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Li YY, Wang Y, Wang JJ, Cao DD, Wang XY, Zhang SF, Wei JR. Preparation and evaluation of attractive microspheres for control of Agrilus planipennis fairmaire. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2023; 58:131-138. [PMID: 36727586 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2023.2172285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire is an important wood boring pest of Fraxinus species in the family Oleaceae. Oxacyclotridecan-2-one is an attractant of A. planipennis. Traps with attractive lures can be used in mass trapping of insect pests, but the traps are a bit expensive and they must be set up and dismantled in the field. To develop an attract and kill method for A. planipennis, we enveloped oxacyclotridecan-2-one into sustained-released microspheres. The attractant microspheres were prepared using the solvent evaporation method. An orthogonal test L16(45) was used to optimize the five preparation factors: the quantities of polylactic acid (PLA), gelatin, Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), attractant, and the rotational speed. The results showed that optimal conditions for preparation of microspheres were 2.5 g PLA, 0.5 g gelatin, 1.25 g PVA, 2 mL attractant and 600 r min-1 rotational speed. The encapsulation efficiency of the prepared microspheres was 95.22%, and the attractant loading rate was 15.61%. The release rate of attractant from prepared microspheres was about 26.74% on the first day, and then gradually entered a sustained-release stage for about 10 days that lasted for 17 days. Preliminary field control experiments showed that the prepared microspheres could attract and kill A. planipennis adults when sprayed together with insecticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Li
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Yue Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Jian-Jun Wang
- Liaoning Academy of Forestry Science, Shenyang, China
| | - Dan-Dan Cao
- Innovation Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Wang
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Su-Fan Zhang
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Rong Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
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Perkovich CL, Addesso KM, Basham JP, Fare DC, Youssef NN, Oliver JB. Effects of Color Attributes on Trap Capture Rates of Chrysobothris femorata (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) and Related Species. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:737-746. [PMID: 35762287 PMCID: PMC9389425 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvac038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chrysobothris spp. (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) and other closely related buprestids are common pests of fruit, shade, and nut trees in the United States. Many Chrysobothris spp., including Chrysobothris femorata, are polyphagous herbivores. Their wide host range leads to the destruction of numerous tree species in nurseries and orchards. Although problems caused by Chrysobothris are well known, there are no reliable monitoring methods to estimate local populations before substantial damage occurs. Other buprestid populations have been effectively estimated using colored sticky traps to capture beetles. However, the attraction of Chrysobothris to specific color attributes has not been directly assessed. A multi-color trapping system was utilized to determine color attraction of Chrysobothris spp. Specific color attributes (lightness [L*], red to green [a*], blue to yellow [b*], chroma [C*], hue [h*], and peak reflectance [PR]) were then evaluated to determine beetle responses. In initial experiments with mostly primary colors, Chrysobothris were most attracted to traps with red coloration. Thus, additional experiments were performed using a range of trap colors with red reflectance values. Among these red reflectance colors, it was determined that the violet range of the electromagnetic spectrum had greater attractance to Chrysobothris. Additionally, Chrysobothris attraction correlated with hue and b*, suggesting a preference for traps with hues between red to blue. However, males and females of some Chrysobothris species showed differentiated responses. These findings provide information on visual stimulants that can be used in Chrysobothris trapping and management. Furthermore, this information can be used in conjunction with ecological theory to understand host-location methods of Chrysobothris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Perkovich
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Otis L. Floyd Nursery Research Center (TSU-NRC), 472 Cadillac Lane, McMinnville, TN 37110, USA
| | - Karla M Addesso
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Otis L. Floyd Nursery Research Center (TSU-NRC), 472 Cadillac Lane, McMinnville, TN 37110, USA
| | - Joshua P Basham
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Otis L. Floyd Nursery Research Center (TSU-NRC), 472 Cadillac Lane, McMinnville, TN 37110, USA
| | - Donna C Fare
- USDA-ARS National Arboretum, Otis L. Floyd Nursery Research Center, 472 Cadillac Lane, McMinnville, TN, USA
| | - Nadeer N Youssef
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Otis L. Floyd Nursery Research Center (TSU-NRC), 472 Cadillac Lane, McMinnville, TN 37110, USA
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Olean (1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane): A Novel Intraspecific Chemical Cue in Coraebus undatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12121085. [PMID: 34940173 PMCID: PMC8707708 DOI: 10.3390/insects12121085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The flathead oak borer Coraebus undatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) is a major pest of cork oak (Quercus suber) along the Mediterranean Basin that generates significant economic losses in the cork industry. Larvae bore long galleries and feed on the cork generating layer, thus affecting its quality. At present, the semiochemistry of this species is poorly known, and therefore the elucidation of chemicals involved in its intraspecific communication may allow the development of novel control tools. We determined that both sexes release the compound 1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane, and the biological activity of the compound was addressed by means of electroantennography and behavioral assays. The attractiveness of the compound on both sexes under laboratory conditions contrasts to its performance in field trials, which may be explained by features inherent to the methodological design (e.g., the absence of a contextually related visual stimulus or trap deployment height). This is the first time in which an intraspecific compound has been reported as attractive for the species, and practical implications for the assessment of its activity under natural conditions are also further discussed. Abstract The main aim of this work was to identify semiochemicals from the jewel beetle Coraebus undatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) that may aid in the improvement of current monitoring tools. First, HS-SPME collections revealed that individually sampled adults (>7 days old) of both sexes release the spiroacetal 1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane (olean). Electroantennographic recordings from both sexes exposed to increasing amounts of olean followed a dose-dependent pattern, with females being more responsive than males to the highest amount of the compound (100 µg). In double-choice assays, adults older than seven days were significantly attracted to olean, whereas this attraction was not detected in insects aged less than seven days. Indeed, a repellent effect was observed in young females. Subsequent field trials employing sticky purple prism traps revealed that there were no differences among the number of insects caught in control and olean-baited traps at two different release rates (0.75 and 3.75 mg/day). Interestingly, all the trapped specimens were determined as mated females, regardless of the presence of olean. Overall, these findings provide a basis for unraveling the chemical ecology of the species, although further research is still needed to determine the specific role of this compound within the chemical communication of the species.
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Tobin PC, Strom BL, Francese JA, Herms DA, McCullough DG, Poland TM, Ryall KL, Scarr T, Silk PJ, Thistle HW. Evaluation of Trapping Schemes to Detect Emerald Ash Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:1201-1210. [PMID: 33837788 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Management responses to invasive forest insects are facilitated by the use of detection traps ideally baited with species-specific semiochemicals. Emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, is currently invading North American forests, and since its detection in 2002, development of monitoring tools has been a primary research objective. We compared six trapping schemes for A. planipennis over 2 yr at sites in four U.S. states and one Canadian province that represented a range of background A. planipennis densities, canopy coverage, and ash basal area. We also developed a region-wide phenology model. Across all sites and both years, the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentile of adult flight occurred at 428, 587, and 837 accumulated degree-days, respectively, using a base temperature threshold of 10°C and a start date of 1 January. Most trapping schemes captured comparable numbers of beetles with the exception of purple prism traps (USDA APHIS PPQ), which captured significantly fewer adults. Trapping schemes varied in their trap catch across the gradient of ash basal area, although when considering trap catch as a binary response variable, trapping schemes were more likely to detect A. planipennis in areas with a higher ash component. Results could assist managers in optimizing trap selection, placement, and timing of deployment given local weather conditions, forest composition, and A. planipennis density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Tobin
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, 123 Anderson Hall, 3715 W. Stevens Way NE, Seattle, WA 98195-2100,USA
| | - Brian L Strom
- Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Southern Region, Forest Health Protection, Pineville, LA 71360, USA
| | - Joseph A Francese
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Science and Technology, Otis Laboratory, Bldg. 1398, Buzzards Bay, MA 02542, USA
| | - Daniel A Herms
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Deborah G McCullough
- Departments of Entomology and Forestry, Michigan State University, 243 Natural Science Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Therese M Poland
- Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Northern Research Station, Lansing, MI 48910, USA
| | - Krista L Ryall
- Natural Resources Canada-Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, 1219 Queen Street East, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, P6A 2E5, Canada
| | - Taylor Scarr
- Natural Resources Canada-Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, 1219 Queen Street East, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, P6A 2E5, Canada
| | - Peter J Silk
- Natural Resources Canada-Canadian Forest Service, Atlantic Forestry Centre, 1350 Regent Street, P.O. Box 4000, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5P7, Canada
| | - Harold W Thistle
- TEALS, LLC, Waynesburg, PA 15370, USA
- Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Health Assessment and Applied Sciences Team, Morgantown, WV 26501, USA
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Shen S, Fan Z, Zhang X, Kong X, Liu F, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Hu X, Zhang S. The Characteristics of Chemosensory and Opsin Genes in Newly Emerged and Sexually Mature Agrilus planipennis, an Important Quarantine Forest Beetle. Front Genet 2021; 11:604757. [PMID: 33519910 PMCID: PMC7844324 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.604757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis, is a highly destructive quarantine pest. The olfactory and visual systems of A. planipennis play different but critical roles at newly emerged and sexually mature stages; however, the molecular basis underlying these differences remain unclear. Consequently, based on deep transcriptome sequencing, we evaluated the expression levels of chemosensory-related proteins and opsins at the two developmental stages of A. planipennis. We found 15 new chemosensory-related genes in our transcriptome assembly compared with the previous genome assembly, including 6 that code for odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) and 9 for chemosensory proteins (CSPs). The expression of several chemosensory-related genes (OBP7, OBP10, CSP1, and CSP12) differed markedly between newly emerged and sexually mature A. planipennis. We also found that the expression of UV opsin 2 and LW opsin 1 was higher in sexually mature male A. planipennis, which may be associated with their strong visual mate detection ability. This study forms the basis for further investigation of the chemosensory and visual system of A. planipennis, and these differentially expressed genes between newly emerged and sexually mature stages may serve as targets for the management of this destructive forest pest after sexual maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sifan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China.,College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhizhi Fan
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangbo Kong
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Fu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhua Zhang
- Forest Control Station of Dawu County, Xiaogan, China
| | - Xiumei Hu
- Forest Control Station of Dawu County, Xiaogan, China
| | - Sufang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
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Hallinen MJ, Wittman JT, Aukema BH. Factors Associated With Diversity and Distribution of Buprestid Prey Captured by Foraging Cerceris fumipennis (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:1363-1373. [PMID: 33085759 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many jewel beetles (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) play an important ecological role in wood decomposition and nutrient cycling. Compared with other saproxylic species, buprestids are considered cryptic as they are difficult to sample and identify. As a result, factors that influence buprestid diversity and distribution are poorly understood. This is especially true in urban forests, which may be uniquely fragmented and contain unique species distributions. We utilized the native ground nesting hunting wasp Cerceris fumipennis Say to survey buprestids at 20 urban sites in Minnesota. We collected a total of 1,939 beetles consisting of 11 genera and 51 species, including 9 new state records for the state of Minnesota. We found a positive relationship between wasp size and size of beetle prey captured. Agrilus was the most common genus collected, followed by Dicerca. Species richness tended to decrease in sites with many emerald ash borers, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, which may reflect a potential tendency of wasps to return preferentially to high-density infestations of emerald ash borers. We found buprestid species richness positively correlated with site-level variables such as the number of dead trees within a 200 m radius around each C. fumipennis nesting site. Our work illustrates how C. fumipennis can be utilized for general buprestid surveys in urban areas to better understand the distribution of this cryptic family.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob T Wittman
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
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Silk P, Mayo P, Ryall K, Roscoe L. Semiochemical and Communication Ecology of the Emerald Ash Borer, Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). INSECTS 2019; 10:E323. [PMID: 31569826 PMCID: PMC6835760 DOI: 10.3390/insects10100323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of buprestid chemical ecology is sparse but the appearance of the invasive pest Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire in North America has provided the impetus to study in detail the semiochemistry and ecology of this important buprestid. The macrocyclic lactone (3Z)-12-dodecenolide [(3Z)-lactone] is identified as a key antennally-active compound that is produced by females and attracts males. Though a weak trap attractant alone, when combined with the host kairomone (3Z)-hexenol and the important visual cue of a green canopy trap, significant increases in male trap capture occur, thus defining (3Z)-lactone as both a sex pheromone of A. planipennis as well as the first and only known buprestid pheromone. The non-natural stereoisomer (3E)-12-dodecenolide and the saturated analog, 12-dodecanolide also exhibit mimetic activities towards male A. planipennis, suggesting a notable plasticity in this pheromonal structural motif. Efficient synthetic routes to these compounds have been developed. A series of fluoro-12-dodecanolides has also been synthesized containing CF2 groups as a strategy to bias the conformational space accessed by these macrolides and to assess if the analogs may act as mimetics for 12-dodecanolide pheromones associated in A. planipennis. These compounds also afford a unique opportunity to study the binding affinities of lactone surrogates with A. planipennis chemosensory proteins and olfactory receptors. Some progress has also been made in identifying the genes involved in the reception, processing and degradation of volatiles in this invasive insect. It is now evident that the behavior and ecology of A. planipennis involves a complex pattern of sensory modalities, including visual, tactile, olfactory and potentially acoustic components. Earlier reviews focused on studies of attractive host volatiles in development of a trapping system for early detection and visual and contact phenomena in A. planipennis mate finding. This review will update the semiochemistry and chemical ecology of A. planipennis and discuss studies on chemistry and behavior that have identified female-produced pheromone components and host kairomones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Silk
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service-Atlantic Forestry Centre, 1350 Regent Street, Fredericton, NB E3B 5P7, Canada.
| | - Peter Mayo
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service-Atlantic Forestry Centre, 1350 Regent Street, Fredericton, NB E3B 5P7, Canada
| | - Krista Ryall
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service-Great Lakes Forestry Centre, 1219 Queen Street East, Sault Ste. Marie, ON P6A 2E5, Canada
| | - Lucas Roscoe
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service-Atlantic Forestry Centre, 1350 Regent Street, Fredericton, NB E3B 5P7, Canada
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Zhang Q, Teschers CS, Callejo R, Yang M, Wang M, Silk PJ, Ryall K, Roscoe LE, Cordes DB, Slawin AM, O'Hagan D. Fluorine in pheromones: Synthesis of fluorinated 12-dodecanolides as emerald ash borer pheromone mimetics. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Burr SJ, McCullough DG, Poland TM. Density of Emerald Ash Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) Adults and Larvae at Three Stages of the Invasion Wave. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 47:121-132. [PMID: 29346533 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), an invasive phloem-feeding buprestid, has killed hundreds of millions of ash (Fraxinus spp.) trees in the United States and two Canadian provinces. We evaluated EAB persistence in post-invasion sites and compared EAB adult captures and larval densities in 24 forested sites across an east-west gradient in southern Michigan representing the Core (post-invasion), Crest (high EAB populations), and Cusp (recently infested areas) of the EAB invasion wave. Condition of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh) trees were recorded in fixed radius plots and linear transects in each site. Ash mortality was highest in Core sites in the southeast, moderate in Crest sites in central southern Michigan, and low in Cusp sites in the southwest. Traps and trap trees in Crest sites accounted for 75 and 60% of all EAB beetles captured in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Populations of EAB were present in all Core sites and traps in these sites captured 13% of all beetles each year. Beetle captures and larval densities at Cusp sites roughly doubled between 2010 and 2011, reflecting the increasing EAB populations. Sticky bands on girdled trees captured the highest density of EAB beetles per m2 of area, while baited double-decker traps had the highest detection rates and captured the most beetles. Larval densities were higher on girdled ash than on similar ungirdled trees and small planted trees. Woodpecker predation and a native larval parasitoid were present in all three invasion regions but had minor effects on ash survival and EAB densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Burr
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, Natural Science Building, East Lansing, MI
| | - Deborah G McCullough
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, Natural Science Building, East Lansing, MI
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Therese M Poland
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Ste. F East Lansing, MI
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Siegert NW, McCullough DG, Poland TM, Heyd RL. Optimizing Use of Girdled Ash Trees for Management of Low-Density Emerald Ash Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) Populations. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 110:1096-1106. [PMID: 28379445 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Effective survey methods to detect and monitor recently established, low-density infestations of emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), remain a high priority because they provide land managers and property owners with time to implement tactics to slow emerald ash borer population growth and the progression of ash mortality. We evaluated options for using girdled ash (Fraxinus spp.) trees for emerald ash borer detection and management in a low-density infestation in a forested area with abundant green ash (F. pennsylvanica). Across replicated 4-ha plots, we compared detection efficiency of 4 versus 16 evenly distributed girdled ash trees and between clusters of 3 versus 12 girdled trees. We also examined within-tree larval distribution in 208 girdled and nongirdled trees and assessed adult emerald ash borer emergence from detection trees felled 11 mo after girdling and left on site. Overall, current-year larvae were present in 85-97% of girdled trees and 57-72% of nongirdled trees, and larval density was 2-5 times greater on girdled than nongirdled trees. Low-density emerald ash borer infestations were readily detected with four girdled trees per 4-ha, and 3-tree clusters were as effective as 12-tree clusters. Larval densities were greatest 0.5 ± 0.4 m below the base of the canopy in girdled trees and 1.3 ± 0.7 m above the canopy base in nongirdled trees. Relatively few adult emerald ash borer emerged from trees felled 11 mo after girdling and left on site through the following summer, suggesting removal or destruction of girdled ash trees may be unnecessary. This could potentially reduce survey costs, particularly in forested areas with poor accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan W Siegert
- US Forest Service, Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry, Forest Health Protection, 271 Mast Rd., Durham, NH 03824 ( )
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - Deborah G McCullough
- Department of Entomology and Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, 243 Natural Sciences Bldg., 288 Farm Ln., East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Therese M Poland
- US Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 3101 Technology Blvd., Suite F, Lansing, MI 48910
| | - Robert L Heyd
- Michigan Department of Natural Resources, 1990?US-41 South, Marquette, MI 49855
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Interaction of Visual and Chemical CUES in Promoting Attraction of Agrilus planipennis. J Chem Ecol 2016; 42:490-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0706-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Vuts J, Woodcock CM, Sumner ME, Caulfield JC, Reed K, Inward DJG, Leather SR, Pickett JA, Birkett MA, Denman S. Responses of the two-spotted oak buprestid, Agrilus biguttatus (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), to host tree volatiles. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2016; 72:845-851. [PMID: 26663022 PMCID: PMC5066750 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Agrilus bigutattus (Fabricius) is a forest pest of increasing importance in the United Kingdom. The larvae damage weakened native oaks and are thought to contribute to premature tree death. Suspected links with acute oak decline (AOD) are not yet confirmed, but AOD-predisposed trees appear to become more susceptible to A. biguttatus attack. Thus, management may be necessary for control of this insect. To explore the possibility of monitoring beetle populations by baited traps, the host tree volatiles regulating A. biguttatus-oak interactions were studied. RESULTS Biologically active volatile organic compounds in dynamic headspace extracts of oak foliage and bark were identified initially by coupled gas chromatography-electroantennography (GC-EAG) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the structures were confirmed by GC coinjection with authentic compounds. Of two synthetic blends of these compounds comprising the active leaf volatiles, the simpler one containing three components evoked strongly positive behavioural responses in four-arm olfactometer tests with virgin females and males, although fresh leaf material was more efficient than the blend. The other blend, comprising a five-component mixture made up of bark volatiles, proved to be as behaviourally active for gravid females as bark tissue. CONCLUSIONS These initial results on A. biguttatus chemical ecology reveal aspects of the role of attractive tree volatiles in the host-finding of beetles and underpin the development of semiochemically based surveillance strategies for this forest insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Vuts
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, UK
| | - Christine M Woodcock
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, UK
| | - Mary E Sumner
- Centre for Ecosystems, Society and Biosecurity, Forest Research, UK
- Department of Crop and Environment Sciences, Harper Adams University, UK
| | - John C Caulfield
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, UK
| | - Katy Reed
- Centre for Ecosystems, Society and Biosecurity, Forest Research, UK
- Department of Crop and Environment Sciences, Harper Adams University, UK
| | | | - Simon R Leather
- Department of Crop and Environment Sciences, Harper Adams University, UK
| | - John A Pickett
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, UK
| | - Michael A Birkett
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, UK
| | - Sandra Denman
- Centre for Ecosystems, Society and Biosecurity, Forest Research, UK
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Ryall KL, Silk PJ, Fidgen J, Mayo P, Lavallée R, Guertin C, Scarr T. Effects of Pheromone Release Rate and Trap Placement on Trapping of Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 44:734-745. [PMID: 26313980 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvv048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), is a devastating insect pest in its introduced range. A trapping system that increases trap catches or detection rates in low-density populations would be beneficial for survey programs. Five trapping experiments were conducted to investigate factors influencing capture rates of male beetles on dark green traps baited with the A. planipennis pheromone, (3Z)-dodecen-12-olide ((3Z)-lactone), plus the green leaf volatile, (3Z)-hexenol. Low doses (0.001-1.0 mg) of (3Z)-lactone + (3Z)-hexenol did not consistently increase captures of male A. planipennis. In other experiments, mean captures of males were significantly higher on traps baited with a moderate dose (3.0 mg/septum) of (3Z)-lactone + (3Z)-hexenol, compared with lower doses (0.001, 0.1, and 1.0 mg) or (3Z)-hexenol alone. Next, we demonstrated that addition of (3Z)-lactone to traps baited with (3Z)-hexenol resulted in significantly greater increases in male captures when pairs of traps were placed on the same tree, than when traps were placed on adjacent trees. Moreover, significantly more A. planipennis were captured on pheromone-baited traps placed in the southern versus northern aspect of the crown. These results highlight the importance of experimental set-up for elucidating lure treatment effects and also suggests the (3Z)-lactone may be more active at close range. Our findings increase our understanding of the pheromone ecology of this species and lend support toward the use of dark green traps baited with 3.0 mg (3Z)-lactone + (3Z)-hexenol deployed in the south aspect of the canopy for detection programs for this insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista L Ryall
- Natural Resources Canada, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, 1219 Queen Street East, Sault Ste. Marie, ON P6A 2E5, Canada.
| | - Peter J Silk
- Natural Resources Canada, Atlantic Forestry Centre, 1350 Regent St., Fredericton, NB E3B 5P7, Canada
| | - Jeff Fidgen
- Natural Resources Canada, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, 1219 Queen Street East, Sault Ste. Marie, ON P6A 2E5, Canada
| | - Peter Mayo
- Natural Resources Canada, Atlantic Forestry Centre, 1350 Regent St., Fredericton, NB E3B 5P7, Canada
| | - Robert Lavallée
- Natural Resources Canada, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du PEPS, Québec, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Claude Guertin
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531, boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Taylor Scarr
- Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Forest Management Branch, 70 Foster Drive, Sault Ste. Marie, ON P6A 6V5, Canada
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14
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Silk PJ, Ryall K, Mayo P, MaGee DI, Leclair G, Fidgen J, Lavallee R, Price J, McConaghy J. A Biologically Active Analog of the Sex Pheromone of the Emerald Ash Borer, Agrilus planipennis. J Chem Ecol 2015; 41:294-302. [PMID: 25786893 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-015-0562-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) (EAB), is an invasive species causing unprecedented levels of mortality to ash trees in its introduced range. The female-produced sex pheromone of EAB has been shown to contain the macrocyclic lactone (3Z)-dodecen-12-olide. This compound and its geometrical isomer, (3E)-dodecen-12-olide, have been demonstrated previously to be EAG active and, in combination with a host-derived green leaf volatile, (3Z)-hexenol, to be attractive to male EAB in green prism traps deployed in the ash tree canopy. In the current study, we show that the saturated analog, dodecan-12-olide, is similarly active, eliciting an antennal response and significant attraction of EAB in both olfactometer and trapping bioassays in green traps with (3Z)-hexenol. Conformational modeling of the three lactones reveals that their energies and shapes are very similar, suggesting they might share a common receptor in EAB antennae. These findings provide new insight into the pheromone ecology of this species, highlighting the apparent plasticity in response of adults to the pheromone and its analog. Both of the unsaturated isomers are costly to synthesize, involving multistep, low-yielding processes. The saturated analog can be made cheaply, in high yield, and on large scale via Mitsunobu esterification of a saturated ω-hydroxy acid or more simply by Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of commercially available cyclododecanone. The analog can thus provide an inexpensive option as a lure for detection surveys as well as for possible mitigation purposes, such as mating disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Silk
- Canadian Forest Service - Atlantic Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada, 1350 Regent Street, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5P7, Canada,
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15
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Mayo PD, Silk PJ, MaGee DI, McConaghy J. Concise Synthesis of (3Z)-Dodecen-12-olide, Pheromone Component of the Emerald Ash Borer. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2014.881497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. D. Mayo
- a Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service–Atlantic Forestry Centre , Fredericton , New Brunswick , Canada
| | - P. J. Silk
- a Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service–Atlantic Forestry Centre , Fredericton , New Brunswick , Canada
| | - D. I. MaGee
- b Deparment of Chemistry , University of New Brunswick , Fredericton , New Brunswick , Canada
| | - J. McConaghy
- a Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service–Atlantic Forestry Centre , Fredericton , New Brunswick , Canada
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16
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Poland TM, Mccullough DG. Comparison of trap types and colors for capturing emerald ash borer adults at different population densities. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 43:157-170. [PMID: 24398125 DOI: 10.1603/en13137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Results of numerous trials to evaluate artificial trap designs and lures for detection of Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, the emerald ash borer, have yielded inconsistent results, possibly because of different A. planipennis population densities in the field sites. In 2010 and 2011, we compared 1) green canopy traps, 2) purple canopy traps, 3) green double-decker traps, and 4) purple double-decker traps in sites representing a range of A. planipennis infestation levels. Traps were baited with cis-3-hexenol in both years, plus an 80:20 mixture of Manuka and Phoebe oil (2010) or Manuka oil alone (2011). Condition of trees bearing canopy traps, A. planipennis infestation level of trees in the vicinity of traps, and number of A. planipennis captured per trap differed among sites in both years. Overall in both years, more females, males, and beetles of both sexes were captured on double-decker traps than canopy traps, and more beetles of both sexes (2010) or females (2011) were captured on purple traps than green traps. In 2010, detection rates were higher for purple (100%) and green double-decker traps (100%) than for purple (82%) or green canopy traps (64%) at sites with very low to low A. planipennis infestation levels. Captures of A. planipennis on canopy traps consistently increased with the infestation level of the canopy trap-bearing trees. Differences among trap types were most pronounced at sites with low A. planipennis densities, where more beetles were captured on purple double-decker traps than on green canopy traps in both years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese M Poland
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 1407 S. Harrison Rd, Rm. 220, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
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Herms DA, McCullough DG. Emerald ash borer invasion of North America: history, biology, ecology, impacts, and management. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 59:13-30. [PMID: 24112110 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Since its accidental introduction from Asia, emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), has killed millions of ash trees in North America. As it continues to spread, it could functionally extirpate ash with devastating economic and ecological impacts. Little was known about EAB when it was first discovered in North America in 2002, but substantial advances in understanding of EAB biology, ecology, and management have occurred since. Ash species indigenous to China are generally resistant to EAB and may eventually provide resistance genes for introgression into North American species. EAB is characterized by stratified dispersal resulting from natural and human-assisted spread, and substantial effort has been devoted to the development of survey methods. Early eradication efforts were abandoned largely because of the difficulty of detecting and delineating infestations. Current management is focused on biological control, insecticide protection of high-value trees, and integrated efforts to slow ash mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Herms
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio 44691;
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18
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Mercader RJ, McCullough DG, Bedford JM. A comparison of girdled ash detection trees and baited artificial traps for Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) detection. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 42:1027-1039. [PMID: 24331612 DOI: 10.1603/en12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Detection of newly established populations of Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, the most destructive forest insect to invade the United States, remains challenging. Regulatory agencies currently rely on artificial traps, consisting of baited three-sided panels suspended in the canopy of ash (Fraxinus spp.) trees. Detection trees represent another survey option. Ash trees are girdled in spring to attract ovipositing A. planipennis females then debarked in fall to assess larval presence and density. From 2008-2010, systematic grids of detection trees and artificial traps were established across a 390-km(2) area for the SLow Ash Mortality pilot project. We compared probabilities of detection associated with detection trees and artificial traps along varying A. planipennis density proxies estimated as distance-weighted averages of larval counts (detection trees) or adult captures (traps) within 800 m of each detection tree or trap. Detection trees were consistently more likely to be positive, that is, detect A. planipennis, than traps in all three years, even when traps were placed in canopies of detection trees. Probability of detection with a single detection tree was >50% when density proxies for the area were <5 larvae per detection tree, while the probability of detection with an artificial trap placed in the same area was <35%, even when density proxies exceeded 25 larvae per detection tree. At very low densities of <5 larvae per detection tree, using three detection trees would increase detection probabilities to 90%, while five artificial traps would increase the detection probability only to 40%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo J Mercader
- Department of Biology, 1700 SW College Ave., Washburn University, Topeka, KS 66621, USA
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Mann RS, Rouseff RL, Smoot J, Rao N, Meyer WL, Lapointe SL, Robbins PS, Cha D, Linn CE, Webster FX, Tiwari S, Stelinski LL. Chemical and behavioral analysis of the cuticular hydrocarbons from Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri. INSECT SCIENCE 2013; 20:367-378. [PMID: 23955888 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7917.2012.01541.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is the most destructive disease of citrus worldwide. The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), is the vector of the phloem-inhabiting bacterium, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, which is presumed to cause HLB in Florida citrus. Laboratory and field studies were conducted to examine the behavioral responses of male and female D. citri to their cuticular extracts. In olfactometer assays, more male D. citri were attracted to one, five, or 10 female cuticular extract equivalent units than blank controls. The results were confirmed in field studies in which clear or yellow traps baited with 10 female cuticular extract equivalent units attracted proportionately more males than clear traps baited with male cuticular extract or unbaited traps. Analyses of cuticular constituents of male and female D. citri revealed differences between the sexes in chemical composition of their cuticular extracts. Laboratory bioassays with synthetic chemicals identified from cuticular extracts indicated that dodecanoic acid attracted more males than clean air. Traps baited with dodecanoic acid did not increase total catch of D. citri as compared with blank traps at the dosages tested; however, the sex ratio of psyllid catch was male biased on traps baited with the highest lure loading dosage tested (10.0 mg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajinder S Mann
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, USA
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MaGee DI, Mayo PD, Silk PJ, Beattie B. Synthesis of (3E)-Dodecen-12-olide, a Potential Pheromone Component of the Emerald Ash Borer. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2011.634083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. I. MaGee
- a Department of Chemistry , University of New Brunswick , Fredericton , New Brunswick , Canada
| | - P. D. Mayo
- b Canadian Forestry Service–Atlantic , Fredericton , New Brunswick, Canada
| | - P. J. Silk
- b Canadian Forestry Service–Atlantic , Fredericton , New Brunswick, Canada
| | - B. Beattie
- a Department of Chemistry , University of New Brunswick , Fredericton , New Brunswick , Canada
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Ryall KL, Silk PJ, Mayo P, Crook D, Khrimian A, Cossé AA, Sweeney J, Scarr T. Attraction of Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) to a volatile pheromone: effects of release rate, host volatile, and trap placement. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 41:648-656. [PMID: 22732623 DOI: 10.1603/en11312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Attraction of emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, to a volatile pheromone was demonstrated in three field experiments using baited green sticky traps. A dose-response curve was generated for male A. planipennis to increasing release rates of (3Z)-dodecen-12-olide ((3Z)-lactone) in combination with the green leaf volatile, (3Z)-hexenol. Only the lowest release rate (<2.50 μg/d) of (3Z)-lactone significantly increased captures of male A. planipennis, as compared with traps baited with (3Z)-hexenol alone. Effect of trap height, (3Z)-lactone, and (3Z)-hexenol and their interactions on the trap capture of A. planipennis was determined in a factorial experiment. Number of males per trap was significantly and positively affected by (3Z)-lactone, (3Z)-hexenol, and trap height whereas number of females per trap was affected by trap height only; none of the interactions were significant. As predicted, the greatest mean catch of males was in traps baited with (3Z)-lactone and (3Z)-hexenol placed high in the canopy. Electroantennogram tests on the bark volatile, 7-epi-sesquithujene, demonstrated the ability of male and female A. planipennis antennae to detect and respond to this compound, particularly the (+)-7-epi-sesquithujene isomer. Results from an olfactometer bioassay and field testing did not demonstrate attraction of either males or females to (+)-7-epi-sesquithujene. These data increase our understanding of the pheromone ecology of the invasive emerald ash borer, provide further confirmation of the behavioral activity of the female-produced lactone pheromone, and should increase the ability to detect A. planipennis infestations where they are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista L Ryall
- Natural Resources Canada, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste Marie,ON, Canada.
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