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Biete A, Gonçalves VSS, Franceschini SCC, Nilson EAF, Pizato N. The Prevalence of Nutritional Anaemia in Brazilian Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1519. [PMID: 36674275 PMCID: PMC9859559 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite the global tendency of maternal anaemia to decline, the persistence of anaemia in Brazil is an important health problem given its vulnerability to deficiencies and the significant increase in nutritional requirements during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of anaemia in Brazilian pregnant women through a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. The systematic review was carried out according to Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses PRISMA checklist recommendations and using the following electronic databases: Medline, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Lilacs, Scielo, Google Scholar, and CAPES Catalog of Theses and Dissertations. Studies that presented a prevalence of anaemia data in Brazilian pregnant women, considering all gestational trimesters, were included. The total sample included 12,792 pregnant women covering all gestational trimesters. The pooled prevalence of anaemia in Brazilian pregnant women was 23% (95% CI: 20-27), with the highest prevalence in the Northeast Region at 26% (95% CI 23-29), while the lowest prevalence was observed in the North Region with 17% (95% CI 14-20). Among the subgroups, no statistical difference was observed. The prevalence of anaemia status in Brazil is still classified as a moderate public health problem according to the World Health Organization maternal anaemia classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Biete
- Graduate Program in Human Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Vivian S. S. Gonçalves
- Graduate Program in Public Health, Department of Nutrition, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Sylvia C. C. Franceschini
- Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Health, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A. F. Nilson
- Centre for Epidemiological Research in Nutrition and Health (NUPENS), University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-060, Brazil
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz) Brasilia, Brasilia 70904-130, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Pizato
- Graduate Program in Human Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
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Araújo CRMA, Uchimura TT, Fujimori E, Nishida FS, Veloso GBL, Szarfarc SC. Hemoglobin levels and prevalence of anemia in pregnant women assisted in primary health care services, before and after fortification of flour. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2014; 16:535-45. [PMID: 24142023 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-790x2013000200027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated hemoglobin-Hb levels and prevalence of anemia in pregnant women before and after fortification of flour. It was developed a study to evaluate intervention, of the type before and after, with independent population samples. Study was conducted in primary health care services in Maringá, PR. We assessed 366 and 419 medical records, Before and After implementation of fortification. Pregnant women with Hb < 11g/dL were considered anemic. Data were submitted to multiple linear regression analysis. There was low prevalence of anemia affecting 12.3% and 9.4% pregnant women Before and After fortification (p > 0.05), but the Group After the fortification had higher Hb levels (p < 0.05). Hb levels associated with Group, gestational age, previous pregnancy number, employment and marital status (p < 0.05). Although the fortification of flour may have had role in increasing the mean hemoglobin, we need consider the contribution of other variables not investigated.
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Sato APS, Fujimori E, Szarfarc SC. [Hemoglobin curves during pregnancy before and after fortification of flours with iron]. Rev Esc Enferm USP 2014; 48:409-14. [PMID: 25076267 DOI: 10.1590/s0080-623420140000300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the level of hemoglobin-Hb during pregnancy before and after fortification of flours with iron. METHOD A cross-sectional study with data from 12,119 pregnant women attended at a public prenatal from five macro regions of Brazil. The sample was divided into two groups: Before-fortification (birth before June/2004) and After-fortification (last menstruation after June/2005). Hb curves were compared with national and international references. Polynomial regression models were built, with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS Although the higher levels of Hb in all gestational months after-fortification, the polynomial regression did not show the fortification effect (p=0.3). Curves in the two groups were above the references in the first trimester, with following decrease and stabilization at the end of pregnancy. CONCLUSION Although the fortification effect was not confirmed, the study presents variation of Hb levels during pregnancy, which is important for assistencial practice and evaluation of public policies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth Fujimori
- Nursing School, Department of Public Health Nursing, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Polgliane RBS, Leal MDC, Amorim MHC, Zandonade E, Santos Neto ETD. Adequação do processo de assistência pré-natal segundo critérios do Programa de Humanização do Pré-natal e Nascimento e da Organização Mundial de Saúde. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2014; 19:1999-2010. [DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232014197.08622013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O objetivo do artigo é avaliar a adequação do processo da assistência pré-natal prestada às usuárias do Sistema Único de Saúde do município de Vitória, ES, segundo os critérios estabelecidos pelo Programa de Humanização do Pré-natal e Nascimento (PHPN) e pela Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS). Retiraram-se as informações sobre o acompanhamento pré-natal de 360 cartões de gestantes que se internaram em maternidades públicas do município por ocasião do parto. As informações foram coletadas, processadas e submetidas à análise estatística descritiva pelos cálculos das frequências absolutas e relativas e intervalos de confiança. Nenhuma gestante teve um processo de assistência pré-natal totalmente adequado aos critérios da OMS, e menos de 5% das gestantes realizaram o pré-natal em consonância ao PHPN. Das gestantes, 44,7% não iniciaram o pré-natal até o 4º mês. Em relação à realização de procedimentos técnicos nas consultas destacaram-se a aferição de peso (95,0%) e de pressão arterial (95,6%) maternos. Os resultados sugerem uma revisão do número de consultas de pré-natal e a adoção de estratégias para o cumprimento dos critérios mínimos que devem ser realizados durante o acompanhamento pré-natal nos serviços de saúde pública.
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Cavalcanti DS, Vasconcelos PND, Muniz VM, Santos NFD, Osório MM. Iron intake and its association with iron-deficiency anemia in agricultural workers' families from the Zona da Mata of Pernambuco, Brazil. REV NUTR 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/1415-52732014000200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To verify the association between dietary iron intake and the occurrence of iron-deficiency anemia in agricultural workers' families from the municipality of Gameleira in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. METHODS: The study population consisted of 46 harvesters' families, consisting of 225 individuals. The food intake of each individual was recorded on three different days by directly weighing the foods consumed. Hemoglobin was determined by fingerstick (HemoCue). This research used the probability of adequacy method to assess iron intake and the paired t test for comparing groups. The Spearman Mann-Whitney test estimated associations between the dietary variables and anemia. RESULTS: The prevalence of anemia was high in all ages groups and highest (67.6%) in children aged <5 years with a mean hemoglobin of 10.37 g/dL (±1.30 g/dL). Children aged <5 years had low percentage of iron intake adequacy (53.1%). Most of them consumed diets with low iron bioavailability (47.5%). Associations between the occurrence of anemia and dietary variables were significant for total iron (heme and nonheme), its bioavailabilities, and general meat intake. CONCLUSION: Inadequate dietary iron intake and inadequate intake of factors that facilitate iron absorption can be considered decisive for the occurrence of iron-deficiency anemia. Food insecurity occurs between family members, with some members being favored over others with regard to the intake of good dietary iron sources.
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Camargo RMSD, Pereira RA, Yokoo EM, Schirmer J. Factors associated with iron deficiency in pregnant women seen at a public prenatal care service. REV NUTR 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-52732013000400007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the frequency of iron deficiency and its association with socioeconomic, obstetric, and nutritional factors in pregnant women. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included women on the second trimester of pregnancy seen at a public prenatal care facility of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil from May 2008 to May 2009. Socioeconomic, nutritional, and obstetric data were compared with markers of iron stores. RESULTS: During the study period, 146 pregnant women met the inclusion criteria. The frequency of anemia characterized by abnormal hemoglobin level, hematocrit, and mean corpuscular volume varied from 3% to 5%. However, 11% of the women had high transferrin levels and 39% had low ferritin levels. Before pregnancy, 21% of the women were underweight and 29% were overweight or obese. During pregnancy, the percentage of overweight or obese women rose to 40%. History of miscarriages, higher gestational age, and excess weight before pregnancy were associated with markers of iron stores at abnormal levels. Consumption of specific food groups was not associated with abnormal marker levels. CONCLUSION: Serum ferritin was the most sensitive indicator of iron deficiency. Excess weight and anemia were concomitant.
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Fujimori E, Sato APS, Szarfarc SC, Veiga GVD, Oliveira VAD, Colli C, Moreira-Araújo RSDR, Arruda IKGD, Uchimura TT, Brunken GS, Yuyama LKO, Muniz PT, Priore SE, Tsunechiro MA, Frazão ADGF, Passoni CRMS, Araújo CRMA. Anemia em gestantes brasileiras antes e após a fortificação das farinhas com ferro. Rev Saude Publica 2011; 45:1027-35. [DOI: 10.1590/s0034-89102011005000078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJETIVO: Comparar prevalência de anemia e valores de hemoglobina (Hb) em gestantes brasileiras, antes e após a fortificação das farinhas com ferro. MÉTODOS: Estudo de avaliação de painéis repetidos, desenvolvido em serviços públicos de saúde de municípios das cinco regiões brasileiras. Dados retrospectivos foram obtidos de 12.119 prontuários de gestantes distribuídas em dois grupos: antes da fortificação, com parto anterior a junho de 2004, e após a fortificação, com última menstruação após junho de 2005. Anemia foi definida como Hb < 11,0 g/dL. Valores de Hb/idade gestacional foram avaliados segundo dois referenciais da literatura. Foram utilizados teste qui-quadrado, t de Student e regressão logística, com nível de 5% de significância. RESULTADOS: Na amostra total, anemia caiu de 25% para 20% após fortificação (p < 0,001), com médias de Hb significativamente maiores no grupo "após" (p < 0,001). Observaram-se, entretanto, diferenças regionais importantes: reduções significativas nas regiões Nordeste (37% para 29%) e Norte (32% para 25%), onde as prevalências de anemia eram elevadas antes da fortificação, e reduções menores nas regiões Sudeste (18% para 15%) e Sul (7% para 6%), onde as prevalências eram baixas. Os níveis de Hb/idade gestacional de ambos os grupos se mostraram discretamente mais elevados nos primeiros meses, porém bem mais baixos após o terceiro ou quarto mês, dependendo da referência utilizada para comparação. Análise de regressão logística mostrou que grupo, região geográfica, situação conjugal, trimestre gestacional, estado nutricional inicial e gestação anterior associaram-se com anemia (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de anemia diminuiu após a fortificação, porém continua elevada nas regiões Nordeste e Norte. Embora a fortificação possa ter tido papel nesse resultado favorável, há que se considerar a contribuição de outras políticas públicas implementadas no período estudado.
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Rodrigues VC, Mendes BD, Gozzi A, Sandrini F, Santana RG, Matioli G. Deficiência de ferro, prevalência de anemia e fatores associados em crianças de creches públicas do oeste do Paraná, Brasil. REV NUTR 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-52732011000300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJETIVO: Avaliar o estado nutricional de ferro, a prevalência de anemia e fatores associados, em crianças de 6 a 24 meses frequentadoras de creche pública em Cascavel, Região Oeste do Paraná, Brasil. MÉTODOS: O estudo transversal foi realizado com amostra aleatória de 256 crianças. A coleta de dados (questionário, medidas antropométricas e amostras de sangue) ocorreu de julho a setembro de 2007. A deficiência de ferro foi avaliada em termos de transferrina, hemoglobina, volume corpuscular médio, ferro sérico e eosinófilos. Na análise estatística dos dados foram obtidas as odds ratio bruta e ajustada (regressão logística), bem como os respectivos níveis de significância (p-valor). Para identificar diferenças significativas entre as medidas quantitativas, adotou-se a Análise de Variância e o teste de comparação múltipla de Tukey. RESULTADOS: A prevalência da anemia foi de 29,7%, sendo que 77,3% das amostras apresentaram baixa concentração de ferro. A antropometria não apontou deficiência de macronutrientes, porém mostrou obesidade acima dos índices médios. Os fatores associados à anemia e à deficiência de ferro foram: doenças frequentes na família (OR=10,02), condições de moradia (OR=5,05), tempo de creche (OR=3,05), número de moradores na residência (OR=2,83) e falta de saneamento (OR=2,20). CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de anemia e a elevada deficiência de ferro detectada evidenciam um grave problema de saúde pública entre os pré-escolares do município de Cascavel, Paraná. Apesar da amplitude do problema, a anemia não está sendo reconhecida, prevenida e tratada adequadamente. Neste estudo são sugeridas algumas possíveis intervenções.
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