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Madewell ZJ, Sosa S, Brouwer KC, Juárez JG, Romero C, Lenhart A, Cordón-Rosales C. Associations between household environmental factors and immature mosquito abundance in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1729. [PMID: 31870343 PMCID: PMC6929347 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-8102-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes aegypti-borne diseases are becoming major public health problems in tropical and sub-tropical regions. While socioeconomic status has been associated with larval mosquito abundance, the drivers or possible factors mediating this association, such as environmental factors, are yet to be identified. We examined possible associations between proximity to houses and roads and immature mosquito abundance, and assessed whether these factors and mosquito prevention measures mediated any association between household environmental factors and immature mosquito abundance. METHODS We conducted two cross-sectional household container surveys in February-March and November-December, 2017, in urban and rural areas of Quetzaltenango, Guatemala. We used principal components analysis to identify factors from 12 variables to represent the household environment. One factor which included number of rooms in house, electricity, running water, garbage service, cable, television, telephone, latrine, well, and sewer system, was termed "environmental capital." Environmental capital scores ranged from 0 to 5.5. Risk factors analyzed included environmental capital, and distance from nearest house/structure, paved road, and highway. We used Poisson regression to determine associations between distance to nearest house/structure, roads, and highways, and measures of immature mosquito abundance (total larvae, total pupae, and positive containers). Using cubic spline generalized additive models, we assessed non-linear associations between environmental capital and immature mosquito abundance. We then examined whether fumigation, cleaning containers, and distance from the nearest house, road, and highway mediated the relationship between environmental capital and larvae and pupae abundance. RESULTS We completed 508 household surveys in February-March, and we revisited 469 households in November-December. Proximity to paved roads and other houses/structures was positively associated with larvae and pupae abundance and mediated the associations between environmental capital and total numbers of larvae/pupae (p ≤ 0.01). Distance to highways was not associated with larval/pupal abundance (p ≥ 0.48). Households with the lowest and highest environmental capital had fewer larvae/pupae than households in the middle range (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS We found evidence that proximity to other houses and paved roads was associated with greater abundance of larvae and pupae. Understanding risk factors such as these can allow for improved targeting of surveillance and vector control measures in areas considered at higher risk for arbovirus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Madewell
- Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala. .,Program in Public Health (Epidemiology), University of California, San Diego/San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Silvia Sosa
- Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Kimberly C Brouwer
- Department of Family Medicine & Public Health, Division of Global Health, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - José Guillermo Juárez
- Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala.,Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Carolina Romero
- Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Celia Cordón-Rosales
- Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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Asale A, Duchateau L, Devleesschauwer B, Huisman G, Yewhalaw D. Zooprophylaxis as a control strategy for malaria caused by the vector Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae): a systematic review. Infect Dis Poverty 2017; 6:160. [PMID: 29157310 PMCID: PMC5697156 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-017-0366-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Zooprophylaxis is the use of wild or domestic animals, which are not the reservoir host of a given disease, to divert the blood-seeking malaria vectors from human hosts. In this paper, we systematically reviewed zooprophylaxis to assess its efficacy as a malaria control strategy and to evaluate the possible methods of its application. Methods The electronic databases, PubMed Central®, Web of Science, Science direct, and African Journals Online were searched using the key terms: “zooprophylaxis” or “cattle and malaria”, and reports published between January 1995 and March 2016 were considered. Thirty-four reports on zooprophylaxis were retained for the systematic review. Results It was determined that Anopheles arabiensis is an opportunistic feeder. It has a strong preference for cattle odour when compared to human odour, but feeds on both hosts. Its feeding behaviour depends on the available hosts, varying from endophilic and endophagic to exophilic and exophagic. There are three essential factors for zooprophylaxis to be effective in practice: a zoophilic and exophilic vector, habitat separation between human and host animal quarters, and augmenting zooprophylaxis with insecticide treatment of animals or co-intervention of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets and/or indoor residual spraying. Passive zooprophylaxis can be applied only in malaria vector control if cattle and human dwellings are separated in order to avoid the problem of zoopotentiation. Conclusions The outcomes of using zooprophylaxis as a malaria control strategy varied across locations. It is therefore advised to conduct a site-specific evaluation of its effectiveness in vector control before implementing zooprophylaxis as the behaviour of Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes varies across localities and circumstances. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40249-017-0366-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abebe Asale
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biometry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biometry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gerdien Huisman
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biometry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Delenasaw Yewhalaw
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, College of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Donnelly B, Berrang-Ford L, Ross NA, Michel P. A systematic, realist review of zooprophylaxis for malaria control. Malar J 2015; 14:313. [PMID: 26264913 PMCID: PMC4533963 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0822-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Integrated vector management (IVM) is recommended as a sustainable approach to malaria control. IVM consists of combining vector control methods based on scientific evidence to maximize efficacy and cost-effectiveness while minimizing negative impacts, such as insecticide resistance and environmental damage. Zooprophylaxis has been identified as a possible component of IVM as livestock may draw mosquitoes away from humans, decreasing human-vector contact and malaria transmission. It is possible, however, that livestock may actually draw mosquitoes to humans, increasing malaria transmission (zoopotentiation). The goal of this paper is to take a realist approach to a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature to understand the contexts under which zooprophylaxis or zoopotentiation occur. METHODS Three electronic databases were searched using the keywords 'zooprophylaxis' and 'zoopotentiation', and forward and backward citation tracking employed, to identify relevant articles. Only empirical, peer-reviewed articles were included. Critical appraisal was applied to articles retained for full review. RESULTS Twenty empirical studies met inclusion criteria after critical appraisal. A range of experimental and observational study designs were reported. Outcome measures included human malaria infection and mosquito feeding behaviour. Two key factors were consistently associated with zooprophylaxis and zoopotentiation: the characteristics of the local mosquito vector, and the location of livestock relative to human sleeping quarters. These associations were modified by the use of bed nets and socio-economic factors. DISCUSSION This review suggests that malaria risk is reduced (zooprophylaxis) in areas where predominant mosquito species do not prefer human hosts, where livestock are kept at a distance from human sleeping quarters at night, and where mosquito nets or other protective measures are used. Zoopotentiation occurs where livestock are housed within or near human sleeping quarters at night and where mosquito species prefer human hosts. CONCLUSION The evidence suggests that zooprophylaxis could be part of an effective strategy to reduce malaria transmission under specific ecological and geographical conditions. The current scientific evidence base is inconclusive on understanding the role of socio-economic factors, optimal distance between livestock and human sleeping quarters, and the effect of animal species and number on zooprophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blánaid Donnelly
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Burnside Hall Building, 805 Sherbrooke St West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B9, Canada.
| | - Lea Berrang-Ford
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Burnside Hall Building, 805 Sherbrooke St West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B9, Canada.
| | - Nancy A Ross
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Burnside Hall Building, 805 Sherbrooke St West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B9, Canada.
| | - Pascal Michel
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, 3200 Sicotte, PO Box 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada.
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Dery DB, Asante KP, Zandoh C, Febir LG, Brown C, Adjei G, Antwi-Dadzie Y, Mahama E, Tchum K, Dosoo D, Amenga-Etego S, Adda R, Mensah C, Owusu-Sekyere KB, Anderson C, Krieger G, Owusu-Agyei S. Baseline malaria vector transmission dynamics in communities in Ahafo mining area in Ghana. Malar J 2015; 14:142. [PMID: 25879851 PMCID: PMC4389860 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0667-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria vector dynamics are relevant prior to commencement of mining activities. A baseline entomology survey was conducted in Asutifi and Tano (referred to as Ahafo) in the Brong-Ahafo geo-political region of Ghana during preparatory stages for mining by Newmont Ghana Gold Limited. METHODS Between November 2006 and August 2007, eight Centre for Disease Control light traps were set daily (Monday-Friday) to collect mosquitoes. Traps were hanged in rooms that were selected from a pool of 1,100 randomly selected houses. Types of materials used in construction of houses were recorded and mosquito prevention measures were assessed from occupants. RESULTS A total of 5,393 mosquitoes were caught that comprised Anopheles gambiae (64.8%), Anopheles funestus (4.2%), as well as Culicines, comprising of Culex (30.4%) and Aedes species (0.6%). The entomological inoculation rate in Asutifi (279 infective bites/person/month) and Tano (487 infective bites/person/month) demonstrate relatively high malaria transmission in Ahafo. The presence or absence of Anopheles vectors in rooms was influenced by the type of roofing material (OR 2.33, 95%CI: 1.29-4.22, p = 0.01) as well as the presence of eaves gaps (OR 1.80, 95%CI: 1.37-2.37, p < 0.01). It was also associated with bed net availability in the room (OR 1.39, 95%CI: 1.08-1.80, p = 0.01). Over 80% of the houses were roofed with corrugated zinc sheets. Over 60% of the houses in Ahafo had no eaves gaps to give access to mosquito entry and exit into rooms and mosquito bed net coverage was over 50%. Other measures used in preventing mosquito bites included; coil (22.1%), insecticide spray (9.4%), repellent cream (4.0%) and smoky fires (1.1%), contributed minimally to individual mosquito preventive measures in impact areas. Similarly, levels of protection; coil (16.9%), insecticide spray (2.8%) and repellent cream (0.3%) for the non-impact areas, depict low individual prevention measures. CONCLUSIONS The survey identified areas where intensified vector control activities would be beneficial. It also demonstrates that transmission in Asutifi and Tano is high even before the commencement of mining operations. This study serves as baseline information to assess impact of mining activities in relation to future vector control interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic B Dery
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 200, Kintampo, Ghana.
| | - Kwaku P Asante
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 200, Kintampo, Ghana.
| | - Charles Zandoh
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 200, Kintampo, Ghana.
| | - Lawrence G Febir
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 200, Kintampo, Ghana.
| | - Charles Brown
- College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
| | - George Adjei
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 200, Kintampo, Ghana.
| | - Yaw Antwi-Dadzie
- Newmont Ghana Gold Limited, C825/26 Lagos Avenue, East Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Emmanuel Mahama
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 200, Kintampo, Ghana.
| | - Kofi Tchum
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 200, Kintampo, Ghana.
| | - David Dosoo
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 200, Kintampo, Ghana.
| | - Seeba Amenga-Etego
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 200, Kintampo, Ghana.
| | - Robert Adda
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 200, Kintampo, Ghana.
| | | | | | - Chris Anderson
- Newmont Ghana Gold Limited, C825/26 Lagos Avenue, East Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Gary Krieger
- Newfields, 730 17th Street, Suite 925, Denver, CO, 80202, USA.
| | - Seth Owusu-Agyei
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 200, Kintampo, Ghana.
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Mayagaya VS, Nkwengulila G, Lyimo IN, Kihonda J, Mtambala H, Ngonyani H, Russell TL, Ferguson HM. The impact of livestock on the abundance, resting behaviour and sporozoite rate of malaria vectors in southern Tanzania. Malar J 2015; 14:17. [PMID: 25604150 PMCID: PMC4311485 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-014-0536-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increases in the coverage of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) have significantly reduced the abundance of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto in several African settings, leaving its more zoophagic sibling species Anopheles arabiensis as the primary vector. This study investigated the impact of livestock ownership at the household level on the ecology and malaria infection rate of vectors in an area of Tanzania where An. arabiensis accounts for most malaria transmission. METHODS Mosquito vectors were collected resting inside houses, animal sheds and in outdoor resting boxes at households with and without livestock over three years in ten villages of the Kilombero Valley, Tanzania. Additionally, the abundance and sporozoite rate of vectors attempting to bite indoors at these households was assessed as an index of malaria exposure. RESULTS The mean abundance of An. gambiae s.l. biting indoors was similar at houses with and without livestock. In all years but one, the relative proportion of An. arabiensis within the An. gambiae s.l. species complex was higher at households with livestock. Livestock presence had a significant impact on malaria vector feeding and resting behaviour. Anopheles arabiensis were generally found resting in cattle sheds where livestock were present, and inside houses when absent. Correspondingly, the human blood index of An. arabiensis and An. funestus s.l. was significant reduced at households with livestock, whereas that of An. gambiae s.s. was unaffected. Whilst there was some evidence that sporozoite rates within the indoor-biting An. gambiae s.l population was significantly reduced at households with livestock, the significance of this effect varied depending on how background spatial variation was accounted for. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm that the presence of cattle at the household level can significantly alter the local species composition, feeding and resting behaviour of malaria vectors. However, the net impact of this livestock-associated variation in mosquito ecology on malaria exposure risk was unclear. Further investigation is required to distinguish whether the apparently lower sporozoite rates observed in An. gambiae s.l. at households with livestock is really a direct effect of cattle presence, or an indirect consequence of reduced risk within areas where livestock keepers choose to live.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriana S Mayagaya
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, PO Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania.
| | - Gamba Nkwengulila
- Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, University of Dar es Salaam, PO Box 35065, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Issa N Lyimo
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, PO Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania.
| | - Japheti Kihonda
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, PO Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania.
| | - Hassan Mtambala
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, PO Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania.
| | - Hassan Ngonyani
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, PO Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania.
| | - Tanya L Russell
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Molecular Sciences, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland, 4870, Australia.
| | - Heather M Ferguson
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Glasgow, UK.
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Gordicho V, Vicente JL, Sousa CA, Caputo B, Pombi M, Dinis J, Seixas G, Palsson K, Weetman D, Rodrigues A, della Torre A, Pinto J. First report of an exophilic Anopheles arabiensis population in Bissau City, Guinea-Bissau: recent introduction or sampling bias? Malar J 2014; 13:423. [PMID: 25370807 PMCID: PMC4240859 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis exhibits greater behavioural and ecological plasticity than the other major vectors of the Anopheles gambiae complex, which presents challenges for major control methods. This study reports for the first time the presence of An. arabiensis in Antula, a suburb of Bissau city, the capital of Guinea Bissau, where high levels of hybridization between Anopheles coluzzii and An. gambiae have been reported. Given that previous surveys in the area, based on indoor collections, did not sample An. arabiensis, the possibility of a recently introduced exophilic population was investigated. Methods Larval and adult mosquito collections were carried out in Antula at the end of the rainy season of 2010. Anopheles gambiae species composition, determined by rDNA-IGS and SINE200X6.1 markers, was compared with four previously collected samples dating back to 1993. Analysis of ten microsatellites was used to estimate levels of genetic diversity, relatedness and to investigate demographic stability. Results Anopheles arabiensis comprised 54.0% of larvae and 25.6% of adults collected in 2010, but was absent in all previous collections, a highly unlikely observation by chance if the population was stable. This species had the lowest levels of genetic diversity, highest relatedness and, along with An. gambiae, exhibited evidence of a recent population expansion. Conclusions Results point to the presence of a previously undetected outdoor population of An. arabiensis in Antula, which appears to have expanded recently, highlighting the importance of complementing indoor-based mosquito collections with sampling methods targeting outdoor adults and immature stages for a more complete assessment of mosquito biodiversity. A change in temporal dynamics in the species complex composition was also detected. Coupled with previous evidence of asymmetric introgression from An. coluzzii to An. gambiae, this suggests that the study area may be subject to ecological changes with a potential impact on both the genetics of these species and on malaria transmission. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1475-2875-13-423) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - João Pinto
- UEI Parasitologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal.
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Stoler J, Al Dashti R, Anto F, Fobil JN, Awandare GA. Deconstructing "malaria": West Africa as the next front for dengue fever surveillance and control. Acta Trop 2014; 134:58-65. [PMID: 24613157 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Presumptive treatment of febrile illness patients for malaria remains the norm in endemic areas of West Africa, and "malaria" remains the top source of health facility outpatient visits in many West African nations. Many other febrile illnesses, including bacterial, viral, and fungal infections, share a similar symptomatology as malaria and are routinely misdiagnosed as such; yet growing evidence suggests that much of the burden of febrile illness is often not attributable to malaria. Dengue fever is one of several viral diseases with symptoms similar to malaria, and the combination of rapid globalization, the long-standing presence of Aedes mosquitoes, case reports from travelers, and recent seroprevalence surveys all implicate West Africa as an emerging front for dengue surveillance and control. This paper integrates recent vector ecology, public health, and clinical medicine literature about dengue in West Africa across community, regional, and global geographic scales. We present a holistic argument for greater attention to dengue fever surveillance in West Africa and renew the call for improving differential diagnosis of febrile illness patients in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Stoler
- Department of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Miami, 1300 Campo Sano Avenue, Coral Gables, FL, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Rawan Al Dashti
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Francis Anto
- Department of Epidemiology and Disease Control, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
| | - Julius N Fobil
- Department of Biological, Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
| | - Gordon A Awandare
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
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Barros FC, Victora CG, Scherpbier R, Gwatkin D. Socioeconomic inequities in the health and nutrition of children in low/middle income countries. Rev Saude Publica 2010; 44:1-16. [PMID: 20140324 DOI: 10.1590/s0034-89102010000100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the effects of social inequities on the health and nutrition of children in low and middle income countries. METHODS We reviewed existing data on socioeconomic disparities within-countries relative to the use of services, nutritional status, morbidity, and mortality. A conceptual framework including five major hierarchical categories affecting inequities was adopted: socioeconomic context and position, differential exposure, differential vulnerability, differential health outcomes, and differential consequences. The search of the PubMed database since 1990 identified 244 articles related to the theme. Results were also analyzed from almost 100 recent national surveys, including Demographic Health Surveys and the UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. RESULTS Children from poor families are more likely, relative to those from better-off families, to be exposed to pathogenic agents; once they are exposed, they are more likely to become ill because of their lower resistance and lower coverage with preventive interventions. Once they become ill, they are less likely to have access to health services and the quality of these services is likely to be lower, with less access to life-saving treatments. As a consequence, children from poor family have higher mortality rates and are more likely to be undernourished. CONCLUSIONS Except for child obesity and inadequate breastfeeding practices, all the other adverse conditions analyzed were more prevalent in children from less well-off families. Careful documentation of the multiple levels of determination of socioeconomic inequities in child health is essential for understanding the nature of this problem and for establishing interventions that can reduce these differences.
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Chaves LF, Koenraadt CJM. Climate change and highland malaria: fresh air for a hot debate. QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2010; 85:27-55. [PMID: 20337259 DOI: 10.1086/650284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, malaria has become established in zones at the margin of its previous distribution, especially in the highlands of East Africa. Studies in this region have sparked a heated debate over the importance of climate change in the territorial expansion of malaria, where positions range from its neglect to the reification of correlations as causes. Here, we review studies supporting and rebutting the role of climatic change as a driving force for highland invasion by malaria. We assessed the conclusions from both sides of the argument and found that evidence for the role of climate in these dynamics is robust. However, we also argue that over-emphasizing the importance of climate is misleading for setting a research agenda, even one which attempts to understand climate change impacts on emerging malaria patterns. We review alternative drivers for the emergence of this disease and highlight the problems still calling for research if the multidimensional nature of malaria is to be adequately tackled. We also contextualize highland malaria as an ongoing evolutionary process. Finally, we present Schmalhausen's law, which explains the lack of resilience in stressed systems, as a biological principle that unifies the importance of climatic and other environmental factors in driving malaria patterns across different spatio-temporal scales.
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Household risk factors for clinical malaria in a semi-urban area of Burkina Faso: a case–control study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2010; 104:61-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2008] [Revised: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Yamamoto SS, Louis VR, Sié A, Sauerborn R. The effects of zooprophylaxis and other mosquito control measures against malaria in Nouna, Burkina Faso. Malar J 2009; 8:283. [PMID: 20003189 PMCID: PMC2799429 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-8-283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the absence of large scale, organized vector control programmes, individual protective measures against mosquitoes are essential for reducing the transmission of diseases like malaria. Knowledge of the types and effectiveness of mosquito control methods used by households can aid in the development and promotion of preventive measures. Methods A matched, population-based case control study was carried out in the semi-urban region of Nouna, Burkina Faso. Surveys and mosquito captures were conducted for each participating household. Data were analysed using conditional logistic regression and Pearson's product-moment correlations. Results In Nouna, Burkina Faso, the main types of reported mosquito control measures used included sleeping under bed nets (insecticide-treated and untreated) and burning mosquito coils. Most of the study households kept animals within the compound or house at night. Insecticide house sprays, donkeys, rabbits and pigs were significantly associated with a reduced risk of malaria only in univariate analyses. Conclusion Given the conflicting results of the effects of zooprophylaxis from previous studies, other community-based preventive measures, such as bed nets, coils and insecticide house-spraying, may be of more benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby S Yamamoto
- Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Oliveira E, Salgueiro P, Palsson K, Vicente JL, Arez AP, Jaenson TG, Caccone A, Pinto J. High levels of hybridization between molecular forms of Anopheles gambiae from Guinea Bissau. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2008; 45:1057-1063. [PMID: 19058629 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585(2008)45[1057:hlohbm]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae Giles sensu stricto, two molecular forms denoted M and S are considered units of incipient speciation within this species. Very low hybrid frequencies and significant genetic differentiation have been found in sympatric M- and S-form populations. We studied the molecular form composition and the degree of genetic differentiation at 15 microsatellites in two samples of An. gambiae collected in two consecutive years from Bissau, Guinea Bissau. High frequencies of M/S hybrids (19-24%) were found in this area. Coincidently, very low levels of genetic differentiation were detected between forms when analysis involved microsatellites mapped at chromosome-3 (mean Fst, 0.000-0.002). The single exception was the X-linked AGXH678, for which high differentiation was measured (Fst, 0.158-0.301). This locus maps near the centromere of chromosome X, a low recombination region in which selection is likely to promote divergence between M and S forms. These results strongly suggest that the degree of isolation between M and S forms, considered the units of incipient speciation within An. gambiae, is not homogenous throughout the species distribution range.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Oliveira
- Centro de Malária e outras Doen as Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
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Kawada H, Temu EA, Minjas JN, Matsumoto O, Iwasaki T, Takagi M. Field evaluation of spatial repellency of metofluthrin-impregnated plastic strips against Anopheles gambiae complex in Bagamoyo, coastal Tanzania. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2008; 24:404-409. [PMID: 18939693 DOI: 10.2987/5743.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Metofluthrin is a newly synthesized pyrethroid possessing high knockdown and lethal activity against mosquitoes. Studies of metofluthrin-impregnated plastic strips have been performed with dengue vectors. This study reports the efficacy of the new prototypes of metofluthrin-impregnated plastic strips against malaria vectors, Anopheles gambiae complex, in the Kongo villages of Bagamoyo district in coastal Tanzania. The study, using 20 houses, half intervention, half control, was conducted for a 124-day period. Pyrethrum spray sheets and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention light traps were used to sample mosquito population indices. The mosquito density indices of the intervention houses were observed to be significantly lower than those of the control houses when pyrethrum spray sheet collection was used (F = 4.61, 1 df, P = 0.038; 98.7% reduction of total mosquito collection compared with that for the controls). These low indices were observed despite the large openings found in Bagamoyo houses, which were predicted to have a considerable negative effect on the spatial repellency of metofluthrin. Based on the present results, the pyrethrum spray sheet collection was the better of the 2 collection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Kawada
- Department of Vector Ecology & Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Biran A, Smith L, Lines J, Ensink J, Cameron M. Smoke and malaria: are interventions to reduce exposure to indoor air pollution likely to increase exposure to mosquitoes? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2007; 101:1065-71. [PMID: 17888474 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Revised: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoor air pollution from the domestic use of biomass fuels by poor households in developing countries is known to be harmful to health, and efforts are being made to address this problem by changes in fuel type, stove technology, house design and fuel-use practices. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that smoke may play an important role by providing protection from biting insects and that efforts to reduce smoke may increase exposure, particularly to mosquitoes and malaria. This paper reviews the literature relating to the repellent effect of smoke on mosquitoes and finds that there is currently no evidence that smoke from domestic fuel use provides effective protection from mosquitoes and malaria. Given the limited number and quality of studies, this finding cannot be interpreted as conclusive. The literature relating to house ventilation and mosquito entry was also reviewed, and an association between eaves spaces and increased indoor mosquito density was noted. Additionally, literature on the effect of soot on the efficacy of insecticide-treated bed nets was considered, but no direct impact was shown. Efforts to reduce indoor air pollution remain desirable even in areas of malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Biran
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK.
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Khasnis AA, Nettleman MD. Global Warming and Infectious Disease. Arch Med Res 2005; 36:689-96. [PMID: 16216650 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2005.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2005] [Accepted: 04/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Global warming has serious implications for all aspects of human life, including infectious diseases. The effect of global warming depends on the complex interaction between the human host population and the causative infectious agent. From the human standpoint, changes in the environment may trigger human migration, causing disease patterns to shift. Crop failures and famine may reduce host resistance to infections. Disease transmission may be enhanced through the scarcity and contamination of potable water sources. Importantly, significant economic and political stresses may damage the existing public health infrastructure, leaving mankind poorly prepared for unexpected epidemics. Global warming will certainly affect the abundance and distribution of disease vectors. Altitudes that are currently too cool to sustain vectors will become more conducive to them. Some vector populations may expand into new geographic areas, whereas others may disappear. Malaria, dengue, plague, and viruses causing encephalitic syndromes are among the many vector-borne diseases likely to be affected. Some models suggest that vector-borne diseases will become more common as the earth warms, although caution is needed in interpreting these predictions. Clearly, global warming will cause changes in the epidemiology of infectious diseases. The ability of mankind to react or adapt is dependent upon the magnitude and speed of the change. The outcome will also depend on our ability to recognize epidemics early, to contain them effectively, to provide appropriate treatment, and to commit resources to prevention and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul A Khasnis
- Department of Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1313, USA
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Nunn CL, Heymann EW. Malaria infection and host behavior: a comparative study of Neotropical primates. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-005-0005-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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