons learned in the past should be the basis for solutions in the future.
Collapse
|
9
|
Abad-Franch F, Monteiro FA, Pavan MG, Patterson JS, Bargues MD, Zuriaga MÁ, Aguilar M, Beard CB, Mas-Coma S, Miles MA. Under pressure: phenotypic divergence and convergence associated with microhabitat adaptations in Triatominae. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:195. [PMID: 33832518 PMCID: PMC8034103 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04647-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triatomine bugs, the vectors of Chagas disease, associate with vertebrate hosts in highly diverse ecotopes. It has been proposed that occupation of new microhabitats may trigger selection for distinct phenotypic variants in these blood-sucking bugs. Although understanding phenotypic variation is key to the study of adaptive evolution and central to phenotype-based taxonomy, the drivers of phenotypic change and diversity in triatomines remain poorly understood. Methods/results We combined a detailed phenotypic appraisal (including morphology and morphometrics) with mitochondrial cytb and nuclear ITS2 DNA sequence analyses to study Rhodnius ecuadoriensis populations from across the species’ range. We found three major, naked-eye phenotypic variants. Southern-Andean bugs primarily from vertebrate-nest microhabitats (Ecuador/Peru) are typical, light-colored, small bugs with short heads/wings. Northern-Andean bugs from wet-forest palms (Ecuador) are dark, large bugs with long heads/wings. Finally, northern-lowland bugs primarily from dry-forest palms (Ecuador) are light-colored and medium-sized. Wing and (size-free) head shapes are similar across Ecuadorian populations, regardless of habitat or phenotype, but distinct in Peruvian bugs. Bayesian phylogenetic and multispecies-coalescent DNA sequence analyses strongly suggest that Ecuadorian and Peruvian populations are two independently evolving lineages, with little within-lineage phylogeographic structuring or differentiation. Conclusions We report sharp naked-eye phenotypic divergence of genetically similar Ecuadorian R. ecuadoriensis (nest-dwelling southern-Andean vs palm-dwelling northern bugs; and palm-dwelling Andean vs lowland), and sharp naked-eye phenotypic similarity of typical, yet genetically distinct, southern-Andean bugs primarily from vertebrate-nest (but not palm) microhabitats. This remarkable phenotypic diversity within a single nominal species likely stems from microhabitat adaptations possibly involving predator-driven selection (yielding substrate-matching camouflage coloration) and a shift from palm-crown to vertebrate-nest microhabitats (yielding smaller bodies and shorter and stouter heads). These findings shed new light on the origins of phenotypic diversity in triatomines, warn against excess reliance on phenotype-based triatomine-bug taxonomy, and confirm the Triatominae as an informative model system for the study of phenotypic change under ecological pressure. ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04647-z.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Abad-Franch
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil. .,Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Fernando A Monteiro
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, USA.
| | - Márcio G Pavan
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - James S Patterson
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - M Dolores Bargues
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Zuriaga
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marcelo Aguilar
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.,Instituto Juan César García, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Charles B Beard
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, USA
| | - Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Michael A Miles
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jaradat ZW, Ababneh QO, Sha’aban ST, Alkofahi AA, Assaleh D, Al Shara A. Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and public fomites: a review. Pathog Glob Health 2020; 114:426-450. [PMID: 33115375 PMCID: PMC7759291 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2020.1824112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus genus is a Gram-positive coccus normally associated with skin and mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals. It is part of the commensal human microflora, or found in animals, or contaminating surfaces in the community and hospital settings. Staphylococcus aureus is the most pathogenic species belonging to this genus, as it possesses a collection of virulence factors that are expressed solely to evade the immune system. The increase in the misuse of antimicrobial agents predisposed S. aureus to develop antibiotic resistance, including the resistance to methicillin which led to the emergence of Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA). MRSA is considered one of the most dangerous nosocomial pathogens causing many hard to treat infections in hospitals and was named as Hospital Associated MRSA (HA-MRSA). Over the past 20-25 years, MRSA was isolated from community settings and thus Community Associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) has emerged. Inside hospitals, MRSA has been isolated from fomites in contact with patients, as well as staff's protective and personal items. This review highlights the worldwide prevalence of MRSA on fomites within the contexts of hospital and community settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziad W Jaradat
- Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | | | - Sherin T Sha’aban
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Ayesha A Alkofahi
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Duaa Assaleh
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Anan Al Shara
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Santillán-Guayasamín S, Barnabé C, Magallón-Gastelum E, Waleckx E, Yumiseva CA, Grijalva MJ, Villacís AG, Brenière SF. Molecular data supports monophyly of Triatoma dispar complex within genus Triatoma. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 85:104429. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
12
|
Villacís AG, Bustillos JJ, Depickère S, Sánchez D, Yumiseva CA, Troya-Zuleta A, Barnabé C, Grijalva MJ, Brenière SF. Would tropical climatic variations impact the genetic variability of triatomines: Rhodnius ecuadoriensis, principal vector of Chagas disease in Ecuador? Acta Trop 2020; 209:105530. [PMID: 32439318 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Rhodnius ecuadoriensis is one of the most important vector species of Chagas disease in Ecuador. This species is distributed in the Central coast region and in the south Andean region, and an incipient speciation process between these geographical populations was previously proposed. The current population genetics study only focused on the Central coast region and analyzed 96 sylvatic specimens of R. ecuadoriensis associated with Phytelephas aequatorialis palm trees. We used Cytb and 16S-rRNA sequences and a Cytb-16S-rRNA concatenated set to explore (i) the genetic variability, spatial structuring, and demographic history of R. ecuadoriensis, and to determine (ii) the relationship between the genetic and climatic variabilities. A particularly high genetic variability was observed without detectable general genetic structure; only some terminal genetic clusters were observed. We did not observe isolation by geographical distance (IBD), and it is likely that ancient expansion occurred, according to Fs index and mismatch distribution for Cytb-16S-rRNA concatenated sequences. Hierarchical clustering showed that the current locality origins of the bugs were grouped into four bioclimatic clusters. Genetic and bioclimatic distances were not correlated, but some genetic clusters were associated with bioclimatic ones. The results showed an ancient evolution of the species in the region with a possible old expansion. The absence of spatial genetic structure could be due to climatic conditions (possible selection of singular genotypes) and to passive transportation of palms tree materials where R. ecuadoriensis are living.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita G Villacís
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, (CISeAL), Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador; Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Irvine Hall, Athens, Ohio, 45701.
| | - Juan José Bustillos
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, (CISeAL), Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Stéphanie Depickère
- Grupo de Sistemas Complejos, Instituto de Investigaciones Físicas, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Dino Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, (CISeAL), Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - César A Yumiseva
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, (CISeAL), Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Ana Troya-Zuleta
- Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Christian Barnabé
- INTERTRYP, CIRAD, IRD, University of Montpellier, TA A-17/G, International Campus in Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - Mario J Grijalva
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, (CISeAL), Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador; Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Irvine Hall, Athens, Ohio, 45701
| | - Simone Frédérique Brenière
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, (CISeAL), Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador; INTERTRYP, CIRAD, IRD, University of Montpellier, TA A-17/G, International Campus in Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kieran TJ, Bayona-Vásquez NJ, Varian CP, Saldaña A, Samudio F, Calzada JE, Gottdenker NL, Glenn TC. Population genetics of two chromatic morphs of the Chagas disease vector Rhodnius pallescens Barber, 1932 in Panamá. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 84:104369. [PMID: 32442632 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Rhodnius pallescens is the principal vector of Chagas disease in Panama. Recently a dark chromatic morph has been discovered in the highlands of Veraguas Province. Limited genetic studies have been conducted with regards to the population structure and dispersal potential of Triatominae vectors, particularly in R. pallescens. Next generation sequencing methods such as RADseq and complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genome sequencing have great potential for examining vector biology across space and time. Here we utilize a RADseq method (3RAD), along with complete mtDNA sequencing, to examine the population structure of the two chromatic morpho types of R. pallescens in Panama. We sequenced 105 R. pallescens samples from five localities in Panama. We generated a 2216 SNP dataset and 6 complete mtDNA genomes. RADseq showed significant differentiation among the five localities (FCT = 0.695; P = .004), but most of this was between localities with the dark vs. light chromatic morphs (Veraguas vs. Panama Oeste). The mtDNA genomes showed a 97-98% similarity between dark and light chromatic morphs across all genes and a 502 bp insert in light morphs. Thus, both the RADseq and mtDNA data showed highly differentiated clades with essentially no gene flow between the dark and light chromatic morphs from Veraguas and central Panama respectively. We discuss the growing evidence showing clear distinctions between these two morpho types with the possibility that these are separate species, an area of research that requires further investigation. Finally, we discuss the cost-effectiveness of 3RAD which is a third of the cost compared to other RADseq methods used recently in Chagas disease vector research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Troy J Kieran
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Natalia J Bayona-Vásquez
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Institute of Bioinformatics, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Christina P Varian
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Azael Saldaña
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Panama City, Panama; Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Parasitarias (CIDEP), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Panamá, Panama
| | - Franklyn Samudio
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Panama City, Panama
| | - Jose E Calzada
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Panama City, Panama
| | - Nicole L Gottdenker
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Odum School of Ecology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Travis C Glenn
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Institute of Bioinformatics, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Villacís AG, Dujardin JP, Panzera F, Yumiseva CA, Pita S, Santillán-Guayasamín S, Orozco MI, Mosquera KD, Grijalva MJ. Chagas vectors Panstrongylus chinai (Del Ponte, 1929) and Panstrongylus howardi (Neiva, 1911): chromatic forms or true species? Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:226. [PMID: 32375868 PMCID: PMC7201598 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04097-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chagas disease is a parasitic infection transmitted by “kissing bugs” (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) that has a huge economic impact in Latin American countries. The vector species with the upmost epidemiological importance in Ecuador are Rhodnius ecuadoriensis (Lent & Leon, 1958) and Triatoma dimidiata (Latreille, 1811). However, other species such as Panstrongylus howardi (Neiva, 1911) and Panstrongylus chinai (Del Ponte, 1929) act as secondary vectors due to their growing adaptation to domestic structures and their ability to transmit the parasite to humans. The latter two taxa are distributed in two different regions, they are allopatric and differ mainly by their general color. Their relative morphological similarity led some authors to suspect that P. chinai is a melanic form of P. howardi. Methods The present study explored this question using different approaches: antennal phenotype; geometric morphometrics of heads, wings and eggs; cytogenetics; molecular genetics; experimental crosses; and ecological niche modeling. Results The antennal morphology, geometric morphometrics of head and wing shape and cytogenetic analysis were unable to show distinct differences between the two taxa. However, geometric morphometrics of the eggs, molecular genetics, ecological niche modeling and experimental crosses including chromosomal analyses of the F1 hybrids, in addition to their coloration and current distribution support the hypothesis that P. chinai and P. howardi are separate species. Conclusions Based on the evidence provided here, P. howardi and P. chinai should not be synonymized. They represent two valid, closely related species.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita G Villacís
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America (CISeAL), School of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Quito, Ecuador.,Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Dujardin
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America (CISeAL), School of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Quito, Ecuador.,IRD, UMR 177 IRD-CIRAD INTERTRYP, Campus international de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - Francisco Panzera
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - César A Yumiseva
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America (CISeAL), School of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Sebastián Pita
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Soledad Santillán-Guayasamín
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America (CISeAL), School of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Marco I Orozco
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America (CISeAL), School of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Katherine D Mosquera
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America (CISeAL), School of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Quito, Ecuador.,Carrera de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas - ESPE, Sangolquí, Ecuador
| | - Mario J Grijalva
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Calvopina M, Segovia G, Cevallos W, Vicuña Y, Costales JA, Guevara A. Fatal acute Chagas disease by Trypanosoma cruzi DTU TcI, Ecuador. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:143. [PMID: 32059706 PMCID: PMC7023793 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-4851-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chagas disease is caused by the haemoflagellate protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. Currently, T. cruzi recognizes seven discrete typing units (DTUs): TcI to TcVI and Tcbat. The genetic diversity of T. cruzi is suspected to influence the clinical outcome. Acute clinical manifestations, which include myocarditis and meningoencephalitis, are sometimes fatal; occur most frequently in children and in immunocompromised individuals. Acute disease is often overlooked, leading to a poor prognosis. Case presentation A 38-year-old man from a subtropical area of the Andes mountains of Ecuador was hospitalized after 3 weeks of evolution with high fever, chills, an enlarged liver, spleen, and lymph nodes, as well as facial edema. ECG changes were also observed. T. cruzi was identified in blood smears, culture and amplification of DNA by PCR. Tests for anti-T. cruzi IgG and IgM and HIV were negative. Molecular typing by restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) determined the parasite to DTU TcI. In the absence of a timely anti-T. cruzi medication, the patient died. Conclusions This is a case of severe pathogenicity and the virulence of a DTU TcI strain in an adult patient. The severe acute Chagas disease was probably overlooked due to limited awareness and its low incidence. Our findings suggest that T. cruzi DTU TcI strains circulating in Ecuador are capable of causing fatal acute disease. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment is of paramount importance to avoid fatalities in acute infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Calvopina
- OneHealth Research Group, Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA), Calle Jose Queri s/n entre Av. Granados y Av. Eloy Alfaro, PO BOX 17-17-9788, Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Gabriela Segovia
- Instituto de Biomedicina, Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - William Cevallos
- Instituto de Biomedicina, Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Yosselin Vicuña
- Instituto de Biomedicina, Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jaime A Costales
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina (CISeAL), Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Angel Guevara
- Instituto de Biomedicina, Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Barnabé C, Grijalva MJ, Santillán-Guayasamín S, Yumiseva CA, Waleckx E, Brenière SF, Villacís AG. Genetic data support speciation between Panstrongylus howardi and Panstrongylus chinai, vectors of Chagas disease in Ecuador. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 78:104103. [PMID: 31698115 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Limited genetic data are currently available for three vectors of Chagas disease in Ecuador, Panstrongylus howardi, P. chinai, and P. rufotuberculatus. Previously regarded as mainly sylvatic, these species have been poorly studied. Recently, they have been more frequently reported in domiciles and peridomiciles and are now considered true secondary vectors of Chagas disease in a country where an estimated 200,000 people are infected by Trypanosoma cruzi, a causative agent of this disease. In order to fill this gap, we obtained DNA for sequencing from 53 insects belonging to these three species and mainly sampled from the two Ecuadorian provinces of Loja and Manabí. We used six mitochondrial loci (COI, COII, ND4, CytB, 16S, and 12S) and two nuclear ones (ITS2 and 18S). We interpreted the phylogenetic trees built with single and concatenated data through maximum likelihood, Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo, and maximum parsimony methods. We provide evidence that P. chinai and P. howardi are indeed two supported species closely related and derived from a common ancestor. Additionally, the phylogenetic position of P. rufotuberculatus was confirmed as being distant from P. chinai and P. howardi and clustered with Triatoma dimidiata, a species belonging to the Northern American Triatoma clade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Barnabé
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR INTERTRYP IRD-CIRAD, University of Montpellier, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Mario J Grijalva
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America, School of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador; Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Biomedical Sciences Department, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States of America
| | - Soledad Santillán-Guayasamín
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America, School of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Cesar A Yumiseva
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America, School of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Etienne Waleckx
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR INTERTRYP IRD-CIRAD, University of Montpellier, F-34398 Montpellier, France; Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Simone Frédérique Brenière
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR INTERTRYP IRD-CIRAD, University of Montpellier, F-34398 Montpellier, France; Center for Research on Health in Latin America, School of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Anita G Villacís
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America, School of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador; Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Biomedical Sciences Department, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Monteiro FA, Weirauch C, Felix M, Lazoski C, Abad-Franch F. Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography of the Triatominae, Vectors of Chagas Disease. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2019. [PMID: 29530308 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we review and update current knowledge about the evolution, systematics, and biogeography of the Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)-true bugs that feed primarily on vertebrate blood. In the Americas, triatomines are the vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease. Despite declining incidence and prevalence, Chagas disease is still a major public health concern in Latin America. Triatomines occur also in the Old World, where vector-borne T. cruzi transmission has not been recorded. Triatomines evolved from predatory reduviid bugs, most likely in the New World, and diversified extensively across the Americas (including the Caribbean) and in parts of Asia and Oceania. Here, we first discuss our current understanding of how, how many times, and when the blood-feeding habit might have evolved among the Reduviidae. Then we present a summary of recent advances in the systematics of this diverse group of insects, with an emphasis on the contribution of molecular tools to the clarification of taxonomic controversies. Finally, and in the light of both up-to-date phylogenetic hypotheses and a thorough review of distribution records, we propose a global synthesis of the biogeography of the Triatominae. Over 130 triatomine species contribute to maintaining T. cruzi transmission among mammals (sometimes including humans) in almost every terrestrial ecoregion of the Americas. This means that Chagas disease will never be eradicated and underscores the fact that effective disease prevention will perforce require stronger, long-term vector control-surveillance systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Araujo Monteiro
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | - Márcio Felix
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Lazoski
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Padilla N A, Moncayo AL, Keil CB, Grijalva MJ, Villacís AG. Life Cycle, Feeding, and Defecation Patterns of Triatoma carrioni (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), Under Laboratory Conditions. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:617-624. [PMID: 30768666 PMCID: PMC6467638 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae). It is transmitted to humans primarily through contaminated feces of blood-sucking vectors of the subfamily Triatominae, known in Ecuador as 'chinchorros'. Some Triatominae species can adapt to domiciliary and peridomiciliary environments where T. cruzi can be transmitted to humans. Triatoma carrioni (Larrousse 1926) colonizes domestic and peridomestic habitats up to 2,242 m above sea level (masl) in southern Ecuador (Loja Province) and northern Peru. This study describes the life cycle, feeding, and defecation patterns of T. carrioni under controlled laboratory conditions using mice as hosts. Specimens were collected in Loja Province, Ecuador, and maintained in the laboratory. The life cycle was approximately 385.7 ± 110.6 d. There was a high mortality rate, 40.9% for first instars and 38.9% for fifth instars (NV). Feeding and defecation patterns for each life stage were examined by recording: insertion time of the proboscis into the host, total feeding time, time to first defecation, and weight of the bloodmeal. Total feeding time varied between 20.6 ± 11.4 min for first instars (NI) and 48.9 ± 19.0 min for adult females. The time to first defecation was variable but ranged from 9.8 ± 10.6 min for NI to 39.4 ± 24.7 min for NV during feeding. This suggests that T. carrioni has an annual life cycle and is a potential vector of T. cruzi in Loja Province. Improved knowledge of populations of T. carrioni in domestic and peridomestic environments of Ecuador can have a significant impact on the prevention and control of Chagas disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana L Moncayo
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America (CISeAL)
| | - Clifford B Keil
- Museum of Invertebrates, School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Mario J Grijalva
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America (CISeAL)
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Biomedical Sciences Department, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH
| | - Anita G Villacís
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America (CISeAL)
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Genetic variation and phylogeography of the Triatoma dimidiata complex evidence a potential center of origin and recent divergence of haplogroups having differential Trypanosoma cruzi and DTU infections. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007044. [PMID: 30689662 PMCID: PMC6366694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The population genetics of Triatoma dimidiata haplogroups was analyzed at landscape and sub-regional scales in Chiapas and regional level across the Mexican Neotropics, and phylogeography of the complex was re-analyzed across its complete geographic range. Two contiguous fragments of the ND4 gene were analyzed due to bias from differential haplogroup specificity using a previously designed sequence. At both landscape (anthropic modification gradient) and regional (demographic, fragmentation, biogeographic, climate) scales, lowest T. dimidiata genetic diversity occurs where there is greatest historical anthropic modification, and where T. cruzi infection prevalence is significantly highest. Trypanosoma cruzi prevalence was significantly higher than expected in haplogroups 1 and 3, while lower than expected in haplogroup 2. There was also a significant difference of DTUI and DTUVI infection frequencies in both haplogroups 1 and 3, while no difference of either in haplogroup 2. All haplogroups from the Mexican Neotropics had moderate to high haplotype diversity, while greatest genetic differentiation was between haplogroups 1 and 3 (above FST = 0.868, p < 0.0001). Divergence of the complex from the MRCA was estimated between 0.97 MYA (95% HPD interval = 0.55–1.53 MYA) and 0.85 MYA (95% HPD interval = 0.42–1.5 MYA) for ND4A and both concatenated fragments, respectively, with primary divergence from the MRCA of haplogroups 2 and 3. Effective population size for Mexican haplogroups 1 and 2 increased between 0.02 and 0.03 MYA. This study supports previous ecological niche evidence for the complex´s origin surrounding the Tehuantepec Isthmus, and provides evidence for recent divergence of three primary dimidiata haplogroups, with differential T. cruzi infection frequency and DTU specificity, important components of vector capacity. Triatoma dimidiata is one of the broadest distributed triatomine species´ complexes transmitting Trypanosoma cruzi. In Mexico, three haplogroups of the T. dimidiata complex have been reported and all are primary vectors of Chagas disease south of the Tehuantepec Isthmus. Given their epidemiological importance, the question arises whether haplogroups have similar genetic diversity in domestic/modified landscapes, as well as infection characteristics and parasite DTU associations, key components of vector capacity. The aim of the present study was to analyze Triatoma dimidiata population genetics across landscapes, sub-regional, regional, and global Neotropical realm scales, using two contiguous fragments of the ND4 gene. Our results support previous evidence for the complex´s origin surrounding the Tehuantepec Isthmus, and provides evidence for recent divergence of three principal dimidiata haplogroups and significant secondary divergence within each. Differential T. cruzi prevalence and Discrete Typing Unit (DTU) specificity for individual haplogroups provide evidence for potential differential vector capacity within the complex in Mexico.
Collapse
|
20
|
Santillán-Guayasamín S, Villacís AG, Grijalva MJ, Dujardin JP. Triatominae: does the shape change of non-viable eggs compromise species recognition? Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:543. [PMID: 30305182 PMCID: PMC6180597 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3104-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eggs have epidemiological and taxonomic importance in the subfamily Triatominae, which contains Chagas disease vectors. The metric properties (size and shape) of eggs are useful for distinguishing between close species, or different geographical populations of the same species. Methods We examined the effects of egg viability on its metric properties, and the possible consequences on species recognition. Four species were considered: Panstrongylus chinai, P. howardi and Triatoma carrioni (tribe Triatomini), and Rhodnius ecuadoriensis (tribe Rhodniini). Digitization was performed on pictures taken when the viability of the egg could not clearly be predicted by visual inspection. We then followed development to separate viable from non-viable eggs, and the metric changes associated with viability status of the eggs were tested for species discrimination (interspecific difference). Results The shape of the complete contour of the egg provided satisfactory species classification (95% of correct assignments, on average), with improved scores (98%) when discarding non-viable eggs from the comparisons. Using only non-viable eggs, the scores dropped to 90%. The morphometric differences between viable and non-viable eggs were also explored (intraspecific comparison). A constant metric change observed was a larger variance of size and shape in non-viable eggs. For all species, larger eggs, or eggs with larger operculum, were more frequently non-viable. However, these differences did not allow for an accurate prediction regarding egg viability. Conclusions The strong taxonomic signal present in egg morphology was affected by the level of viability of the eggs. The metric properties as modified in non-viable eggs presented some general trends which could suggest the existence of an optimum phenotype for size and for shape. Globally, viable eggs tended to have intermediate or small sizes, and presented a less globular shape in the Triatomini, or a relatively wider neck in Rhodnius ecuadoriensis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3104-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Santillán-Guayasamín
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America (CISeAL), School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Calle Pambahacienda s/n y San Pedro del Valle, Campus Nayón, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Anita G Villacís
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America (CISeAL), School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Calle Pambahacienda s/n y San Pedro del Valle, Campus Nayón, Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Mario J Grijalva
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America (CISeAL), School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Calle Pambahacienda s/n y San Pedro del Valle, Campus Nayón, Quito, Ecuador.,Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Dujardin
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America (CISeAL), School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Calle Pambahacienda s/n y San Pedro del Valle, Campus Nayón, Quito, Ecuador.,IRD, UMR 177 IRD-CIRAD INTERTRYP, Campus international de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Distribution of triatomine species in domestic and peridomestic environments in central coastal Ecuador. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005970. [PMID: 28968383 PMCID: PMC5638615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the central coast of the Ecuador is considered endemic for Chagas disease, few studies have focused on determining the risk of transmission in this region. In this study we describe the triatomine household infestation in Manabí province (Central Coast region), determine the rate of Trypanosoma cruzi infection and study the risk factors associated with infestation by Rhodnius ecuadoriensis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS An entomological survey found three triatomine species (Rhodnius ecuadoriensis, Panstrongylus rufotuberculatus and P. howardi) infesting domiciles in 47.4% of the 78 communities visited (total infestation rate of 4.5%). Four percent of domiciles were infested, and nymphs were observed in 77% of those domiciles. The three species were found in altitudes below 500 masl and in all ecological zones except cloud forest. Within the domicile, we found the three species mostly in bedrooms. Rhodnius ecuadoriensis and P. rufotuberculatus were abundant in bird nests, including chicken coops and P. howardi associated with rats in piles of bricks, in the peridomicile. Triatomine infestation was characterized by high rates of colonization, especially in peridomicile. Flagelates infection was detected in only 12% of the samples by microscopy and Trypanosoma cruzi infection in 42% of the examined triatomines by PCR (n = 372). The most important risk factors for house infestation by R. ecuadoriensis were ecological zone (w = 0.99) and presence of chickens (w = 0.96). Determinants of secondary importance were reporting no insecticide applications over the last twelve months (w = 0.86) and dirt floor (w = 0.70). On the other hand, wood as wall material was a protective factor (w = 0.85). CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE According the results, approximately 571,000 people would be at high risk for T. cruzi infection in Manabí province. A multidisciplinary approximation and the adhesion to a periodic integrated vector management (IVM) program are essential to guarantee sustainable preventive and control strategies for Chagas disease in this region.
Collapse
|
22
|
Kato H, Jochim RC, Gomez EA, Tsunekawa S, Valenzuela JG, Hashiguchi Y. Salivary gland transcripts of the kissing bug, Panstrongylus chinai, a vector of Chagas disease. Acta Trop 2017; 174:122-129. [PMID: 28690145 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The saliva of hematophagous arthropods injected during blood feeding contains potent pharmacologically active components to counteract the host hemostatic and inflammatory systems. In the present study, dominant salivary gland transcripts of Panstrongylus chinai, a vector of Chagas disease, were analyzed by sequencing randomly selected clones of the salivary gland cDNA library. This analysis showed that 56.5% of the isolated transcripts coded for putative secreted proteins, of which 73.7% coded for proteins belonging to the lipocalin family. The most abundant transcript of lipocalin family proteins was a homologue of pallidipin 2, an inhibitor of collagen-induced platelet aggregation of Triatoma pallidipennis. In addition, homologues of triafestin, an inhibitor of the kallikrein-kinin system of T. infestans, were identified as the dominant transcript. Other salivary transcripts encoding lipocalin family proteins had homology to triplatin (an inhibitor of platelet aggregation) and others with unknown function. Other than lipocalin family proteins, homologues of a Kazal-type serine protease inhibitor (putative anticoagulant), a hemolysin-like protein (unknown function), inositol polyphosphate 5-related protein (a regulator of membrane phosphoinositide), antigen 5-related protein (unknown function) and apyrase (platelet aggregation inhibitor) were identified.
Collapse
|
23
|
Villacís AG, Marcet PL, Yumiseva CA, Dotson EM, Tibayrenc M, Brenière SF, Grijalva MJ. Pioneer study of population genetics of Rhodnius ecuadoriensis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) from the central coastand southern Andean regions of Ecuador. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 53:116-127. [PMID: 28546079 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Effective control of Chagas disease vector populations requires a good understanding of the epidemiological components, including a reliable analysis of the genetic structure of vector populations. Rhodnius ecuadoriensis is the most widespread vector of Chagas disease in Ecuador, occupying domestic, peridomestic and sylvatic habitats. It is widely distributed in the central coast and southern highlands regions of Ecuador, two very different regions in terms of bio-geographical characteristics. To evaluate the genetic relationship among R. ecuadoriensis populations in these two regions, we analyzed genetic variability at two microsatellite loci for 326 specimens (n=122 in Manabí and n=204 in Loja) and the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (Cyt b) sequences for 174 individuals collected in the two provinces (n=73 and=101 in Manabí and Loja respectively). The individual samples were grouped in populations according to their community of origin. A few populations presented positive FIS, possible due to Wahlund effect. Significant pairwise differentiation was detected between populations within each province for both genetic markers, and the isolation by distance model was significant for these populations. Microsatellite markers showed significant genetic differentiation between the populations of the two provinces. The partial sequences of the Cyt b gene (578bp) identified a total of 34 haplotypes among 174 specimens sequenced, which translated into high haplotype diversity (Hd=0.929). The haplotype distribution differed among provinces (significant Fisher's exact test). Overall, the genetic differentiation of R. ecuadoriensis between provinces detected in this study is consistent with the biological and phenotypic differences previously observed between Manabí and Loja populations. The current phylogenetic analysis evidenced the monophyly of the populations of R. ecuadoriensis within the R. pallescens species complex; R. pallescens and R. colombiensis were more closely related than they were to R. ecuadoriensis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita G Villacís
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America (CISeAL), School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Paula L Marcet
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Entomology Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - César A Yumiseva
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America (CISeAL), School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Ellen M Dotson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Entomology Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Michel Tibayrenc
- IRD, UMR MIVEGEC (IRD 224-CNRS 5290-UM1-UM2), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, IRD Center, 911, avenue Agropolis, Montpellier, France
| | - Simone Frédérique Brenière
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America (CISeAL), School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador; IRD, UMR INTERTRYP (IRD-CIRAD), Interactions hosts-vectors-parasites-environment in the tropical neglected disease due to trypanosomatids, TA A-17/G, Campus international de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - Mario J Grijalva
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America (CISeAL), School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador; Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Irvine Hall, Athens, OH 45701, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Santillán-Guayasamín S, Villacís AG, Grijalva MJ, Dujardin JP. The modern morphometric approach to identify eggs of Triatominae. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:55. [PMID: 28143573 PMCID: PMC5286694 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-1982-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Egg morphometrics in the Triatominae has proved to be informative for distinguishing tribes or genera, and has been based generally on traditional morphometrics. However, more resolution is required, allowing species or even population recognition, because the presence of eggs in the domicile could be related to the species ability to colonize human dwellings, suggesting its importance as a vector. Results We explored the resolution of modern morphometric methods to distinguish not only tribes and genera, but also species or geographic populations in some important Triatominae. Four species were considered, representing two tribes and three genera: Panstrongylus chinai and P. howardi, Triatoma carrioni and Rhodnius ecuadoriensis. Within R. ecuadoriensis, two geographical populations of Ecuador were compared. For these comparisons, we selected the most suitable day of egg development, as well as the possible best position of the egg for data capture. The shape of the eggs in the Triatominae does not offer true anatomical landmarks as the ones used in landmark-based morphometrics, except for the egg cap, especially in eggs with an evident “neck”, such as those of the Rhodniini. To capture the operculum shape variation, we used the landmark- and semilandmark-based method. The results obtained from the metric properties of the operculum were compared with the ones provided by the simple contour of the whole egg, as analyzed by the Elliptic Fourier Analysis. Clear differences could be disclosed between the genera, between the species - among which two very close species (P. chinai and P. howardi), as well as between two allopatric, conspecific populations. The whole egg contour (including the operculum) produced reclassification scores much more satisfactory than the ones obtained using the operculum only. Conclusions We propose the outline-based approach as the most convenient characterization tool to identify unknown eggs at the species or population levels. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-1982-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Santillán-Guayasamín
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America (CISeAL), School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Anita G Villacís
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America (CISeAL), School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Mario J Grijalva
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America (CISeAL), School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Quito, Ecuador. .,Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
| | - Jean-Pierre Dujardin
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America (CISeAL), School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Quito, Ecuador.,IRD, UMR 177 IRD-CIRAD INTERTRYP, Campus international de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mosquera KD, Villacís AG, Grijalva MJ. Life Cycle, Feeding, and Defecation Patterns of Panstrongylus chinai (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) Under Laboratory Conditions. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 53:776-781. [PMID: 27131311 PMCID: PMC5853679 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi Panstrongylus chinai (Del Ponte) is highly domiciliated in the Peruvian and Ecuadorian Andes and has been found naturally infected with T. cruzi The objective of this study was to describe the life cycle, feeding, and defecation patterns of P. chinai in the Loja province within southern Ecuador. To characterize its life cycle, a cohort of 70 individuals was followed from egg to adult. At each stage of development, prefeeding time, feeding time, weight of ingested meal, proportional weight increase, and the time to the first defecation were recorded. Panstrongylus chinai completed its development in 371.4 ± 22.3 d, (95% CI 355.4-387.4), which means that it is likely a univoltine species. Prefeeding time, feeding time, and weight of ingested meal increased as individuals developed through nymphal stages. Moreover, time to first defecation was shortest in the early nymphal stages, suggesting higher vector potential in the early developmental stages. Data obtained in this study represent an important advance in our knowledge of the biology of P. chinai, which should be considered as a secondary Chagas disease vector species in the Andean valleys of Loja (Ecuador) and in the north of Peru, and included in entomological surveillance programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine D Mosquera
- Center for Infectious and Chronic Disease Research, School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador (; ; )
- Carrera de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas - ESPE, Sangolquí, Ecuador
| | - Anita G Villacís
- Center for Infectious and Chronic Disease Research, School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador (; ; )
| | - Mario J Grijalva
- Center for Infectious and Chronic Disease Research, School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador (; ; )
- Tropical Disease Institute, Biomedical Sciences Department, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wong YY, Sornosa Macias KJ, Guale Martínez D, Solorzano LF, Ramirez-Sierra MJ, Herrera C, Dumonteil E. Molecular epidemiology of Trypanosoma cruzi and Triatoma dimidiata in costal Ecuador. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 41:207-212. [PMID: 27079265 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. In Ecuador, Triatoma dimidiata and Rhodnius ecuadoriensis are the main vector species, responsible for over half of the cases of T. cruzi infection in the country. T. dimidiata is believed to have been introduced in Ecuador during colonial times, and its elimination from the country is thus believed to be feasible. We investigated here the molecular ecology of T. dimidiata and T. cruzi in costal Ecuador to further guide control efforts. Analysis of the Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS-2) of 23 specimens from Progreso, Guayas, unambiguously supported the likely importation of T. dimidiata from Central America to Ecuador. The observation of a very high parasite infection rate (54%) and frequent feeding on humans (3/5) confirmed a continued risk of transmission to humans. All genotyped parasites corresponded to TcI DTU and Trypanosoma rangeli was not detected in T. dimidiata. TcI subgroups corresponded to TcIa (25%), and mixed infections with TcIa and TcId (75%). Further studies should help clarify T. cruzi genetic structure in the country, and the possible impact of the introduction of T. dimidiata on the circulating parasite strains. The elevated risk posed by this species warrants continuing efforts for its control, but its apparent mobility between peridomestic and domestic habitats may favor reinfestation following insecticide spraying.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yim Yan Wong
- Centro de Referencia Nacional de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública Leopoldo Izquieta Perez (INSPI), Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Karen Jeniffer Sornosa Macias
- Centro de Referencia Nacional de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública Leopoldo Izquieta Perez (INSPI), Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Doris Guale Martínez
- Centro de Referencia Nacional de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública Leopoldo Izquieta Perez (INSPI), Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Luis F Solorzano
- Centro de Referencia Nacional de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública Leopoldo Izquieta Perez (INSPI), Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Maria Jesus Ramirez-Sierra
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Claudia Herrera
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Vector-Borne Infection Disease Research Center, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Eric Dumonteil
- Centro de Referencia Nacional de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública Leopoldo Izquieta Perez (INSPI), Guayaquil, Ecuador; Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico; Department of Tropical Medicine, Vector-Borne Infection Disease Research Center, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Parra-Henao G, Angulo VM, Osorio L, Jaramillo-O N. Geographic Distribution and Ecology of Triatoma dimidiata (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in Colombia. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 53:122-129. [PMID: 26487247 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Triatoma dimidiata Latreille is the second most important vector of Chagas' disease in Colombia and is found in urban and periurban areas. From January 2007 to June 2008, we performed field work in 8 departments, 18 municipalities, and 44 rural villages, covering most of its known distribution and all of its ecological zones in the country. The goal was to determine the geographical distribution, the ecology, and house infestation indices of T. dimidiata over its range and hence the Chagas' disease transmission risk. In Colombia, T. dimidiata occupies a wide variety of ecosystems, from transformed ecosystems in the Andean biome with shrub and xerofitic vegetation to very dense forests in the humid tropical forests in the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta. According to genetic and ecological criteria, at least two T. dimidiata forms of this species are present: populations from the northwest of the country (Caribbean plains) are restricted to palm tree habitats, and domestic involvement is limited to sporadic visits because of attraction by light; and populations of the east region (Andean mountains) presenting a complex distributional pattern including sylvatic, peridomestic, and domiciliated ecotopes, and occupying a great variety of life zones. The latter population is of epidemiological importance due to the demonstrated migration and genetical flow of individuals among the different habitats. Control, therefore, must take into account its diversity of habitats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Parra-Henao
- Red Chagas Colombia, calle 26 No 51-20 zona 6 CAN, Bogotá D.C., Colombia (; ), Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical-Universidad CES, Kra 43 A N° 52 S 99, Sabaneta, Antioquia, Colombia, Grupo de Epidemiología y Bioestadística, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia,
| | - Víctor Manuel Angulo
- Red Chagas Colombia, calle 26 No 51-20 zona 6 CAN, Bogotá D.C., Colombia (; ), CINTROP, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Kra 27 calle 9, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
| | - Lisardo Osorio
- Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública, Universidad de Antioquia, calle 67 No. 53 - 108, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia , and
| | - Nicolás Jaramillo-O
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, calle 67 No. 53 - 108, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Quinde-Calderón L, Rios-Quituizaca P, Solorzano L, Dumonteil E. Ten years (2004-2014) of Chagas disease surveillance and vector control in Ecuador: successes and challenges. Trop Med Int Health 2015; 21:84-92. [PMID: 26458237 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the current situation of Chagas disease in Ecuador and to evaluate the impact of vector control for the period 2004-2014. METHODS Since 2004, the Ministry of Public Health has formalized activities for the surveillance and control of Chagas disease and we analyzed here available records. RESULTS More than 200 000 houses were surveyed, and 2.6% were found to be infested (95% CI: 2.6-2.7), and more than 51 000 houses were sprayed with residual insecticide, with important yearly variations. A total of 915 cases of T. cruzi infection were registered. The Amazon region is emerging as a high priority area, where nearly half of T. cruzi infection cases originate. The costal region and the southern highland valleys remain important high-risk area. Vector control efforts over the past 10 years have been effective in the coastal region, where T. dimidiata predominates, and resulted in important reductions in house infestation indices in many areas, even reaching negligible levels in some parishes. CONCLUSION Vector efforts need to be sustained and expanded for the elimination of T. dimidiata to be feasible. Novel vector control interventions need to be designed to reduce intrusion by several triatomine species present in the Amazon region and southern Ecuador. Strong political commitment is needed to sustain current achievements and improve the national coverage of these programmes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Quinde-Calderón
- Programa Nacional de Chagas, Leishmaniasis y Oncocercosis, Ministerio de Salud Pública, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | | | - Luis Solorzano
- Subproceso de Parasitologia, Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Eric Dumonteil
- Subproceso de Parasitologia, Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Guayaquil, Ecuador.,Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Chagas disease is the most important parasitic disease in Latin America. The causative agent, Trypanosoma cruzi, displays high genetic diversity and circulates in complex transmission cycles among domestic, peridomestic and sylvatic environments. In Ecuador, Rhodnius ecuadoriensis is known to be the major vector species implicated in T. cruzi transmission. However, across vast areas of Ecuador, little is known about T. cruzi genetic diversity in relation to different parasite transmission scenarios. Fifty-eight T. cruzi stocks from the central Ecuadorian coast, most of them derived from R. ecuadoriensis, were included in the study. All of them were genotyped as T. cruzi discrete typing unit I (DTU TcI). Analysis of 23 polymorphic microsatellite loci through neighbor joining and discriminant analysis of principal components yielded broadly congruent results and indicate genetic subdivision between sylvatic and peridomestic transmission cycles. However, both analyses also suggest that any barriers are imperfect and significant gene flow between parasite subpopulations in different habitats exists. Also consistent with moderate partition and residual gene flow between subpopulations, the fixation index (FST) was significant, but of low magnitude. Finally, the lack of private alleles in the domestic/peridomestic transmission cycle suggests the sylvatic strains constitute the ancestral population. The T. cruzi population in the central Ecuadorian coast shows moderate tendency to subdivision according to transmission cycle. However, connectivity between cycles exists and the sylvatic T. cruzi population harbored by R. ecuadoriensis vectors appears to constitute a source from which the parasite invades human domiciles and their surroundings in this region. We discuss the implications these findings have for the planning, implementation and evaluation of local Chagas disease control interventions.
Collapse
|
30
|
Pinto CM, Ocaña-Mayorga S, Tapia EE, Lobos SE, Zurita AP, Aguirre-Villacís F, MacDonald A, Villacís AG, Lima L, Teixeira MMG, Grijalva MJ, Perkins SL. Bats, Trypanosomes, and Triatomines in Ecuador: New Insights into the Diversity, Transmission, and Origins of Trypanosoma cruzi and Chagas Disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139999. [PMID: 26465748 PMCID: PMC4605636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The generalist parasite Trypanosoma cruzi has two phylogenetic lineages associated almost exclusively with bats—Trypanosoma cruzi Tcbat and the subspecies T. c. marinkellei. We present new information on the genetic variation, geographic distribution, host associations, and potential vectors of these lineages. We conducted field surveys of bats and triatomines in southern Ecuador, a country endemic for Chagas disease, and screened for trypanosomes by microscopy and PCR. We identified parasites at species and genotype levels through phylogenetic approaches based on 18S ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) and cytochrome b (cytb) genes and conducted a comparison of nucleotide diversity of the cytb gene. We document for the first time T. cruzi Tcbat and T. c. marinkellei in Ecuador, expanding their distribution in South America to the western side of the Andes. In addition, we found the triatomines Cavernicola pilosa and Triatoma dispar sharing shelters with bats. The comparisons of nucleotide diversity revealed a higher diversity for T. c. marinkellei than any of the T. c. cruzi genotypes associated with Chagas disease. Findings from this study increased both the number of host species and known geographical ranges of both parasites and suggest potential vectors for these two trypanosomes associated with bats in rural areas of southern Ecuador. The higher nucleotide diversity of T. c. marinkellei supports a long evolutionary relationship between T. cruzi and bats, implying that bats are the original hosts of this important parasite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. Miguel Pinto
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Sofía Ocaña-Mayorga
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
- Tropical Disease Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - Simón E. Lobos
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Alejandra P. Zurita
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Fernanda Aguirre-Villacís
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Amber MacDonald
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Anita G. Villacís
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Luciana Lima
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marta M. G. Teixeira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario J. Grijalva
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
- Tropical Disease Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Susan L. Perkins
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Grijalva MJ, Villacis AG, Ocaña-Mayorga S, Yumiseva CA, Moncayo AL, Baus EG. Comprehensive Survey of Domiciliary Triatomine Species Capable of Transmitting Chagas Disease in Southern Ecuador. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004142. [PMID: 26441260 PMCID: PMC4595344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chagas disease is endemic to the southern Andean region of Ecuador, an area with one of the highest poverty rates in the country. However, few studies have looked into the epidemiology, vectors and transmission risks in this region. In this study we describe the triatomine household infestation in Loja province, determine the rate of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in triatomines and study the risk factors associated with infestation. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS An entomological survey found four triatomine species (Rhodnius ecuadoriensis, Triatoma carrioni, Panstrongylus chinai, and P. rufotuberculatus) infesting domiciles in 68% of the 92 rural communities examined. Nine percent of domiciles were infested, and nymphs were observed in 80% of the infested domiciles. Triatomines were found in all ecological regions below 2,200 masl. We found R. ecuadoriensis (275 to 1948 masl) and T. carrioni (831 to 2242 masl) mostly in bedrooms within the domicile, and they were abundant in chicken coops near the domicile. Established colonies of P. chinai (175 to 2003 masl) and P. rufotuberculatus (404 to 1613 masl) also were found in the domicile. Triatomine infestation was associated with surrogate poverty indicators, such as poor sanitary infrastructure (lack of latrine/toilet [w = 0.95], sewage to environment [w = 1.0]). Vegetation type was a determinant of infestation [w = 1.0] and vector control program insecticide spraying was a protective factor [w = 1.0]. Of the 754 triatomines analyzed, 11% were infected with Trypanosoma cruzi and 2% were infected with T. rangeli. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE To date, only limited vector control efforts have been implemented. Together with recent reports of widespread sylvatic triatomine infestation and frequent post-intervention reinfestation, these results show that an estimated 100,000 people living in rural areas of southern Ecuador are at high risk for T. cruzi infection. Therefore, there is a need for a systematic, sustained, and monitored vector control intervention that is coupled with improvement of socio-economic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario J. Grijalva
- Tropical Disease Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Infectious and Chronic Disease Research, School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
- * E-mail:
| | - Anita G. Villacis
- Center for Infectious and Chronic Disease Research, School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Sofia Ocaña-Mayorga
- Tropical Disease Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Infectious and Chronic Disease Research, School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Cesar A. Yumiseva
- Center for Infectious and Chronic Disease Research, School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Ana L. Moncayo
- Center for Infectious and Chronic Disease Research, School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Esteban G. Baus
- Center for Infectious and Chronic Disease Research, School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gómez-Palacio A, Arboleda S, Dumonteil E, Townsend Peterson A. Ecological niche and geographic distribution of the Chagas disease vector, Triatoma dimidiata (Reduviidae: Triatominae): Evidence for niche differentiation among cryptic species. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 36:15-22. [PMID: 26321302 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The principal vector of Chagas disease in Central America, Triatoma dimidiata, shows considerable diversity of habitat, phenotype, and genotype across its geographic range (central Mexico to southern Ecuador), suggesting that it constitutes a complex of cryptic species. However, no consistent picture of the magnitude of ecological differentiation among populations of this complex has yet been developed. To assess ecological variation across the complex, we broadened the geographic coverage of phylogeographic data and analyses for the complex into Colombia and Mexico, with additional nuclear (ITS-2) and mitochondrial (ND4) DNA sequences. This information allowed us to describe distributions of previously documented clades in greater detail: Group I, from central Guatemala south to Ecuador; Group II, across Mexico south through the Yucatán Peninsula to Belize and northern Guatemala; and Group III, in northern Guatemala, Belize, and the Yucatán Peninsula. Using ecological niche modeling, we assessed ecological niche differentiation among the groups using four hypotheses of accessible areas (M) across the distribution of the complex. Results indicated clear niche divergence of Group I from Group II: the speciation process thus appears to have involved genetic and ecological changes, suggesting divergence in populations in response to environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Gómez-Palacio
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas - BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellin, Colombia.
| | - Sair Arboleda
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas - BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Eric Dumonteil
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Instituto Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Carrera Vargas C, Narváez AO, Muzzio Aroca J, Shiguango G, Robles LM, Herrera C, Dumonteil E. Seroprevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi Infection in Schoolchildren and in Pregnant Women from an Amazonian Region in Orellana Province, Ecuador. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 93:774-8. [PMID: 26283751 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is a parasitic disease caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and about 230,000 persons are estimated to be infected in Ecuador. However, limited studies have been performed in the Amazon region, on the eastern side of the country. We evaluated here the seroprevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in 12 rural villages of the Loreto canton, Orellana Province in schoolchildren aged 5-15 years and in pregnant women. A total of 1,649 blood samples were tested for Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and indirect hemaglutination, and discordant samples were tested by indirect immunofluorescence assay. We detected a seroprevalence of anti-Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies of 1.3% in schoolchildren aged 5-15 years, indicating the persistence of a constant and active vectorial transmission in the Loreto County and confirming the need of the implementation of nonconventional vector control. We also observed a seroprevalence of 3.8% in pregnant women, indicating a clear risk of congenital transmission. Further studies should help define this risk more precisely and implement current international guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment, and care of these cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caty Carrera Vargas
- Subproceso de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi," Universidad Autonoma de Yucatán, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico; Ministry of Public Health, Orellana, Ecuador; Department of Tropical Medicine, Vector-Borne Infectious Disease Research Center, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Alberto Orlando Narváez
- Subproceso de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi," Universidad Autonoma de Yucatán, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico; Ministry of Public Health, Orellana, Ecuador; Department of Tropical Medicine, Vector-Borne Infectious Disease Research Center, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jenny Muzzio Aroca
- Subproceso de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi," Universidad Autonoma de Yucatán, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico; Ministry of Public Health, Orellana, Ecuador; Department of Tropical Medicine, Vector-Borne Infectious Disease Research Center, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Gonzalo Shiguango
- Subproceso de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi," Universidad Autonoma de Yucatán, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico; Ministry of Public Health, Orellana, Ecuador; Department of Tropical Medicine, Vector-Borne Infectious Disease Research Center, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Luiggi Martini Robles
- Subproceso de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi," Universidad Autonoma de Yucatán, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico; Ministry of Public Health, Orellana, Ecuador; Department of Tropical Medicine, Vector-Borne Infectious Disease Research Center, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Claudia Herrera
- Subproceso de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi," Universidad Autonoma de Yucatán, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico; Ministry of Public Health, Orellana, Ecuador; Department of Tropical Medicine, Vector-Borne Infectious Disease Research Center, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Eric Dumonteil
- Subproceso de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi," Universidad Autonoma de Yucatán, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico; Ministry of Public Health, Orellana, Ecuador; Department of Tropical Medicine, Vector-Borne Infectious Disease Research Center, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Waleckx E, Gourbière S, Dumonteil E. Intrusive versus domiciliated triatomines and the challenge of adapting vector control practices against Chagas disease. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:324-38. [PMID: 25993504 PMCID: PMC4489470 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760140409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease prevention remains mostly based on triatomine vector control to reduce or eliminate house infestation with these bugs. The level of adaptation of triatomines to human housing is a key part of vector competence and needs to be precisely evaluated to allow for the design of effective vector control strategies. In this review, we examine how the domiciliation/intrusion level of different triatomine species/populations has been defined and measured and discuss how these concepts may be improved for a better understanding of their ecology and evolution, as well as for the design of more effective control strategies against a large variety of triatomine species. We suggest that a major limitation of current criteria for classifying triatomines into sylvatic, intrusive, domiciliary and domestic species is that these are essentially qualitative and do not rely on quantitative variables measuring population sustainability and fitness in their different habitats. However, such assessments may be derived from further analysis and modelling of field data. Such approaches can shed new light on the domiciliation process of triatomines and may represent a key tool for decision-making and the design of vector control interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Waleckx
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr
Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Sébastien Gourbière
- Institut de Modélisation et d’Analyses en Géo-Environnement et Santé,
Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Eric Dumonteil
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr
Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abad-Franch F, Pavan MG, Jaramillo-O N, Palomeque FS, Dale C, Chaverra D, Monteiro FA. Rhodnius barretti, a new species of Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) from western Amazonia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 108 Suppl 1:92-9. [PMID: 24473808 PMCID: PMC4109185 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276130434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodnius barretti , a new triatomine species, is described based on
adult specimens collected in rainforest environments within the Napo ecoregion of
western Amazonia (Colombia and Ecuador). R. barretti resembles
Rhodnius robustus s.l. , but mitochondrial cytochrome
b gene sequences reveal that it is a strongly divergent member of
the “robustus lineage”, i.e., basal to the clade encompassing Rhodnius
nasutus , Rhodnius neglectus , Rhodnius
prolixus and five members of the R. robustus species
complex. Morphometric analyses also reveal consistent divergence from R.
robustus s.l. , including head and, as previously shown, wing shape and
the length ratios of some anatomical structures. R. barretti occurs,
often at high densities, in Attalea butyracea and Oenocarpus
bataua palms. It is strikingly aggressive and adults may invade houses
flying from peridomestic palms. R. barretti must therefore be
regarded as a potential Trypanosoma cruzi vector in the Napo
ecoregion, where Chagas disease is endemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Abad-Franch
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Brasil, ManausAM, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane-Fiocruz, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Márcio G Pavan
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular, Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular
| | - Nicolás Jaramillo-O
- Grupo de Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia, Medellín, Grupo de Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas,Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Francisco S Palomeque
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Ecuador, Quito, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Carolina Dale
- Laboratório Nacional e Internacional de Referência em Taxonomia de Triatomíneos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Brasil, Rio de JaneiroRJ, Laboratório Nacional e Internacional de Referência em Taxonomia de Triatomíneos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Duverney Chaverra
- Grupo de Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia, Medellín, Grupo de Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas,Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Fernando A Monteiro
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular, Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Villacís AG, Ocaña-Mayorga S, Lascano MS, Yumiseva CA, Baus EG, Grijalva MJ. Abundance, natural infection with trypanosomes, and food source of an endemic species of triatomine, Panstrongylus howardi (Neiva 1911), on the Ecuadorian Central Coast. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 92:187-92. [PMID: 25385867 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The elimination of domestic triatomines is the foundation of Chagas disease control. Regional initiatives are eliminating introduced triatomine species. In this scenario, endemic triatomines can occupy the ecological niches left open and become a threat to long-term Chagas disease control efforts. This study determined the abundance, colonization, and Trypanosoma cruzi infection rate of the endemic Panstrongylus howardi in 10 rural communities located in Ecuador's Manabí Province. In total, 518 individuals of P. howardi were collected. Infestation indices of 1.4% and 6.6% were found in the domestic and peridomestic environments, respectively. We determined a T. cruzi infection rate of 53.2% (N = 47) in this species. P. howardi has a high capacity to adapt to different habitats, especially in the peridomicile. This implies a considerable risk of transmission because of the frequency of intradomicile invasion. Therefore, this species needs to be taken into account in Chagas control and surveillance efforts in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita G Villacís
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador; Tropical Disease Institute, Biomedical Sciences Department, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Sofía Ocaña-Mayorga
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador; Tropical Disease Institute, Biomedical Sciences Department, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Mauricio S Lascano
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador; Tropical Disease Institute, Biomedical Sciences Department, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - César A Yumiseva
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador; Tropical Disease Institute, Biomedical Sciences Department, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Esteban G Baus
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador; Tropical Disease Institute, Biomedical Sciences Department, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Mario J Grijalva
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador; Tropical Disease Institute, Biomedical Sciences Department, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hiwat H. Triatominae species of Suriname (Heteroptera: Reduviidae) and their role as vectors of Chagas disease. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 109:452-8. [PMID: 25004146 PMCID: PMC4155847 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276130408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nine species of Triatominae, representing three tribes and five genera, are currently known in Suriname. An annotated list of the species based on the collections of the Bureau of Public Health (Suriname), the National Zoological Collection Suriname and the National History Museum Leiden (the Netherlands) is provided. Additionally, the results of several years of opportunistic collection in two domestic environments are presented. The most common species are Rhodnius pictipes Stål, 1972, Rhodnius robustus Larrouse, 1972 and Panstrongylus geniculatus (Latreille, 1811). The significance of the species as vectors of Chagas disease in Suriname is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Hiwat
- Department of Entomology, Bureau of Public Health, Paramaribo, Suriname
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Pita S, Panzera F, Ferrandis I, Galvão C, Gómez-Palacio A, Panzera Y. Chromosomal divergence and evolutionary inferences in Rhodniini based on the chromosomal location of ribosomal genes. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 108:S0074-02762013000300376. [PMID: 23778665 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762013000300017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we used fluorescence in situ hybridisation to determine the chromosomal location of 45S rDNA clusters in 10 species of the tribe Rhodniini (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae). The results showed striking inter and intraspecific variability, with the location of the rDNA clusters restricted to sex chromosomes with two patterns: either on one (X chromosome) or both sex chromosomes (X and Y chromosomes). This variation occurs within a genus that has an unchanging diploid chromosome number (2n = 22, including 20 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes) and a similar chromosome size and genomic DNA content, reflecting a genome dynamic not revealed by these chromosome traits. The rDNA variation in closely related species and the intraspecific polymorphism in Rhodnius ecuadoriensis suggested that the chromosomal position of rDNA clusters might be a useful marker to identify recently diverged species or populations. We discuss the ancestral position of ribosomal genes in the tribe Rhodniini and the possible mechanisms involved in the variation of the rDNA clusters, including the loss of rDNA loci on the Y chromosome, transposition and ectopic pairing. The last two processes involve chromosomal exchanges between both sex chromosomes, in contrast to the widely accepted idea that the achiasmatic sex chromosomes of Heteroptera do not interchange sequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Pita
- Universidad de la República, Facultad de Ciencias, Sección Genética Evolutiva, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Monteiro FA, Peretolchina T, Lazoski C, Harris K, Dotson EM, Abad-Franch F, Tamayo E, Pennington PM, Monroy C, Cordon-Rosales C, Salazar-Schettino PM, Gómez-Palacio A, Grijalva MJ, Beard CB, Marcet PL. Phylogeographic pattern and extensive mitochondrial DNA divergence disclose a species complex within the Chagas disease vector Triatoma dimidiata. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70974. [PMID: 23940678 PMCID: PMC3733668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triatoma dimidiata is among the main vectors of Chagas disease in Latin America. However, and despite important advances, there is no consensus about the taxonomic status of phenotypically divergent T. dimidiata populations, which in most recent papers are regarded as subspecies. METHODOLOGY AND FINDINGS A total of 126 cyt b sequences (621 bp long) were produced for specimens from across the species range. Forty-seven selected specimens representing the main cyt b clades observed (after a preliminary phylogenetic analysis) were also sequenced for an ND4 fragment (554 bp long) and concatenated with their respective cyt b sequences to produce a combined data set totalling 1175 bp/individual. Bayesian and Maximum-Likelihood phylogenetic analyses of both data sets (cyt b, and cyt b+ND4) disclosed four strongly divergent (all pairwise Kimura 2-parameter distances >0.08), monophyletic groups: Group I occurs from Southern Mexico through Central America into Colombia, with Ecuadorian specimens resembling Nicaraguan material; Group II includes samples from Western-Southwestern Mexico; Group III comprises specimens from the Yucatán peninsula; and Group IV consists of sylvatic samples from Belize. The closely-related, yet formally recognized species T. hegneri from the island of Cozumel falls within the divergence range of the T. dimidiata populations studied. CONCLUSIONS We propose that Groups I-IV, as well as T. hegneri, should be regarded as separate species. In the Petén of Guatemala, representatives of Groups I, II, and III occur in sympatry; the absence of haplotypes with intermediate genetic distances, as shown by multimodal mismatch distribution plots, clearly indicates that reproductive barriers actively promote within-group cohesion. Some sylvatic specimens from Belize belong to a different species - likely the basal lineage of the T. dimidiata complex, originated ~8.25 Mya. The evidence presented here strongly supports the proposition that T. dimidiata is a complex of five cryptic species (Groups I-IV plus T. hegneri) that play different roles as vectors of Chagas disease in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A Monteiro
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Gurevitz JM, Gaspe MS, Enriquez GF, Provecho YM, Kitron U, Gürtler RE. Intensified surveillance and insecticide-based control of the Chagas disease vector Triatoma infestans in the Argentinean Chaco. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2158. [PMID: 23593525 PMCID: PMC3623707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The elimination of Triatoma infestans, the main Chagas disease vector in the Gran Chaco region, remains elusive. We implemented an intensified control strategy based on full-coverage pyrethroid spraying, followed by frequent vector surveillance and immediate selective insecticide treatment of detected foci in a well-defined rural area in northeastern Argentina with moderate pyrethroid resistance. We assessed long-term impacts, and identified factors and procedures affecting spray effectiveness. METHODS AND FINDINGS After initial control interventions, timed-manual searches were performed by skilled personnel in 4,053 sites of 353-411 houses inspected every 4-7 months over a 35-month period. Residual insecticide spraying was less effective than expected throughout the three-year period, mainly because of the occurrence of moderate pyrethroid resistance and the limited effectiveness of selective treatment of infested sites only. After initial interventions, peridomestic infestation prevalence always exceeded domestic infestation, and timed-manual searches consistently outperformed householders' bug detection, except in domiciles. Most of the infestations occurred in houses infested at baseline, and were restricted to four main ecotopes. Houses with an early persistent infestation were spatially aggregated up to a distance of 2.5 km. An Akaike-based multi-model inference approach showed that new site-level infestations increased substantially with the local availability of appropriate refugia for triatomine bugs, and with proximity to the nearest site found infested at one or two preceding surveys. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE Current vector control procedures have limited effectiveness in the Gran Chaco. Selective insecticide sprays must include all sites within the infested house compound. The suppression of T. infestans in rural areas with moderate pyrethroid resistance requires increased efforts and appropriate management actions. In addition to careful, systematic insecticide applications, housing improvement and development policies that improve material conditions of rural villagers and reduce habitat suitability for bugs will contribute substantially to sustainable vector and disease control in the Gran Chaco.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Gurevitz
- Laboratory of Eco-Epidemiology, Department of Ecology, Genetics and Evolution, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Sol Gaspe
- Laboratory of Eco-Epidemiology, Department of Ecology, Genetics and Evolution, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo F. Enriquez
- Laboratory of Eco-Epidemiology, Department of Ecology, Genetics and Evolution, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yael M. Provecho
- Laboratory of Eco-Epidemiology, Department of Ecology, Genetics and Evolution, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Uriel Kitron
- Department of Environmental Studies, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ricardo E. Gürtler
- Laboratory of Eco-Epidemiology, Department of Ecology, Genetics and Evolution, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Grijalva MJ, Suarez-Davalos V, Villacis AG, Ocaña-Mayorga S, Dangles O. Ecological factors related to the widespread distribution of sylvatic Rhodnius ecuadoriensis populations in southern Ecuador. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:17. [PMID: 22243930 PMCID: PMC3282634 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chagas disease transmission risk is a function of the presence of triatomines in domestic habitats. Rhodnius ecuadoriensis is one of the main vectors implicated in transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi in Ecuador. This triatomine species is present in domestic, peridomestic and sylvatic habitats in the country. To determine the distribution of sylvatic populations of R. ecuadoriensis and the factors related to this distribution, triatomine searches were conducted between 2005 and 2009 in southern Ecuador. Methods Manual triatomine searches were conducted by skilled bug collectors in 23 communities. Sylvatic searched sites were selected by a) directed sampling, where microhabitats were selected by the searchers and b) random sampling, where sampling points where randomly generated. Domiciliary triatomine searches were conducted using the one man-hour method. Natural trypanosome infection was determined by microscopic examination and PCR. Generalized linear models were used to test the effect of environmental factors on the presence of sylvatic triatomines. Results In total, 1,923 sylvatic individuals were collected representing a sampling effort of 751 man-hours. Collected sylvatic triatomines were associated with mammal and bird nests. The 1,219 sampled nests presented an infestation index of 11.9%, a crowding of 13 bugs per infested nest, and a colonization of 80% of the nests. Triatomine abundance was significantly higher in squirrel (Sciurus stramineus) nests located above five meters from ground level and close to the houses. In addition, 8.5% of the 820 examined houses in the same localities were infested with triatomines. There was a significant correlation between R. ecuadoriensis infestation rates found in sylvatic and synanthropic environments within communities (p = 0.012). Parasitological analysis revealed that 64.7% and 15.7% of the sylvatic bugs examined (n = 300) were infected with Trypanosoma cruzi and T. rangeli respectively, and 8% of the bugs presented mixed infections. Conclusions The wide distribution of sylvatic R. ecuadoriensis populations may jeopardize the effectiveness of control campaigns conducted to eliminate domestic populations of this species. Also, the high T. cruzi infection rates found in sylvatic R. ecuadoriensis populations in southern Ecuador could constitute a risk for house re-infestation and persistent long-term Chagas disease transmission in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario J Grijalva
- Tropical Disease Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Urrea DA, Guhl F, Herrera CP, Falla A, Carranza JC, Cuba-Cuba C, Triana-Chávez O, Grisard EC, Vallejo GA. Sequence analysis of the spliced-leader intergenic region (SL-IR) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) of Trypanosoma rangeli strains isolated from Rhodnius ecuadoriensis, R. colombiensis, R. pallescens and R. prolixus suggests a degree of co-evolution between parasites and vectors. Acta Trop 2011; 120:59-66. [PMID: 21718675 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Revised: 05/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Spliced leader intergenic region (SL-IR) sequences from 23 Trypanosoma rangeli strains isolated from the salivary glands of Rhodnius colombiensis, R. ecuadoriensis, R. pallescens and R. prolixus and two human strains revealed the existence of 4 genotypes with CA, GT, TA, ATT and GTAT microsatellite repeats and the presence of insertions/deletions (INDEL) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) characterizing each genotype. The strains isolated from the same vector species or the same Rhodnius evolutionary line presented the same genotypes, even in cases where strains had been isolated from vectors captured in geographically distant regions. The dendrogram constructed from the SL-IR sequences separated all of them into two main groups, one with the genotypes isolated from R. prolixus and the other group containing three well defined sub-groups with the genotypes isolated from R. pallescens, R. colombiensis and R. ecuadoriensis. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis showed the same two main groups and sub-groups supporting strict T. rangeli genotypes' association with Rhodnius species. Combined with other studies, these results suggest a possible co-evolutionary association between T. rangeli genotypes and their vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Alfonso Urrea
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical-LIPT, Universidad del Tolima, AA 546, Altos de Santa Helena, Ibagué, Colombia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Castro MCM, Barrett TV, Santos WS, Abad-Franch F, Rafael JA. Attraction of Chagas disease vectors (Triatominae) to artificial light sources in the canopy of primary Amazon rainforest. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2011; 105:1061-4. [PMID: 21225207 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762010000800019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult triatomines occasionally fly into artificially lit premises in Amazonia. This can result in Trypanosoma cruzi transmission to humans either by direct contact or via foodstuff contamination, but the frequency of such behaviour has not been quantified. To address this issue, a light-trap was set 45 m above ground in primary rainforest near Manaus, state of Amazonas, Brazil and operated monthly for three consecutive nights over the course of one year (432 trap-hours). The most commonly caught reduviids were triatomines, including 38 Panstrongylus geniculatus, nine Panstrongylus lignarius, three Panstrongylus rufotuberculatus, five Rhodnius robustus, two Rhodnius pictipes, one Rhodnius amazonicus and 17 Eratyrus mucronatus. Males were collected more frequently than females. The only month without any catches was May. Attraction of most of the known local T. cruzi vectors to artificial light sources is common and year-round in the Amazon rainforest, implying that they may often invade premises built near forest edges and thus become involved in disease transmission. Consequently, effective Chagas disease prevention in Amazonia will require integrating entomological surveillance with the currently used epidemiological surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo C M Castro
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil, 69011-970
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Grijalva MJ, Palomeque FS, Villacís AG, Black CL, Arcos-Terán L. Absence of domestic triatomine colonies in an area of the coastal region of Ecuador where Chagas disease is endemic. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2011; 105:677-81. [PMID: 20835616 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762010000500013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodnius ecuadoriensis is considered the second most important vector of Chagas disease in Ecuador. It is distributed across six of the 24 provinces and occupies intradomiciliary, peridomiciliary and sylvatic habitats. This study was conducted in six communities within the coastal province of Guayas. Triatomine searches were conducted in domestic and peridomestic habitats and bird nests using manual searches, live-bait traps and sensor boxes. Synantrhopic mammals were captured in the domestic and peridomestic habitats. Household searches (n = 429) and randomly placed sensor boxes (n = 360) produced no live triatomine adults or nymphs. In contrast, eight nymphs were found in two out of six searched Campylorhynchus fasciatus (Troglodytidae) nests. Finally, Trypanosoma cruzi DNA was amplified from the blood of 10% of the 115 examined mammals. Environmental changes in land use (intensive rice farming), mosquito control interventions and lack of intradomestic adaptation are suggested among the possible reasons for the lack of domestic triatomine colonies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario J Grijalva
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Tropical Disease Institute, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, OH, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Grijalva MJ, Villacís AG, Ocaña-Mayorga S, Yumiseva CA, Baus EG. Limitations of selective deltamethrin application for triatomine control in central coastal Ecuador. Parasit Vectors 2011; 4:20. [PMID: 21332985 PMCID: PMC3050847 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This year-long study evaluated the effectiveness of a strategy involving selective deltamethrin spraying and community education for control of Chagas disease vectors in domestic units located in rural communities of coastal Ecuador. Results Surveys for triatomines revealed peridomestic infestation with Rhodnius ecuadoriensis and Panstrongylus howardi, with infestation indices remaining high during the study (13%, 17%, and 10%, at initial, 6-month, and 12-month visits, respectively), which indicates a limitation of this strategy for triatomine population control. Infestation was found 6 and 12 months after spraying with deltamethrin. In addition, a large number of previously vector-free domestic units also were found infested at the 6- and 12-month surveys, which indicates new infestations by sylvatic triatomines. The predominance of young nymphs and adults suggests new infestation events, likely from sylvatic foci. In addition, infection with Trypanosoma cruzi was found in 65%, 21% and 29% at initial, 6-month and 12-month visits, respectively. All parasites isolated (n = 20) were identified as TcI. Conclusion New vector control strategies need to be devised and evaluated for reduction of T. cruzi transmission in this region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario J Grijalva
- Tropical Disease Institute, Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Torres V DB, Cabrera R. Geographical distribution and intra-domiciliary capture of sylvatic triatomines in La Convención province, Cusco, Peru. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2010; 52:157-60. [PMID: 20602026 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652010000300008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The geographical distribution and intra-domiciliary capture of sylvatic triatomines in three districts of the province of La Convención, Cusco, Peru are presented. In the district of Vilcabamba, eight adults of Rhodnius pictipes and five adults of Panstrongylus geniculatus were found. In the district of Ocobamba, 19 adults, 14 nymphs, and eggs of P. rufotuberculatus were found. In the district of Echarate, six adults and 10 nymphs of Eratyrus mucronatus, an adult of R. pictipes and P. geniculatus, and a nymph of P. rufotuberculatus were also found. The geographical distribution of E. mucronatus has extended to Cusco. This is the first report in Peru of household colonization by this triatomine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dina Beatriz Torres V
- Laboratorio de Entomología, Red de Salud de La Convención, Dirección Regional de Salud Cusco, Perú
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Barratt JLN, Harkness J, Marriott D, Ellis JT, Stark D. Importance of nonenteric protozoan infections in immunocompromised people. Clin Microbiol Rev 2010; 23:795-836. [PMID: 20930074 PMCID: PMC2952979 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00001-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
There are many neglected nonenteric protozoa able to cause serious morbidity and mortality in humans, particularly in the developing world. Diseases caused by certain protozoa are often more severe in the presence of HIV. While information regarding neglected tropical diseases caused by trypanosomatids and Plasmodium is abundant, these protozoa are often not a first consideration in Western countries where they are not endemic. As such, diagnostics may not be available in these regions. Due to global travel and immigration, this has become an increasing problem. Inversely, in certain parts of the world (particularly sub-Saharan Africa), the HIV problem is so severe that diseases like microsporidiosis and toxoplasmosis are common. In Western countries, due to the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), these diseases are infrequently encountered. While free-living amoebae are rarely encountered in a clinical setting, when infections do occur, they are often fatal. Rapid diagnosis and treatment are essential to the survival of patients infected with these organisms. This paper reviews information on the diagnosis and treatment of nonenteric protozoal diseases in immunocompromised people, with a focus on patients infected with HIV. The nonenteric microsporidia, some trypanosomatids, Toxoplasma spp., Neospora spp., some free-living amoebae, Plasmodium spp., and Babesia spp. are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L N Barratt
- Department of Microbiology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst 2010, NSW, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abad-Franch F, Santos WS, Schofield CJ. Research needs for Chagas disease prevention. Acta Trop 2010; 115:44-54. [PMID: 20227378 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present an overview of the two main strategies for the primary (vector control) and secondary (patient care) prevention of Chagas disease (CD). We identify major advances, knowledge gaps, and key research needs in both areas. Improved specific chemotherapy, including more practical formulations (e.g., paediatric) or combinations of existing drugs, and a better understanding of pathogenesis, including the relative weights of parasite and host genetic makeup, are clearly needed. Regarding CD vectors, we find that only about 10-20% of published papers on triatomines deal directly with disease control. We pinpoint the pitfalls of the current consensus on triatomine systematics, particularly within the Triatomini, and suggest how some straightforward sampling and analytical strategies would improve research on vector ecology, naturally leading to sounder control-surveillance schemes. We conclude that sustained research on CD prevention is still crucial. In the past, it provided not only the know-how, but also the critical mass of scientists needed to foster and consolidate CD prevention programmes; in the future, both patient care and long-term vector control would nonetheless benefit from more sharply focused, problem-oriented research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Abad-Franch
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane-Fiocruz Amazonia, Rua Teresina 476, 69057-070 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Villacís AG, Arcos-Terán L, Grijalva MJ. Life cycle, feeding and defecation patterns of Rhodnius ecuadoriensis (Lent & León 1958) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) under laboratory conditions. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009; 103:690-5. [PMID: 19057820 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762008000700011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2008] [Accepted: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodnius ecuadoriensis is the second most important vector of Chagas Disease (CD) in Ecuador. The objective of this study was to describe (and compare) the life cycle, the feeding and defecation patterns under laboratory conditions of two populations of this specie [from the provinces of Manabí (Coastal region) and Loja (Andean region)]. Egg-to-adult (n = 57) development took an average of 189.9 +/- 20 (Manabí) and 181.3 +/- 6.4 days (Loja). Mortality rates were high among Lojan nymphs. Pre-feeding time (from contact with host to feeding initiation) ranged from 4 min 42 s [nymph I (NI)] to 8 min 30 s (male); feeding time ranged from 14 min 45 s (NI)-28 min 25 s (male) (Manabí) and from 15 min 25 s (NI)-28 min 57 s (nymph V) (Loja). The amount of blood ingested increased significantly with instar and was larger for Manabí specimens (p < 0.001). Defecation while feeding was observed in Manabí specimens from stage nymph III and in Lojan bugs from stage nymph IV. There was a gradual, age-related increase in the frequency of this behaviour in both populations. Our results suggest that R. ecuadoriensis has the bionomic traits of an efficient vector of Trypanosoma cruzi. Together with previous data on the capacity of this species to infest rural households, these results indicate that control of synanthropic R. ecuadoriensis populations in the coastal and Andean regions may have a significant impact for CD control in Ecuador and Northern Peru.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita G Villacís
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Deciphering morphology in Triatominae: the evolutionary signals. Acta Trop 2009; 110:101-11. [PMID: 19026978 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Revised: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Many species of Triatominae show evidence for morphological plasticity. Frequent taxonomic questions arose from this variability leading to disputes about describing new subspecies, species or even genera. We suggest this phenotypic flexibility is primarily an intraspecific feature, but with potential for evolutionary changes. We present arguments for a selection regime leading to the separation of species having low developmental canalization into morphologically distinct ecotypes. We suggest that these ecotypes, or morphs, or forms, may have evolutionary importance even if gene flow still exists between them. Thus, although we consider the morphological plasticity of Triatominae as an intraspecific trait, we defend the idea that it might represent a common evolutionary route to new species. Speciation processes in Triatominae could result from disruptive selection regimes combined with weak developmental canalization. Added to this basic pattern, accidental events could hasten evolutionary change. We suggest the heterosis as one of them.
Collapse
|