Prevalence of HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B and C among adults with mental illness: a multicenter study in Brazil

An epidemiological study of hepatitis virus infection in psychiatric patients in East China

BACKGROUNDS

Psychiatric patients have been the focus of social attention, and they may be more susceptible to hepatitis viruses. This study aims to investigate the prevalence and influencing factors of hepatitis virus infection among psychiatric patients in East China.

METHODS

A total of 6,5911 newly admitted psychiatric patients at Shandong Daizhuang Hospital from 2017 to 2023 were included in this study. Test results of serum biomarkers for HBV and HCV infection were collected from psychiatric patients. Background information such as sex, age, ethnicity, marital status, occupation, residence, region, and types of psychosis were collected. Results of serum markers for hepatitis B and C were also collected from 23,628 non-psychiatric individuals.

RESULTS

In the study area, the HBV infection rate in psychiatric patients was 3.75% (95% CI: 3.46-3.74%) and showed a decreasing trend by year (p for trend = 0.000). The HCV infection rate in psychiatric patients was 0.23% (95% CI: 0.19-0.27%). The HBV infection rates differed among sex, age, marital status, occupation, residence, region, severity, and psychosis types. The HCV infection rates differed among age, marital status, occupation, and psychosis types. The HBV infection rate in psychiatric patients was positively skewed with age, being lowest in the age group of 5-15 years old and the highest in the age group of 36-40 years old, similar to the distribution of HBV infection in non-psychiatric patients. The HCV infection rate in psychiatric patients increased with age (p for trend = 0.000) and was similar to non-psychiatric patients (p for trend = 0.000). Compared with non-psychiatric patients, the "Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of alcohol", "Schizophrenia", "Mental disorders due to epilepsy", "Behavioural and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence", "Obsessive-compulsive disorder", "Somatoform disorders" and "Depressive episode" become influencing factors for HBV infection. Compared with non-psychiatric patients, the "Dementia in other diseases classified elsewhere", "Depressive episode" become influencing factors for HCV infection. Being male, jobless and living in rural were risk factors for HBV infection, and urban became a risk factor for HCV infection.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

The rate of HBV and HCV infection among psychiatric patients in this region have remained low. Gender, age, occupation, residence, and types of psychosis were identified as potential influencing factors for hepatitis virus infection.

All-cause and cause-specific mortality among people with severe mental illness in Brazil's public health system, 2000-15: a retrospective study

BACKGROUND

People with severe mental illness have a mortality rate higher than the general population, living an average of 10-20 years less. Most studies of mortality among people with severe mental illness have occurred in high-income countries (HICs). We aimed to estimate all-cause and cause-specific relative risk (RR) and excess mortality rate (EMR) in a nationwide cohort of inpatients with severe mental illness compared with inpatients without severe mental illness in a middle income country, Brazil.

METHODS

This national retrospective cohort study included all patients hospitalised through the Brazilian Public Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde [SUS]-Brazil) between Jan 1, 2000, and April 21, 2015. Probabilistic and deterministic record linkages integrated data from the Hospital Information System (Sistema de informações Hospitalares) and the National Mortality System (Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade). Follow-up duration was measured from the date of the patients' first hospitalisation until their death, or until April 21, 2015. Severe mental illness was defined as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or depressive disorder by ICD-10 codes used for the admission. RR and EMR were calculated with 95% CIs, comparing mortality among patients with severe mental illness with those with other diagnoses for patients aged 15 years and older. We redistributed deaths using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study methodology if ill-defined causes of death were stated as an underlying cause.

FINDINGS

From Jan 1, 2000, to April 21, 2015, 72 021 918 patients (31 510 035 [43·8%] recorded as male and 40 974 426 [56·9%] recorded as female; mean age 41·1 (SD 23·8) years) were admitted to hospital, with 749 720 patients (372 458 [49·7%] recorded as male and 378 670 [50·5%] as female) with severe mental illness. 5 102 055 patient deaths (2 862 383 [56·1%] recorded as male and 2 314 781 [45·4%] as female) and 67 485 deaths in patients with severe mental illness (39 099 [57·9%] recorded as male and 28 534 [42·3%] as female) were registered. The RR for all-cause mortality in patients with severe mental illness was 1·27 (95% CI 1·27-1·28) and the EMR was 2·52 (2·44-2·61) compared with non-psychiatric inpatients during the follow-up period. The all-cause RR was higher for females and for younger age groups; however, EMR was higher in those aged 30-59 years. The RR and EMR varied across the leading causes of death, sex, and age groups. We identified injuries (suicide, interpersonal violence, and road injuries) and cardiovascular disease (ischaemic heart disease) as having the highest EMR among those with severe mental illness. Data on ethnicity were not available.

INTERPRETATION

In contrast to studies from HICs, inpatients with severe mental illness in Brazil had high RR for idiopathic epilepsy, tuberculosis, HIV, and acute hepatitis, and no significant difference in mortality from cancer compared with inpatients without severe mental illness. These identified causes should be addressed as a priority to maximise mortality prevention among people with severe mental illness, especially in a middle-income country like Brazil that has low investment in mental health.

FUNDING

Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais, FAPEMIG, and the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior-Brasil.

Self-Reported Prevalence of HIV Infection, Sexually Transmitted Infections and Risky Sexual Behavior among Mental Health Care Users Accessing Healthcare Services in Tshwane District, South Africa

The rate of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among mental patients is higher than that of the general population worldwide. Many risky sexual behaviors are associated with mental illness. However, mental health care users (MHCUs) are not specifically targeted for HIV preventative care, and routine HIV testing is not done among this population. Limited studies have investigated self-reported HIV and STI prevalence and associated risky sexual behavior in persons with mental illnesses accessing health care services in South Africa in particular. This study set out to determine both the Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) self-reported prevalence and sexual practices of MHCUs. A descriptive cross-sectional survey using purposive sampling was used to select 107 MHCUs across five clinics within Gauteng Province of South Africa who were above the age of 18, had a mental illness, and were currently stable and receiving chronic medication. Descriptive statistics were performed using Stata IC version 16. The chi square test was used to indicate statistical significance (p < 0.05) of differences in frequency distributions. More males (52.5%) than females were currently in a sexual relationship (50.0%), having multiple sexual partners (n = 4.13%), and having alcohol-driven sex (n = 4.19%). The majority of MHCUs (n = 82.77%) had an STI in the past six months, and a quarter (n = 21.25%) were HIV-positive with over two-thirds of MHCU (n = 69.70%) perceiving themselves not at risk for HIV. MHCUs engaged in risky behaviors had a low perception of the risks of contracting HIV. Bivariate analysis of gender by sexual behavior revealed that female MHCUs are more at risk of being forced to have sex compared to males (p = 0.006). Integrated interventions should be put in place to ensure that MHCUs' sexual and reproductive health are not left behind and issues such as sexual education, safe sex, and sexually transmitted infections should form part of the care of MHCUs.

The impact of psychiatric symptoms on condom self-efficacy among people with serious mental illness

OBJECTIVE

To determine how psychiatric symptoms affect the self-efficacy of people with serious mental illness to protect themselves and their partners from HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) by using condoms.

METHOD

As part of a National Institute of Mental Health-Funded study, people with serious mental illness (N = 467) were recruited in public psychiatric outpatient clinics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil for an HIV prevention intervention. We examined the effects of psychiatric symptom severity on condom self-efficacy at baseline across 4 symptom clusters: affect, positive, negative, and activation.

RESULTS

Greater activation symptom severity (e.g., elated mood) was related to better condom self-efficacy, whereas greater negative symptom severity (e.g., blunted affect, emotional withdrawal) was related to worse condom self-efficacy.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

Our findings suggest that people living with serious mental illness who exhibit more severe negative symptoms are less likely to perceive themselves as capable of using condoms, condom negotiation, and/or condom acquisition, whereas those with more severe activation symptoms are more likely to express confidence in their capabilities. Interventions to prevent HIV and other STIs among people living with serious mental illness should take into account the effects of these symptom clusters on condom skills acquisition and perceptions of self-efficacy in carrying out needed protective behaviors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Homelessness and incarceration among psychiatric patients in Brazil

Psychiatric patients are at increased risk of adverse life events, such as being incarcerated and homelessness in their life course. Using data from a cross-sectional multicenter study of 2,475 patients selected from 26 mental health services in Brazil, we examined the association of sociodemographic, clinical, behavioral, and adverse life characteristics with history of homelessness, incarceration or their co-occurrence during lifetime. Odds ratios were obtained by multinomial logistic regression models. The prevalence of homelessness, incarceration and co-occurrence of these two conditions were 8.6%, 16.4%, and 9.4%, respectively. Lower income, living in unstable condition, intellectual disability, and cigarette smoking were associated with homelessness. Being male, lower schooling, sex under effect of alcohol or drugs, and multiple sex partners were associated with incarceration. Psychiatric hospitalizations, substance use, and history of sexually transmitted diseases, and sexual, physical, or verbal violence were associated with co-occurrence of both conditions. Our findings suggest that incarceration and homelessness are very prevalent and correlated in psychiatric patients in Brazil. Many of the associated factors are potentially modifiable, and may act synergistically requiring integrated care.

[Sexuality and STD/AIDS prevention in mental health care: the views and practices of mental health professionals in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]

Despite major strides in the Psychiatric Reform and high HIV rates among users of mental health services, there is a lack of prevention policies for this population. The gap is further aggravated by mental health professionals' difficulty in approaching the sexuality of mental health care users. The article analyzes the perceptions and practices of mental health professionals concerning these issues in three service models in the Network of Psychosocial Care (RAPS) in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Eight focus groups were held with mental health care teams from a public university institution in a Center for Psychosocial Care III (CAPS III) and a Street Outreach Service. A total of 61 health professionals participated (40 women and 21 men), mostly 20 to 40 years of age, both residents and professionals from various health fields. The health professionals identified greater vulnerability of users of mental health care services to situations of sexual violence, and not only to STD/AIDS. They emphasized the importance of addressing sexuality and STD/AIDS prevention; however, these issues do not appear in the team discussions and rarely surface in daily patient care due to their lack of training and knowledge, as well as to the absence of institutional guidelines. The health professionals admitted their difficulties and highlighted the importance of establishing spaces for exchange of experiences in the services. The findings point to the need to incorporate sexuality and STD/AIDS prevention in the institutional dynamics and training of mental health professionals. Despite mental health deinstitutionalization and strides in the AIDS field, in addition to the supply of comprehensive humanized care, such themes have still not been incorporated into the debates in the RAPS. The article concludes with recommendations to help improve the quality of mental health care.

Recent illicit drug use among psychiatric patients in Brazil: a national representative study

OBJECTIVE

To estimate factors associated to illicit drug use among patients with mental illness in Brazil according to gender.

METHODS

A cross-sectional representative sample of psychiatric patients (2,475 individuals) was randomly selected from 11 hospitals and 15 public mental health outpatient clinics. Data on self-reported illicit drug use and sociodemographic, clinical and behavioral characteristics were obtained from face-to-face interviews. Logistic regression was used to estimate associations with recent illicit drug use.

RESULTS

The prevalence of any recent illicit drug use was 11.4%. Men had higher prevalence than women for all substances (17.5% and 5.6%, respectively). Lower education, history of physical violence, and history of homelessness were associated with drug use among men only; not professing a religion was associated with drug use in women only. For both men and women, younger age, current hospitalization, alcohol and tobacco use, history of incarceration, younger age at sexual debut, and more than one sexual partner were statistically associated with illicit drug use.

CONCLUSIONS

Recent illicit drug use among psychiatric patients is higher than among the general Brazilian population and it is associated with multiple factors including markers of psychiatric severity. Our data indicate the need for the development of gender-based drug-use interventions among psychiatric patients in Brazil. Integration of substance use treatment strategies with mental health treatment should be a priority.

Gender differences and psychotropic polypharmacy in psychiatric patients in Brazil: a cross-sectional analysis of the PESSOAS Project

We aimed to estimate the prevalence and correlates of psychotropic polypharmacy in Brazilian psychiatric patients by gender. Sociodemographic, behavioral and clinical data were obtained through face-to-face interviews and medical charts of 2,475 patients. Psychotropic polypharmacy was defined as the use of two or more psychotropic drugs and occurred in 85.7% of men (95%CI: 83.6%-87.6%) and 84.9% of women (95%CI: 82.8%-86.8%; p > 0.05). The mean number of psychotropic drugs/patient was 2.98 ± 1.23 and most common combinations included antipsychotics. Multivariate analysis showed that for both genders, previous hospitalization, severe mental illness, multiple psychiatric diagnoses and an insufficient number of professionals in the health care unit was associated with psychotropic polypharmacy. However, other correlates such as inpatient care, use of non-psychotropic drugs, living in unstable conditions and current smoking vary among them. Psychotropic polypharmacy was a common practice in this national sample. The results highlighted the need for national guidelines to manage patients with mental illness, considering the difference among genders and disease severity, to reduce the burden of polyphamacy in this population.

[Mental disorders and participation in the labor market: a multicenter national study in Brazil]

The objective was to explore the relationship between labor market participation and patient characteristics in a representative sample of 2,475 adults admitted to 26 Brazilian mental health institutions (15 Centers for Psychosocial Care and 11 hospitals). Socio-demographic, clinical, and behavioral characteristics were obtained with structured interviews. Multinomial regression was used. Increased likelihood of temporary absence from the work market was associated with female gender, single, divorced, or widowed conjugal status, lack of stable housing, and history of first admission or treatment before the age of 18. Increased likelihood of permanent absence from the labor market was associated with older age. Temporary or permanent leave from work was directly associated with low schooling, lifetime hospitalizations, and diagnosis of severe mental disorder and inversely associated with alcohol and drug use. The occupational vulnerabilities identified in the study raise the debate on specific policies for the mental health sector.

Prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C in people with severe mental illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Although people with serious mental illnesses have a high risk of contracting blood-borne viral infections, sexual health has largely been neglected by researchers and policy makers involved in mental health. Failure to address this shortcoming could increase morbidity and mortality as a result of undetected and untreated infection. We did a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence of blood-borne viral infection in people with serious mental illness.

METHOD

We searched the Cochrane Library, Medline, Embase, PsycInfo, CINAHL, and DARE for studies of the prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus in people with serious mental illness, published between Jan 1, 1980, and Jan 1, 2015. We group prevalence data by region and by virus and estimated pooled prevalence. We did a sensitivity analysis of the effect of study quality on prevalence.

FINDINGS

After removal of duplicates, we found 373 abstracts, 91 of which met our eligibility criteria. The prevalences of blood-borne viral infections in people with serious mental illness were higher than in the general population in places with low prevalence of blood-borne viruses, such as the USA and Europe, and on par with the general population in regions with high prevalence of blood-borne viruses (Africa for HIV and southeast Asia for hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus). Pooled prevalence of HIV in people with serious mental illness in the USA was 6·0% (95% CI 4·3-8·3). Sensitivity analysis showed that quality scores did not significantly affect prevalence.

INTERPRETATION

People with serious mental illness are at risk of blood-borne viral infections. However, because of methodological limitations of the studies the prevalence might be overestimated. Serious mental illness is unlikely to be a sole risk factor and risk of blood-borne viral infection is probably multifactorial and associated with low socioeconomic status, drug and alcohol misuse, ethnic origin, and sex. Health providers should routinely discuss sexual health and risks for blood-borne viruses (including risks related to drug misuse) with people who have serious mental illness, as well as offering testing and treatment for those at risk.

FUNDING

Wellcome Trust.

Hepatitis B virus infection among institutionalized mentally ill patients in Brazil

Objectives

The main objective was to evaluate HBV infection and occult HBV infection (OBI) cases in mentally ill patients based on serological and molecular profiles.

Material and methods

Serum samples of 333 long-stay mentally ill patients were tested for the prevalence of HBV markers by serological (ELISA) and molecular (PCR) assays. The PCR products were sequenced to determine viral genotypes.

Results

It was observed a global prevalence of 12.9% (43/333) for HBV infection markers, considering HBsAg and/or anti-HBc positivity. Fourteen samples tested positive for anti-HBs alone. All samples positive (n = 57) for any HBV serological markers were tested for HBV-DNA and six were positive: HBsAg/anti-HBc (n = 1), anti-HBc/anti-HBs (n = 1), anti-HBs alone (n = 1), and anti-HBc alone (n = 3). The rate of OBI was 9.2% (5/54) from samples that were anti-HBc and/or anti-HBs positive. All sequenced samples were characterized as genotype A.

Conclusion

The high rate of HBV infections found in this study suggests the possibility of HBV transmission due to risk factors displayed by some patients, and highlights the importance of vaccination of susceptible patients and the staff of that institution.

A abordagem da sexualidade como aspecto essencial da atenção integral de pessoas com transtornos mentais

Resumo O estudo teve o objetivo de compreender as representações de usuários e de profissionais de serviços de saúde mental acerca da sexualidade dos primeiros. Entrevistaram-se individualmente 39 usuários e 54 profissionais de serviços públicos de saúde mental por meio de seis grupos focais. A análise dos dados fundamentou-se na Análise Estrutural de Narração. Pessoas com transtornos mentais (PTM) não representam saúde sexual como direito e encontram dificuldades para se cuidarem em face de estereótipos de gênero e pelo contexto de exclusão e pobreza. Entre os profissionais, as representações foram de negação da sexualidade das PTM, entendendo-a como “fora do normal” e que deve ser reprimida. Diálogos sobre sexualidade com os usuários são quase inexistentes. Os profissionais não estão preparados para assistência integral, o que requer capacitação permanente nos serviços e inclusão do tema na formação básica nas carreiras da área da saúde, de forma interdisciplinar.

Sexual Risk Behavior, Sexual Violence, and HIV in Persons With Severe Mental Illness in Uganda: Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study and National Comparison Data

OBJECTIVES

We investigated prevalence of past-year sexual risk behavior and sexual violence exposure in persons with severe mental illness (SMI) in Uganda, and compared results to general population estimates. We also investigated whether persons with SMI reporting sexual risk behavior and sexual violence exposure were more likely to be HIV-infected.

METHODS

We included 602 persons consecutively discharged from Butabika Hospital, Kampala, Uganda, February to April 2010. We asked about past-year number of sexual partners and condom use. We assessed sexual violence with the World Health Organization Violence Against Women Instrument. We performed HIV testing. We used data from 2011 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey for comparison.

RESULTS

Women with SMI had more sexual risk behavior and more sexual violence exposure than women in the general population. We found no difference in sexual risk behavior in men. Sexual risk behavior was associated with HIV infection in men, but not women. Sexual violence exposure was not associated with HIV infection in women.

CONCLUSIONS

Findings suggest that SMI exacerbates Ugandan women's sexual vulnerability. Public health practitioners, policymakers, and legislators should act to protect health and rights of women with SMI in resource-poor settings.

Factors associated with unprotected sexual practice among men and women with mental illnesses in Brazil

This study estimated the rate and correlates of recent unprotected sex among sexually active psychiatric patients in Brazil, stratified by gender. The prevalence of unprotected sex among women and men were 89% and 77%, respectively. Significant correlates with unprotected sex were: being married/in union, living with children/partner, and cigarette smoking in both genders; lower income, depression and anxiety diagnoses among men only; older age, no previous HIV testing, sex under the influence of alcohol/drugs, and verbal violence among women only. Interventions to reduce risk behavior among psychiatric patients in Brazil are urgent and should take into account gender differences.

Cigarette smoking among psychiatric patients in Brazil

The aim of this study was to estimate tobacco smoking prevalence among psychiatric patients attended in care facilities in Brazil and assess associated factors. A cross-sectional multicenter study was conducted of psychiatric patients (N = 2,475) selected from 26 care facilities. Current and ex-smokers were compared to those who had never smoked. Odds ratios were estimated using logistic regression. The current and past smoking prevalence rates were 52.7% and 18.9%, respectively. Being male, aged 40 years or over, drug and alcohol use, unprotected sex and a history of physical violence were factors associated with both current and past smoking, while a low education level (≤ 8 years of schooling), history of homelessness, not practicing a religion, current or previous psychiatric hospitalization, and main psychiatric diagnosis substance use disorders, were factors only associated with current smoking. Tobacco smoking prevalence among this population was high and was higher than the rate in the general population. Appropriate interventions and smoking prevention policies should be incorporated into mental health services.

HIV sexual risk behavior among emerging adults in psychiatric treatment in Brazil

HIV infection among young populations is increasing worldwide. Adolescents in mental health treatment have demonstrated higher rates of HIV risk behavior than their peers. This first risk behavior study of youth in psychiatric treatment in Brazil reports findings from a cross-sectional national sample of emerging adult psychiatric patients (18-25 years old). The prevalence of lifetime unprotected sex was 65.9%. Multiple logistic regression indicated that being married/in union; sex under the influence of alcohol/drugs; physical violence; earlier sexual debut; and depressive/substance use disorders were associated with unsafe sex. Interventions and services that address these risks during this critical developmental window are urgently needed.

Correlates of hepatitis B among patients with mental illness in Brazil

OBJECTIVE

To assess correlates of hepatitis B among adults with mental illness under care in Brazil.

METHOD

Cross-sectional national multicenter study of 2206 patients with mental illnesses randomly selected from 26 public mental health services. Sociodemographic and behavioral data were obtained from face-to-face interviews and psychiatric diagnoses from medical charts. Serology testing was conducted, and prevalence rate ratios were estimated by log-binomial regression.

RESULTS

The weighted prevalence rates of current hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (HBsAg+) and previous HBV exposure (anti-HBc+) were 2.0% [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.5%-2.7%] and 17.1% (95% CI: 16.0%-19.0%), respectively. Correlates of HBsAg+ included male gender, younger age (18-29 years), unstable place of residence, intellectual disability, main psychiatric diagnosis of dementia, presence of other medical comorbitidy, use of alcohol/drugs during sex, more than one sexual partner and use of cocaine. Correlates of anti-HBc+ included male gender, older age (≥30 years), black skin color, lower education, unstable place of residence, currently hospitalized, intellectual disability, history of any sexually transmitted disease or syphilis, poor HIV knowledge, history of imprisonment and sexual violence.

CONCLUSIONS

Hepatitis B is an important comorbidity among psychiatric patients in Brazil. Screening for HBV, effective prevention and intervention strategies, including universal HBV immunization, should be routine practices in these mental health services.

Percepções de homens com transtornos mentais sobre risco e autocuidado face às infecções sexualmente transmissíveis

Estudos recentes mostraram altas taxas de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (IST) entre pessoas com transtornos mentais no Brasil. Visando contribuir para avanços nas ações de prevenção junto a essa população, neste trabalho são analisadas as percepções de homens com transtornos mentais sobre risco e autocuidado face às IST. Entrevistas abertas e em profundidade com questões sobre autocuidado em saúde sexual foram realizadas com 22 homens com transtornos mentais. Os dados das entrevistas foram analisados com base na análise estrutural de narração. Os resultados mostraram que os entrevistados pouco conhecem sobre as IST. Apesar de reconhecerem a existência de risco nas relações sexuais, o uso de preservativo é raro. O principal aspecto dificultador do uso decorreu da representação de que pessoas aparentemente sadias não representam riscos. Entre os que fizeram uso do preservativo, essa conduta esteve motivada pela proximidade de experiências de uma IST contraída. Entretanto, o uso foi prejudicado por acharem que o preservativo compromete o prazer e também pelo uso de álcool e drogas. Alguns não encontram sentido em se autocuidar, o que se mostrou atrelado ao contexto de exclusão social. Houve ainda situações em que se preferiu correr o risco de se infectar. Faz-se urgente promover saúde sexual para essa população, considerando os aspectos psicossociais envolvidos no autocuidado.

Reproductive health in women with serious mental illnesses

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

To determine what problems female psychiatric patients have in terms of reproductive health.

BACKGROUND

The reproductive health problems faced by female psychiatric patients are matters that have been neglected in the areas of both psychiatry and women's health. This study aims to make a contribution from Turkey to the literature in this neglected field.

DESIGN

The study is descriptive and was conducted with 292 female patients treated in an acute inpatient psychiatric ward.

METHODS

Data were collected through face-to-face interviews and a questionnaire based on the literature and prepared by the researchers which was designed to determine the kinds of reproductive health issues the patients were experiencing.

RESULTS

It was found that compared with healthy women, the distinctive features of the participants in terms of sexuality were more negative; in particular, patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder were more likely to have been forced by their partners to have sex, they had suffered from rape or sexually transmitted diseases, the majority of those who had previous sexual experience had tried to use contraceptives but had been unable to continue using them, they were most likely to choose the method of withdrawal for contraception, their rates of pregnancy and abortion were high, they received less antenatal care, and they were more likely to have smoked during pregnancy.

CONCLUSIONS

It was found that female patients with psychiatric disorders had more negative attributes with regard to marriage, sexuality, family planning, maternal characteristics and pregnancy, compared with a corresponding healthy population.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE

The results of this study may be useful for nurses in the clinical field for calling an attention and raising an awareness of the reproductive health problems of women with psychiatric disorders, taking the necessary preventive measures, and developing damage-reducing strategies.

Correlates of HIV infection among patients with mental illness in Brazil

People living with mental illness are at increased risk for HIV. There are scarce data on correlates and prevalence of HIV infection, and none with a nationally representative sample. We report on correlates of HIV infection from a cross-sectional national sample of adults receiving care in 26 publicly funded mental health treatment settings throughout Brazil. Weighted prevalence rate ratios were obtained using multiple log-binomial regression modeling. History of homelessness, ever having an STD, early age of first sexual intercourse before 18 years old, having suffered sexual violence, previous HIV testing, self-perception of high risk of HIV infection and not knowing one's risk were statistically associated with HIV infection. Our study found an elevated HIV seroprevalence and correlates of infection were not found to include psychiatric diagnoses or hospitalizations but instead reflected marginalized living circumstances and HIV testing history. These adverse life circumstances (history of homelessness, having suffered sexual violence, reporting a sexually transmitted disease, and early sexual debut) may not be unique to people living with mental illness but nonetheless the mental health care system can serve as an important point of entry for HIV prevention in this population.

Sexually transmitted diseases among psychiatric patients in Brazil

Sexually transmitted diseases are still highly prevalent worldwide and represent an important public health problem. Psychiatric patients are at increased risk of sexually transmitted diseases but there are scarce published studies with representative data of this population. We sought to estimate the prevalence and correlates of self-reported sexually transmitted diseases among patients with mental illnesses under care in a national representative sample in Brazil (n = 2145). More than one quarter of the sample (25.8%) reported a lifetime history of sexually transmitted disease. Multivariate analyses showed that patients with a lifetime sexually transmitted disease history were older, had history of homelessness, used more alcohol and illicit drugs, suffered violence, perceived themselves to be at greater risk for HIV and had high risk sexual behavioral: practised unprotected sex, started sexual life earlier, had more than ten sexual partners, exchanged money and/or drugs for sex and had a partner that refused to use condom. Our findings indicate a high prevalence of self-reported sexually transmitted diseases among psychiatric patients in Brazil, and emphasize the need for implementing sexually transmitted diseases prevention programs in psychiatric settings, including screening, treatment, and behavioral modification interventions.

Factors associated with self-report of sexual violence against men and women with mental disorders in Brazil

OBJECTIVES

Patients with mental illness (PMI) are more vulnerable to sexual violence (SV). This study aimed at assessing factors associated with SV against PMI, stratified by gender in Brazil.

METHODS

Cross-sectional multicenter study with a national sample of 2,475 PMI randomly selected from 26 psychiatric services. Odds ratios were estimated with 95% confidence interval using logistic regression.

RESULTS

A high prevalence of lifetime SV against PMI was observed (19.8%) and it was higher among women (26.6%) than men (12.5%). Among women, episodes of SV were more often caused by intimate partners and in the domestic environment, and among men, by strangers and in the streets. Among women, the following variables were independently associated (p < 0.01) with SV: younger age, living alone, history of homelessness, previous psychiatric hospitalization, lifetime STD diagnosis, early debut of sexual intercourse, irregular condom use, receiving/offering money for sex, and psychiatric diagnosis. Among men, younger age, previous and earlier psychiatric hospitalization, lifetime illegal drug use, receiving/offering money for sex, and psychiatric diagnosis were independently associated with SV.

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of SV in the studied population was high, especially among women. Women have more behavior factors associated with SV and they need protection, especially those in isolation and socially deprived. However, men also suffer SV, usually more often during childhood than adulthood and special attention should be given to lifetime illegal drug use and earlier psychiatric hospitalization. Preventive actions beyond mental health are important, such as social and economic actions to improve the living conditions of PMI.

Psychiatric patients' return for HIV/STI test results in mental health centers

OBJECTIVE

To assess individual and/or health service factors associated with patients returning for results of HIV or sexually transmitted infection (STI) tests in mental health centers.

METHODS

Cross-sectional national multicenter study among 2,080 patients randomly selected from 26 Brazilian mental health centers in 2007. Multilevel logistic regression was used to assess the effect of individual (level 1) and mental health service characteristics (level 2) on receipt of test results.

RESULTS

The rate of returning HIV/STI test results was 79.6%. Among health service characteristics examined, only condom distribution was associated with receiving HIV/STI test results, whereas several individual characteristics were independently associated including living in the same city where treatment centers are; being single; not having heard of AIDS; and not having been previously HIV tested.

CONCLUSIONS

It is urgent to expand HIV/STI testing in health services which provide care for patients with potentially increased vulnerability to these conditions, and to promote better integration between mental health and health services.

Psychiatry disorders and dengue: is there a relationship?

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship of compulsive hoarding with dengue.

METHOD

Fifty two adults notified by health vigilance authorities because of inappropriate trash accumulation in vacant lots in Goiânia, Central Brazil, completed a questionnaire regarding the presence and severity of hoarding behavior (Hoarding Rating Scale-Interview HRS-I). Five dimensions of hoarding are evaluated with this instrument: difficulty using spaces due to clutter, difficulty discarding possessions, excessive acquisition of objects, emotional distress and functional impairment due to hoarding behaviors.

RESULTS

The sample was primarily male, with an average age of 49 years. Eighty six percent of the sample scored 14 or greater on the HRS-I, indicating pathological hoarding. The medias of the five HRS-I domains were high, indicating severeness of all dimentions of pathological hoarding.

CONCLUSION

These results highlight the relationship between psychiatric disorder and actions upon environmental conditions that favors dengue, as well as its associated public health burden.

HIV risk behavior of psychiatric patients with mental illness: a sample of Brazilian patients

OBJECTIVE

The prevalence of HIV among psychiatric patients is higher than general population rates worldwide. Many risk behaviors have been identified in studies from both developing and developed countries, though sampling limitations restrict the generalizability of their results. The objective of this study was to report findings from the first national sample of psychiatric patients about lifetime practice of unsafe sex and associated factors.

METHOD

A national multicenter sample of adults with mental illness was randomly selected from 26 public mental health institutions throughout Brazil. Sociodemographic, sexual behavior and clinical data were obtained from person-to-person interviews and blood was collected for serology testing. Logistic regression was used for analysis.

RESULTS

The overall prevalence of lifetime unprotected sex was 80.3%. Married, older, female patients, those with multiple partners and living with children or partners only and those with less severe psychiatric diagnosis more often practised unsafe sex.

DISCUSSION

Risk behavior assessment is a critical tool for clinicians to be able to determine needed HIV-related services for their clients and ensure appropriate follow-through with care and prevention. Interventions that address situational risks in psychiatric patients' lives-institutional and individual- and increase their ability to make informed decisions about their sexual health are urgently needed.

Individual and treatment setting predictors of HIV/AIDS knowledge among psychiatric patients and their implications in a national multisite study in Brazil

The objective of this study is to measure HIV/AIDS knowledge among patients with mental illness in Brazil and to examine individual and treatment setting predictors of knowledge. We conducted a cross-sectional national multicenter study among 2,475 patients in 26 randomly selected mental health institutions throughout Brazil. We used Item Response Theory to standardize knowledge scores and multilevel multiple linear regression to determine the effect of individual and treatment setting characteristics on standardized knowledge score. Schizophrenia was the main diagnosis (48%) of participants. Mean knowledge score was 6.78 (range 1-10). Treatment setting characteristics were not associated with knowledge scores. Higher HIV/AIDS knowledge scores were significantly associated with a history of sexually transmitted disease (STD), previous HIV testing and consistent condom use; lower HIV/AIDS knowledge scores were significantly associated with specific sociodemographic, psychiatric, and HIV risk-perception factors. Psychiatric patients in Brazil lag behind the general population with knowledge scores comparable to those of nearly a decade ago. The mental health system in Brazil and elsewhere must consider strategies beyond dispensing information, for preventing HIV/AIDS transmission in the psychiatric population.

Did you rule out neurosyphilis?

Neurosyphilis, formerly a frequent cause of dementia, is now a rare condition in developed countries. However, syphilis remains common in many developing countries, where adequate diagnosis and treatment of early syphilis may be lacking, increasing the chances of neurosyphilis and prevalence of syphilitic dementia.