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Triatoma guazu Lent and Wygodzinsky Is a Junior Synonym of Triatoma williami Galvão, Souza and Lima. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13070591. [PMID: 35886767 PMCID: PMC9318919 DOI: 10.3390/insects13070591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Triatomines are blood-sucking insects, potential vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease. Triatoma guazu and Triatoma williami are phylogenetically very close and occur in sympatry. Morphologic, morphometric, and genetic analyses were performed to discuss the taxonomic status of these species. Morphometric and molecular data do not show diagnostic characteristics between species, whereas their different patterns of connexival spots were considered a phenotypic polymorphism, common in triatomines. These results suggest T. guazu as a junior synonym of T. williami. Therefore, the synonym between these species is formally proposed here. Abstract Triatoma guazu Lent and Wygodzinsky and Triatoma williami Galvão, Souza, and Lima (Hemiptera: Triatominae) are found in human dwellings and are potential vectors of the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease. Triatoma guazu was described based solely on a single female specimen, from the municipality of Villarica, Guairá Department, Paraguay, and posteriorly, a male from Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil was described and designated as the allotype of this species. Triatoma williami is found in the central-west of Brazil between Goiás, Mato Grosso, and Mato Grosso do Sul. However, the taxonomic “status” of these species is questioned. Previous studies indicate the lack of isoenzymatic diagnostic loci, morphometric similarity, low genetic divergence, and close evolutionary relationship of these species. In this study, we compared the morphology, morphometry, and mitochondrial DNA fragments of the populations of the two species. The morphological diagnostic characteristic among these species is the difference in the connexivum spots pattern, which has been recognized as a phenotypic variation that exists among populations resulting from ecological diversity. Furthermore, our analysis also revealed the morphometric similarity and low genetic divergence between these species. Therefore, in the present paper, we formally propose T. guazu as a junior synonym of T. williami.
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Gurgel-Gonçalves R, Abad-Franch F, de Almeida MR, Obara MT, de Souza RDCM, Batista JADS, Rocha DDA. TriatoDex, an electronic identification key to the Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), vectors of Chagas disease: Development, description, and performance. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248628. [PMID: 33886550 PMCID: PMC8061935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Correct identification of triatomine bugs is crucial for Chagas disease surveillance, yet available taxonomic keys are outdated, incomplete, or both. Here we present TriatoDex, an Android app-based pictorial, annotated, polytomous key to the Triatominae. TriatoDex was developed using Android Studio and tested by 27 Brazilian users. Each user received a box with pinned, number-labeled, adult triatomines (33 species in total) and was asked to identify each bug to the species level. We used generalized linear mixed models (with user- and species-ID random effects) and information-theoretic model evaluation/averaging to investigate TriatoDex performance. TriatoDex encompasses 79 questions and 554 images of the 150 triatomine-bug species described worldwide up to 2017. TriatoDex-based identification was correct in 78.9% of 824 tasks. TriatoDex performed better in the hands of trained taxonomists (93.3% vs. 72.7% correct identifications; model-averaged, adjusted odds ratio 5.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.09–11.48). In contrast, user age, gender, primary job (including academic research/teaching or disease surveillance), workplace (including universities, a reference laboratory for triatomine-bug taxonomy, or disease-surveillance units), and basic training (from high school to biology) all had negligible effects on TriatoDex performance. Our analyses also suggest that, as TriatoDex results accrue to cover more taxa, they may help pinpoint triatomine-bug species that are consistently harder (than average) to identify. In a pilot comparison with a standard, printed key (370 tasks by seven users), TriatoDex performed similarly (84.5% correct assignments, CI 68.9–94.0%), but identification was 32.8% (CI 24.7–40.1%) faster on average–for a mean absolute saving of ~2.3 minutes per bug-identification task. TriatoDex holds much promise as a handy, flexible, and reliable tool for triatomine-bug identification; an updated iOS/Android version is under development. We expect that, with continuous refinement derived from evolving knowledge and user feedback, TriatoDex will substantially help strengthen both entomological surveillance and research on Chagas disease vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Gurgel-Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Área de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Fernando Abad-Franch
- Faculdade de Medicina, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Takashi Obara
- Faculdade de Medicina, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Faculdade de Ceilândia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | | | - Douglas de Almeida Rocha
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Área de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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Kieran TJ, Bayona-Vásquez NJ, Varian CP, Saldaña A, Samudio F, Calzada JE, Gottdenker NL, Glenn TC. Population genetics of two chromatic morphs of the Chagas disease vector Rhodnius pallescens Barber, 1932 in Panamá. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 84:104369. [PMID: 32442632 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Rhodnius pallescens is the principal vector of Chagas disease in Panama. Recently a dark chromatic morph has been discovered in the highlands of Veraguas Province. Limited genetic studies have been conducted with regards to the population structure and dispersal potential of Triatominae vectors, particularly in R. pallescens. Next generation sequencing methods such as RADseq and complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genome sequencing have great potential for examining vector biology across space and time. Here we utilize a RADseq method (3RAD), along with complete mtDNA sequencing, to examine the population structure of the two chromatic morpho types of R. pallescens in Panama. We sequenced 105 R. pallescens samples from five localities in Panama. We generated a 2216 SNP dataset and 6 complete mtDNA genomes. RADseq showed significant differentiation among the five localities (FCT = 0.695; P = .004), but most of this was between localities with the dark vs. light chromatic morphs (Veraguas vs. Panama Oeste). The mtDNA genomes showed a 97-98% similarity between dark and light chromatic morphs across all genes and a 502 bp insert in light morphs. Thus, both the RADseq and mtDNA data showed highly differentiated clades with essentially no gene flow between the dark and light chromatic morphs from Veraguas and central Panama respectively. We discuss the growing evidence showing clear distinctions between these two morpho types with the possibility that these are separate species, an area of research that requires further investigation. Finally, we discuss the cost-effectiveness of 3RAD which is a third of the cost compared to other RADseq methods used recently in Chagas disease vector research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy J Kieran
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Natalia J Bayona-Vásquez
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Institute of Bioinformatics, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Christina P Varian
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Azael Saldaña
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Panama City, Panama; Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Parasitarias (CIDEP), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Panamá, Panama
| | - Franklyn Samudio
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Panama City, Panama
| | - Jose E Calzada
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Panama City, Panama
| | - Nicole L Gottdenker
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Odum School of Ecology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Travis C Glenn
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Institute of Bioinformatics, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Nattero J, Carbajal de la Fuente AL, Piccinali RV, Cardozo M, Rodríguez CS, Crocco LB. Characterization of melanic and non-melanic forms in domestic and peridomestic populations of Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:47. [PMID: 32014037 PMCID: PMC6998255 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3912-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanic (dark) morphs have been barely reported in peridomestic and sylvatic conditions for Triatoma infestans, the most important vector of Chagas disease in the Southern Cone of South America. Adults with dark and small yellow markings on the connexivum were collected after manual searches conducted by technical personnel in 62 domiciliary units in Cruz del Eje, Córdoba Province, Argentina. The last community-wide insecticide spraying campaign before the study had been conducted three years earlier. We investigated if there was a measurable color morph variation (melanic and non-melanic) in wings and connexivum; we determined infestation, distribution of melanic and non-melanic forms, and correspondence of colorimetric variation with variations in morphology (wing size and shape and body length), development (wing fluctuating asymmetry), physiology (nutritional status) or behaviour (flight initiation). RESULTS Forty-nine females, 54 males and 217 nymphs were collected in 24 domiciliary units. House infestation and colonization were 53% and 47%, respectively. Most of the T. infestans individuals (83.2%) were collected in chicken coops; intradomicile infestation was recorded in only one case. The chromatic cluster analysis showed two well-defined groups: melanic and non-melanic. The melanic group included 17 (35%) females and 25 (46%) males. Peridomestic infestation was lower for melanic than for non-melanic adults. Melanic morphs were collected in houses from several localities. Sexual dimorphisms were confirmed by morphometric measurements. Body length was large in melanic adults (P < 0.01 only for males). Differences between groups were significant for wing size and shape, but not for weight or weight/body length ratio. Melanic females and males showed significantly higher fluctuating asymmetry (FA) indices than their non-melanic counterparts. CONCLUSIONS This is the second report of melanic forms of T. infestans in domestic and peridomestic habitats in the Dry Chaco region of Argentina. Although non-melanic adults exhibited a higher infestation rate, melanic adults were widespread in the area and were collected in the infested domicile and in most types of peridomestic annexes. Differences in morphometric variables between groups might be due to different ecological adaptations. The higher FA levels observed in melanic individuals suggest a higher developmental instability and a selective advantage of non-melanic individuals in domestic and peridomestic habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Nattero
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución/Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (CONICET-IEGEBA), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Ana Laura Carbajal de la Fuente
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución/Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (CONICET-IEGEBA), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina Valeria Piccinali
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución/Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (CONICET-IEGEBA), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Miriam Cardozo
- Cátedra de Introducción a la Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIBYT-CONICET), Avda. Vélez Sarsfield 299, piso 5, X5000JJC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudia Susana Rodríguez
- Cátedra de Introducción a la Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIBYT-CONICET), Avda. Vélez Sarsfield 299, piso 5, X5000JJC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Liliana Beatriz Crocco
- Cátedra de Introducción a la Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIBYT-CONICET), Avda. Vélez Sarsfield 299, piso 5, X5000JJC, Córdoba, Argentina
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Cardozo de Almeida MAR, Freitas SPC, de Oliveira MLR, de Lima NRC, Ferreira Rangel E, Reis Santos-Mallet J. Characterization of the Buccula, Rostrum, Stridulatory Sulcus, Scutellum, and External Female Genitalia of Triatoma carcavalloi (Jurberg, Rocha & Lent, 1998), Triatoma circummaculata (Stål, 1859), and Triatoma rubrovaria (Blanchard, 1843) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae). J Parasitol Res 2019; 2019:3517098. [PMID: 31428466 PMCID: PMC6681587 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3517098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In Brazil, Triatoma rubrovaria (Blanchard, 1843) is the most important species in epidemiological terms in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, due to its wide geographical distribution in this state, followed by T. carcavalloi (Jurberg, Rocha & Lent, 1998) and T. circummaculata (Stål, 1859). Structural analysis of the ventral region of the head (rostrum and buccula), thorax (stridulatorium sulcus and scutellum), and external female genitalia of adults of T. rubrovaria, T. carcavalloi, and T. circummaculata is described here. Scutellum, head, rostrum, and part of the thorax (prosternum) containing the stridulatory sulcus, in both male and female, and the sixth abdominal segment of the female, containing the external genitalia, were processed for scanning electron microscopy studies as routine. Morphological differences in the analyzed structures for all the three Triatoma species studied were detected under scanning electron microscopy. This study confirms the grouping of the T. rubrovaria, T. carcavalloi, and T. circummaculata in 'T. rubrovaria subcomplex' by their morphological similarities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margareth Alves Ribeiro Cardozo de Almeida
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica em Diptera e Hemiptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Carlos Chagas, 5° Andar, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-360, Brazil
- Bolsista Treinamento e Capacitação Técnica, FAPERJ, Av Erasmo Braga 118, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20020-000, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365. Pavilhão Mourisco, Sala 214, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Simone Patrícia Carneiro Freitas
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica em Diptera e Hemiptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Carlos Chagas, 5° Andar, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Ribeiro de Oliveira
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica em Diptera e Hemiptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Carlos Chagas, 5° Andar, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Nathanielly Rocha Casado de Lima
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica em Diptera e Hemiptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Carlos Chagas, 5° Andar, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Ferreira Rangel
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica em Diptera e Hemiptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Carlos Chagas, 5° Andar, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Jacenir Reis Santos-Mallet
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica em Diptera e Hemiptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Carlos Chagas, 5° Andar, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-360, Brazil
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Saldaña A, Santamaría AM, Pineda V, Vásquez V, Gottdenker NL, Calzada JE. A darker chromatic variation of Rhodnius pallescens infected by specific genetic groups of Trypanosoma rangeli and Trypanosoma cruzi from Panama. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:423. [PMID: 30012203 PMCID: PMC6048724 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhodnius pallescens, the only species of this genus reported in Panama, has a wide geographical distribution and is associated with most cases of Chagas disease and human infections with Trypanosoma rangeli in this country. Thus far, no phenotypic variants of this triatomine have been registered. Similarly, genotyping of the trypanosomes that infect this vector has only been partially evaluated. RESULTS A total of 347 specimens of R. pallescens were collected in Attalea butyracea palm trees located near a mountainous community of the district of Santa Fe, province of Veraguas. Bugs were slightly longer and had a darker coloration compared to that reported for this species. Infection rates for trypanosomes performed with three PCR analyses showed that 41.3% of the adult triatomines were positive for T. cruzi, 52.4% were positive for T. rangeli and 28.6% had mixed T. cruzi/T. rangeli infections. Based on cox2 analysis, TcI was the single T. cruzi discrete typing unit (DTU) detected, and a genetic variant of KP1(-)/lineage C was the only genetic group found for T. rangeli. CONCLUSIONS A darker chromatic variation of R. pallescens predominates in a mountainous region of Panama. These triatomines show high trypanosome infection rates, especially with T. rangeli. Regarding T. rangeli genetic diversity, complementary studies using other molecular markers are necessary to better define its phylogenetic position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azael Saldaña
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá.,Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Parasitarias (CIDEP), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Panamá, Ciudad de Panama, Panamá
| | - Ana María Santamaría
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Vanessa Pineda
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Vanessa Vásquez
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Nicole L Gottdenker
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - José E Calzada
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá.
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Galvão C, Justi SA. An overview on the ecology of Triatominae (Hemiptera:Reduviidae). Acta Trop 2015; 151:116-25. [PMID: 26086951 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease, the American trypanosomiasis, is an important neglected tropical illness caused by the flagellate protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae) and transmitted by insects of the subfamily Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Here we provide an overview on the current knowledge about Triatominae ecology, its association with human, T. cruzi infection and the immediate consequences of habitat fragmentation. We also discuss the geographic distribution of the species and the importance of predicting their distributions to control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleber Galvão
- Laboratório Nacional e Internacional de Referência em Taxonomia de Triatomíneos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, Brazil.
| | - Silvia A Justi
- Laboratório Nacional e Internacional de Referência em Taxonomia de Triatomíneos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, Brazil; Laboratório de Biologia Evolutiva Teórica e Aplicada, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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8
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Costa J, Bargues MD, Neiva VL, Lawrence GG, Gumiel M, Oliveira G, Cabello P, Lima MM, Dotson E, Provance DW, Almeida CE, Mateo L, Mas-Coma S, Dujardin JP. Phenotypic variability confirmed by nuclear ribosomal DNA suggests a possible natural hybrid zone of Triatoma brasiliensis species complex. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 37:77-87. [PMID: 26520796 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Triatoma brasiliensis macromelasoma occurs in Pernambuco state, Brazil, which is situated between the distribution areas of Triatoma brasiliensis brasiliensis (north) and Triatoma juazeirensis (south). T. b. macromelasoma displays greater variations in its chromatic phenotype than either T. b. brasiliensis or T. juazeirensis, and patterns reminiscent of one or the other. Experimental crosses from each of these members of the T. brasiliensis species complex generated fertile offspring suggesting that viable hybrids could be present in nature, despite their significant genetic distances. Considering the geographical position of occurrence of the T. b. macromelasoma (in Pernambuco) it was proposed to be an area capable of supporting natural hybridization between T. b. brasiliensis and T. juazeirensis. Since phenotypic variability is expected, this study investigated the existence of intermediate chromatic phenotypes for T. b. macromelasoma in various locations in areas between the T. b. brasiliensis and T. juazeirensis occurrences. Thirteen different color patterns were for the first time characterized and nine of those displayed intermediate phenotypes. Molecular analysis performed using ribosomal DNA intergenic region, grouped all within the T. brasiliensis complex. The intermediate chromatic phenotypes, molecular analysis and experimental crosses all support the distinction of a zone of hybridization that gave rise to the T. b. macromelasoma through homoploidal evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Costa
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica,Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Maria Dolores Bargues
- Dep. de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Univ. de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vanessa Lima Neiva
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica,Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gena G Lawrence
- Entomology Branch, Div. Parasitic Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marcia Gumiel
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Insetos Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Cabello
- Laboratório de Genética Humana, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marli Maria Lima
- Laboratório de Eco-epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ellen Dotson
- Entomology Branch, Div. Parasitic Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Carlos Eduardo Almeida
- Univers. Est. Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Araquara, SP, Prog. de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Monitoramento Ambiental (PPGEMA), UFPB, Campus IV, Paraíba, Brazil.
| | - Lucia Mateo
- Dep. de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Univ. de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Santiago Mas-Coma
- Dep. de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Univ. de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Alevi KCC, de Oliveira J, Moreira FFF, Jurberg J, da Rosa JA, de Azeredo-Oliveira MTV. Chromosomal characteristics and distribution of constitutive heterochromatin in the Matogrossensis and Rubrovaria subcomplexes. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 33:158-62. [PMID: 25917494 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Since 1966 the triatomines were grouped in complexes and specific subcomplexes. Although the complex and subcomplexes not have taxonomic importance, should be monophyletic groups and cytogenetic tools have proved to be of great importance to characterize these species groupings. Based on this, this paper aims to describe the chromosomal characteristics and heterochromatic pattern of Matogrossensis and Rubrovaria subcomplexes, in order to contribute to the taxonomic and evolutionary relationships of these vectors. In this study, at least three males from each species (Triatoma baratai, Triatoma costalimai, Triatoma guazu, Triatoma jurbergi, Triatoma matogrossensis, Triatoma vandae, Triatoma williami, Triatoma carcavalloi, Triatoma circummaculata, Triatoma klugi, Triatoma pintodiasi and Triatoma rubrovaria) were analyzed by means analyzed by means of cytogenetic techniques of C-banding. All species showed the same cytogenetic characteristics: 22 chromosomes, low variation in the size of autosomes, sex chromosome Y larger than X, initial prophase composed of only one heterochromatic chromocenter formed by the sex chromosomes X and Y (except for T. pintodiasi that presented the sex chromosomes individualized during all stages of prophase) and presence of constitutive heterochromatin restricted to sex chromosome Y. These characteristics, although common to Matogrossensis and Rubrovaria subcomplexes allow to distinguish these species of species grouped in most of South America subcomplexes, as Brasiliensis, Maculata, Sordida and Insfestans. Thus, the cytogenetic analysis was of extreme importance to differentiate both subcomplexes of the other subcomplexes of South America. However, probably due to evolutionary proximity existing between these subcomplexes was not possible to observar species differences that make up the Matogrossensis subcomplex of the Rubrovaria subcomplex. Therefore, we emphasize that new comparative analyzes, as experimental hybrid crosses and molecular cytogenetic analysis are necessary to clarify the evolutionary relationship between these important subcomplexes of vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaio Cesar Chaboli Alevi
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista - São José do Rio Preto, Rua Cristovão Colombo 2265, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Jader de Oliveira
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista - Araraquara, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú km 1, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe Ferraz Figueiredo Moreira
- Laboratório Nacional e Internacional de Referência na Taxonomia de Triatominae, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Jurberg
- Laboratório Nacional e Internacional de Referência na Taxonomia de Triatominae, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - João Aristeu da Rosa
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista - Araraquara, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú km 1, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Tercília Vilela de Azeredo-Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista - São José do Rio Preto, Rua Cristovão Colombo 2265, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
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Dias FBS, Jaramillo-O N, Diotaiuti L. Description and characterization of the melanic morphotype of Rhodnius nasutus Stål, 1859 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae). Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2014; 47:637-41. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0007-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Mitochondrial PCR-RFLP Assay to Distinguish Triatoma brasiliensis macromelasoma from Triatoma brasiliensis brasiliensis Subspecies (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). J Trop Med 2014; 2013:305198. [PMID: 24454408 PMCID: PMC3877644 DOI: 10.1155/2013/305198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Triatoma brasiliensis sensu lato (s.l.), the main vector of Chagas disease in northeastern Brazil, is a species complex comprising four species, one with two subspecies (T. brasiliensis brasiliensis, T. brasiliensis macromelasoma, T. juazeirensis, T. sherlocki, and T. melanica), and each taxon displaying distinct ecological requirements. In order to evaluate the genetic relationships among nine T. brasiliensis s.l. populations from northeastern Brazil, we analyzed their mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 sequences and suggested a PCR-RFLP assay to distinguish between T. b. macromelasoma and T. b. brasiliensis subspecies. All the specimens were morphologically identified as T. b. brasiliensis. The resulting phylogenies identified two major clades that are congruent with the geographical populations studied. Based on collection sites and in accordance with type-location, one clade was identified as the subspecies T. b. macromelasoma. The second clade grouped T. b. brasiliensis populations. Restriction endonuclease sites were observed in the sequences and used in PCR-RFLP assays, producing distinct fingerprints for T. b. macromelasoma and T. b. brasiliensis populations. The results suggest that these are different species and that gene flow occurs only among T. b. brasiliensis populations, possibly associated with human activity in the area.
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da Rosa JA, Mendonça VJ, Gardim S, de Carvalho DB, de Oliveira J, Nascimento JD, Pinotti H, Pinto MC, Cilense M, Galvão C, Barata JMS. Study of the external female genitalia of 14 Rhodnius species (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) using scanning electron microscopy. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:17. [PMID: 24405517 PMCID: PMC3896706 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Among the vectors of Chagas disease (Hemiptera: Reduviidae:Triatominae), there are eighteen Rhodnius species described and some are difficult to identify. The aim of this article is to contribute to the specific identification of fourteen Rhodnius spp. through morphological characters of the external female genitalia. Methods Female abdomens were cut transversely. The specimens were then prepared for examination by using scanning electron microscopy. Results The careful examination of the dorsal, posterior and ventral sides revealed characteristics that allowed the identification of each of the fourteen species. Conclusion The use of external female genitalia as characteristics are proposed as a tool for specifically identifying Rhodnius species, and an identification key for these species is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Aristeu da Rosa
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista Araraquara, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, 14 801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brasil.
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Almeida CE, Oliveira HL, Correia N, Dornak LL, Gumiel M, Neiva VL, Harry M, Mendonça VJ, Costa J, Galvão C. Dispersion capacity of Triatoma sherlocki, Triatoma juazeirensis and laboratory-bred hybrids. Acta Trop 2012; 122:71-9. [PMID: 22210440 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Flight dispersion is recognized as one of the most important mechanisms for triatomine house infestation. Triatoma sherlocki and T. juazeirensis are closely related species that occur within the same ecotope and their possible reproductive boundaries are unknown. T. sherlocki has shorter wings than T. juazeirensis; a characteristic that possibly implies in reduced flight dispersion, however, this species has been found to invade and colonize homes in Bahia, Brazil. Here, we tested the flight potential of T. sherlocki, compared to that of T. juazeirensis and laboratory-bred hybrids. Insects were kept in an apparatus designed to distinguish flyers from nonflyers. Fifty-one and 53% of T. juazeirensis and hybrids were flyers respectively, whereas no T. sherlocki were recorded to fly. Morphometric analysis of the main structures associated with the locomotor abilities showed that hybrids exhibited intermediate size for most of characters. The width of pronotum of both hybrids and T. juazeirensis was significantly larger than T. sherlocki. We suggested that lack of flight ability of T. sherlocki is possibly a result of reduced wing size and distinct shape, combined with undeveloped flight muscles in a shorter thoracic box. The mobility of T. sherlocki might be compensated by its significantly longer legs, and may possibly increase its ability to invade human dwellings by active dispersion. What is more, this study showed that hybrids between T. sherloki and T. juazeirensis have intermediate morphological characters that may give them higher fitness than their parents, and thus may advance the process of house infestation by either fight or walking in case of an eventual natural hybridization.
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Almeida CE, Marcet PL, Gumiel M, Takiya DM, Cardozo-de-Almeida M, Pacheco RS, Lopes CM, Dotson EM, Costa J. Phylogenetic and phenotypic relationships among Triatoma carcavalloi (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) and related species collected in domiciles in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2009; 34:164-173. [PMID: 20836820 DOI: 10.1111/j.1948-7134.2009.00023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Triatoma carcavalloi is considered a rare Chagas disease vector often collected inside domiciles in Rio Grande do Sul State. In this Brazilian state, T. carcavalloi has been collected in the same ecotope (rock piles) with two other species (T. rubrovaria and T. circummaculata), with which it also shares morphological characteristics. Previous morphological studies placed T. carcavalloi in the same species complex ("infestans complex") and subcomplex ("rubrovaria subcomplex") as T. rubrovaria, whereas T. circummaculata was placed in the "circummaculata complex." The phylogeny of a group composed of 16 species of triatomines was reevaluated with the inclusion of T. carcavalloi by Bayesian analysis using mtDNA sequences of subunits 12S and 16S of the ribosomal RNA, and the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) genes. The phenotypic relationship among T. carcavalloi and related triatomines was also inferred from morphometrics. Phylogenetic results indicate that T. carcavalloi is a sister species of T. rubrovaria, and both were recovered as closely related to T. circummaculata. Morphometric studies confirmed the closeness among T. carcavalloi, T. rubrovaria, and T. circummaculata, prompting the placement of the latter species in the "infestans complex" and "rubrovaria subcomplex."
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Almeida
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz IOC/Fiocruz, Av Brasil 4365, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Almeida CE, Folly-Ramos E, Agapito-Souza R, Magno-Esperança G, Pacheco RS, Costa J. Triatoma rubrovaria (Blanchard, 1843) (Hemiptera-Reduviidae-Triatominae) IV: bionomic aspects on the vector capacity of nymphs. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2005; 100:231-5. [PMID: 16113859 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762005000300002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Triatoma rubrovaria has become the most frequently captured triatomine species since the control of T. infestans in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil. The aim of this study was to evaluate aspects of the vectorial competence of T. rubrovaria using nymphs raised in laboratory under environmental conditions of temperature and humidity and fed on mice. The average developmental period of T. rubrovaria was 180.1 days. The percentage of defecation shortly after feeding was still higher than previous studies in which samples of T. rubrovaria subjected to a slight starvation period before the blood meal were used. The obtained results support former indication that T. rubrovaria presents bionomic characteristics propitious to be a good vector of Trypanosoma cruzi to man. Therefore its domiciliary invasion process must be continuously monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Almeida
- Coleção Entomológica, Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Almeida CE, Francischetti CN, Pacheco RS, Costa J. Triatoma rubrovaria (Blanchard, 1843) (Hemiptera-Reduviidae-Triatominae) III: patterns of feeding, defecation and resistance to starvation. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2003; 98:367-71. [PMID: 12886416 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762003000300012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Data from the Chagas Disease Control Program indicate a growing domiciliary and peridomiciliary invasion of Triatoma rubrovaria in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, where it has become the most frequent triatomine species captured there since the control of T. infestans. Bionomic characteristics that could influence the vectorial capacity of T. rubrovaria as vector of Trypanosoma cruzi were evaluated: patterns of (i) feeding, (ii) defecation, and (iii) resistance to starvation, using insects fed on mice. Fifty three percent of the females showed a defecation pattern conducive to chagasic transmission, defecating either on or near the bite site. The averages of the resistance to starvation varied from 48.1 to 179 days, for the first and fifth nymphal stages, respectively. Our study shows that with respect to the patterns of feeding, defecation and resistance to fasting, T. rubrovaria presented similar rates to the ones observed for other effective vector species, such as T. infestans. Thus, based on our studies we conclude that T. rubrovaria has biological characteristics that can positively influence its capacity to become infected and transmit T. cruzi, and also to keep residual populations after chemical control interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Almeida
- Núcleo Avançado de Estudos de Vetores e Artrópodes Peçonhentos, Museu de Ciências Naturais, Centro Universitário de Barrra Mansa, Barra Mansa, RJ, Brasil.
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Almeida CE, Duarte R, do Nascimento RG, Pacheco RS, Costa J. Triatoma rubrovaria (Blanchard, 1843) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) II: trophic resources and ecological observations of five populations collected in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2002; 97:1127-31. [PMID: 12563478 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762002000800011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Triatoma rubrovaria has become the most frequently captured triatomine species after the control of T. infestans in the State of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil. Isoenzymatic and chromatic studies indicate the existence of, at least, two distinct phenotypic patterns of T. rubrovaria in RS. The geographic variation noted through molecular tools may also result in distinct profiles of vectorial potentiality. In order to enhance our understanding of the bionomic knowledge of T. rubrovaria separate batches of the species were collected from different municipalities of RS distant from 72 to 332 km: Santana do Livramento (natural ecotope), Santana do Livramento (artificial ecotope), Santiago (natural ecotope), Cangu u (peridomicile) and Encruzilhada do Sul (natural ecotope). A total of 285 specimens were collected, 85 specimens kept sufficient fecal material in their guts for the precipitin analysis. The results indicated the food eclecticism for this species and the anti-rodent serum showed the highest positivity in most localities. From the total of analyzed samples, only 1.3% of unique positivity for human blood was registered, all of them for Santiago population. This reactivity to human blood may be associated to pastures activities in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Almeida
- N cleo de Informatiza o, Cole o Entomol gica, Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brasil.
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