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Yan W, Wang S, Liu J, Zhai D, Lu H, Li J, Bai R, Lei C, Song L, Zhao C, Yan F. Managing Super Pests: Interplay between Pathogens and Symbionts Informs Biocontrol of Whiteflies. Microorganisms 2024; 12:887. [PMID: 38792717 PMCID: PMC11123976 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Bemisia tabaci is distributed globally and incurs considerable economic and ecological costs as an agricultural pest and viral vector. The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae has been known for its insecticidal activity, but its impacts on whiteflies are understudied. We investigated how infection with the semi-persistently transmitted Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus (CCYV) affects whitefly susceptibility to M. anisopliae exposure. We discovered that viruliferous whiteflies exhibited increased mortality when fungus infection was present compared to non-viruliferous insects. High throughput 16S rRNA sequencing also revealed significant alterations of the whitefly bacterial microbiome diversity and structure due to both CCYV and fungal presence. Specifically, the obligate symbiont Portiera decreased in relative abundance in viruliferous whiteflies exposed to M. anisopliae. Facultative Hamiltonella and Rickettsia symbionts exhibited variability across groups but dominated in fungus-treated non-viruliferous whiteflies. Our results illuminate triangular interplay between pest insects, their pathogens, and symbionts-dynamics which can inform integrated management strategies leveraging biopesticides This work underscores the promise of M. anisopliae for sustainable whitefly control while laying the groundwork for elucidating mechanisms behind microbe-mediated shifts in vector competence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chenchen Zhao
- Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (W.Y.); (S.W.); (J.L.); (D.Z.); (H.L.); (J.L.); (R.B.); (C.L.); (L.S.)
| | - Fengming Yan
- Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (W.Y.); (S.W.); (J.L.); (D.Z.); (H.L.); (J.L.); (R.B.); (C.L.); (L.S.)
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Yang K, Qin PH, Yuan MY, Chen L, Zhang YJ, Chu D. Infection density pattern of Cardinium affects the responses of bacterial communities in an invasive whitefly under heat conditions. INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:1149-1164. [PMID: 36331043 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Communities of bacteria, especially symbionts, are vital for the growth and development of insects and other arthropods, including Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean (MED), a destructive and invasive insect pest. However, the infection density patterns and influence factors of bacteria in whiteflies, which mainly include symbionts, remain largely unclear. To reveal the different density patterns of Cardinium in B. tabaci MED populations and the impacts of high temperatures on whiteflies with different Cardinium density infection patterns, 2 isofemale lines isolated from B. tabaci MED from the same geographical population of China and from B. tabaci MED collected from other countries and locations were examined using several techniques and methods, including fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and 2b-RAD sequencing. The results showed that there were 2 different infection density patterns of Cardinium in B. tabaci MED (including 1 high-density pattern and 1 low-density pattern). For whiteflies with low-density Cardinium, conventional PCR could not detect Cardinium, but the other techniques confirmed that there was a low level of Cardinium within hosts. High temperature significantly decreased the diversity of bacterial communities: the relative titer of Cardinium increased but the density of Rickettsia decreased in the isofemale line with high-density Cardinium. However, high temperature did not influence the diversity and symbiont density in the line with low-density Cardinium. Moreover, high temperature influenced the functions of bacterial communities in whiteflies with high-density Cardinium but did not affect the bacterial functions in whiteflies with low-density Cardinium. Our results provide novel insights into the complex associations between symbionts and host insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Peng-Hao Qin
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Meng-Ying Yuan
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - You-Jun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Chu
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
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Zhang J, Lai C, Shentu X, Hao P, Pang K, Yu X. Establishment of a Rapid Detection Method for Yeast-like Symbionts in Brown Planthopper Based on Droplet Digital PCR Technology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11071. [PMID: 37446249 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (BPH) is a typical monophagous sucking rice pest. Over the course of their evolution, BPH and its symbionts have established an interdependent and mutually beneficial relationship, with the symbionts being important to the growth, development, reproduction, and variation in virulence of BPH. Yeast-like symbionts (YLS), harbored in the abdomen fat body cells of BPH, are vital to the growth and reproduction of the host. In recent research, the symbionts in BPH have mainly been detected using blood cell counting, PCR, real-time quantitative PCR, and other methods. These methods are vulnerable to external interference, cumbersome, time consuming and laborious. Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) does not need a standard curve, can achieve absolute quantification, does not rely on Cq values, and is more useful for analyzing copy number variation, gene mutations, and relative gene expression. A rapid detection method for the YLS of BPH based on ddPCR was established and optimized in this study. The results showed that the method's limits of detection for the two species of YLS (Ascomycetes symbionts and Pichia guilliermondii) were 1.3 copies/μL and 1.2 copies/μL, respectively. The coefficient of variation of the sample repetition was less than 5%; therefore, the ddPCR method established in this study had good sensitivity, specificity, and repeatability. It can be used to detect the YLS of BPH rapidly and accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Modern Science and Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Chengling Lai
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Modern Science and Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xuping Shentu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Modern Science and Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Peiying Hao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Modern Science and Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Kun Pang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Modern Science and Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Modern Science and Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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Tian PP, Zhang YL, Huang JL, Li WY, Liu XD. Arsenophonus Interacts with Buchnera to Improve Growth Performance of Aphids under Amino Acid Stress. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0179223. [PMID: 37222634 PMCID: PMC10269474 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01792-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino acids play a crucial role in the growth and development of insects. Aphids cannot ingest enough amino acids in plant phloem to meet their requirements, and therefore, they are mainly dependent on the obligate symbiont Buchnera aphidicola to synthesize essential amino acids. Besides Buchnera, aphids may harbor another facultative symbiont, Arsenophonus, which alters the requirement of the cotton-melon aphid Aphis gossypii for amino acid. However, it is unclear how Arsenophonus regulates the requirement. Here, we found that Arsenophonus ameliorated growth performance of A. gossypii on an amino acid-deficient diet. A deficiency in lysine (Lys) or methionine (Met) led to changes in the abundance of Arsenophonus. Arsenophonus suppressed the abundance of Buchnera when aphids were fed a normal amino acid diet, but this suppression was eliminated or reversed when aphids were on a Lys- or Met-deficient diet. The relative abundance of Arsenophonus was positively correlated with that of Buchnera, but neither of them was correlated with the body weight of aphids. The relative expression levels of Lys and Met synthase genes of Buchnera were affected by the interaction between Arsenophonus infections and Buchnera abundance, especially in aphids reared on a Lys- or Met-deficient diet. Arsenophonus coexisted with Buchnera in bacteriocytes, which strengthens the interaction. IMPORTANCE The obligate symbiont Buchnera can synthesize amino acids for aphids. In this study, we found that a facultative symbiont, Arsenophonus, can help improve aphids' growth performance under amino acid deficiency stress by changing the relative abundance of Buchnera and the expression levels of amino acid synthase genes. This study highlights the interaction between Arsenophonus and Buchnera to ameliorate aphid growth under amino acid stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Pan Tian
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Lin Zhang
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing-Ling Huang
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wang-Yan Li
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang-Dong Liu
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Devi MG, Rustia DJA, Braat L, Swinkels K, Espinosa FF, van Marrewijk BM, Hemming J, Caarls L. Eggsplorer: a rapid plant-insect resistance determination tool using an automated whitefly egg quantification algorithm. PLANT METHODS 2023; 19:49. [PMID: 37210517 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-023-01027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A well-known method for evaluating plant resistance to insects is by measuring insect reproduction or oviposition. Whiteflies are vectors of economically important viral diseases and are, therefore, widely studied. In a common experiment, whiteflies are placed on plants using clip-on-cages, where they can lay hundreds of eggs on susceptible plants in a few days. When quantifying whitefly eggs, most researchers perform manual eye measurements using a stereomicroscope. Compared to other insect eggs, whitefly eggs are many and very tiny, usually 0.2 mm in length and 0.08 mm in width; therefore, this process takes a lot of time and effort with and without prior expert knowledge. Plant insect resistance experiments require multiple replicates from different plant accessions; therefore, an automated and rapid method for quantifying insect eggs can save time and human resources. RESULTS In this work, a novel automated tool for fast quantification of whitefly eggs is presented to accelerate the determination of plant insect resistance and susceptibility. Leaf images with whitefly eggs were collected from a commercial microscope and a custom-built imaging system. A deep learning-based object detection model was trained using the collected images. The model was incorporated into an automated whitefly egg quantification algorithm, deployed in a web-based application called Eggsplorer. Upon evaluation on a testing dataset, the algorithm was able to achieve a counting accuracy as high as 0.94, r2 of 0.99, and a counting error of ± 3 eggs relative to the actual number of eggs counted by eye. The automatically collected counting results were used to determine the resistance and susceptibility of several plant accessions and were found to yield significantly comparable results as when using the manually collected counts for analysis. CONCLUSION This is the first work that presents a comprehensive step-by-step method for fast determination of plant insect resistance and susceptibility with the assistance of an automated quantification tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micha Gracianna Devi
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Po Box 384, 6700 AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Dan Jeric Arcega Rustia
- Greenhouse Horticulture and Flower Bulbs, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lize Braat
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Po Box 384, 6700 AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kas Swinkels
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Po Box 384, 6700 AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bart M van Marrewijk
- Greenhouse Horticulture and Flower Bulbs, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jochen Hemming
- Greenhouse Horticulture and Flower Bulbs, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lotte Caarls
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Po Box 384, 6700 AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Lv N, Peng J, He ZQ, Wen Q, Su ZQ, Ali S, Liu CZ, Qiu BL. The Dynamic Distribution of Wolbachia and Rickettsia in AsiaII1 Bemisia tabaci. INSECTS 2023; 14:401. [PMID: 37103216 PMCID: PMC10144568 DOI: 10.3390/insects14040401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Wolbachia and Rickettsia are bacterial endosymbionts that can induce a number of reproductive abnormalities in their arthropod hosts. We screened and established the co-infection of Wolbachia and Rickettsia in Bemisia tabaci and compared the spatial and temporal distribution of Wolbachia and Rickettsia in eggs (3-120 h after spawning), nymphs, and adults of B. tabaci by qPCR quantification and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). The results show that the titer of Wolbachia and Rickettsia in the 3-120 h old eggs showed a "w" patterned fluctuation, while the titers of Wolbachia and Rickettsia had a "descending-ascending descending-ascending" change process. The titers of Rickettsia and Wolbachia nymphal and the adult life stages of Asia II1 B. tabaci generally increased with the development of whiteflies. However, the location of Wolbachia and Rickettsia in the egg changed from egg stalk to egg base, and then from egg base to egg posterior, and finally back to the middle of the egg. These results will provide basic information on the quantity and localization of Wolbachia and Rickettsia within different life stages of B. tabaci. These findings help to understand the dynamics of the vertical transmission of symbiotic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Lv
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zi-Qi He
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qin Wen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zheng-Qin Su
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shaukat Ali
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chang-Zhong Liu
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Bao-Li Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Engineering Research Center of Biocontrol, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
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Liu Y, He ZQ, Wen Q, Peng J, Zhou YT, Mandour N, McKenzie CL, Ahmed MZ, Qiu BL. Parasitoid-mediated horizontal transmission of Rickettsia between whiteflies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:1077494. [PMID: 36683703 PMCID: PMC9846228 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1077494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular bacterial endosymbionts of arthropods are mainly transmitted vertically from mother to offspring, but phylogenetically distant insect hosts often harbor identical endosymbionts, indicating that horizontal transmission from one species to another occurs in nature. Here, we investigated the parasitoid Encarsia formosa-mediated horizontal transmission of the endosymbiont Rickettsia between different populations of whitefly Bemisia tabaci MEAM1. Rickettsia was successfully transmitted from the positive MEAM1 nymphs (R +) into E. formosa and retained at least for 48 h in E. formosa adults. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) visualization results revealed that the ovipositors, mouthparts, and digestive tract of parasitoid adults get contaminated with Rickettsia. Random non-lethal probing of Rickettisia-negative (R- ) MEAM1 nymphs by these Rickettsia-carrying E. formosa resulted in newly infected MEAM1 nymphs, and the vertical transmission of Rickettsia within the recipient females can remain at least up to F3 generation. Further phylogenetic analyses revealed that Rickettsia had high fidelity during the horizontal transmission in whiteflies and parasitoids. Our findings may help to explain why Rickettsia bacteria are so abundant in arthropods and suggest that, in some insect species that shared the same parasitoids, Rickettsia may be maintained in populations by horizontal transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Qi He
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin Wen
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Peng
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Tong Zhou
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nasser Mandour
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Cindy L. McKenzie
- Subtropical Insects and Horticulture Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Unite States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Fort Pierce, FL, United States
| | - Muhammad Z. Ahmed
- Subtropical Insects and Horticulture Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Unite States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Fort Pierce, FL, United States
| | - Bao-Li Qiu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Bao-Li Qiu,
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Fan ZY, Liu Y, He ZQ, Wen Q, Chen XY, Khan MM, Osman M, Mandour NS, Qiu BL. Rickettsia Infection Benefits Its Whitefly Hosts by Manipulating Their Nutrition and Defense. INSECTS 2022; 13:1161. [PMID: 36555070 PMCID: PMC9785894 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Endosymbionts play an essential role in the biology, physiology and immunity of insects. Many insects, including the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, are infected with the facultative endosymbiont Rickettsia. However, the mutualism between Rickettsia and its whitefly host remains unclear. This study investigated the biological and physiological benefits of Rickettsia infection to B. tabaci. Results revealed that infection of Rickettsia increased the fertility, the survival rate from nymph to adult and the number of female whiteflies. In addition, this facilitation caused a significant reduction in nymphal developmental duration but did not affect percentage rate of egg hatching. Rickettsia infected B. tabaci had significantly higher glycogen, soluble sugar and trehalose contents than Rickettsia negative B. tabaci individuals. Rickettsia also improved the immunity of its whitefly hosts. Rickettsia infested B. tabaci had lower mortality rates and higher semi-lethal concentrations (LC50) when exposed to the fungus Akanthomyces attenuatus and the insecticides imidacloprid and spirotetramat. The percentage of parasitism by Encarsia formosa was also reduced by Rickettsia infection. Overall, Rickettsia infection benefits B. tabaci by improving the nutritional composition of its host, and also protects B. tabaci by enhancing its resistance towards insecticides (imidacloprid and spirotetramat), entomopathogenic fungi (A. attenuatus) and its main parasitoid (E. formosa); all of which could significantly impact on current management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Yun Fan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Engineering Research Center of Biocontrol, Ministry of Education Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zi-Qi He
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qin Wen
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xin-Yi Chen
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Muhammad Musa Khan
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mohamed Osman
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Nasser Said Mandour
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Bao-Li Qiu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Engineering Research Center of Biocontrol, Ministry of Education Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Li W, Li X, Wang W, Zhang S, Cui J, Peng Y, Zhao Y. Impact of Sulfoxaflor Exposure on Bacterial Community and Developmental Performance of the Predatory Ladybeetle Propylea japonica. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022:10.1007/s00248-022-02122-5. [PMID: 36242623 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-02122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Insects maintain a vast number of symbiotic bacteria, and these symbionts play key roles in the hosts' life processes. Propylea japonica (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is an abundant and widespread ladybeetle in agricultural fields in Asia. Both larvae and adults of P. japonica are likely to be exposed to insecticide residue in the field during their predatory activity. Sulfoxaflor is a highly powerful insecticide that has strong efficacy in controlling sap-sucking pests. To date, there have been several studies on the acute and long-term toxicity of sulfoxaflor to insects, but few studies have reported the impact of sulfoxaflor on the predators' micro-ecosystems. This study was to determine the impact of sulfoxaflor on the symbiotic bacteria and developmental performance of P. japonica. In the present study, two concentrations (1 mg/L and 5 mg/L) and two exposure periods (1 day and 5 days) were set for P. japonica under sulfoxaflor exposure. The survival rate, developmental duration, pupation rate, emergence rate, and body weight of P. japonica were examined. Moreover, the bacterial community of P. japonica was investigated by high-throughput 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. Our results indicated that bacterial community of P. japonica was mainly composed of Staphylococcus, Pantoea, Acinetobacter, Rhodococcus, and Ralstonia at the genus level. The bacterial community of P. japonica in 1 mg/L and 5 mg/L sulfoxaflor groups was significantly altered on day 1, compared with that in control group. The results also showed that the larval duration was significantly prolonged but the pupal duration was significantly shortened in both sulfoxaflor groups. Meanwhile, the pupation and emergence rate was not significantly changed, but the body weights of adults were significantly decreased in both sulfoxaflor groups. Our study will provide a new perspective for evaluating the safety of pesticides to beneficial arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Xueqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Wenrong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Shichang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Jinjie Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China.
| | - Yu Peng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Yao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
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Chang CY, Sun XW, Tian PP, Miao NH, Zhang YL, Liu XD. Plant secondary metabolite and temperature determine the prevalence of Arsenophonus endosymbionts in aphid populations. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:3764-3776. [PMID: 35129273 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Transmission rate and role in hosts contribute to the prevalence of an endosymbiont. However, factors affecting transmission and role of facultative endosymbionts are still not well understood. Here, we illustrated that host plants and environmental temperatures affected the transmission, relative abundance, and role of Arsenophonus in the cotton aphid Aphis gossypii. The transmission rate of this endosymbiont from mother aphids to offspring was relatively lower. High temperatures impeded the transmission, and infection rates declined as aphids were exposed to 30 °C. Contents of amino acids and secondary metabolites were remarkable different among host plants. Aphids feeding on zucchini leaves containing a higher titer of amino acids and lower secondary metabolites harbored a relatively lower abundance of Arsenophonus. Concentrations of an amino acid and a plant secondary metabolite, cucurbitacin B, in aphid diet were not associated with Arsenophonus abundance. However, gossypol, another plant secondary metabolite, was strongly related with the abundance. Arsenophonus imparted a fitness benefit to aphids, and the benefit was dependent on host plants and gossypol concentration. In sum, plant secondary metabolite and environmental temperature affect transmission, relative abundance, and role of Arsenophonus, which determine the endosymbiont prevalence in aphid populations. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Chang
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiao-Wan Sun
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Pan-Pan Tian
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ning-Hui Miao
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yu-Lin Zhang
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiang-Dong Liu
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Detection of Yeast-like Symbionts in Brown Planthopper Reared on Different Resistant Rice Varieties Combining DGGE and Absolute Quantitative Real-Time PCR. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13010085. [PMID: 35055928 PMCID: PMC8779971 DOI: 10.3390/insects13010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The brown planthopper (BPH) is an important pest that causes huge losses in rice production. The promotion and use of insect-resistant rice varieties is an important way to control BPH. However, in practice, BPH can adapt to resistant rice within several generations. Endosymbionts may be one of the reasons for the rapid adaptation of BPH to resistant rice. The BPH harbor yeast-like symbionts (YLS) in their abdomen, and YLS are essential for the nutrition, development, and reproduction of BPH. Our previous report showed that among the YLS communities detected in BPH, Ascomycetes symbionts, Pichia-like symbionts, and Candida-like symbionts were the three dominant populations of YLS. In this study, PCR-DGGE and absolute quantitative real-time PCR were used to detect the variations of three dominant YLS in BPH across different nymph ages and on different resistant rice varieties. The results showed that the total number of YLS gradually increased from the first instar to adulthood, but decreased in the fifth instar nymph, when BPH were reared on the susceptible rice variety TN1. The rice-resistant varieties, Mudgo, ASD7, and RH have more significant inhibitory effects on the three dominant YLS in the first and second generations of BPH. However, the numbers of the three dominant YLS were all recovered from the third generation of BPH. Ascomycetes symbionts were the most dominant strain among the three YLS. Abstract The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, is a serious pest of rice throughout Asia. Yeast-like symbionts (YLS) are endosymbionts closely linked with the development of BPH and the adapted mechanism of BPH virulence to resistant plants. In this study, we used semi-quantitative DGGE and absolute quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) to quantify the number of the three YLS strains (Ascomycetes symbionts, Pichia-like symbionts, and Candida-like symbionts) that typically infect BPH in the nymphal stages and in newly emerged female adults. The quantities of each of the three YLS assessed increased in tandem with the developing nymphal instar stages, peaking at the fourth instar stage, and then declined significantly at the fifth instar stage. However, the amount of YLS present recovered sharply within the emerging adult females. Additionally, we estimated the quantities of YLS for up to eight generations after their inoculation onto resistant cultivars (Mudgo, ASD7, and RH) to reassociate the dynamics of YLS with the fitness of BPH. The minimum number of each YLS was detected in the second generation and gradually increased from the third generation with regard to resistant rice varieties. In addition, the Ascomycetes symbionts of YLS were found to be the most abundant of the three YLS strains tested for all of the development stages of BPH.
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12
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Milenovic M, Ghanim M, Hoffmann L, Rapisarda C. Whitefly endosymbionts: IPM opportunity or tilting at windmills? JOURNAL OF PEST SCIENCE 2021; 95:543-566. [PMID: 34744550 PMCID: PMC8562023 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-021-01451-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Whiteflies are sap-sucking insects responsible for high economic losses. They colonize hundreds of plant species and cause direct feeding damage and indirect damage through transmission of devastating viruses. Modern agriculture has seen a history of invasive whitefly species and populations that expand to novel regions, bringing along fierce viruses. Control efforts are hindered by fast virus transmission, insecticide-resistant populations, and a wide host range which permits large natural reservoirs for whiteflies. Augmentative biocontrol by parasitoids while effective in suppressing high population densities in greenhouses falls short when it comes to preventing virus transmission and is ineffective in the open field. A potential source of much needed novel control strategies lays within a diverse community of whitefly endosymbionts. The idea to exploit endosymbionts for whitefly control is as old as identification of these bacteria, yet it still has not come to fruition. We review where our knowledge stands on the aspects of whitefly endosymbiont evolution, biology, metabolism, multitrophic interactions, and population dynamics. We show how these insights are bringing us closer to the goal of better integrated pest management strategies. Combining most up to date understanding of whitefly-endosymbiont interactions and recent technological advances, we discuss possibilities of disrupting and manipulating whitefly endosymbionts, as well as using them for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Milenovic
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41, Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Università degli Studi di Catania, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, Volcani Center, ARO, HaMaccabim Road 68, PO Box 15159, 7528809 Rishon Le Tsiyon, Israel
| | - Lucien Hoffmann
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41, Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Carmelo Rapisarda
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Università degli Studi di Catania, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
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13
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Effect of Neonicotinoids on Bacterial Symbionts and Insecticide-Resistant Gene in Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12080742. [PMID: 34442312 PMCID: PMC8397095 DOI: 10.3390/insects12080742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is a major threat to field and horticultural crops worldwide. Persistent use of insecticides for the management of this pest is a lingering problem. In the present study, the status of sensitivity of B. tabaci to two neonicotinoids, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, was evaluated. The expression pattern of two cytochrome P450 (cyp) genes and changes in the relative amount of symbionts in insecticide-treated B. tabaci were also assessed. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) studies indicate that the CYP6CM1 and CYP6CX1 genes were always expressed higher in imidacloprid-treated whitefly, suggesting a correlation between gene expression and the insect's ability to detoxify toxic compounds such as insecticides. In addition, the thiamethoxam-treated population harbored higher Portiera and lower Rickettsia titers, whereas the imidacloprid-treated population harbored more Rickettsia at different time intervals. Interestingly, we also examined that an increase in exposure to both the insecticides resulted in a reduction in the mutualistic partners from their insect host. These differential responses of endosymbionts to insecticide exposure imply the complex interactions among the symbionts inside the host insect. The results also provide a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanism of resistance development that might be useful for formulating effective management strategies to control B. tabaci by manipulating symbionts and detoxifying genes.
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14
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Dângelo RAC, Michereff-Filho M, Inoue-Nagata AK, da Silva PS, Chediak M, Guedes RNC. Area-wide insecticide resistance and endosymbiont incidence in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 (B biotype): A Neotropical context. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 30:1056-1070. [PMID: 34152527 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-021-02432-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Agriculture insecticides are used against insect pest species, but are able to change community structure in contaminated habitats, and also the genetic pool of exposed individuals. In fact, the latter effect is a relevant tool to in situ biomonitoring of pollutant contamination and impact, besides its practical economic and management concerns. This takes place because the emergence of individuals with resistance to insecticides is particularly frequent among insect pest species and usually enhances insecticide overuse and crop losses. Pest insects of global prominence such as whiteflies are a focus of attention due to problems with insecticide resistance and association with endosymbionts, as the case of the invasive putative species Bemisia tabaci MEAM1. The scenario is particularly complex in the Neotropics, where insecticide use is ubiquitous, but whose spatial scale of occurrence is usually neglected. Here we explored the spatial-dependence of both phenomena in MEAM1 whiteflies recording resistance to two widely used insecticides, lambda-cyhalothrin and spiromesifen, and endosymbiont co-occurrence. Resistance to both insecticides was frequent exhibiting low to moderate frequency of lambda-cyhalothrin resistance and moderate to high frequency of spiromesifen resistance. Among the prevailing whitefly endosymbionts, Wolbachia, Cardinium and Arsenophonus were markedly absent. In contrast, Hamiltonella and Rickettsia prevailed and their incidence was correlated. Furthermore, Rickettsia endosymbionts were particularly associated with lambda-cyhalothrin susceptibility. These traits were spatially dependent with significant variation taking place within an area of about 700 Km2. Such findings reinforce the notion of endosymbiont-associated resistance to insecticides, and also of their local incidence allowing spatial mapping and locally-targeted mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A C Dângelo
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - M Michereff-Filho
- EMBRAPA Hortaliças, Rod. BR-060, Km 09 (Brasília/Anápolis), Cx. Postal 218, Brasília, DF, 70275-970, Brazil
| | - A K Inoue-Nagata
- EMBRAPA Hortaliças, Rod. BR-060, Km 09 (Brasília/Anápolis), Cx. Postal 218, Brasília, DF, 70275-970, Brazil
| | - P S da Silva
- EMBRAPA Hortaliças, Rod. BR-060, Km 09 (Brasília/Anápolis), Cx. Postal 218, Brasília, DF, 70275-970, Brazil
| | - M Chediak
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
- ENTO+, Av. Oraida Mendes de Castro 6000, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - R N C Guedes
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil.
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15
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Shi PQ, Chen XY, Chen XS, Lv N, Liu Y, Qiu BL. Rickettsia increases its infection and spread in whitefly populations by manipulating the defense patterns of the host plant. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 97:6145017. [PMID: 33605997 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiab032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a destructive agricultural pest that frequently harbors various species of secondary symbionts including Rickettsia. Previous studies have revealed that the infection of Rickettsia can improve whitefly performance on food plants; however, to date, no evidence has shown, if, and how, Rickettsia manipulates the plant-insect interactions. In the current study, the effects of Rickettsia persistence on the induced plant defenses and the consequent performance of whitefly B. tabaci were investigated. Results revealed that Rickettsia can be transmitted into plants via whitefly feeding and remain alive within the cotton plants for at least 2 weeks. The different expression genes of cotton plants were mostly concentrated in the phytohormone signaling pathways, the marker genes of jasmonic-acid signaling pathway (AOC, AOS, LOX, MYC2) were significantly downregulated, while the marker genes of the salicylic-acid signaling pathway (WRKY70, PR-1) were upregulated. Biological experiments revealed that the fecundity of Rickettsia negative B. tabaci significantly increased when they fed on Rickettsia-persistent cotton plants. Taken together, we provide experimental evidence that the persistence of Rickettsia and its induced defense responses in cotton plants can increase the fitness of whitefly and, by this, Rickettsia may increase its infection and spread within its whitefly host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Qiong Shi
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, Guangdong Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xin-Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong Province, China.,Engineering Research Center of Biocontrol, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Sheng Chen
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ning Lv
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong Province, China.,Engineering Research Center of Biocontrol, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong Province, China.,Engineering Research Center of Biocontrol, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bao-Li Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong Province, China.,Engineering Research Center of Biocontrol, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong Province, China
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16
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Teoh MC, Furusawa G, Veera Singham G. Multifaceted interactions between the pseudomonads and insects: mechanisms and prospects. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:1891-1915. [PMID: 33634321 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02230-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Insects and bacteria are the most widespread groups of organisms found in nearly all habitats on earth, establishing diverse interactions that encompass the entire range of possible symbiotic associations from strict parasitism to obligate mutualism. The complexity of their interactions is instrumental in shaping the roles of insects in the environment, meanwhile ensuring the survival and persistence of the associated bacteria. This review aims to provide detailed insight on the multifaceted symbiosis between one of the most versatile bacterial genera, Pseudomonas (Gammaproteobacteria: Pseudomonadaceae) and a diverse group of insect species. The Pseudomonas engages with varied interactions with insects, being either a pathogen or beneficial endosymbiont, as well as using insects as vectors. In addition, this review also provides updates on existing and potential applications of Pseudomonas and their numerous insecticidal metabolites as biocontrol agents against pest insects for the improvement of integrated pest management strategies. Here, we have summarized several known modes of action and the virulence factors of entomopathogenic Pseudomonas strains essential for their pathogenicity against insects. Meanwhile, the beneficial interactions between pseudomonads and insects are currently limited to a few known insect taxa, despite numerous studies reporting identification of pseudomonads in the guts and haemocoel of various insect species. The vector-symbiont association between pseudomonads and insects can be diverse from strict phoresy to a role switch from commensalism to parasitism following a dose-dependent response. Overall, the pseudomonads appeared to have evolved independently to be either exclusively pathogenic or beneficial towards insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Ching Teoh
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Go Furusawa
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - G Veera Singham
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia.
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17
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Liu B, Preisser EL, Jiao X, Zhang Y. Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus Infection Alters Bemisia tabaci MED (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Vulnerability to Flupyradifurone. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:1922-1926. [PMID: 32484504 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, is a major phloem-feeding pest of agricultural crops that is also an important vector of many plant diseases. The B. tabaci Mediterranean ('MED') biotype is a particularly effective vector of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), a devastating plant pathogen. Although insecticides play an important role in the control of MED and TYLCV, little is known about how TYLCV infection affects MED susceptibility to insecticides. We conducted research addressing how MED susceptibility to flupyradifurone, the first commercially available systemic control agent derived from the butenolide class of insecticides, was affected by TYLCV infection. We first conducted bioassays determining the LC15 and LC50 for control and viruliferous MED feeding on either water- or insecticide-treated plants. We next measured several demographic parameters of control and viruliferous MED exposed to either insecticide- or water-treated plants. TYLCV infection increased MED tolerance of flupyradifurone: the LC15 and LC50 of viruliferous MED were double that of uninfected MED. Viral infection also altered MED demographic responses to flupyradifurone, but in an inconsistent manner. Although the ability of TYLCV and other persistently transmitted viruses to benefit Bemisia via manipulation of host plant defense is well known, this appears to be the first example of virally mediated changes in vector susceptibility to an insecticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiming Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Evan L Preisser
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI
| | - Xiaoguo Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Center for Behavioral Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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18
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Host Plant Affects Symbiont Abundance in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11080501. [PMID: 32759695 PMCID: PMC7469152 DOI: 10.3390/insects11080501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The nutritional contributions of symbionts facilitate herbivores’ plant utilization, promoting insects infecting and spreading on host plants. In this study we investigated the effects of host plants on the symbionts of Bemisia tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) from a nutritional aspect. We found that three host plant-adapted whitefly populations harbored the same symbiont taxa in different quantities. The amount of the primary symbiont Portiera decreased with increasing host-plant essential amino acid proportions in whitefly populations and even in those transferred to different host-plant species to meet the nutritional demands of whiteflies. However, the abundance of the secondary symbionts in whiteflies after host-plant-shifting for one generation showed little correlation with essential amino acid levels of host plants. It demonstrates that host-plant nitrogen nutrition—mainly, essential amino acids—influences the abundance of symbionts, especially Portiera, to meet whiteflies’ nutritional demands, and whiteflies manipulate their symbionts’ quantity governed by the host plant. The nutrient exchanges in symbioses involving multiple partners could provide new ideas for pest control. Abstract Symbionts contribute nutrients that allow insects to feed on plants. The whitefly Bemisia tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) is a polyphagous pest that depends on symbionts to provide key nutrients that are deficient in the diet. Here, we established three whitefly populations on eggplants, cucumbers, and tomatoes and observed that they harbored the same symbiont taxa in different quantities. The amount of the primary symbiont, Portiera, decreased with increasing concentrations of host-plant essential amino acids (EAAs). Whitefly populations transferred to different plant species exhibited fluctuations in Portiera amounts in the first three or four generations; the amount of Portiera increased when whitefly populations were transferred to plant species with lower EAAs proportions. As for the secondary symbionts, the whitefly population of eggplants exhibited lower quantities of Hamiltonella and higher quantities of Rickettsia than the other two populations. The changes of both symbionts’ abundance in whitefly populations after host-plant-shifting for one generation showed little correlation with the EAAs’ proportions of host plants. These findings suggest that host-plant nitrogen nutrition, mainly in the form of EAAs, influences the abundance of symbionts, especially Portiera, to meet the nutritional demands of whiteflies. The results will inform efforts to control pests through manipulating symbionts in insect–symbiont associations.
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19
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Duan DY, Zhou HM, Cheng TY. Comparative analysis of microbial community in the whole body and midgut from fully engorged and unfed female adult Melophagus ovinus. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 34:215-224. [PMID: 31840281 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Melophagus ovinus is a type of ectoparasite infesting sheep. Data regarding the comprehensive bacterial community associated with the whole body and midgut of M. ovinus under different engorged statuses are required. Melophagus ovinus were collected from the city of Jiuquan, China. Bacterial DNA was extracted from the whole body and midgut of fully engorged female adults, or newly hatched and unfed adult female M. ovinus. The 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 hypervariable regions were sequenced using the IonS5™XL platform (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, U.S.A.). The whole body bacterial diversity of the newly hatched, unfed adult females was greater compared with that of the other three samples. Proteobacteria was the dominant bacterial phylum in all of the samples. Of the 42 total bacterial genera present in all of the experimental samples, Arsenophonus, Bartonella and Wolbachia were the dominant genera. The relative abundance of Arsenophonus in midgut was greater than that in the whole body. The relative abundance of Bartonella in fully engorged adults was far greater than those in newly hatched, unfed adults. The relative abundance of Wolbachia was highest in the whole body of newly hatched, unfed adults. Seventeen bacterial species were identified in all experimental samples. Bartonella chomelii, Streptococcus hyointestinalis and Escherichia coli were the first species reported in M. ovinus.
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Affiliation(s)
- D-Y Duan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - H-M Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - T-Y Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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20
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Zhang S, Luo J, Jiang W, Wu L, Zhang L, Ji J, Wang L, Ma Y, Cui J. Response of the bacterial community of Propylea japonica (Thunberg) to Cry2Ab protein. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:113063. [PMID: 31454585 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Propylea japonica is a very important predator in agricultural ecosystems, which could be exposed to Bt protein. In this study, the bacterial community of P. japonica fed with normal food and food containing Cry2Ab protein was characterized for the first time using qPCR and high-throughput sequencing approaches. Results showed no effect of Cry2Ab on P. japonica development and reproduction. The most abundant bacterial phylum was Firmicutes, and the most abundant genus was Staphylococcus. The total bacteria copy number was not significantly different across four larval stages. Bacteria species composition was gathered more closely in feed on sucrose solution (sucrose-fed) than in larvae only fed on pea aphid (aphid-fed), the diversity indices of some operational taxonomic unit (OTU) were significantly different between sucrose-fed and aphid-fed samples. Different instar larval stages of P. japonica fed with sucrose solution containing Cry2Ab Bt protein and found no effect on microbial community composition and total bacteria copy numbers. However, effects on relative abundance of microbes, copy numbers of Corynebacterium 1 and Glutamicibacter arilaitensis were observed significantly lower in Bt-fed first and fourth larval stages. Low and high concentrations of Cry2Ab protein altered the microbial abundance relative to sucrose-fed P. japonica and copy numbers of G. arilaitensis and Staphylococcus xylosus were significantly lower in Bt-fed samples than control sucrose-fed. Our results are the first report showing that feeding on Cry2Ab protein does not alter microbial species composition in P. japonica, but effects gene copy number of some dominant bacteria. Further investigations are needed to assess the effect of copy number change on P. japonica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Junyu Luo
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Weili Jiang
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Linke Wu
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Jichao Ji
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Jinjie Cui
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China.
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Host plants influence the composition of the gut bacteria in Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224213. [PMID: 31626674 PMCID: PMC6799920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut bacteria of insects positively influence the physiology of their host, however, the dynamics of this complicated ecosystem are not fully clear. To improve our understanding, we characterized the gut prokaryotic of Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata that fed on two host plants, Solanum melongena (referred to as QZ hereafter) and Solanum nigrum (referred to as LK hereafter), by sequencing the V3-V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene using the Illumina MiSeq system. The results revealed that the gut bacterial composition varied between specimens that fed on different host plants. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean analyses and principal coordinate analysis showed that the bacterial communities of the LK and QZ groups were distinct. Four phyla (Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria) were present in all H. vigintioctopunctata gut samples. It is noteworthy that bacteria of the phylum Cyanobacteria were only found in the LK group, with a low relative abundance. Proteobacteria and Enterobacteriaceae were the predominant phylum and family, respectively, in both the LK and QZ groups. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analyses showed that the QZ group enriched the Bacilli class and Lactococcus genus; while the LK group enriched the Alphaproteobacteria class and Ochrobactrum genus. PICRUSt analysis showed that genes predicted to be involved in xenobiotic biodegradation and metabolism, metabolism of other amino acids, signaling molecules, and interaction were significantly higher in the QZ group. Genes predicted to be involved in the metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were significantly higher in the LK group. Furthermore, the complexity of the network structure and the modularity were higher in the LK group than in the QZ group. This is the first study to characterize the gut bacteria of H. vigintioctopunctat, our results demonstrate that the two host plants tested had a considerable impact on bacterial composition in the gut of H. vigintioctopunctata and that the bacterial communities were dominated by relatively few taxa.
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Liu XD, Guo HF. Importance of endosymbionts Wolbachia and Rickettsia in insect resistance development. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 33:84-90. [PMID: 31358201 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Endosymbionts play important roles in protecting hosts from environmental stress, such as natural enemies, heat, and toxins. Many insects are infected with the facultative nonessential endosymbionts Wolbachia and Rickettsia, which are the crux in this review, although other relevant symbiont genera will also be treated. Insecticide resistance of hosts can be related to infections with Wolbachia and Rickettsia. These endosymbionts commonly increase host susceptibility to chemical insecticides, but cases of increased resistance also exist. The symbiont-mediated insecticide resistance/susceptibility varies with species of insect, species of symbiont, and chemical compound. Changes in insecticide resistance levels of insects can be associated with fluctuations in population density of endosymbionts. Effects of endosymbionts on host fitness, metabolism, immune system, and gene expression may determine how endosymbionts influence insecticide resistance. A clearer understanding of these interactions can improve our knowledge about drivers of decreasing insecticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Dong Liu
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Hui-Fang Guo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
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Zélé F, Santos I, Olivieri I, Weill M, Duron O, Magalhães S. Endosymbiont diversity and prevalence in herbivorous spider mite populations in South-Western Europe. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2019; 94:4830074. [PMID: 29390142 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial endosymbionts are known as important players of the evolutionary ecology of their hosts. However, their distribution, prevalence and diversity are still largely unexplored. To this aim, we investigated infections by the most common bacterial reproductive manipulators in herbivorous spider mites of South-Western Europe. Across 16 populations belonging to three Tetranychus species, Wolbachia was the most prevalent (ca. 61%), followed by Cardinium (12%-15%), while only few individuals were infected by Rickettsia (0.9%-3%), and none carried Arsenophonus or Spiroplasma. These endosymbionts are here reported for the first time in Tetranychus evansi and Tetranychus ludeni, and showed variable infection frequencies between and within species, with several cases of coinfections. Moreover, Cardinium was more prevalent in Wolbachia-infected individuals, which suggests facilitation between these symbionts. Finally, sequence comparisons revealed no variation of the Wolbachia wsp and Rickettsia gtlA genes, but some diversity of the Cardinium 16S rRNA, both between and within populations of the three mite species. Some of the Cardinium sequences identified belonged to distantly-related clades, and the lack of association between these sequences and spider mite mitotypes suggests repeated host switching of Cardinium. Overall, our results reveal a complex community of symbionts in this system, opening the path for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flore Zélé
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Edificio C2, Piso-3, Campo Grande, 1749016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inês Santos
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Edificio C2, Piso-3, Campo Grande, 1749016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabelle Olivieri
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution (CNRS-Université de Montpellier-IRD-EPHE), 34095 Montpellier, CEDEX 5, France
| | - Mylène Weill
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution (CNRS-Université de Montpellier-IRD-EPHE), 34095 Montpellier, CEDEX 5, France
| | - Olivier Duron
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (CNRS-Université de Montpellier-IRD), Centre de Recherche IRD, 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Sara Magalhães
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Edificio C2, Piso-3, Campo Grande, 1749016 Lisbon, Portugal
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Zélé F, Santos JL, Godinho DP, Magalhães S. Wolbachia both aids and hampers the performance of spider mites on different host plants. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2018; 94:5097780. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Flore Zélé
- cE3c: Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciěncias da Universidade de Lisboa, Edificio C2, Piso-3, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joaquim L Santos
- cE3c: Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciěncias da Universidade de Lisboa, Edificio C2, Piso-3, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Diogo P Godinho
- cE3c: Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciěncias da Universidade de Lisboa, Edificio C2, Piso-3, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Magalhães
- cE3c: Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciěncias da Universidade de Lisboa, Edificio C2, Piso-3, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
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Shi PQ, Wang L, Liu Y, An X, Chen XS, Ahmed MZ, Qiu BL, Sang W. Infection dynamics of endosymbionts reveal three novel localization patterns of Rickettsia during the development of whitefly Bemisia tabaci. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2018; 94:5076031. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Qiong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xuan An
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiao-Sheng Chen
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Muhammad Z Ahmed
- Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, 1911 SW 34th Street, Gainesville, FL 32614-7100, USA
| | - Bao-Li Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wen Sang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Zhang S, Luo J, Wang L, Zhang L, Zhu X, Jiang W, Cui J. Bacterial communities in natural versus pesticide-treated Aphis gossypii populations in North China. Microbiologyopen 2018; 8:e00652. [PMID: 29877631 PMCID: PMC6436440 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The cotton‐melon aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, is a worldwide‐spreading species, and pesticide‐resistant populations are increasing rapidly. In this study, investigations were performed based on Illumina HiSeq sequencing of the 16S rDNA V4 region for the bacterial communities embodied as intracellular symbionts under natural and in pesticide‐treated populations of A. gossypii. The results revealed that more than 82% of bacterial communities belonged to the phylum Proteobacteria in which the maximum proportion (53.24%) was of the genus Arsenophonus; Hamiltonella composed 22.31; and 1.37% was of the genus Acinetobacter. The relative abundance of Hamiltonella was obvious, vertically transmitted, divided into two groups, and its infection influenced the bacterial communities in A. gossypii. Symbiont density and composition were changed in samples tested on different days. Azadirachtin and phoxim influenced on the composition of bacterial communities. Different biomarkers were used for pesticide‐treated samples with LEfSe results. These findings will increase awareness regarding bacterial communities in naturally occurring populations of A. gossypii and pave the way to study the relationship between symbionts and pesticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Junyu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Xiangzhen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Weili Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Jinjie Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
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Lv ZH, Wei XY, Tao YL, Chu D. Differential susceptibility of whitefly-associated bacteria to antibiotic as revealed by metagenomics analysis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 63:24-29. [PMID: 29702243 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent reports have suggested that different symbionts of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) have differential susceptibility to antibiotic treatment. Changes in the community structure of B. tabaci-associated bacterial microbiota (BABM) following antibiotic treatment, however, remain poorly understood, although increasing numbers of B. tabaci-associated bacteria have been reported in recent years. METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS The BABM of male or female B. tabaci Q (also known as B. tabaci MED species) were analyzed after being fed on artificial diet containing the antibiotic rifampicin and compared with untreated controls. The bacterial 16S rDNA gene amplicon metagenomic sequencing method was used in the analyses. The results showed that the BABM in male and female adults have different characteristics, and that the community structure of the BABM changes drastically following antibiotic treatment. Further analysis of the endosymbionts in B. tabaci showed that the relative abundance of the primary endosymbiont, Portiera, increased in females but was unchanged in male whiteflies, while that of the secondary endosymbiont, Hamiltonella, significantly decreased in both male and female whiteflies. The secondary endosymbionts, Cardinium and Rickettsia, were apparently not affected in either male or female whiteflies. CONCLUSIONS The community structure of BABM can be drastically altered following treatment with the antibiotic, rifampicin. This may be due to different antibiotic susceptibilities among the bacterial species. These results provide valuable insights into the innate differences in the BABM of male and female whiteflies, as well as structural changes that occur in the BABM in response to exposure to an antibiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Hong Lv
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Wei
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yun-Li Tao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Dong Chu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
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Su MM, Guo L, Tao YL, Zhang YJ, Wan FH, Chu D. Effects of Host Plant Factors on the Bacterial Communities Associated with Two Whitefly Sibling Species. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152183. [PMID: 27008327 PMCID: PMC4805303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although discrepancy in the specific traits and ecological characteristics of Bemisia tabaci between species are partially attributed to the B. tabaci-associated bacteria, the factors that affect the diversity of B. tabaci-associated bacteria are not well-understood. We used the metagenomic approach to characterize the B. tabaci-associated bacterial community because the approach is an effective tool to identify the bacteria. Methodology and Results To investigate the effects of the host plant and a virus, tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), on the bacterial communities of B. tabaci sibling species B and Q, we analyzed the bacterial communities associated with whitefly B and Q collected from healthy cotton, healthy tomato, and TYLCV-infected tomato. The analysis used miseq-based sequencing of a variable region of the bacterial 16S rDNA gene. For the bacteria associated with B. tabaci, we found that the influence of the host plant species was greater than that of the whitefly cryptic species. With further analysis of host plants infected with the TYLCV, the virus had no significant effects on the B. tabaci-associated bacterial community. Conclusions The effects of different plant hosts and TYLCV-infection on the diversity of B. tabaci-associated bacterial communities were successfully analyzed in this study. To explain why B. tabaci sibling species with different host ranges differ in performance, the analysis of the bacterial community may be essential to the explanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Su
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, P. R. China
| | - Lei Guo
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Li Tao
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, P. R. China
| | - You-Jun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Fang-Hao Wan
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
| | - Dong Chu
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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29
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Enders LS, Miller NJ. Stress-induced changes in abundance differ among obligate and facultative endosymbionts of the soybean aphid. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:818-29. [PMID: 26865969 PMCID: PMC4739556 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial endosymbionts can drive evolutionary novelty by conferring adaptive benefits under adverse environmental conditions. Among aphid species there is growing evidence that symbionts influence tolerance to various forms of stress. However, the extent to which stress inflicted on the aphid host has cascading effects on symbiont community dynamics remains poorly understood. Here we simultaneously quantified the effect of host-plant induced and xenobiotic stress on soybean aphid (Aphis glycines) fitness and relative abundance of its three bacterial symbionts. Exposure to soybean defensive stress (Rag1 gene) and a neurotoxic insecticide (thiamethoxam) substantially reduced aphid composite fitness (survival × reproduction) by 74 ± 10% and 92 ± 2%, respectively, which in turn induced distinctive changes in the endosymbiont microbiota. When challenged by host-plant defenses a 1.4-fold reduction in abundance of the obligate symbiont Buchnera was observed across four aphid clonal lines. Among facultative symbionts of Rag1-stressed aphids, Wolbachia abundance increased twofold and Arsenophonus decreased 1.5-fold. A similar pattern was observed under xenobiotic stress, with Buchnera and Arsenophonus titers decreasing (1.3-fold) and Wolbachia increasing (1.5-fold). Furthermore, variation in aphid virulence to Rag1 was positively correlated with changes in Arsenophonus titers, but not Wolbachia or Buchnera. A single Arsenophonus multi-locus genotype was found among aphid clonal lines, indicating strain diversity is not primarily responsible for correlated host-symbiont stress levels. Overall, our results demonstrate the nature of aphid symbioses can significantly affect the outcome of interactions under stress and suggests general changes in the microbiome can occur across multiple stress types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laramy S. Enders
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of Nebraska‐Lincoln103 Entomology HallLincolnNebraska68583‐0816
| | - Nicholas J. Miller
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of Nebraska‐Lincoln103 Entomology HallLincolnNebraska68583‐0816
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Xie W, Wu Q, Wang S, Jiao X, Guo L, Zhou X, Zhang Y. Transcriptome analysis of host-associated differentiation in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Front Physiol 2014; 5:487. [PMID: 25540625 PMCID: PMC4261700 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-associated differentiation is one of the driving forces behind the diversification of phytophagous insects. In this study, host induced transcriptomic differences were investigated in the sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci, an invasive agricultural pest worldwide. Comparative transcriptomic analyses using coding sequence (CDS), 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions (UTR) showed that sequence divergences between the original host plant, cabbage, and the derived hosts, including cotton, cucumber and tomato, were 0.11–0.14%, 0.19–0.26%, and 0.15–0.21%, respectively. In comparison to the derived hosts, 418 female and 303 male transcripts, respectively, were up-regulated in the original cabbage strain. Among them, 17 transcripts were consistently up-regulated in both female and male whiteflies originated from the cabbage host. Specifically, two ESTs annotated as Cathepsin B or Cathepsin B-like genes were significantly up-regulated in the original cabbage strain, representing a transcriptomic response to the dietary challenges imposed by the host shifting. Results from our transcriptome analysis, in conjunction with previous reports documenting the minor changes in their reproductive capacity, insecticide susceptibility, symbiotic composition and feeding behavior, suggest that the impact of host-associated differentiation in whiteflies is limited. Furthermore, it is unlikely the major factor contributing to their rapid range expansion/invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xie
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Qingjun Wu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Shaoli Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoguo Jiao
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Litao Guo
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, S-225 Agricultural Science Center North, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing, China
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Cao W, Ma Z, Chen YH, Yu X. Pichia anomala, a new species of yeast-like endosymbionts and its variation in small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus). J Biosci Bioeng 2014; 119:669-73. [PMID: 25499750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Yeast-like symbionts (YLS) are endosymbionts that promote the growth of delphacid planthoppers (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), some of which are pests on cultivated rice. Identification and characterization of YLS growth can be helpful for pest control, because it has been demonstrated that there is a variety of YLS in rice planthopper and they affected the planthopper's growth and virulence to plant hosts. So, elucidation of the species of YLS in planthopper is crucial for exploiting a new way to control planthopper. In this study, a new isolated of YLS was obtained from the small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus, which was cultured in vitro, simultaneously identified as Pichia anomala based on its phylogenetic analysis. In order to confirm the existence of P. anomala in the L. striatellus body, we used the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) to identify the YLS and obtain the specific bands for P. anomala. The quantification and localization of P. anomala in L. striatellus samples were determined by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using genus-specific 18S rDNA targeted probe. The result confirmed that a certain number of P. anomala exist in L. striatellus's abdomen. Subsequently, the variation and copy number of P. anomala in different L. striatellus instars was measured by using absolute quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), the results indicated that the new isolated strain was closely related to the developmental process of L. striatellus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zheng Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yolanda H Chen
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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Liu B, Preisser EL, Jiao X, Pan H, Xie W, Wang S, Wu Q, Zhang Y. Plant-mediated changes in the feeding behavior of an invasive whitefly. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 42:980-986. [PMID: 24073848 DOI: 10.1603/en13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The invasive whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is a worldwide pest of agricultural crops that feeds on a wide variety of host plants. Although host plant preference is known to vary among B. tabaci biotypes, far less is known about the potential for intraspecific divergence caused by long-term isolation on a single species of host plant. We tested the hypothesis that multigenerational isolation of B. tabaci B, a biotype that has been well-established in China for nearly two decades, on three different host plants would lead to population-level divergence in feeding behaviors. We used individuals from a cabbage-feeding (Brassica oleracea L.) population of B. tabaci B to create three populations reared exclusively on B. oleracea, cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), or tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) for >80 generations. We then used electrical penetration graph techniques to investigate the feeding behavior of the three B. tabaci populations on each of the three host plants (nine total treatments). Across all three host plants, the cabbage-specific population equaled or exceeded the performance of the cucumber-specific (CuSP) and tomato-specific (ToSP) populations. Strikingly, neither CuSP nor ToSP ever had the best feeding performance on their natal hosts. Our results support the hypothesis that feeding differentiation has occurred, but we found no evidence that these changes increased the feeding performance of either CuSP or ToSP. Although confirming that rapid interpopulation divergence is possible, our findings nonetheless suggest that this differentiation did not yield highly adapted populations that might pose problems for future efforts at pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiming Liu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Su Q, Pan H, Liu B, Chu D, Xie W, Wu Q, Wang S, Xu B, Zhang Y. Insect symbiont facilitates vector acquisition, retention, and transmission of plant virus. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1367. [PMID: 23455639 PMCID: PMC3586701 DOI: 10.1038/srep01367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) was first detected in China in 2006, following the introduction of Bemisia tabaci Q into China in 2003. Since then, the incidence of TYLCV in tomato fields in China has greatly increased as has the abundance and distribution of Q whiteflies containing the bacterial symbiont Hamiltonella with high frequency. This suggested that the symbiont Hamiltonella might associate with the transmission efficiency of TYLCV by the whitefly vector. Here we report the first evidence that the Hamiltonella is closely associated with the acquisition, retention, and transmission efficiency of TYLCV by the whitefly vector. Our findings combined with the outbreaks of TYLCV following the introduction of Q, provided an explanation for why Hamiltonella is being maintained at a relatively high level in Chinese B. tabaci Q and also have implications for disease and vector management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Su
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Huipeng Pan
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Baiming Liu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Dong Chu
- College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, P. R. China
| | - Wen Xie
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Qingjun Wu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Shaoli Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Baoyun Xu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
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