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Jahan-Mihan A, Rodriguez J, Christie C, Sadeghi M, Zerbe T. The Role of Maternal Dietary Proteins in Development of Metabolic Syndrome in Offspring. Nutrients 2015; 7:9185-217. [PMID: 26561832 PMCID: PMC4663588 DOI: 10.3390/nu7115460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and obesity has been increasing. Pre-natal environment has been suggested as a factor influencing the risk of metabolic syndrome in adulthood. Both observational and experimental studies showed that maternal diet is a major modifier of the development of regulatory systems in the offspring in utero and post-natally. Both protein content and source in maternal diet influence pre- and early post-natal development. High and low protein dams’ diets have detrimental effect on body weight, blood pressure191 and metabolic and intake regulatory systems in the offspring. Moreover, the role of the source of protein in a nutritionally adequate maternal diet in programming of food intake regulatory system, body weight, glucose metabolism and blood pressure in offspring is studied. However, underlying mechanisms are still elusive. The purpose of this review is to examine the current literature related to the role of proteins in maternal diets in development of characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Jahan-Mihan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Brook College of Health, University of North Florida, UNF Dr. Bldg 39, Room 3057A, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
| | - Judith Rodriguez
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Brook College of Health, University of North Florida, UNF Dr. Bldg 39, Room 3057A, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
| | - Catherine Christie
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Brook College of Health, University of North Florida, UNF Dr. Bldg 39, Room 3057A, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
| | - Marjan Sadeghi
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Brook College of Health, University of North Florida, UNF Dr. Bldg 39, Room 3057A, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
| | - Tara Zerbe
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Brook College of Health, University of North Florida, UNF Dr. Bldg 39, Room 3057A, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
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Marçal-Pessoa AF, Bassi-Branco CL, Salvatierra CDSB, Stoppiglia LF, Ignacio-Souza LM, de Lima Reis SR, Veloso RV, de Barros Reis MA, Carneiro EM, Boschero AC, Arantes VC, Latorraca MQ. A low-protein diet during pregnancy prevents modifications in intercellular communication proteins in rat islets. Biol Res 2015; 48:3. [PMID: 25654754 PMCID: PMC4362834 DOI: 10.1186/0717-6287-48-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gap junctions between β-cells participate in the precise regulation of insulin secretion. Adherens junctions and their associated proteins are required for the formation, function and structural maintenance of gap junctions. Increases in the number of the gap junctions between β-cells and enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion are observed during pregnancy. In contrast, protein restriction produces structural and functional alterations that result in poor insulin secretion in response to glucose. We investigated whether protein restriction during pregnancy affects the expression of mRNA and proteins involved in gap and adherens junctions in pancreatic islets. An isoenergetic low-protein diet (6% protein) was fed to non-pregnant or pregnant rats from day 1-15 of pregnancy, and rats fed an isocaloric normal-protein diet (17% protein) were used as controls. RESULTS The low-protein diet reduced the levels of connexin 36 and β-catenin protein in pancreatic islets. In rats fed the control diet, pregnancy increased the levels of phospho-[Ser(279/282)]-connexin 43, and it decreased the levels of connexin 36, β-catenin and beta-actin mRNA as well as the levels of connexin 36 and β-catenin protein in islets. The low-protein diet during pregnancy did not alter these mRNA and protein levels, but avoided the increase of levels of phospho-[Ser(279/282)]-connexin 43 in islets. Insulin secretion in response to 8.3 mmol/L glucose was higher in pregnant rats than in non-pregnant rats, independently of the nutritional status. CONCLUSION Short-term protein restriction during pregnancy prevented the Cx43 phosphorylation, but this event did not interfer in the insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Flávia Marçal-Pessoa
- Mestrado em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
| | - Carmen Lucia Bassi-Branco
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
| | | | - Luiz Fabrizio Stoppiglia
- Departamento de Psicologia, Instituto de Educação, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
| | - Letícia Martins Ignacio-Souza
- Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição, Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
| | - Sílvia Regina de Lima Reis
- Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição, Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
| | - Roberto Vilela Veloso
- Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição, Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
| | | | - Everardo Magalhães Carneiro
- Departamento de Anatomia, Biologia Celular e Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Antonio Carlos Boschero
- Departamento de Anatomia, Biologia Celular e Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Cristina Arantes
- Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição, Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
| | - Márcia Queiroz Latorraca
- Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição, Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
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Soya protein- and casein-based nutritionally complete diets fed during gestation and lactation differ in effects on characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in male offspring of Wistar rats. Br J Nutr 2011; 107:284-94. [PMID: 21733315 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511002686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The AIN-93G diets based on soya protein or casein were fed to pregnant Wistar rats from day 3 of gestation and compared for their effects on characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in male offspring. Pregnant rats were randomised to either a casein (C) or soya protein (S) diet (n 12) during gestation only (Expt 1) or during gestation and lactation (Expt 2). Male offspring were weaned to either a C or S diet for 9 weeks (Expt 1) or 15 weeks (Expt 2). In Expt 1, pups born to S-fed dams had higher fasting blood glucose (BG), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at week 4, higher blood glucose (BG) response to a glucose administration (P < 0·001) and higher body weight (BW) at week 8 (P < 0·05). In Expt 2, consumption of the S diet throughout gestation and lactation resulted in higher BW (P < 0·05), DBP (P < 0·005) and SBP (P < 0·005) in the offspring. They also had higher homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR; P < 0·05) and plasma homocysteine (P < 0·05) at weaning, higher fasting BG and glucose response to glucose administration (P < 0·005) at week 12 and higher HOMA-IR (P < 0·01) at week 15. Although composition of the weaning diets interacted with the diet of the dams, the latter was the dominant factor in determining metabolic outcomes in the offspring. In conclusion, the S diet, compared with the C diet, when consumed during gestation or throughout gestation and lactation increased the presence of characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in the offspring.
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Torres N, Bautista CJ, Tovar AR, Ordáz G, Rodríguez-Cruz M, Ortiz V, Granados O, Nathanielsz PW, Larrea F, Zambrano E. Protein restriction during pregnancy affects maternal liver lipid metabolism and fetal brain lipid composition in the rat. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010; 298:E270-7. [PMID: 19920218 PMCID: PMC2822484 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00437.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Suboptimal developmental environments program offspring to lifelong metabolic problems. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of protein restriction in pregnancy on maternal liver lipid metabolism at 19 days of gestation (dG) and its effect on fetal brain development. Control (C) and restricted (R) mothers were fed with isocaloric diets containing 20 and 10% of casein. At 19 dG, maternal blood and livers and fetal livers and brains were collected. Serum insulin and leptin levels were determinate in mothers. Maternal and fetal liver lipid and fetal brain lipid quantification were performed. Maternal liver and fetal brain fatty acids were quantified by gas chromatography. In mothers, liver desaturase and elongase mRNAs were measured by RT-PCR. Maternal body and liver weights were similar in both groups. However, fat body composition, including liver lipids, was lower in R mothers. A higher fasting insulin at 19 dG in the R group was observed (C = 0.2 +/- 0.04 vs. R = 0.9 +/- 0.16 ng/ml, P < 0.01) and was inversely related to early growth retardation. Serum leptin in R mothers was significantly higher than that observed in C rats (C = 5 +/- 0.1 vs. R = 7 +/- 0.7 ng/ml, P < 0.05). In addition, protein restriction significantly reduced gene expression in maternal liver of desaturases and elongases and the concentration of arachidonic (AA) and docosahexanoic (DHA) acids. In fetus from R mothers, a low body weight (C = 3 +/- 0.3 vs. R = 2 +/- 0.1 g, P < 0.05), as well as liver and brain lipids, including the content of DHA in the brain, was reduced. This study showed that protein restriction during pregnancy may negatively impact normal fetal brain development by changes in maternal lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimbe Torres
- Departamento de Fisiologia de la Nutricion, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
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Ballen MLO, Moretto VL, Santos MPD, Gonçalves TSS, Kawashita NH, Stoppiglia LF, Martins MSF, Gomes-da-Silva MHG. Restrição protéica na prenhez: efeitos relacionados ao metabolismo materno. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 53:87-94. [DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302009000100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Foram avaliadas as alterações no metabolismo materno durante a prenhez em ratas Wistar, prenhes e não-prenhes, submetidas à restrição protéica, que receberam dietas isocalóricas (15,74 kJ/g), controle ou hipoprotéica (17% versus 6%), distribuídas em quatro grupos (n = 7), quais sejam: controle não-prenhe (CNP) e prenhe (CP) e hipoprotéico não-prenhe (HNP) e prenhe (HP), do 1º ao 18º dia de prenhez. Parâmetros bioquímicos, hormonais e relacionados à síntese de lipídios foram considerados. Utilizou-se ANOVA a duas vias seguido de teste Tukey-HSD e teste t de Student, significância de p < 0,05. A restrição protéica elevou a síntese de lipídios e a atividade da enzima málica (EM) no fígado (FIG) e reduziu a massa (%) e a razão lipí+dio/glicogênio nesse tecido, bem como reduziu a ingestão protéica (total e %), o conteúdo (%) de lipídios na glândula mamária (GMA), as proteínas e a albumina séricas, com consequente redução nas massas da placenta e fetos. A prenhez reduziu a proteinemia, a albuminemia, a síntese de lipídios, a atividade da EM, os lipídios e o glicogênio no FIG. Mas elevou a massa corporal final, a massa (%) do tecido adiposo gonadal (GON), do FIG e da GMA, e reduziu a massa (%) da carcaça (CARC), a síntese e o conteúdo de lipídios no GON e, na GMA, o conteúdo de lipídios. A insulinemia elevou-se na prenhez, com glicemia reduzida, caracterizando resistência hormonal. A leptina e a prolactina também se elevaram na prenhez, sendo o aumento maior no HP. A restrição protéica na prenhez modificou o metabolismo materno, alterando a síntese de lipídios no FIG e o perfil hormonal, além de reduzir a massa da placenta e dos fetos.
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