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Kumar MPS, Keerthana A, Priya, Singh SK, Rai D, Jaiswal A, Reddy MSS. Exploration of culturable bacterial associates of aphids and their interactions with entomopathogens. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:96. [PMID: 38349547 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03830-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Aphids shelter several bacteria that benefit them in various ways. The associates having an obligatory relationship are non-culturable, while a few of facultative associates are culturable in insect cell lines, axenic media or standard microbiology media. In the present investigation, isolation, and characterization of the culturable bacterial associates of various aphid species, viz., Rhopalosiphum maidis, Rhopalosiphum padi, Sitobion avenae, Schizaphis graminum, and Lipaphis erysimi pseudobrassicae were carried out. A total of 42 isolates were isolated using different growth media, followed by their morphological, biochemical, and molecular characterization. The isolated culturable bacterial associates were found to belong to the genera Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Brevundimonas, Cytobacillus, Fictibacillus, Planococcus, Priestia, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Sutcliffiella, and Tumebacillus which were grouped under seven families of four different orders of phyla Bacillota (Firmicutes) and Pseudomonata (Proteobacteria). Symbiont-entomopathogen interaction study was also conducted, in which the quantification of colony forming units of culturable bacterial associates of entomopathogenic fungal-treated aphids led us to the assumption that the bacterial load in aphid body can be altered by the application of entomopathogens. Whereas, the mycelial growth of entomopathogens Akanthomyces lecanii and Metarhizium anisopliae was found uninhibited by the bacterial associates obtained from Sitobion avenae and Rhopalosiphum padi. Analyzing persistent aphid microflora and their interactions with entomopathogens enhances our understanding of aphid resistance. It also fosters the development of innovative solutions for agricultural pest management, highlighting the intricate dynamics of symbiotic relationships in pest management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Shireesh Kumar
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, 848125, Bihar, India
| | - Alagesan Keerthana
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, 848125, Bihar, India
| | - Priya
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, 848125, Bihar, India
| | - Satish Kumar Singh
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, 848125, Bihar, India
| | - Dinesh Rai
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, 848125, Bihar, India
| | - Aman Jaiswal
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, 848125, Bihar, India
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Šigutová H, Pyszko P, Šigut M, Czajová K, Kostovčík M, Kolařík M, Hařovská D, Drozd P. Concentration-dependent effect of plant secondary metabolites on bacterial and fungal microbiomes in caterpillar guts. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0299423. [PMID: 37991377 PMCID: PMC10783044 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02994-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The caterpillar gut is an excellent model system for studying host-microbiome interactions, as it represents an extreme environment for microbial life that usually has low diversity and considerable variability in community composition. Our study design combines feeding caterpillars on a natural and artificial diet with controlled levels of plant secondary metabolites and uses metabarcoding and quantitative PCR to simultaneously profile bacterial and fungal assemblages, which has never been performed. Moreover, we focus on multiple caterpillar species and consider diet breadth. Contrary to many previous studies, our study suggested the functional importance of certain microbial taxa, especially bacteria, and confirmed the previously proposed lower importance of fungi for caterpillar holobiont. Our study revealed the lack of differences between monophagous and polyphagous species in the responses of microbial assemblages to plant secondary metabolites, suggesting the limited role of the microbiome in the plasticity of the herbivore diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Šigutová
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Petr Pyszko
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Martin Šigut
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kateřina Czajová
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Martin Kostovčík
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Kolařík
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
| | - Denisa Hařovská
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
| | - Pavel Drozd
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
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Gogoi P, Boruah JLH, Yadav A, Debnath R, Saikia R. Comparative seasonal analysis of Eri silkworm (Samia ricini Donovan) gut composition: implications for lignocellulose degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:109198-109213. [PMID: 37768488 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29893-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Conversion of biomass such as lignocelluloses to an alternative energy source can contribute to sustainable development. Recently, biomass-degrading enzymes are reported to be common resources in insect-microbe interacting systems. Northeast India harbors ample sericigenous insect resources which are exploited for their silk products. Samia ricini Donovan is an economically important poly-phytophagous silkmoth capable of digesting foliage from different plant species, suggesting the versatility of a robust gut system. Here, a gut bacterial profile was determined by 16S rRNA gene characterization across the holometabolous life cycle during the summer and winter seasons, revealing 3 phyla, 13 families, and 22 genera. Comparative analysis among the seasonal gut isolates revealed a high diversity in summer, predominated by the genus Bacillus due to its high occurrence in all developmental stages. Shannon's diversity index demonstrated the second and fourth instars of summer as well as the fifth instar of winter to be relatively better developmental stages for gut bacteria assembly. Bacterial community shifts in concert to host developmental changes were found to be apparent between early instars and late instars in summer, which differed from those of winter. Forty-three and twenty-nine gut bacterial isolates were found to be cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzyme producers, respectively. The present results illustrate the gut microbiota of S. ricini over the seasons and support the holometabolous life cycle effect as the most likely factor shaping the gut bacterial microbiota. These findings may provide leads for the development of new cleaner and environmentally friendly lignocellulose-degrading enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parishmita Gogoi
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Uttar Pradesh, Kamala Nehru Nagar, Sector 19, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Jyoti Lakshmi Hati Boruah
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India
| | - Archana Yadav
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India
| | - Rajal Debnath
- Seri-Biotech Research Laboratory, Central Silk Board, Bangalore, 560035, India
| | - Ratul Saikia
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Uttar Pradesh, Kamala Nehru Nagar, Sector 19, Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Liu YC, Chen TH, Huang YF, Chen CL, Nai YS. Investigation of the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) gut microbiome and entomopathogenic fungus-induced pathobiome. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 200:107976. [PMID: 37541570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
The gut microflora plays an important role in insect development and physiology. The gut bacterial microbiome of the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, in both cornfield and laboratory-reared populations was investigated using a 16S metagenomic approach. The alpha- and beta-diversity of the cornfield FAW populations varied among sampling sites and were higher than those of the laboratory-reared FAW population, indicating that different diets and environments influence the gut bacterial composition. To better understand the interaction between the microbiome and entomopathogenic fungi (EPF), FAWs from organic and conventionally managed corn fields and from the laboratory-reared colony were inoculated with Beauveria bassiana NCHU-153 (Bb-NCHU-153). A longer median lethal time (LT50) was observed in the Bb-NCHU-153-infected cornfield FAW population than in the laboratory-reared FAWs. In terms of the microbiome, three Bb-NCHU-153-infected FAW groups showed different gut bacterial compositions compared to noninfected FAW. Further investigation of the cooccurrence network and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) of effect size (LEfSe) revealed that the enriched bacterial genera, such as Enterococcus, Serratia, Achromobacter, and Tsukamurella, in the gut might play the role of opportunistic pathogens after fungal infection; in contrast, some gut bacteria of Methylobacterium, Marinomonas, Paenochrobactrum, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Delftia, Dietzia, Gordonia, Leucobacter, Paracoccus, and Stenotrophomonas might be probiotics against EPF infection. These results indicated that EPF infection can change the gut bacterial composition and lead to a pathobiome in the FAW and that some bacterial species might protect the FAW from EPF infection. These findings could be applied to the design of pathobiome-inducing biocontrol strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Chia Liu
- Department of Entomology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Han Chen
- Department of Entomology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Feng Huang
- Department of Entomology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Yuan-Ze University, Tao-Yuan City 32003, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Lin Chen
- Department of Horticulture, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shin Nai
- Department of Entomology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
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Šigutová H, Šigut M, Pyszko P, Kostovčík M, Kolařík M, Drozd P. Seasonal Shifts in Bacterial and Fungal Microbiomes of Leaves and Associated Leaf-Mining Larvae Reveal Persistence of Core Taxa Regardless of Diet. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0316022. [PMID: 36629441 PMCID: PMC9927363 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03160-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms are key mediators of interactions between insect herbivores and their host plants. Despite a substantial interest in studying various aspects of these interactions, temporal variations in microbiomes of woody plants and their consumers remain understudied. In this study, we investigated shifts in the microbiomes of leaf-mining larvae (Insecta: Lepidoptera) and their host trees over one growing season in a deciduous temperate forest. We used 16S and ITS2 rRNA gene metabarcoding to profile the bacterial and fungal microbiomes of leaves and larvae. We found pronounced shifts in the leaf and larval microbiota composition and richness as the season progressed, and bacteria and fungi showed consistent patterns. The quantitative similarity between leaf and larval microbiota was very low for bacteria (~9%) and decreased throughout the season, whereas fungal similarity increased and was relatively high (~27%). In both leaves and larvae, seasonality, along with host taxonomy, was the most important factor shaping microbial communities. We identified frequently occurring microbial taxa with significant seasonal trends, including those more prevalent in larvae (Streptococcus, Candida sake, Debaryomyces prosopidis, and Neoascochyta europaea), more prevalent in leaves (Erwinia, Seimatosporium quercinum, Curvibasidium cygneicollum, Curtobacterium, Ceramothyrium carniolicum, and Mycosphaerelloides madeirae), and frequent in both leaves and larvae (bacterial strain P3OB-42, Methylobacterium/Methylorubrum, Bacillus, Acinetobacter, Cutibacterium, and Botrytis cinerea). Our results highlight the importance of considering seasonality when studying the interactions between plants, herbivorous insects, and their respective microbiomes, and illustrate a range of microbial taxa persistent in larvae, regardless of their occurrence in the diet. IMPORTANCE Leaf miners are endophagous insect herbivores that feed on plant tissues and develop and live enclosed between the epidermis layers of a single leaf for their entire life cycle. Such close association is a precondition for the evolution of more intimate host-microbe relationships than those found in free-feeding herbivores. Simultaneous comparison of bacterial and fungal microbiomes of leaves and their tightly linked consumers over time represents an interesting study system that could fundamentally contribute to the ongoing debate on the microbial residence of insect gut. Furthermore, leaf miners are ideal model organisms for interpreting the ecological and evolutionary roles of microbiota in host plant specialization. In this study, the larvae harbored specific microbial communities consisting of core microbiome members. Observed patterns suggest that microbes, especially bacteria, may play more important roles in the caterpillar holobiont than generally presumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Šigutová
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Šigut
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pyszko
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kostovčík
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Kolařík
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Drozd
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
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Juottonen H, Moghadam NN, Murphy L, Mappes J, Galarza JA. Host's genetic background determines the outcome of reciprocal faecal transplantation on life-history traits and microbiome composition. Anim Microbiome 2022; 4:67. [PMID: 36564793 PMCID: PMC9789590 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-022-00210-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbes play a role in their host's fundamental ecological, chemical, and physiological processes. Host life-history traits from defence to growth are therefore determined not only by the abiotic environment and genotype but also by microbiota composition. However, the relative importance and interactive effects of these factors may vary between organisms. Such connections remain particularly elusive in Lepidoptera, which have been argued to lack a permanent microbiome and have microbiota primarily determined by their diet and environment. We tested the microbiome specificity and its influence on life-history traits of two colour genotypes of the wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) that differ in several traits, including growth. All individuals were grown in the laboratory for several generations with standardized conditions. We analyzed the bacterial community of the genotypes before and after a reciprocal frass (i.e., larval faeces) transplantation and followed growth rate, pupal mass, and the production of defensive secretion. RESULTS After transplantation, the fast-growing genotype grew significantly slower compared to the controls, but the slow-growing genotype did not change its growth rate. The frass transplant also increased the volume of defensive secretions in the fast-growing genotype but did not affect pupal mass. Overall, the fast-growing genotype appeared more susceptible to the transplantation than the slow-growing genotype. Microbiome differences between the genotypes strongly suggest genotype-based selective filtering of bacteria from the diet and environment. A novel cluster of insect-associated Erysipelotrichaceae was exclusive to the fast-growing genotype, and specific Enterococcaceae were characteristic to the slow-growing genotype. These Enterococcaceae became more prevalent in the fast-growing genotype after the transplant, which suggests that a slower growth rate is potentially related to their presence. CONCLUSIONS We show that reciprocal frass transplantation can reverse some genotype-specific life-history traits in a lepidopteran host. The results indicate that genotype-specific selective filtering can fine-tune the bacterial community at specific life stages and tissues like the larval frass, even against a background of a highly variable community with stochastic assembly. Altogether, our findings suggest that the host's genotype can influence its susceptibility to being colonized by microbiota, impacting key life-history traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Juottonen
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Neda N. Moghadam
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Liam Murphy
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Johanna Mappes
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikki Biocenter 3, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juan A. Galarza
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikki Biocenter 3, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Elsharkawy MM, Almasoud M, Alsulaiman YM, Baeshen RS, Elshazly H, Kadi RH, Hassan MM, Shawer R. Efficiency of Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus cereus against Rhynchophorus ferrugineus. INSECTS 2022; 13:905. [PMID: 36292853 PMCID: PMC9604075 DOI: 10.3390/insects13100905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Red Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Oliv.) (Coleoptera, Dryophthoridae) is a well-known palm tree pest that has caused enormous economic damage all over the globe. Insecticides are still the primary method of controlling this pest at this period. However, field populations of RPW have been shown to be resistant to pesticides. Using Bacillus spp. might be one of the options for controlling R. ferruginous. In this study, 23 species of Bacillus spp. were isolated from the rhizosphere of date palm trees in Al Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia. The isolates were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. R. ferrugineus larvae and adults were tested on sugarcane pieces that were treated with the B. thuringiensis strain PDC-AHSAA1 and B. cereus strains (PDC-AHSAA2, PDC-AHSA3 and PDC-AHSA4). The LC50 values for larvae and adults were quite low when they were compared with those of the other isolated strains. The B. thuringiensis strain PDC-AHSAA1 was more effective against both the larvae and adults. The determined LC50 values for B. thuringiensis ranged from 4.19 × 107-3.78 × 109. After 21 days, the data on larval mortality and body weight were evaluated. The surviving larvae that were treated with the bacterial isolates did not acquire a substantial weight. For the RPW larvae and adults, the mortality and corrected mortality death rates were increased by increasing the concentration of B. thuringiensis. In conclusion, Bacillus-treated diets negatively influenced the growth and development of the RPW. This research reported on the interaction between the RPW and the rhizosphere Bacillus spp. and highlighted the tremendous potential for the development of microbial resource-based control strategies for this pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Mohamed Elsharkawy
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
- Palms and Dates Center, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa Almasoud
- Palms and Dates Center, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Rowida S. Baeshen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayam Elshazly
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science & Arts-Scientific Departments, Qassim University, Buraidah 52571, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Roqayah H. Kadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M. Hassan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rady Shawer
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), University of Alexandria, Alexandria 21531, Egypt
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Gohl P, LeMoine C, Cassone B. Diet and ontogeny drastically alter the larval microbiome of the invertebrate model Galleria mellonella. Can J Microbiol 2022; 68:594-604. [PMID: 35863073 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2022-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Larvae of the greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella) are an emerging animal model to study the innate immune response and biodegradation of plastic polymers. Both of these complex biological processes are likely impacted by the plasticity of host-microbe interactions, which remains understudied in lepidopterans. Consequently we carried out 16S rRNA sequencing to explore the effect diet (natural, artificial) has on the bacterial assemblages of G. mellonella in different tissues (gut, fat bodies, silk glands) throughout development (eggs, six instar stages, adults). The microbiome was rich in diversity, with Proteobacteria and Firmicutes being the most represented phyla. Contrary to other lepidopterans, G. mellonella appears to possess a resident microbiome dominated by Ralstonia. As larvae progress through development, the bacterial assemblages become increasingly shaped by the caterpillar's diet. In particular, a number of bacteria genera widely associated with the G. mellonella microbiome (e.g., Enterococcus and Enterbacter) were significantly enriched on an artificial diet. Overall these results indicate that the G. mellonella microbiome is not as simplistic and homogenous as previously described. Rather, its bacterial communities are drastically affected by both diet and ontogeny, which should be taken into consideration in future studies planning to use G. mellonella as model species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Gohl
- Brandon University Faculty of Science, 414985, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada;
| | - Christophe LeMoine
- Brandon University Faculty of Science, 414985, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada;
| | - Bryan Cassone
- Brandon University, 1916, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada;
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Zhang X, Zhang F, Lu X. Diversity and Functional Roles of the Gut Microbiota in Lepidopteran Insects. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061234. [PMID: 35744751 PMCID: PMC9231115 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lepidopteran insects are one of the most widespread and speciose lineages on Earth, with many common pests and beneficial insect species. The evolutionary success of their diversification depends on the essential functions of gut microorganisms. This diverse gut microbiota of lepidopteran insects provides benefits in nutrition and reproductive regulation and plays an important role in the defence against pathogens, enhancing host immune homeostasis. In addition, gut symbionts have shown promising applications in the development of novel tools for biological control, biodegradation of waste, and blocking the transmission of insect-borne diseases. Even though most microbial symbionts are unculturable, the rapidly expanding catalogue of microbial genomes and the application of modern genetic techniques offer a viable alternative for studying these microbes. Here, we discuss the gut structure and microbial diversity of lepidopteran insects, as well as advances in the understanding of symbiotic relationships and interactions between hosts and symbionts. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the function of the gut microbiota, including in host nutrition and metabolism, immune defence, and potential mechanisms of detoxification. Due to the relevance of lepidopteran pests in agricultural production, it can be expected that the research on the interactions between lepidopteran insects and their gut microbiota will be used for biological pest control and protection of beneficial insects in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiancui Zhang
- Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China;
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
- Correspondence: (F.Z.); (X.L.)
| | - Xingmeng Lu
- Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China;
- Correspondence: (F.Z.); (X.L.)
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Li C, Han G, Sun J, Huang L, Lu Y, Xia Y, Liu Q, Xu J. The Gut Microbiota Composition of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and Their Predicted Contribution to Larval Nutrition. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:909863. [PMID: 35668757 PMCID: PMC9166232 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.909863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal bacterial flora plays an important role in the nutrition, physiology, and behavior of herbivorous insects. The composition of gut microbiota may also be affected by the food consumed. Cnaphalocrocis medinalis is an oligophagous pest, feeds on rice leaves almost exclusively and causes serious damage to rice in Asian countries. Using antibiotic treatment and metagenome sequencing, we investigated the influence of the food sources (rice and maize seedlings) on the structure and functions of intestinal bacteria of C. medinalis. Firstly, food utilization indices, relative growth rate (RGR), relative consumption rate (RCR), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), and efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD), were all significantly adversely affected in the antibiotic treatment eliminating gut bacteria, showing that the microbiota loading in the gut were essential for the larva growth and development of C. medinalis. Further, metagenome sequencing revealed that different diets caused a variation in gut microbiota composition of C. medinalis, indicating that the gut microbiota were in part driven by the diet provided. However, the larvae of C. medinalis hosted a core microbial community in the gut, which was independent from the diets changing. The dominant bacteria in the two feeding groups were highly consistent in the gut of C. medinalis larvae, with the gut bacterial community dominated by Firmicutes at the phylum level, Enterococcus at the genus level, Enterococcus sp. FDAARGOS-375, E. casseliflavus, E. gallinarum, and E. sp. CR-Ec1 accounted for more than 96% of the gut microbiota. Functional prediction analysis demonstrated that gut bacteria encoded a series of metabolism-related enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid synthesis. Carbohydrate metabolism was the most enriched function in both groups and was more abundant in rice feeding group than in maize feeding group. The core dominant Enterococcus species possessed complete pathways of 14 carbohydrates metabolism, 11 amino acids biosynthesis, and two vitamins synthesize, implied to contribute an essential role to the nutrition intake and development of C. medinalis. Finally, the study may provide an in-depth analysis of the symbiont-host co-adaptation and new insights into the management of C. medinalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanming Li
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Jiangsu Lixiahe Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China.,National Experimental Station of Yangzhou for Agricultural Microbiology, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guangjie Han
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Jiangsu Lixiahe Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China.,National Experimental Station of Yangzhou for Agricultural Microbiology, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Yangzhou Luyuan Bio-Chemical Co., Ltd., Yangzhou, China
| | - Lixin Huang
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Jiangsu Lixiahe Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China.,National Experimental Station of Yangzhou for Agricultural Microbiology, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yurong Lu
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Jiangsu Lixiahe Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China.,National Experimental Station of Yangzhou for Agricultural Microbiology, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yang Xia
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Jiangsu Lixiahe Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China.,National Experimental Station of Yangzhou for Agricultural Microbiology, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Jiangsu Lixiahe Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China.,National Experimental Station of Yangzhou for Agricultural Microbiology, Yangzhou, China.,Yangzhou Luyuan Bio-Chemical Co., Ltd., Yangzhou, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Jiangsu Lixiahe Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China.,National Experimental Station of Yangzhou for Agricultural Microbiology, Yangzhou, China
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11
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Kallure GS, Kumari A, Shinde BA, Giri AP. Characterized constituents of insect herbivore oral secretions and their influence on the regulation of plant defenses. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 193:113008. [PMID: 34768189 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.113008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
For more than 350 million years, there have been ongoing dynamic interactions between plants and insects. In several cases, insects cause-specific feeding damage with ensuing herbivore-associated molecular patterns that invoke characteristic defense responses. During feeding on plant tissue, insects release oral secretions (OSs) containing a repertoire of molecules affecting plant defense (effectors). Some of these OS components might elicit a defense response to combat insect attacks (elicitors), while some might curb the plant defenses (suppressors). Few reports suggest that the synthesis and function of OS components might depend on the host plant and associated microorganisms. We review these intricate plant-insect interactions, during which there is a continuous exchange of molecules between plants and feeding insects along with the associated microorganisms. We further provide a list of commonly identified inducible plant produced defensive molecules released upon insect attack as well as in response to OS treatments of the plants. Thus, we describe how plants specialized and defense-related metabolism is modulated at innumerable phases by OS during plant-insect interactions. A molecular understanding of these complex interactions will provide a means to design eco-friendly crop protection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal S Kallure
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411 008, Maharashtra, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Archana Kumari
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411 008, Maharashtra, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Balkrishna A Shinde
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411 008, Maharashtra, India; Department of Biotechnology, Shivaji University, Vidya Nagar, Kolhapur, 416004, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ashok P Giri
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411 008, Maharashtra, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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12
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Saranya M, Kennedy JS, Anandham R. Functional characterization of cultivable gut bacterial communities associated with rugose spiralling whitefly, Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:14. [PMID: 34966637 PMCID: PMC8665909 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-03081-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut symbiotic bacteria provide protection and nutrition to the host insect. A high reproductive rate and dispersal ability of the rugose spiralling whitefly help this polyphagous species to develop and thrive on many horticultural crops. In this study, we isolated the cultivable gut bacteria associated with rugose spiralling whitefly and demonstrated their role in the host insect. We also studied the influence of antibiotics on the rugose spiralling whitefly oviposition. A total of 70 gut bacteria were isolated from the second nymphal stage of rugose spiralling whitefly reared on coconut, banana, and sapota using seven growth media. From the 70 isolates, chitinase, siderophore (51), protease (44), and Glutathione-S-Transferase producers (16) were recorded. The activities of chitinase, siderophore, protease, and Glutathione-S-Transferase in the gut bacterial isolates of rugose spiralling whitefly ranged from 0.07 to 3.96 µmol-1 min-1 mL-1, 10.01 to 76.93%, 2.10 to 83.40%, and 5.21 to 24.48 nmol-1 min-1 mL-1 μg-1 protein, respectively. The16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that bacterial genera associated with the gut of rugose spiralling whitefly included Bacillus, Exiguobacterium, Acinetobacter, Lysinibacillus, Arthrobacter, and Pseudomonas. Based on the susceptibility of the gut bacteria to antibiotics, 11antibiotic treatments were administered to the host plant leaves infested with the nymphal stages. The antibiotics were evaluated for their effect on rugose spiralling whitefly oviposition. Among the antibiotic treatments, carbenicillin (100 µg mL-1) + ciprofloxacin (5 µg mL-1) significantly reduced the oviposition (13 eggs spiral-1) and egg hatchability (61.54%) of rugose spiralling whitefly. Disruption of chitinase, siderophore, protease, and detoxification enzyme producers and elimination of these symbionts through antibiotics altered the host insect physiology and indirectly affected whitefly oviposition. In conclusion, gut bacteria-based management strategies might be used as insecticides for the effective control of whiteflies. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-03081-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Saranya
- grid.412906.80000 0001 2155 9899Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 003 India
| | - J. S. Kennedy
- grid.412906.80000 0001 2155 9899Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 003 India
| | - R. Anandham
- grid.412906.80000 0001 2155 9899Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 003 India
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13
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Višňovská D, Pyszko P, Šigut M, Kostovčík M, Kolařík M, Kotásková N, Drozd P. Caterpillar gut and host plant phylloplane mycobiomes differ: a new perspective on fungal involvement in insect guts. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 96:5855491. [PMID: 32520323 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared with the highly diverse microbiota of leaves, herbivorous insects exhibit impoverished gut microbial communities. Research to date has focused on the bacterial component of these gut microbiomes, neglecting the fungal component. As caterpillar gut bacterial microbiomes are derived strongly from their diet, we hypothesized that their mycobiomes would reflect the host leaf mycobiomes. Using the ITS2 rDNA and V5-V6 16S rRNA gene regions for DNA metabarcoding of caterpillar gut and host leaf sample pairs we compared their mycobiome genus diversity and compositions and identified genera associated with caterpillar guts. Leaves and caterpillar guts harbored different mycobiomes with quite low qualitative similarity (Jaccard index = 38.03%). The fungal genera most significantly associated with the caterpillar gut included Penicillium, Mucor and unidentified Saccharomycetales, whereas leaf-associated genera included Holtermanniella, Gibberella (teleomorph of Fusarium) and Seimatosporium. Although caterpillar gut and leaf mycobiomes had similar genus richness overall, this indicator was not correlated for individual duplets. Moreover, as more samples entered the analysis, mycobiome richness increased more rapidly in caterpillar guts than in leaves. The results suggest that the mycobiota of the caterpillar gut differs from that of their feeding substrate; further, the mycobiomes appear to be richer than the well-studied bacterial microbiotas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Višňovská
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pyszko
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Šigut
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kostovčík
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
- BIOCEV, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průmyslová 595, 252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Kolařík
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Nela Kotásková
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Drozd
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
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14
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Gomes SIF, Kielak AM, Hannula SE, Heinen R, Jongen R, Keesmaat I, De Long JR, Bezemer TM. Microbiomes of a specialist caterpillar are consistent across different habitats but also resemble the local soil microbial communities. Anim Microbiome 2020; 2:37. [PMID: 33499994 PMCID: PMC7807420 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-020-00055-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insect-associated microorganisms can provide a wide range of benefits to their host, but insect dependency on these microbes varies greatly. The origin and functionality of insect microbiomes is not well understood. Many caterpillars can harbor symbionts in their gut that impact host metabolism, nutrient uptake and pathogen protection. Despite our lack of knowledge on the ecological factors driving microbiome assemblages of wild caterpillars, they seem to be highly variable and influenced by diet and environment. Several recent studies have shown that shoot-feeding caterpillars acquire part of their microbiome from the soil. Here, we examine microbiomes of a monophagous caterpillar (Tyria jacobaeae) collected from their natural host plant (Jacobaea vulgaris) growing in three different environments: coastal dunes, natural inland grasslands and riverine grasslands, and compare the bacterial communities of the wild caterpillars to those of soil samples collected from underneath each of the host plants from which the caterpillars were collected. RESULTS The microbiomes of the caterpillars were dominated by Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Only 5% of the total bacterial diversity represented 86.2% of the total caterpillar's microbiome. Interestingly, we found a high consistency of dominant bacteria within the family Burkholderiaceae in all caterpillar samples across the three habitats. There was one amplicon sequence variant belonging to the genus Ralstonia that represented on average 53% of total community composition across all caterpillars. On average, one quarter of the caterpillar microbiome was shared with the soil. CONCLUSIONS We found that the monophagous caterpillars collected from fields located more than 100 km apart were all dominated by a single Ralstonia. The remainder of the bacterial communities that were present resembled the local microbial communities in the soil in which the host plant was growing. Our findings provide an example of a caterpillar that has just a few key associated bacteria, but that also contains a community of low abundant bacteria characteristic of soil communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia I. F. Gomes
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, The Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna M. Kielak
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, The Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - S. Emilia Hannula
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, The Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robin Heinen
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, The Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Present Address: Lehrstuhl für Terrestrische Ökologie, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Renske Jongen
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, The Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivor Keesmaat
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, The Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan R. De Long
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, The Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Present Address: Greenhouse Horticulture, Wageningen University and Research, Violierenweg 1, 2665 MV Bleiswijk, The Netherlands
| | - T. Martijn Bezemer
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, The Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology, Section Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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15
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Morrow JL, Om N, Beattie GAC, Chambers GA, Donovan NJ, Liefting LW, Riegler M, Holford P. Characterization of the bacterial communities of psyllids associated with Rutaceae in Bhutan by high throughput sequencing. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:215. [PMID: 32689950 PMCID: PMC7370496 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01895-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several plant-pathogenic bacteria are transmitted by insect vector species that often also act as hosts. In this interface, these bacteria encounter plant endophytic, insect endosymbiotic and other microbes. Here, we used high throughput sequencing to examine the bacterial communities of five different psyllids associated with citrus and related plants of Rutaceae in Bhutan: Diaphorina citri, Diaphorina communis, Cornopsylla rotundiconis, Cacopsylla heterogena and an unidentified Cacopsylla sp. Results The microbiomes of the psyllids largely comprised their obligate P-endosymbiont ‘Candidatus Carsonella ruddii’, and one or two S-endosymbionts that are fixed and specific to each lineage. In addition, all contained Wolbachia strains; the Bhutanese accessions of D. citri were dominated by a Wolbachia strain first found in American isolates of D. citri, while D. communis accessions were dominated by the Wolbachia strain, wDi, first detected in D. citri from China. The S-endosymbionts from the five psyllids grouped with those from other psyllid taxa; all D. citri and D. communis individuals contained sequences matching ‘Candidatus Profftella armatura’ that has previously only been reported from other Diaphorina species, and the remaining psyllid species contained OTUs related to unclassified Enterobacteriaceae. The plant pathogenic ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ was found in D. citri but not in D. communis. Furthermore, an unidentified ‘Candidatus Liberibacter sp.’ occurred at low abundance in both Co. rotundiconis and the unidentified Cacopsylla sp. sampled from Zanthoxylum sp.; the status of this new liberibacter as a plant pathogen and its potential plant hosts are currently unknown. The bacterial communities of Co. rotundiconis also contained a range of OTUs with similarities to bacteria previously found in samples taken from various environmental sources. Conclusions The bacterial microbiota detected in these Bhutanese psyllids support the trends that have been seen in previous studies: psyllids have microbiomes largely comprising their obligate P-endosymbiont and one or two S-endosymbionts. In addition, the association with plant pathogens has been demonstrated, with the detection of liberibacters in a known host, D. citri, and identification of a putative new species of liberibacter in Co. rotundiconis and Cacopsylla sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Morrow
- Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, LB 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2752, Australia
| | - Namgay Om
- Western Sydney University, School of Science, LB 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2752, Australia.,National Plant Protection Centre, Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture & Forests, P.O. Box 670, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - George A C Beattie
- Western Sydney University, School of Science, LB 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2752, Australia
| | - Grant A Chambers
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute Woodbridge Rd, Menangle, NSW, 2568, Australia
| | - Nerida J Donovan
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute Woodbridge Rd, Menangle, NSW, 2568, Australia
| | - Lia W Liefting
- Plant Health and Environment Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, P.O. Box 2095, Auckland, 1140, New Zealand
| | - Markus Riegler
- Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, LB 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2752, Australia
| | - Paul Holford
- Western Sydney University, School of Science, LB 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2752, Australia.
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16
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Wang X, Sun S, Yang X, Cheng J, Wei H, Li Z, Michaud JP, Liu X. Variability of Gut Microbiota Across the Life Cycle of Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1366. [PMID: 32714300 PMCID: PMC7340173 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapholita molesta, the oriental fruit moth, is a serious global pest of many Rosaceae fruit trees. Gut microorganisms play important roles in host nutrition, digestion, detoxification, and resistance to pathogens. However, there are few studies on the microbiota of G. molesta, particularly during metamorphosis. Here, the diversity of gut microbiota across the holometabolous life cycle of G. molesta was investigated comprehensively by Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that the microbiota associated with eggs had a high number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs). OTU and species richness in early-instar larvae (first and second instars) were significantly higher than those in late-instar larvae (third to fifth instars). Species richness increased again in male pupae and adults, apparently during the process of metamorphosis, compared to late-instar larvae. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the dominant phyla in the gut and underwent notable changes during metamorphosis. At the genus level, gut microbial community shifts from Gluconobacter and Pantoea in early-instar larvae to Enterococcus and Enterobacter in late-instar larvae and to Serratia in pupae were apparent, in concert with host developmental changes. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analyses confirmed the differences in the structure of gut microbiota across different developmental stages. In addition, sex-dependent bacterial community differences were observed. Microbial interaction network analysis showed different correlations among intestinal microbes at each developmental stage of G. molesta, which may result from the different abundance and diversity of gut microbiota at different life stages. Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) analysis indicated that most functional prediction categories of gut microbiota were related to membrane transport, carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, and DNA replication and repair. Bacteria isolated by conventional culture-dependent methods belonged to Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria, which was consistent with high-throughput sequencing results. In conclusion, exploration of gut bacterial community composition in the gut of G. molesta should shed light into deeper understanding about the intricate associations between microbiota and host and might provide clues to the development of novel pest management strategies against fruit borers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Wang
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shengjie Sun
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuelin Yang
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongshuang Wei
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - J P Michaud
- Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Center-Hays, Kansas State University, Hays, KS, United States
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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17
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Biodegradation of recalcitrant compounds and phthalates by culturable bacteria isolated from Liometopum apiculatum microbiota. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:73. [PMID: 32385754 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02850-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Liometopum apiculatum is a species of ants widely distributed in arid and semi-arid ecosystems where there is a relative food shortage compared with tropical ecosystems. L. apiculatum has established an ecological balance involving symbiotic interactions, which have allowed them to survive through mechanisms that are still unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the metabolic potential of isolated bacteria from L. apiculatum using enzymatic activity assay and substrate assimilation. Results revealed a complex bacteria consortium belonging to Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria phylum. Most of the isolated bacteria showed activities associated with biopolymers degradation, from them Exiguobacterium and B. simplex showed the highest amylolytic activity (27 U/mg protein), while A. johnsonii and B. pumulis showed the highest cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities (1 and 2.9 U/mg protein, respectively). By other hand, some microorganisms such as S. ficaria, E. asburiae, P. agglomerans, A. johnsonii, S. rubidaea, S. marcescens, S. warneri, and M. hydrocarbonoxydans were able to grow up to 1000 mg/L of phthalates esters. These results not only revealed the important contribution of the symbionts in L apiculatum ants feeding habits, but also have shown a promising source of enzymes with potential biotechnological applications such as lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysis and bioremediation processes.
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18
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Chen B, Xie S, Zhang X, Zhang N, Feng H, Sun C, Lu X, Shao Y. Gut microbiota metabolic potential correlates with body size between mulberry-feeding lepidopteran pest species. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:1313-1323. [PMID: 31603616 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many insect pests rely on microbial symbionts to obtain nutrients or for defence, thereby allowing them to exploit novel food sources and degrade environmental xenobiotics, including pesticides. Although Lepidoptera is one of the most diverse insect taxa and includes important agricultural pests, lepidopteran microbiotas, particularly functional traits, have not been studied widely. Here, we provide a comprehensive characterization of the gut microbiota across multiple mulberry-feeding lepidopteran species, resolving both community structure and metabolic potential. RESULTS Our results indicate abundant bacteria inside the gut of larval Lepidoptera. However, even though they were fed the same diet, the structures of the bacterial communities differed in four major mulberry pest species, suggesting host-specific effects on microbial associations. Community-level metabolic reconstructions further showed that although taxonomic composition varied greatly, carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism and membrane transporter were key functional capabilities of the gut bacteria in all samples, which may play basic roles in the larval gut. In addition, principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of gut bacterial-predicted gene ontologies revealed specialized features of the microbiota associated with these mulberry pests, which were divided into two distinct clusters (macrolepidopterans and microlepidopterans). This pattern became even more prominent when further Lepidoptera species were involved. CONCLUSIONS A suite of gut microbiota metabolic functions significantly correlated with larval size; the metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides, xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism were specifically enriched in large species, while small larvae had enhanced nucleotide metabolism. Our report paves the way for uncovering the correlation between host phenotype and microbial symbiosis in this notorious insect pest group. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bosheng Chen
- Max Planck Partner Group, Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sen Xie
- Max Planck Partner Group, Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiancui Zhang
- Max Planck Partner Group, Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Max Planck Partner Group, Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huihui Feng
- Max Planck Partner Group, Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Sun
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingmeng Lu
- Max Planck Partner Group, Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongqi Shao
- Max Planck Partner Group, Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
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Lawrence SD, Novak NG, Shao J, Ghosh SKB, Blackburn MB. Cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni Hübner) labial glands contain unique bacterial flora in contrast with their alimentary canal, mandibular glands, and Malpighian tubules. Microbiologyopen 2020; 9:e994. [PMID: 31990149 PMCID: PMC7142365 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several studies have examined the gut microbiome of lepidopteran larvae and how factors such as host plant affect it, and in turn, how gut bacteria affect host plant responses to herbivory. In addition, other studies have detailed how secretions of the labial (salivary) glands can alter host plant defense responses. We examined the gut microbiome of the cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni) feeding on collards (Brassica oleracea) and separately analyzed the microbiomes of various organs that open directly into the alimentary canal, including the labial glands, mandibular glands, and the Malpighian tubules. In this study, the gut microbiome of T. ni was found to be generally consistent with those of other lepidopteran larvae in prior studies. The greatest diversity of bacteria appeared in the Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Bacteriodetes. Well‐represented genera included Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, Pseudomonas, Diaphorobacter, Methylobacterium, Flavobacterium, and Cloacibacterium. Across all organs, two amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) associated with the genera Diaphorobacter and Cloacibacterium appeared to be most abundant. In terms of the most prevalent ASVs, the alimentary canal, Malpighian tubules, and mandibular glands appeared to have similar complements of bacteria, with relatively few significant differences evident. However, aside from the Diaphorobacter and Cloacibacterium ASVs common to all the organs, the labial glands appeared to possess a distinctive complement of bacteria which was absent or poorly represented in the other organs. Among these were representatives of the Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Caulobacterium, Anaerococcus, and Methylobacterium. These results suggest that the labial glands present bacteria with different selective pressures than those occurring in the mandibular gland, Malpighian tubules and the alimentary canal. Given the documented effects that labial gland secretions and the gut microbiome can exert on host plant defenses, the effects exerted by the bacteria inhabiting the labial glands themselves deserve further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Lawrence
- Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Lab, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Nicole G Novak
- Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Lab, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland
| | | | - Saikat Kumar B Ghosh
- School of Medicine, Center for Inflammatory and Vascular Diseases, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
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Bacterial diversity obtained by culturable approaches in the gut of Glossina pallidipes population from a non sleeping sickness focus in Tanzania: preliminary results. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:164. [PMID: 30470192 PMCID: PMC6251091 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1288-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glossina pallidipes is a haematophagous insect that serves as a cyclic transmitter of trypanosomes causing African Trypanosomiasis (AT). To fully assess the role of G. pallidipes in the epidemiology of AT, especially the human form of the disease (HAT), it is essential to know the microbial diversity inhabiting the gut of natural fly populations. This study aimed to examine the diversity of G. pallidipes fly gut bacteria by culture-dependent approaches. RESULTS 113 bacterial isolates were obtained from aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms originating from the gut of G. pallidipes. 16S rDNA of each isolate was PCR amplified and sequenced. The overall majority of identified bacteria belonged in descending order to the Firmicutes (86.6%), Actinobacteria (7.6%), Proteobacteria (5.5%)and Bacteroidetes (0.3%). Diversity of Firmicutes was found higher when enrichments and isolation were performed under anaerobic conditions than aerobic ones. Experiments conducted in the absence of oxygen (anaerobiosis) led to the isolation of bacteria pertaining to four phyla (83% Firmicutes, 15% Actinobacteria, 1% Proteobacteria and 0.5% Bacteroidetes, whereas those conducted in the presence of oxygen (aerobiosis) led to the isolation of bacteria affiliated to two phyla only (90% Firmicutes and 10% Proteobacteria). Phylogenetic analyses placed these isolates into 11 genera namely Bacillus, Acinetobacter, Mesorhizobium, Paracoccus, Microbacterium, Micrococcus, Arthrobacter, Corynobacterium, Curtobacterium, Vagococcus and Dietzia spp.which are known to be either facultative anaerobes, aerobes, or even microaerobes. CONCLUSION This study shows that G. pallidipes fly gut is an environmental reservoir for a vast number of bacterial species, which are likely to be important for ecological microbial well being of the fly and possibly on differing vectorial competence and refractoriness against AT epidemiology.
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Pakwan C, Kaltenpoth M, Weiss B, Chantawannakul P, Jun G, Disayathanoowat T. Bacterial communities associated with the ectoparasitic mites Varroa destructor and Tropilaelaps mercedesae of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2018; 93:4628039. [PMID: 29145627 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fix160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Varroa and Tropilaelaps mites have been reported as serious ectoparasites of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). In this study, bacterial communities associated with Varroa destructor and Tropilaelaps mercedesae from northern Thailand were determined, using both culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches. Adult female mites were collected from apiaries in Chiang Mai and Lampang provinces. Culturable bacteria were isolated from individual mites. On average, we observed approximately 1340 and 1140 CFU/mite in Varroa and Tropilaelaps, respectively. All isolates were assigned to the genus Enterococcus. Six samples of genomic DNA from 30-50 mites were extracted and subjected to pyrosequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA amplicons. The resulting 81 717 sequences obtained from Varroa were grouped into 429 operational taxonomic units. The most abundant bacteria in Varroa mites belonged to the family Enterobacteriaceae, especially the genera Arsenophonus, Enterobacter and Proteus. For Tropilaelaps mites, 84 075 sequences were obtained and clustered into 166 operational taxonomic units, within which the family Enterococcaceae (particularly the genus Enterococcus) was predominant. Localization of bacteria in the mites using fluorescence in situ hybridization with two universal bacterial probes revealed that these bacteria were in the cecum of the mites. Taxon-specific Enterobacteriaceae and Arsenophonus probes also confirmed their localization in the cecum of Varroa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonthicha Pakwan
- Bee Protection Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 50200.,Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 50200
| | - Martin Kaltenpoth
- Department for Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany, 55128
| | - Benjamin Weiss
- Department for Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany, 55128
| | - Panuwan Chantawannakul
- Bee Protection Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 50200.,Center of Excellence in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 50200
| | - Guo Jun
- College of Life Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China, 650500
| | - Terd Disayathanoowat
- Bee Protection Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 50200.,Center of Excellence in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 50200
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22
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Zhu YX, Song YL, Hoffmann AA, Jin PY, Huo SM, Hong XY. A change in the bacterial community of spider mites decreases fecundity on multiple host plants. Microbiologyopen 2018; 8:e00743. [PMID: 30311439 PMCID: PMC6562136 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial symbionts may influence the fitness of their herbivore hosts, but such effects have been poorly studied across most invertebrate groups. The spider mite, Tetranychus truncatus, is a polyphagous agricultural pest harboring various bacterial symbionts whose function is largely unknown. Here, by using a high‐throughput 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing approach, we characterized the bacterial diversity and community composition of spider mites fed on five host plants after communities were modified following tetracycline exposure. We demonstrated that spider mite bacterial diversity and community composition were significantly affected by host plants and antibiotics. In particular, the abundance of the maternally inherited endosymbionts Wolbachia and Spiroplasma significantly differed among spider mites that were reared on different plant species and were completely removed by antibiotics. There was an overall tendency for daily fecundity to be lower in the mites with reduced bacterial diversity following the antibiotic treatment. Our data suggest that host plants and antibiotics can shape spider mite bacterial communities and that bacterial symbionts improve mite performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xi Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue-Ling Song
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peng-Yu Jin
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shi-Mei Huo
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Yue Hong
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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23
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Scopel W, Cônsoli FL. Culturable symbionts associated with the reproductive and digestive tissues of the Neotropical brown stinkbug Euschistus heros. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2018; 111:2413-2424. [PMID: 30019154 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-018-1130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Symbionts are widely distributed in eukaryotes, and potentially affect the physiology, ecology and evolution of their host. Most insects harbour free-living bacteria in their haemocoel and gut lumen, intracellular-living bacteria in a range of tissues or bacteria in host-derived specialized cells. Stinkbugs, as do many arthropods, harbour extracellular bacteria in the gut that may affect the fitness of their host. This study identified the culturable symbionts associated with the ovaries, spermatheca, seminal vesicle and posterior midgut region (V4) of males and females of Euschistus heros (F.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Several culture media were used to isolate the bacteria associated with these structures. The selected colonies (morphotypes) were cultured in liquid medium, subjected to genomic DNA extraction, 16S rRNA gene amplification, and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses. Morphotypes with distinct RFLP patterns were purified and sequenced, and the sequences obtained were used for putative identification and phylogenetic analysis. Comparison of the sequences with those available in the EzTaxon-e database and the use of a matrix of paired distances grouped the isolates in phylotypes belonging to the Phylum Proteobacteria. Proteobacteria was represented by γ-Proteobacteria phylotypes belonging to Enterobacteriaceae, while Firmicutes had Bacilli phylotypes distributed in Enterococcaceae and Staphylococcaceae. Some of the phylotypes identified were associated exclusively with single structures, such as ovaries, spermatheca and the V4 midgut region of males and females. All culturable bacteria associated with the seminal vesicle were also associated with other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanessa Scopel
- Insect Interactions Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Acarology, College of Agriculture Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Pádua Dias 11, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando Luis Cônsoli
- Insect Interactions Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Acarology, College of Agriculture Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Pádua Dias 11, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil.
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24
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Paniagua Voirol LR, Frago E, Kaltenpoth M, Hilker M, Fatouros NE. Bacterial Symbionts in Lepidoptera: Their Diversity, Transmission, and Impact on the Host. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:556. [PMID: 29636736 PMCID: PMC5881003 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The insect’s microbiota is well acknowledged as a “hidden” player influencing essential insect traits. The gut microbiome of butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) has been shown to be highly variable between and within species, resulting in a controversy on the functional relevance of gut microbes in this insect order. Here, we aim to (i) review current knowledge on the composition of gut microbial communities across Lepidoptera and (ii) elucidate the drivers of the variability in the lepidopteran gut microbiome and provide an overview on (iii) routes of transfer and (iv) the putative functions of microbes in Lepidoptera. To find out whether Lepidopterans possess a core gut microbiome, we compared studies of the microbiome from 30 lepidopteran species. Gut bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae, Bacillaceae, and Pseudomonadaceae families were the most widespread across species, with Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Enterobacter, and Enterococcus being the most common genera. Several studies indicate that habitat, food plant, and age of the host insect can greatly impact the gut microbiome, which contributes to digestion, detoxification, or defense against natural enemies. We mainly focus on the gut microbiome, but we also include some examples of intracellular endosymbionts. These symbionts are present across a broad range of insect taxa and are known to exert different effects on their host, mostly including nutrition and reproductive manipulation. Only two intracellular bacteria genera (Wolbachia and Spiroplasma) have been reported to colonize reproductive tissues of Lepidoptera, affecting their host’s reproduction. We explore routes of transmission of both gut microbiota and intracellular symbionts and have found that these microbes may be horizontally transmitted through the host plant, but also vertically via the egg stage. More detailed knowledge about the functions and plasticity of the microbiome in Lepidoptera may provide novel leads for the control of lepidopteran pest species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enric Frago
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Peuplements Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion
| | - Martin Kaltenpoth
- Department for Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Monika Hilker
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina E Fatouros
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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25
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Shaikh FK, Gadge PP, Padul MV, Kachole MS. Subtilisin inhibitor like protein ' ppLPI-1' from leaves of pigeonpea ( Cajanus cajan, cv. BSMR 736) exhibits inhibition against Helicoverpa armigera gut proteinases. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:19. [PMID: 29276657 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-1040-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicoverpa armigera is an orthodox rival of many crop plants affecting agricultural economy. Plant leaves found to accumulate proteinase inhibitors, although this insect pest chooses leaves for laying eggs. Plant defense response at this juncture is not fully explored. In this context, here we are reporting proteinase inhibitor (ppLPI-1) having significant homology with the I13 family from leaves of pigeonpea (cv. BSMR 736). The isolation of ppLPI-1 was carried out from leaves of field-grown pigeonpea under an outbreak of H. armigera. The acetone precipitated ppLPI-1 (125 µg) displayed substantial inhibition potential towards bovine trypsin (56.5 ± 1.8%) and HaGPs (52.6 ± 1.7%) on solution assay. These results were corroborated with dot-blot analysis. The molecular form of ppLPI-1 was characterized by reverse zymography and GXCP. The optimum condition was found to be pH 8 and temperature in the range of 30-40 °C. The protein identification via MASCOT-PMF and NCBI-BLAST search showed substantial homology with an inducible subtilisin inhibitor of Fabaceae comprising Vigna angularis (96%), Canavalia lineata (78%), Cicer arietinum (76%), Glycine max (75%), Medicago truncatula (73%) and Vicia faba (73%) consists of conserved domain of potato inhibitor I family.
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26
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Pilon FM, Silva CDR, Visôtto LE, Barros RDA, da Silva Júnior NR, Campos WG, de Almeida Oliveira MG. Purification and characterization of trypsin produced by gut bacteria from Anticarsia gemmatalis. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 96:e21407. [PMID: 28762531 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Purification of active trypsin in the digestive process of insects is essential for the development of potent protease inhibitors (PIs) as an emerging pest control technology and research into insect adaptations to dietary PIs. An important aspect is the presence of proteolytic microorganisms, which contribute to host nutrition. Here, we purified trypsins produced by bacteria Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus mundtii, Enterococcus gallinarum, and Staphylococcus xylosus isolated from the midgut of Anticarsia gemmatalis. The trypsins had a molecular mass of approximately 25 kDa. The enzymes showed increased activity at 40°C, and they were active at pH values 7.5-10. Aprotinin, bis-benzamidine, and soybean Kunitz inhibitor (SKTI) significantly inhibited trypsin activity. The l-1-tosyl-amido-2-phenylethylchloromethyl ketone (TPCK), pepstatin A, E-64, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, and calcium ions did not affect the enzyme activity at the concentrations tested. We infer the purified trypsins do not require calcium ions, by which they differ from the trypsins of other microorganisms and the soluble and insoluble trypsins characterized from A. gemmatalis. These data suggest the existence of different isoforms of trypsin in the velvetbean caterpillar midguts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciny Martins Pilon
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agropecuária-BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Camila da Rocha Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Viçosa Campus Rio Paranaíba, MG, Brazil
| | - Liliane Evangelista Visôtto
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa Campus Rio Paranaíba, MG, Brazil
| | - Rafael de Almeida Barros
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agropecuária-BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Neilier Rodrigues da Silva Júnior
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agropecuária-BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Wellington Garcia Campos
- Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, São João Del Rei, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria Goreti de Almeida Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agropecuária-BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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27
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Wang J, Peiffer M, Hoover K, Rosa C, Zeng R, Felton GW. Helicoverpa zea gut-associated bacteria indirectly induce defenses in tomato by triggering a salivary elicitor(s). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:1294-1306. [PMID: 28170113 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Insect gut-associated microbes modulating plant defenses have been observed in beetles and piercing-sucking insects, but the role of caterpillar-associated bacteria in regulating plant induced defenses has not been adequately examined. We identified bacteria from the regurgitant of field-collected Helicoverpa zea larvae using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. A combination of biochemical, molecular, and confocal electron microscopy methods were used to determine the role of caterpillar-associated bacteria in mediating defenses in Solanum lycopersicum (tomato). Laboratory-reared H. zea inoculated with one of the bacteria identified in field-collected H. zea, Enterobacter ludwigii, induced expression of the tomato defense-related enzyme polyphenol oxidase and genes regulated by jasmonic acid (JA), whereas the salicylic acid (SA)-responsive pathogenesis-related gene was suppressed. Additionally, saliva and its main component glucose oxidase from inoculated caterpillars played an important role in elevating tomato anti-herbivore defenses. However, there were only low detectable amounts of regurgitant or bacteria on H. zea-damaged tomato leaves. Our results suggest that H. zea gut-associated bacteria indirectly mediate plant-insect interactions by triggering salivary elicitors. These findings provide a proof of concept that introducing gut bacteria to a herbivore may provide a novel approach to pest management through indirect induction of plant resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China
| | - Michelle Peiffer
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Kelli Hoover
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Cristina Rosa
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Rensen Zeng
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China
| | - Gary W Felton
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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28
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Acevedo FE, Peiffer M, Tan CW, Stanley BA, Stanley A, Wang J, Jones AG, Hoover K, Rosa C, Luthe D, Felton G. Fall Armyworm-Associated Gut Bacteria Modulate Plant Defense Responses. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:127-137. [PMID: 28027025 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-16-0240-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical damage caused by insect feeding along with components present in insect saliva and oral secretions are known to induce jasmonic acid-mediated defense responses in plants. This study investigated the effects of bacteria from oral secretions of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda on herbivore-induced defenses in tomato and maize plants. Using culture-dependent methods, we identified seven different bacterial isolates belonging to the family Enterobacteriacea from the oral secretions of field-collected caterpillars. Two isolates, Pantoea ananatis and Enterobacteriaceae-1, downregulated the activity of the plant defensive proteins polyphenol oxidase and trypsin proteinase inhibitors (trypsin PI) but upregulated peroxidase (POX) activity in tomato. A Raoultella sp. and a Klebsiella sp. downregulated POX but upregulated trypsin PI in this plant species. Conversely, all of these bacterial isolates upregulated the expression of the herbivore-induced maize proteinase inhibitor (mpi) gene in maize. Plant treatment with P. ananatis and Enterobacteriaceae-1 enhanced caterpillar growth on tomato but diminished their growth on maize plants. Our results highlight the importance of herbivore-associated microbes and their ability to mediate insect plant interactions differently in host plants fed on by the same herbivore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flor E Acevedo
- 1 Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, 501 Agricultural Sciences and Industries Building, University Park, 16802, U.S.A
| | - Michelle Peiffer
- 1 Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, 501 Agricultural Sciences and Industries Building, University Park, 16802, U.S.A
| | - Ching-Wen Tan
- 1 Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, 501 Agricultural Sciences and Industries Building, University Park, 16802, U.S.A
| | - Bruce A Stanley
- 2 Section of Research Resources, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, 17033, U.S.A
| | - Anne Stanley
- 2 Section of Research Resources, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, 17033, U.S.A
| | - Jie Wang
- 1 Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, 501 Agricultural Sciences and Industries Building, University Park, 16802, U.S.A
- 3 Department of Ecology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Asher G Jones
- 1 Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, 501 Agricultural Sciences and Industries Building, University Park, 16802, U.S.A
| | - Kelli Hoover
- 1 Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, 501 Agricultural Sciences and Industries Building, University Park, 16802, U.S.A
| | - Cristina Rosa
- 4 Department of Plant Pathology, The Pennsylvania State University, 321 Buckhout Lab; and
| | - Dawn Luthe
- 5 Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 216 Agricultural Sciences and Industries Building
| | - Gary Felton
- 1 Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, 501 Agricultural Sciences and Industries Building, University Park, 16802, U.S.A
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29
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Biodiversity and Activity of the Gut Microbiota across the Life History of the Insect Herbivore Spodoptera littoralis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29505. [PMID: 27389097 PMCID: PMC4937375 DOI: 10.1038/srep29505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbes that live inside insects play critical roles in host nutrition, physiology, and behavior. Although Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) are one of the most diverse insect taxa, their microbial symbionts are little-studied, particularly during metamorphosis. Here, using ribosomal tag pyrosequencing of DNA and RNA, we investigated biodiversity and activity of gut microbiotas across the holometabolous life cycle of Spodoptera littoralis, a notorious agricultural pest worldwide. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes dominate but undergo a structural “metamorphosis” in tandem with its host. Enterococcus, Pantoea and Citrobacter were abundant and active in early-instar, while Clostridia increased in late-instar. Interestingly, only enterococci persisted through metamorphosis. Female adults harbored high proportions of Enterococcus, Klebsiella and Pantoea, whereas males largely shifted to Klebsiella. Comparative functional analysis with PICRUSt indicated that early-instar larval microbiome was more enriched for genes involved in cell motility and carbohydrate metabolism, whereas in late-instar amino acid, cofactor and vitamin metabolism increased. Genes involved in energy and nucleotide metabolism were abundant in pupae. Female adult microbiome was enriched for genes relevant to energy metabolism, while an increase in the replication and repair pathway was observed in male. Understanding the metabolic activity of these herbivore-associated microbial symbionts may assist the development of novel pest-management strategies.
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30
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Majed R, Faille C, Kallassy M, Gohar M. Bacillus cereus Biofilms-Same, Only Different. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1054. [PMID: 27458448 PMCID: PMC4935679 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus displays a high diversity of lifestyles and ecological niches and include beneficial as well as pathogenic strains. These strains are widespread in the environment, are found on inert as well as on living surfaces and contaminate persistently the production lines of the food industry. Biofilms are suspected to play a key role in this ubiquitous distribution and in this persistency. Indeed, B. cereus produces a variety of biofilms which differ in their architecture and mechanism of formation, possibly reflecting an adaptation to various environments. Depending on the strain, B. cereus has the ability to grow as immersed or floating biofilms, and to secrete within the biofilm a vast array of metabolites, surfactants, bacteriocins, enzymes, and toxins, all compounds susceptible to act on the biofilm itself and/or on its environment. Within the biofilm, B. cereus exists in different physiological states and is able to generate highly resistant and adhesive spores, which themselves will increase the resistance of the bacterium to antimicrobials or to cleaning procedures. Current researches show that, despite similarities with the regulation processes and effector molecules involved in the initiation and maturation of the extensively studied Bacillus subtilis biofilm, important differences exists between the two species. The present review summarizes the up to date knowledge on biofilms produced by B. cereus and by two closely related pathogens, Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus anthracis. Economic issues caused by B. cereus biofilms and management strategies implemented to control these biofilms are included in this review, which also discuss the ecological and functional roles of biofilms in the lifecycle of these bacterial species and explore future developments in this important research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Racha Majed
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France; Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Alimentaire, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie, Université Saint-JosephBeirut, Lebanon
| | - Christine Faille
- UMR UMET: Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Lille Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Mireille Kallassy
- Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Alimentaire, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie, Université Saint-Joseph Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Michel Gohar
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France; Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Alimentaire, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie, Université Saint-JosephBeirut, Lebanon
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Vilanova C, Baixeras J, Latorre A, Porcar M. The Generalist Inside the Specialist: Gut Bacterial Communities of Two Insect Species Feeding on Toxic Plants Are Dominated by Enterococcus sp. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1005. [PMID: 27446044 PMCID: PMC4923067 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Some specialist insects feed on plants rich in secondary compounds, which pose a major selective pressure on both the phytophagous and the gut microbiota. However, microbial communities of toxic plant feeders are still poorly characterized. Here, we show the bacterial communities of the gut of two specialized Lepidoptera, Hyles euphorbiae and Brithys crini, which exclusively feed on latex-rich Euphorbia sp. and alkaloid-rich Pancratium maritimum, respectively. A metagenomic analysis based on high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that the gut microbiota of both insects is dominated by the phylum Firmicutes, and especially by the common gut inhabitant Enterococcus sp. Staphylococcus sp. are also found in H. euphorbiae though to a lesser extent. By scanning electron microscopy, we found a dense ring-shaped bacterial biofilm in the hindgut of H. euphorbiae, and identified the most prominent bacterium in the biofilm as Enterococcus casseliflavus through molecular techniques. Interestingly, this species has previously been reported to contribute to the immobilization of latex-like molecules in the larvae of Spodoptera litura, a highly polyphagous lepidopteran. The E. casseliflavus strain was isolated from the gut and its ability to tolerate natural latex was tested under laboratory conditions. This fact, along with the identification of less frequent bacterial species able to degrade alkaloids and/or latex, suggest a putative role of bacterial communities in the tolerance of specialized insects to their toxic diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Vilanova
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universitat de ValènciaValencia, Spain; Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), University of Valencia-CSICValencia, Spain
| | - Joaquín Baixeras
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universitat de València Valencia, Spain
| | - Amparo Latorre
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universitat de ValènciaValencia, Spain; Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), University of Valencia-CSICValencia, Spain; Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Genómica y Salud, Centro Superior de Investigación en Salud PúblicaValencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Porcar
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universitat de ValènciaValencia, Spain; Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), University of Valencia-CSICValencia, Spain
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Abstract
Members of the family Bacillaceae are among the most robust bacteria on Earth, which is mainly due to their ability to form resistant endospores. This trait is believed to be the key factor determining the ecology of these bacteria. However, they also perform fundamental roles in soil ecology (i.e., the cycling of organic matter) and in plant health and growth stimulation (e.g., via suppression of plant pathogens and phosphate solubilization). In this review, we describe the high functional and genetic diversity that is found within the Bacillaceae (a family of low-G+C% Gram-positive spore-forming bacteria), their roles in ecology and in applied sciences related to agriculture. We then pose questions with respect to their ecological behavior, zooming in on the intricate social behavior that is becoming increasingly well characterized for some members of Bacillaceae. Such social behavior, which includes cell-to-cell signaling via quorum sensing or other mechanisms (e.g., the production of extracellular hydrolytic enzymes, toxins, antibiotics and/or surfactants) is a key determinant of their lifestyle and is also believed to drive diversification processes. It is only with a deeper understanding of cell-to-cell interactions that we will be able to understand the ecological and diversification processes of natural populations within the family Bacillaceae. Ultimately, the resulting improvements in understanding will benefit practical efforts to apply representatives of these bacteria in promoting plant growth as well as biological control of plant pathogens.
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Stressler T, Eisele T, Baur C, Wangler J, Kuhn A, Fischer L. Extracellular peptidases from insect- and compost-associated microorganisms: screening and usage for wheat gluten hydrolysis. Eur Food Res Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-015-2452-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
Plant protease inhibitors (PIs) are natural plant defense proteins that inhibit proteases of invading insect herbivores. However, their anti-insect efficacy is determined not only by their potency toward a vulnerable insect system but also by the response of the insect to such a challenge. Through the long history of coevolution with their host plants, insects have developed sophisticated mechanisms to circumvent antinutritional effects of dietary challenges. Their response takes the form of changes in gene expression and the protein repertoire in cells lining the alimentary tract, the first line of defense. Research in insect digestive proteases has revealed the crucial roles they play in insect adaptation to plant PIs and has brought about a new appreciation of how phytophagous insects employ this group of molecules in both protein digestion and counterdefense. This review provides researchers in related fields an up-to-date summary of recent advances.
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Production and Characterization of Alkaline Protease from a High Yielding and Moderately Halophilic Strain of SD11 Marine Bacteria. J CHEM-NY 2015. [DOI: 10.1155/2015/798304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A marine bacterium SD11, which was isolated from sea muds (Geziwo Qinhuangdao Sea area, China), was used to produce thermostable alkaline serine nonmetal protease in the skim milk agar plate medium with 10% NaCl. The optimal temperature about the manufacture of the extracellular protease was ~60°C. The crude enzyme was stable at 20–50°C. The activity was retained to 60% and 45% after heating for 1 h at 60 and 70°C, respectively. The protease was highly active in a wide pH scope (8.0–10.0) and maximum protease activity exhibited at pH 10.0. The activity was restrained by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) but mildly increased (~107%) in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), indicating that the production contains serine-protease(s) and nonmetal protease(s). Moreover, the crude alkaline protease was active with the 5 mM Ca2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Na+, and K+that existed separately. In addition, the protease showed superduper stability when exposed to an anionic surfactant (5 mM SDS), an oxidizing agent (1% H2O2), and several organic solvents (methanol, isopropanol, and acetone). These results suggest that the marine bacterium SD11 is significant in the industry from the prospects of its ability to produce thermally stable alkaline protease.
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Carvalho GA, Vieira JL, Haro MM, Corrêa AS, Ribon AOB, de Oliveira LO, Guedes RNC. Pleiotropic impact of endosymbiont load and co-occurrence in the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111396. [PMID: 25347417 PMCID: PMC4210188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual traits vary among and within populations, and the co-occurrence of different endosymbiont species within a host may take place under varying endosymbiont loads in each individual host. This makes the recognition of the potential impact of such endosymbiont associations in insect species difficult, particularly in insect pest species. The maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a key pest species of stored cereal grains, exhibits associations with two endosymbiotic bacteria: the obligatory endosymbiont SZPE ("Sitophilus zeamais Primary Endosymbiont") and the facultative endosymbiont Wolbachia. The impact of the lack of SZPE in maize weevil physiology is the impairment of nutrient acquisition and energy metabolism, while Wolbachia is an important factor in reproductive incompatibility. However, the role of endosymbiont load and co-occurrence in insect behavior, grain consumption, body mass and subsequent reproductive factors has not yet been explored. Here we report on the impacts of co-occurrence and varying endosymbiont loads achieved via thermal treatment and antibiotic provision via ingested water in the maize weevil. SZPE exhibited strong effects on respiration rate, grain consumption and weevil body mass, with observed effects on weevil behavior, particularly flight activity, and potential consequences for the management of this pest species. Wolbachia directly favored weevil fertility and exhibited only mild indirect effects, usually enhancing the SZPE effect. SZPE suppression delayed weevil emergence, which reduced the insect population growth rate, and the thermal inactivation of both symbionts prevented insect reproduction. Such findings are likely important for strain divergences reported in the maize weevil and their control, aspects still deserving future attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gislaine A Carvalho
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliana L Vieira
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo M Haro
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Alberto S Corrêa
- Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea Oliveira B Ribon
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiz Orlando de Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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Pilon FM, Visôtto LE, Guedes RNC, Oliveira MGA. Proteolytic activity of gut bacteria isolated from the velvet bean caterpillar Anticarsia gemmatalis. J Comp Physiol B 2013; 183:735-47. [PMID: 23392900 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-013-0744-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of proteinase inhibitors as potential insect control agents has been constrained by insect adaptation to these compounds. The velvet bean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis) is a key soybean pest species that is well-adapted to proteinase inhibitors, particularly serine-proteinase inhibitors, which are abundant in the caterpillar host. The expression of diverse proteolytic enzymes by gut symbionts may allow the velvet bean caterpillar to circumvent proteinase inhibitors produced by the host plant. In this study, we characterized the proteolytic activity of the four nonpathogenic species of gut bacteria isolated from the velvet bean caterpillar-Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus gallinarum, Enterococcus mundtii and Staphylococcus xylosus. Two proteinase substrates, N-α-benzoyl-L-Arg-p-nitroanilide (L-BApNA) and N-α-p-tosyl-L-Arg methyl ester (L-TAME) and five proteinase inhibitors [aprotinin, E-64, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), pepstatin and N-α-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK)] as well as CaCl2, pH and temperature profiles were used to characterize the expressed proteolytic activity of these bacterial strains in vitro. Kinetic parameters for proteolytic activity were also estimated. The results of these experiments indicated that serine- and cysteine-proteinase activities were expressed by all four gut bacteria symbionts of the velvet bean caterpillar. The cysteine- and serine-proteinase activities of these gut symbionts were distinct and different from that of gut proteinases of the caterpillar itself. This finding provides support for the potential involvement of gut symbionts in the mitigation of the negative effects of serine-proteinase inhibitors in the velvet bean caterpillar.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Pilon
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-000, Brazil
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Schmelz EA, Huffaker A, Carroll MJ, Alborn HT, Ali JG, Teal PEA. An amino acid substitution inhibits specialist herbivore production of an antagonist effector and recovers insect-induced plant defenses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:1468-78. [PMID: 23008466 PMCID: PMC3490598 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.201061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to insect herbivory through the production of biochemicals that function as either direct defenses or indirect defenses via the attraction of natural enemies. While attack by closely related insect pests can result in distinctive levels of induced plant defenses, precise biochemical mechanisms responsible for differing responses remain largely unknown. Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) responds to Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) herbivory through the detection of fragments of chloroplastic ATP synthase γ-subunit proteins, termed inceptin-related peptides, present in larval oral secretions (OS). In contrast to generalists like Fall armyworm, OS of the legume-specializing velvetbean caterpillar (VBC; Anticarsia gemmatalis) do not elicit ethylene production and demonstrate significantly lower induced volatile emission in direct herbivory comparisons. Unlike all other Lepidoptera OS examined, which preferentially contain inceptin (Vu-In; +ICDINGVCVDA-), VBC OS contain predominantly a C-terminal truncated peptide, Vu-In(-A) (+ICDINGVCVD-). Vu-In(-A) is both inactive and functions as a potent naturally occurring antagonist of Vu-In-induced responses. To block antagonist production, amino acid substitutions at the C terminus were screened for differences in VBC gut proteolysis. A valine-substituted peptide (Vu-In(ΔV); +ICDINGVCVDV-) retaining full elicitor activity was found to accumulate in VBC OS. Compared with the native polypeptide, VBC that previously ingested 500 pmol of the valine-modified chloroplastic ATP synthase γ-subunit precursor elicited significantly stronger plant responses in herbivory assays. We demonstrate that a specialist herbivore minimizes the activation of defenses by converting an elicitor into an antagonist effector and identify an amino acid substitution that recovers these induced plant defenses to a level observed with generalist herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Schmelz
- Chemistry Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Center of Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, Florida 32608, USA.
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Marinho-Prado JS, Lourenção AL, Guedes RNC, Pallini A, Oliveira JA, Oliveira MGA. Enzymatic response of the eucalypt defoliator Thyrinteina arnobia (Stoll) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) to a bis-benzamidine proteinase Inhibitor. i. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 41:420-425. [PMID: 23950094 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-012-0063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ingestion of proteinase inhibitors leads to hyperproduction of digestive proteinases, limiting the bioavailability of essential amino acids for protein synthesis, which affects insect growth and development. However, the effects of proteinase inhibitors on digestive enzymes can lead to an adaptive response by the insect. In here, we assessed the biochemical response of midgut proteinases from the eucalypt defoliator Thyrinteina arnobia (Stoll) to different concentrations of berenil, a bis-benzamidine proteinase inhibitor, on eucalyptus. Eucalyptus leaves were immersed in berenil solutions at different concentrations and fed to larvae of T. arnobia. Mortality was assessed daily. The proteolytic activity in the midgut of T. arnobia was assessed after feeding on plants sprayed with aqueous solutions of berenil, fed to fifth instars of T. arnobia for 48 h before midgut removal for enzymatic assays. Larvae of T. arnobia were able to overcome the effects of the lowest berenil concentrations by increasing their trypsin-like activity, but not as berenil concentration increased, despite the fact that the highest berenil concentration resulted in overproduction of trypsin-like proteinases. Berenil also prevented the increase of the cysteine proteinases activity in response to trypsin inhibition.
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Shinde AA, Shaikh FK, Padul MV, Kachole MS. Bacillus subtillis RTSBA6 6.00, a new strain isolated from gut of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) produces chymotrypsin-like proteases. Saudi J Biol Sci 2012; 19:317-23. [PMID: 23961192 PMCID: PMC3730669 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploring bacterial communities with proteolytic activity from the gut of the Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) insect pests was the purpose of this study. As initial efforts to achieve this goal here we report the isolation of new Bacillus subtillis RTSBA6 6.00 strain from the gut of H. armigera and demonstrated as proteases producer. Zymographic analysis revealed 12 proteolytic bands with apparent molecular weights ranging from 20 to 185 kDa. Although some activity was detected at acidic pH, the major activity was observed at slight alkaline pH (7.8). The optimum temperature was found to be 35 °C with complete loss of activity at 70 °C. All proteases were completely inactivated by PMSF (phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride) and TPCK (N-tosyl-l-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone), suggesting that proteases secreted by B. subtillis RTSBA6 6.00 belong to serine proteases class with chymotrypsin-like activity. The occurrence of protease producing bacterial community in the gut of the H. armigera advocates its probable assistance to insect in proteinaceous food digestion and adaptation to protease inhibitors of host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Faiyaz K. Shaikh
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad 431 004, M.S., India
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Mashtoly TA, Abolmaaty A, El-Zemaity MES, Hussien MI, Alm SR. Enhanced toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki and aizawai to black cutworm larvae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with Bacillus sp. NFD2 and Pseudomonas sp. FNFD1. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 104:41-46. [PMID: 21404837 DOI: 10.1603/ec10210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki and aizawai are important control agents for lepidopteran pests. Bioassays were designed to test B. t. kurstaki and aizawai against second- and-fourth instar black cutworm larvae with and without Bacillus sp. NFD2 and Pseudomonas sp. FNFD1 bacteria. B. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai (XenTari) was more toxic to both second- and fourth-instar black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), larvae than B. t. kurstaki (DiPel) at 7 d after treatment (DAT). When DiPel was combined with NFD2 or FNFD1 versus second instars, the LC50s were 5.0X and 4.7X lower, respectively, than with DiPel alone. DiPel combined with both NFD2 and FNFD1 versus second instars resulted in an LC50 value 7.7X lower than with DiPel alone. When XenTari was combined with NFD2 or FNFD1 versus second instars, the LC50s were 5.2X and 3.8X lower, respectively, than with XenTari alone. XenTari combined with both NFD2 and FNFD1 versus second instars resulted in an LC50 9.7X lower than with XenTari alone. When DiPel was combined with NFD2 or FNFD1 versus fourth instars, the LC50s were 4.4X and 3.4X lower, respectively, than with DiPel alone. DiPel combined with both NFD2 and FNFD1 versus fourth instars resulted in an LC50 5.0X lower than with DiPel alone. When XenTari was combined with NFD2 or FNFD1 versus fourth instars, the LC50s were 5.7X and 3.3X lower, respectively, than with XenTari alone. XenTari combined with both NFD2 and FNFD1 versus fourth instars resulted in an LC50 6.7X lower than with XenTari alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamer A Mashtoly
- Department of Plant Sciences and Entomology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
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Feng W, Wang XQ, Zhou W, Liu GY, Wan YJ. Isolation and characterization of lipase-producing bacteria in the intestine of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, reared on different forage. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2011; 11:135. [PMID: 22243438 PMCID: PMC3391909 DOI: 10.1673/031.011.13501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The silkworm, Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), an oligophagous insect that mainly feeds on mulberry leaves, is susceptible to entomopathogen infection when reared with tricuspid cudrania leaves. A total of 56 dominant bacterial strains, classified into 12 phylotypes based on bacteriological properties and analysis of 16S rRNA genes, were isolated from the intestine of the fourth and fifth instar silkworm larvae. Ten and seven phylotypes exist in the intestine of the silkworm larvae reared with mulberry leaves and tricuspid cudrania leaves, respectively. Four of them are common in the intestine of the two treatment groups. By screening their lipolytic ability on a Rhodamine B agar plate, nine lipase-producing bacterial strains were obtained and classified into six genera, including Bacillus, Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, and Stenotrophomonas. Except for Stenotrophomonas, which is common in both, the other genera only exist in the intestine of the silkworm larvae fed with mulberry leaves. In addition, by culture and fermentation in vitro, the maximum cell density and lipase activity of lipase-producing bacteria were examined at about 48 hours. The results indicate that diet has a significant impact on the gut bacterial community, especially lipase-producing bacteria. We suggest that the difference of lipase-producing bacterial diversity might be related to disease resistance of the silkworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Feng
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Pathology and Applied Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Wang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Pathology and Applied Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Pathology and Applied Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Guang-Ying Liu
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Pathology and Applied Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yong-Ji Wan
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Pathology and Applied Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
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Mashtoly TA, Abolmaaty A, Thompson N, El-Zemaity MES, Hussien MI, Alm SR. Enhanced toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis japonensis strain Buibui toxin to oriental beetle and northern masked chafer (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) larvae with Bacillus sp. NFD2. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2010; 103:1547-1554. [PMID: 21061952 DOI: 10.1603/ec10028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensisjaponensis strain Buibui (Btj) has the potential to be an important control agent for pest scarabs. Bioassays using autoclaved and nonautoclaved soil showed there were always lower LC, values associated with nonautoclaved soil. We identified five other bacteria found in the hemolymph of insects killed by Btj and used them in bioassays to see whether we could enhance the control achieved with Btj alone. One bacterium, designated NFD2 and later identified as a Bacillus sp., showed the greatest enhancement of Btj in preliminary experiments and was used in bioassays with Btj versus oriental beetle, Anomala orientalis (Waterhouse), and northern masked chafer, Cyclocephala borealis Arrow (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), larvae. This bacterium alone was nontoxic to grubs in bioassays. A combination of this bacterium with Btj in nonautoclaved soil resulted in a significantly lower LC50 value (0.23 microg toxin per g soil) from all other treatments for A. orientalis with one exception; the LC50 where NFD2 was added back into autoclaved soil (0.29 microg toxin per g soil). A combination of this bacterium with Btj in nonautoclaved soil resulted in a significantly lower LC50 value (48.29 microg toxin per g soil) from all other treatments for C. borealis with the exception of the treatment where Bacillus sp. NFD2 was added back to autoclaved soil (96.87 microg toxin per g soil) with Btj. This research shows that other soil bacteria can be used to enhance the toxicity of Btj and possibly other Bts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamer A Mashtoly
- Department of Plant Sciences and Entomology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
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Ramos PL, Van Trappen S, Thompson FL, Rocha RCS, Barbosa HR, De Vos P, Moreira-Filho CA. Screening for endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria in Brazilian sugar cane varieties used in organic farming and description of Stenotrophomonas pavanii sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2010; 61:926-931. [PMID: 20495025 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.019372-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming and nitrogen-fixing bacterium, designated ICB 89(T), was isolated from stems of a Brazilian sugar cane variety widely used in organic farming. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain ICB 89(T) belonged to the genus Stenotrophomonas and was most closely related to Stenotrophomonas maltophilia LMG 958(T), Stenotrophomonas rhizophila LMG 22075(T), Stenotrophomonas nitritireducens L2(T), [Pseudomonas] geniculata ATCC 19374(T), [Pseudomonas] hibiscicola ATCC 19867(T) and [Pseudomonas] beteli ATCC 19861(T). DNA-DNA hybridization together with chemotaxonomic data and biochemical characteristics allowed the differentiation of strain ICB 89(T) from its nearest phylogenetic neighbours. Therefore, strain ICB 89(T) represents a novel species, for which the name Stenotrophomonas pavanii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is ICB 89(T) ( = CBMAI 564(T) = LMG 25348(T)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia L Ramos
- Department of Pediatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.,Biotechnology Research Center, CPB-USP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stefanie Van Trappen
- BCCM/LMG Bacteria Collection, Laboratory of Microbiology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Fabiano L Thompson
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael C S Rocha
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Heloiza R Barbosa
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paul De Vos
- BCCM/LMG Bacteria Collection, Laboratory of Microbiology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Carlos A Moreira-Filho
- Department of Pediatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.,Biotechnology Research Center, CPB-USP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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