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De Luca C, Virtuoso A, Papa M, Certo F, Barbagallo GMV, Altieri R. Regional Development of Glioblastoma: The Anatomical Conundrum of Cancer Biology and Its Surgical Implication. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081349. [PMID: 35456027 PMCID: PMC9025763 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) are among the most common malignant central nervous system (CNS) cancers, they are relatively rare. This evidence suggests that the CNS microenvironment is naturally equipped to control proliferative cells, although, rarely, failure of this system can lead to cancer development. Moreover, the adult CNS is innately non-permissive to glioma cell invasion. Thus, glioma etiology remains largely unknown. In this review, we analyze the anatomical and biological basis of gliomagenesis considering neural stem cells, the spatiotemporal diversity of astrocytes, microglia, neurons and glutamate transporters, extracellular matrix and the peritumoral environment. The precise understanding of subpopulations constituting GBM, particularly astrocytes, is not limited to glioma stem cells (GSC) and could help in the understanding of tumor pathophysiology. The anatomical fingerprint is essential for non-invasive assessment of patients’ prognosis and correct surgical/radiotherapy planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro De Luca
- Laboratory of Neuronal Network Morphology and Systems Biology, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.D.L.); (A.V.)
| | - Assunta Virtuoso
- Laboratory of Neuronal Network Morphology and Systems Biology, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.D.L.); (A.V.)
| | - Michele Papa
- Laboratory of Neuronal Network Morphology and Systems Biology, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.D.L.); (A.V.)
- SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology ISBE-IT, 20126 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (R.A.)
| | - Francesco Certo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Policlinico “G. Rodolico-S. Marco” University Hospital, 95121 Catania, Italy; (F.C.); (G.M.V.B.)
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Brain Tumors Diagnosis and Treatment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maria Vincenzo Barbagallo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Policlinico “G. Rodolico-S. Marco” University Hospital, 95121 Catania, Italy; (F.C.); (G.M.V.B.)
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Brain Tumors Diagnosis and Treatment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Roberto Altieri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Policlinico “G. Rodolico-S. Marco” University Hospital, 95121 Catania, Italy; (F.C.); (G.M.V.B.)
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Brain Tumors Diagnosis and Treatment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (R.A.)
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2
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Uyar R. Glioblastoma microenvironment: The stromal interactions. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 232:153813. [PMID: 35228161 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.153813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBMs) are the most common primary brain tumors with poor prognosis due to their aggressive growth accompanied by invasive behavior and therapy-resistance. These features promote a high rate of recurrence; therefore, they are largely incurable. One major cause of the incurability is brought about by the intimate relationship of GBM cells with the microenvironment, which supports the tumor growth in various ways by providing a permissive neighborhood. In the tumor microenvironment are glioma stem cells (GSC); endothelial cells (EC) and hypoxic regions; immune cells and immune modulatory cues; astrocytes; neural stem/precursor cells (NPC) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). Each cell type contributes to GBM pathology in unique ways; therefore, it is necessary to understand such interactions between GBM cells and the stromal cells in order to establish a through understanding of the GBM pathology. By explaining the contribution of each stromal entity to GBM pathology we aim to draw an interaction map for GBMs and promote awareness of the complexity of the GBM microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramazan Uyar
- Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
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3
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Impaired Generation of Transit-Amplifying Progenitors in the Adult Subventricular Zone of Cyclin D2 Knockout Mice. Cells 2022; 11:cells11010135. [PMID: 35011697 PMCID: PMC8750346 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the adult brain, new neurons are constitutively derived from postnatal neural stem cells/progenitors located in two neurogenic regions: the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles (migrating and differentiating into different subtypes of the inhibitory interneurons of the olfactory bulbs), and the subgranular layer of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Cyclin D2 knockout (cD2-KO) mice exhibit reduced numbers of new hippocampal neurons; however, the proliferation deficiency and the dysregulation of adult neurogenesis in the SVZ required further investigation. In this report, we characterized the differentiation potential of each subpopulation of the SVZ neural precursors in cD2-KO mice. The number of newly generated cells in the SVZs was significantly decreased in cD2-KO mice compared to wild type mice (WT), and was not accompanied by elevated levels of apoptosis. Although the number of B1-type quiescent precursors (B1q) and the overall B1-type activated precursors (B1a) were not affected in the SVZ neurogenic niche, the number of transit-amplifying progenitors (TaPs) was significantly reduced. Additionally, the subpopulations of calbindin D28k and calretinin interneurons were diminished in the olfactory bulbs of cD2-KO mice. Our results suggest that cyclin D2 might be critical for the proliferation of neural precursors and progenitors in the SVZ—the transition of B1a into TaPs and, thereafter, the production of newly generated interneurons in the olfactory bulbs. Untangling regulators that functionally modulate adult neurogenesis provides a basis for the development of regenerative therapies for injuries and neurodegenerative diseases.
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4
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Zhang GL, Wang CF, Qian C, Ji YX, Wang YZ. Role and mechanism of neural stem cells of the subventricular zone in glioblastoma. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:877-893. [PMID: 34367482 PMCID: PMC8316865 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i7.877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most frequently occurring malignant brain tumor in adults, remains mostly untreatable. Because of the heterogeneity of invasive gliomas and drug resistance associated with the tumor microenvironment, the prognosis is poor, and the survival rate of patients is low. Communication between GBMs and non-glioma cells in the tumor microenvironment plays a vital role in tumor growth and recurrence. Emerging data have suggested that neural stem cells (NSCs) in the subventricular zone (SVZ) are the cells-of-origin of gliomas, and SVZ NSC involvement is associated with the progression and recurrence of GBM. This review highlights the interaction between SVZ NSCs and gliomas, summarizes current findings on the crosstalk between gliomas and other non-glioma cells, and describes the links between SVZ NSCs and gliomas. We also discuss the role and mechanism of SVZ NSCs in glioblastoma, as well as the interventions targeting the SVZ and their therapeutic implications in glioblastoma. Taken together, understanding the biological mechanism of glioma-NSC interactions can lead to new therapeutic strategies for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Long Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chuan-Fang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yun-Xiang Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ye-Zhong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, Guangdong Province, China
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5
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Chinigò G, Castel H, Chever O, Gkika D. TRP Channels in Brain Tumors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:617801. [PMID: 33928077 PMCID: PMC8076903 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.617801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant glioma including glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common group of primary brain tumors. Despite standard optimized treatment consisting of extensive resection followed by radiotherapy/concomitant and adjuvant therapy, GBM remains one of the most aggressive human cancers. GBM is a typical example of intra-heterogeneity modeled by different micro-environmental situations, one of the main causes of resistance to conventional treatments. The resistance to treatment is associated with angiogenesis, hypoxic and necrotic tumor areas while heterogeneity would accumulate during glioma cell invasion, supporting recurrence. These complex mechanisms require a focus on potential new molecular actors to consider new treatment options for gliomas. Among emerging and underexplored targets, transient receptor potential (TRP) channels belonging to a superfamily of non-selective cation channels which play critical roles in the responses to a number of external stimuli from the external environment were found to be related to cancer development, including glioma. Here, we discuss the potential as biological markers of diagnosis and prognosis of TRPC6, TRPM8, TRPV4, or TRPV1/V2 being associated with glioma patient overall survival. TRPs-inducing common or distinct mechanisms associated with their Ca2+-channel permeability and/or kinase function were detailed as involving miRNA or secondary effector signaling cascades in turn controlling proliferation, cell cycle, apoptotic pathways, DNA repair, resistance to treatment as well as migration/invasion. These recent observations of the key role played by TRPs such as TRPC6 in GBM growth and invasiveness, TRPV2 in proliferation and glioma-stem cell differentiation and TRPM2 as channel carriers of cytotoxic chemotherapy within glioma cells, should offer new directions for innovation in treatment strategies of high-grade glioma as GBM to overcome high resistance and recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Chinigò
- Laboratory of Cell Physiology, Department of Life Sciences, Univ. Lille, Inserm, U1003 - PHYCEL, University of Lille, Lille, France.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Angiogenesis, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Hélène Castel
- UNIROUEN, Inserm U1239, DC2N, Normandie Université, Rouen, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen, France
| | - Oana Chever
- UNIROUEN, Inserm U1239, DC2N, Normandie Université, Rouen, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen, France
| | - Dimitra Gkika
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Centre Oscar Lambret, UMR 9020-UMR 1277-Canther-Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, University of Lille, Lille, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
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6
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Kälin RE, Cai L, Li Y, Zhao D, Zhang H, Cheng J, Zhang W, Wu Y, Eisenhut K, Janssen P, Schmitt L, Enard W, Michels F, Flüh C, Hou M, Kirchleitner SV, Siller S, Schiemann M, Andrä I, Montanez E, Giachino C, Taylor V, Synowitz M, Tonn JC, von Baumgarten L, Schulz C, Hellmann I, Glass R. TAMEP are brain tumor parenchymal cells controlling neoplastic angiogenesis and progression. Cell Syst 2021; 12:248-262.e7. [PMID: 33592194 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aggressive brain tumors like glioblastoma depend on support by their local environment and subsets of tumor parenchymal cells may promote specific phases of disease progression. We investigated the glioblastoma microenvironment with transgenic lineage-tracing models, intravital imaging, single-cell transcriptomics, immunofluorescence analysis as well as histopathology and characterized a previously unacknowledged population of tumor-associated cells with a myeloid-like expression profile (TAMEP) that transiently appeared during glioblastoma growth. TAMEP of mice and humans were identified with specific markers. Notably, TAMEP did not derive from microglia or peripheral monocytes but were generated by a fraction of CNS-resident, SOX2-positive progenitors. Abrogation of this progenitor cell population, by conditional Sox2-knockout, drastically reduced glioblastoma vascularization and size. Hence, TAMEP emerge as a tumor parenchymal component with a strong impact on glioblastoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland E Kälin
- Neurosurgical Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Linzhi Cai
- Neurosurgical Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Yuping Li
- Neurosurgical Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Dongxu Zhao
- Neurosurgical Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Huabin Zhang
- Neurosurgical Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jiying Cheng
- Neurosurgical Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Yingxi Wu
- Neurosurgical Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Eisenhut
- Neurosurgical Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Janssen
- Anthropology and Human Genomics, Department Biology II, LMU Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Lukas Schmitt
- Anthropology and Human Genomics, Department Biology II, LMU Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Enard
- Anthropology and Human Genomics, Department Biology II, LMU Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Friederike Michels
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Center Schleswig Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Charlotte Flüh
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Center Schleswig Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Mengzhuo Hou
- Neurosurgical Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Siller
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Schiemann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Immanuel Andrä
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Eloi Montanez
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona and Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08907 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Claudio Giachino
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Verdon Taylor
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Synowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Center Schleswig Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jörg-Christian Tonn
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Louisa von Baumgarten
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Schulz
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Ines Hellmann
- Anthropology and Human Genomics, Department Biology II, LMU Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Rainer Glass
- Neurosurgical Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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7
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Ginisty A, Oliver L, Arnault P, Vallette F, Benzakour O, Coronas V. The vitamin K-dependent factor, protein S, regulates brain neural stem cell migration and phagocytic activities towards glioma cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 855:30-39. [PMID: 31028740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors. Due to both their invasive nature and resistance to multimodal treatments, these tumors have a very high percentage of recurrence leading in most cases to a rapid fatal outcome. Recent data demonstrated that neural stem/progenitor cells possess an inherent ability to migrate towards glioma cells, track them in the brain and reduce their growth. However, mechanisms involved in these processes have not been explored in-depth. In the present report, we investigated interactions between glioma cells and neural stem/progenitor cells derived from the subventricular zone, the major brain stem cell niche. Our data show that neural stem/progenitor cells are attracted by cultured glioma-derived factors. Using multiple approaches, we demonstrate for the first time that the vitamin K-dependent factor protein S produced by glioma cells is involved in tumor tropism through a mechanism involving the tyrosine kinase receptor Tyro3 that, in turn, is expressed by neural stem/progenitor cells. Neural stem/progenitor cells decrease the growth of both glioma cell cultures and clonogenic population. Cultured neural stem/progenitor cells also engulf, by phagocytosis, apoptotic glioma cell-derived fragments and this mechanism depends on the exposure of phosphatidylserine eat-me signal and is stimulated by protein S. The disclosure of a role of protein S/Tyro3 axis in neural stem/progenitor cell tumor-tropism and the demonstration of a phagocytic activity of neural stem/progenitor cells towards dead glioma cells that is regulated by protein S open up new perspectives for both stem cell biology and brain physiopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Ginisty
- Laboratoire Signalisations et Transports Ioniques Membranaires (STIM), CNRS ERL 7003 Equipe 4CS - Université de Poitiers, UFR SFA, Pôle Biologie Santé, Bâtiment B36, 1 Rue Georges Bonnet, TSA 51106, 86073, POITIERS Cedex 9, France; Present Address: Biological Adaptation and Ageing (B2A) UMR 8256 CNRS-UPMC Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS) Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Lisa Oliver
- CRCINA, Inserm U1232, Université de Nantes, 44 0000, Nantes, France; Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, René Gauducheau, 44 8000, St Herblain, France; Micronit GDR CNRS 3697, 75020, Paris, France
| | - Patricia Arnault
- Laboratoire Signalisations et Transports Ioniques Membranaires (STIM), CNRS ERL 7003 Equipe 4CS - Université de Poitiers, UFR SFA, Pôle Biologie Santé, Bâtiment B36, 1 Rue Georges Bonnet, TSA 51106, 86073, POITIERS Cedex 9, France; Micronit GDR CNRS 3697, 75020, Paris, France
| | - François Vallette
- CRCINA, Inserm U1232, Université de Nantes, 44 0000, Nantes, France; Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, René Gauducheau, 44 8000, St Herblain, France; Micronit GDR CNRS 3697, 75020, Paris, France
| | - Omar Benzakour
- Inserm U1082, Université de Poitiers, 86073, Poitiers cedex 09, France
| | - Valérie Coronas
- Laboratoire Signalisations et Transports Ioniques Membranaires (STIM), CNRS ERL 7003 Equipe 4CS - Université de Poitiers, UFR SFA, Pôle Biologie Santé, Bâtiment B36, 1 Rue Georges Bonnet, TSA 51106, 86073, POITIERS Cedex 9, France; Micronit GDR CNRS 3697, 75020, Paris, France.
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8
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Bardella C, Al-Shammari AR, Soares L, Tomlinson I, O'Neill E, Szele FG. The role of inflammation in subventricular zone cancer. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 170:37-52. [PMID: 29654835 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The adult subventricular zone (SVZ) stem cell niche has proven vital for discovering neurodevelopmental mechanisms and holds great potential in medicine for neurodegenerative diseases. Yet the SVZ holds a dark side - it can become tumorigenic. Glioblastomas can arise from the SVZ via cancer stem cells (CSCs). Glioblastoma and other brain cancers often have dismal prognoses since they are resistant to treatment. In this review we argue that the SVZ is susceptible to cancer because it contains stem cells, migratory progenitors and unusual inflammation. Theoretically, SVZ stem cells can convert to CSCs more readily than can postmitotic neural cells. Additionally, the robust long-distance migration of SVZ progenitors can be subverted upon tumorigenesis to an infiltrative phenotype. There is evidence that the SVZ, even in health, exhibits chronic low-grade cellular and molecular inflammation. Its inflammatory response to brain injuries and disease differs from that of other brain regions. We hypothesize that the SVZ inflammatory environment can predispose cells to novel mutations and exacerbate cancer phenotypes. This can be studied in animal models in which human mutations related to cancer are knocked into the SVZ to induce tumorigenesis and the CSC immune interactions that precede full-blown cancer. Importantly inflammation can be pharmacologically modulated providing an avenue to brain cancer management and treatment. The SVZ is accessible by virtue of its location surrounding the lateral ventricles and CSCs in the SVZ can be targeted with a variety of pharmacotherapies. Thus, the SVZ can yield aggressive tumors but can be targeted via several strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bardella
- Institute of Cancer and Genomics Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Abeer R Al-Shammari
- Research and Development, Qatar Research Leadership Program, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Luana Soares
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ian Tomlinson
- Institute of Cancer and Genomics Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Eric O'Neill
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Francis G Szele
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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9
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Mughal AA, Zhang L, Fayzullin A, Server A, Li Y, Wu Y, Glass R, Meling T, Langmoen IA, Leergaard TB, Vik-Mo EO. Patterns of Invasive Growth in Malignant Gliomas-The Hippocampus Emerges as an Invasion-Spared Brain Region. Neoplasia 2018; 20:643-656. [PMID: 29793116 PMCID: PMC6030235 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Widespread infiltration of tumor cells into surrounding brain parenchyma is a hallmark of malignant gliomas, but little data exist on the overall invasion pattern of tumor cells throughout the brain. METHODS: We have studied the invasive phenotype of malignant gliomas in two invasive mouse models and patients. Tumor invasion patterns were characterized in a patient-derived xenograft mouse model using brain-wide histological analysis and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Findings were histologically validated in a cdkn2a−/− PDGF-β lentivirus-induced mouse glioblastoma model. Clinical verification of the results was obtained by analysis of MR images of malignant gliomas. RESULTS: Histological analysis using human-specific cellular markers revealed invasive tumors with a non-radial invasion pattern. Tumors cells accumulated in structures located far from the transplant site, such as the optic white matter and pons, whereas certain adjacent regions were spared. As such, the hippocampus was remarkably free of infiltrating tumor cells despite the extensive invasion of surrounding regions. Similarly, MR images of xenografted mouse brains displayed tumors with bihemispheric pathology, while the hippocampi appeared relatively normal. In patients, most malignant temporal lobe gliomas were located lateral to the collateral sulcus. Despite widespread pathological fluid-attenuated inversion recovery signal in the temporal lobe, 74% of the “lateral tumors” did not show signs of involvement of the amygdalo-hippocampal complex. CONCLUSIONS: Our data provide clear evidence for a compartmental pattern of invasive growth in malignant gliomas. The observed invasion patterns suggest the presence of preferred migratory paths, as well as intra-parenchymal boundaries that may be difficult for glioma cells to traverse supporting the notion of compartmental growth. In both mice and human patients, the hippocampus appears to be a brain region that is less prone to tumor invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awais A Mughal
- Vilhelm Magnus Laboratory for Neurosurgical Research, Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; SFI-CAST-Cancer Stem Cell Innovation Center, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Lili Zhang
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Artem Fayzullin
- Vilhelm Magnus Laboratory for Neurosurgical Research, Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andres Server
- Section of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yuping Li
- Neurosurgical Research, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yingxi Wu
- Neurosurgical Research, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rainer Glass
- Neurosurgical Research, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Torstein Meling
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Iver A Langmoen
- Vilhelm Magnus Laboratory for Neurosurgical Research, Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; SFI-CAST-Cancer Stem Cell Innovation Center, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Trygve B Leergaard
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Einar O Vik-Mo
- Vilhelm Magnus Laboratory for Neurosurgical Research, Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; SFI-CAST-Cancer Stem Cell Innovation Center, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
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10
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Distinguishing features of microglia- and monocyte-derived macrophages after stroke. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 135:551-568. [PMID: 29249001 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1795-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
After stroke, macrophages in the ischemic brain may be derived from either resident microglia or infiltrating monocytes. Using bone marrow (BM)-chimerism and dual-reporter transgenic fate mapping, we here set out to delimit the responses of either cell type to mild brain ischemia in a mouse model of 30 min transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). A discriminatory analysis of gene expression at 7 days post-event yielded 472 transcripts predominantly or exclusively expressed in blood-derived macrophages as well as 970 transcripts for microglia. The differentially regulated genes were further collated with oligodendrocyte, astrocyte, and neuron transcriptomes, resulting in a dataset of microglia- and monocyte-specific genes in the ischemic brain. Functional categories significantly enriched in monocytes included migration, proliferation, and calcium signaling, indicative of strong activation. Whole-cell patch-clamp analysis further confirmed this highly activated state by demonstrating delayed outward K+ currents selectively in invading cells. Although both cell types displayed a mixture of known phenotypes pointing to the significance of 'intermediate states' in vivo, blood-derived macrophages were generally more skewed toward an M2 neuroprotective phenotype. Finally, we found that decreased engraftment of blood-borne cells in the ischemic brain of chimeras reconstituted with BM from Selplg-/- mice resulted in increased lesions at 7 days and worse post-stroke sensorimotor performance. In aggregate, our study establishes crucial differences in activation state between resident microglia and invading macrophages after stroke and identifies unique genomic signatures for either cell type.
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11
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Filipkowski RK, Kaczmarek L. Severely impaired adult brain neurogenesis in cyclin D2 knock-out mice produces very limited phenotypic changes. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 80:63-67. [PMID: 28433461 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of new neurons being produced in the brains of adult mammals (adult brain neurogenesis) began a quest to determine the function(s) of these cells. Major hypotheses in the field have assumed that these neurons play pivotal role, in particular, in learning and memory phenomena, mood control, and epileptogenesis. In our studies summarized herein, we used cyclin D2 knockout (KO) mice, as we have shown that cyclin D2 is the key factor in adult brain neurogenesis and thus its lack produces profound impairment of the process. On the other hand, developmental neurogenesis responsible for the brain formation depends only slightly on cyclin D2, as the mutants display minor structural abnormalities, such as smaller hippocampus and more severe disturbances in the structure of the olfactory bulbs. Surprisingly, the studies have revealed that cyclin D2 KO mice did not show major deficits in several behavioral paradigms assessing hippocampal learning and memory. Furthermore, missing adult brain neurogenesis affected neither action of antidepressants, nor epileptogenesis. On the other hand, minor deficits observed in cyclin D2 KO mice in fine tuning of cognitive functions, species-typical behaviors and alcohol consumption might be explained by a reduced hippocampal size and/or other developmentally driven brain impairments observed in these mutant mice. In aggregate, surprisingly, missing almost entirely adult brain neurogenesis produces only very limited behavioral phenotype that could be attributed to the consequences of the development-dependent minor brain abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Filipkowski
- Behavior and Metabolism Research Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5 St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Leszek Kaczmarek
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3 St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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12
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Fliniaux I, Germain E, Farfariello V, Prevarskaya N. TRPs and Ca2+ in cell death and survival. Cell Calcium 2018; 69:4-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Effects of a Supernatant of Fetal Neurogenic Cells on Proliferative Activity in Glioma C6 Cell Culture. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-016-9594-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Bryukhovetskiy IS, Dyuizen IV, Shevchenko VE, Bryukhovetskiy AS, Mischenko PV, Milkina EV, Khotimchenko YS. Hematopoietic stem cells as a tool for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:4511-4520. [PMID: 27748891 PMCID: PMC5101999 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is an aggressive malignant brain tumor with terminal consequences. A primary reason for its resistance to treatment is associated with cancer stem cells (CSCs), of which there are currently no effective ways to destroy. It remains unclear what cancer cells become a target of stem cell migration, what the role of this process is in oncogenesis and what stem cell lines should be used in developing antitumor technologies. Using modern post‑genome technologies, the present study investigated the migration of human stem cells to cancer cells in vitro, the comparative study of cell proteomes of certain stem cells (including CSCs) was conducted and stem cell migration in vivo was examined. Of all glioblastoma cells, CSCs have the stability to attract normal stem cells. Critical differences in cell proteomes allow the consideration of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) as an instrument for interaction with glioblastoma CSCs. Following injection into the bloodstream of animals with glioblastoma, the majority of HSCs migrated to the tumor‑containing brain hemisphere and penetrated the tumor tissue. HSCs therefore are of potential use in the development of methods to target CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Inessa V Dyuizen
- Far Eastern Federal University, School of Biomedicine, Vladivostok 690091, Russia
| | - Valeriy E Shevchenko
- Far Eastern Federal University, School of Biomedicine, Vladivostok 690091, Russia
| | | | - Polina V Mischenko
- Far Eastern Federal University, School of Biomedicine, Vladivostok 690091, Russia
| | - Elena V Milkina
- Far Eastern Federal University, School of Biomedicine, Vladivostok 690091, Russia
| | - Yuri S Khotimchenko
- Far Eastern Federal University, School of Biomedicine, Vladivostok 690091, Russia
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15
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Decreased demand for olfactory periglomerular cells impacts on neural precursor cell viability in the rostral migratory stream. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32203. [PMID: 27573347 PMCID: PMC5004164 DOI: 10.1038/srep32203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The subventricular zone (SVZ) provides a constant supply of new neurons to the olfactory bulb (OB). Different studies have investigated the role of olfactory sensory input to neural precursor cell (NPC) turnover in the SVZ but it was not addressed if a reduced demand specifically for periglomerular neurons impacts on NPC-traits in the rostral migratory stream (RMS). We here report that membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) deficient mice have reduced complexity of the nasal turbinates, decreased sensory innervation of the OB, reduced numbers of olfactory glomeruli and reduced OB-size without alterations in SVZ neurogenesis. Large parts of the RMS were fully preserved in MT1-MMP-deficient mice, but we detected an increase in cell death-levels and a decrease in SVZ-derived neuroblasts in the distal RMS, as compared to controls. BrdU-tracking experiments showed that homing of NPCs specifically to the glomerular layer was reduced in MT1-MMP-deficient mice in contrast to controls while numbers of tracked cells remained equal in other OB-layers throughout all experimental groups. Altogether, our data show the demand for olfactory interneurons in the glomerular layer modulates cell turnover in the RMS, but has no impact on subventricular neurogenesis.
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16
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Iwadate Y, Fukuda K, Matsutani T, Saeki N. Intrinsic protective mechanisms of the neuron-glia network against glioma invasion. J Clin Neurosci 2016; 26:19-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2015.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Dzaye O, Hu F, Derkow K, Haage V, Euskirchen P, Harms C, Lehnardt S, Synowitz M, Wolf SA, Kettenmann H. Glioma Stem Cells but Not Bulk Glioma Cells Upregulate IL-6 Secretion in Microglia/Brain Macrophages via Toll-like Receptor 4 Signaling. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2016; 75:429-40. [PMID: 27030742 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlw016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral macrophages and resident microglia constitute the dominant glioma-infiltrating cells. The tumor induces an immunosuppressive and tumor-supportive phenotype in these glioma-associated microglia/brain macrophages (GAMs). A subpopulation of glioma cells acts as glioma stem cells (GSCs). We explored the interaction between GSCs and GAMs. Using CD133 as a marker of stemness, we enriched for or deprived the mouse glioma cell line GL261 of GSCs by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Over the same period of time, 100 CD133(+ )GSCs had the capacity to form a tumor of comparable size to the ones formed by 10,000 CD133(-) GL261 cells. In IL-6(-/-) mice, only tumors formed by CD133(+ )cells were smaller compared with wild type. After stimulation of primary cultured microglia with medium from CD133-enriched GL261 glioma cells, we observed an selective upregulation in microglial IL-6 secretion dependent on Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4. Our results show that GSCs, but not the bulk glioma cells, initiate microglial IL-6 secretion via TLR4 signaling and that IL-6 regulates glioma growth by supporting GSCs. Using human glioma tissue, we could confirm the finding that GAMs are the major source of IL-6 in the tumor context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Dzaye
- From the Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany (ODaD, FH, VH, SAW, HK) ; Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China (FH); Department of Neurology (KD, PE), Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Department of Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology (PE, CH), Department of Neurology and Center for Anatomy, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (SL), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany; and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany (MS)
| | - Feng Hu
- From the Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany (ODaD, FH, VH, SAW, HK) ; Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China (FH); Department of Neurology (KD, PE), Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Department of Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology (PE, CH), Department of Neurology and Center for Anatomy, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (SL), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany; and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany (MS)
| | - Katja Derkow
- From the Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany (ODaD, FH, VH, SAW, HK) ; Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China (FH); Department of Neurology (KD, PE), Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Department of Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology (PE, CH), Department of Neurology and Center for Anatomy, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (SL), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany; and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany (MS)
| | - Verena Haage
- From the Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany (ODaD, FH, VH, SAW, HK) ; Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China (FH); Department of Neurology (KD, PE), Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Department of Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology (PE, CH), Department of Neurology and Center for Anatomy, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (SL), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany; and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany (MS)
| | - Philipp Euskirchen
- From the Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany (ODaD, FH, VH, SAW, HK) ; Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China (FH); Department of Neurology (KD, PE), Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Department of Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology (PE, CH), Department of Neurology and Center for Anatomy, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (SL), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany; and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany (MS)
| | - Christoph Harms
- From the Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany (ODaD, FH, VH, SAW, HK) ; Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China (FH); Department of Neurology (KD, PE), Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Department of Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology (PE, CH), Department of Neurology and Center for Anatomy, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (SL), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany; and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany (MS)
| | - Seija Lehnardt
- From the Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany (ODaD, FH, VH, SAW, HK) ; Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China (FH); Department of Neurology (KD, PE), Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Department of Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology (PE, CH), Department of Neurology and Center for Anatomy, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (SL), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany; and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany (MS)
| | - Michael Synowitz
- From the Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany (ODaD, FH, VH, SAW, HK) ; Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China (FH); Department of Neurology (KD, PE), Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Department of Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology (PE, CH), Department of Neurology and Center for Anatomy, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (SL), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany; and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany (MS)
| | - Susanne A Wolf
- From the Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany (ODaD, FH, VH, SAW, HK) ; Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China (FH); Department of Neurology (KD, PE), Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Department of Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology (PE, CH), Department of Neurology and Center for Anatomy, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (SL), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany; and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany (MS)
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- From the Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany (ODaD, FH, VH, SAW, HK) ; Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China (FH); Department of Neurology (KD, PE), Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Department of Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology (PE, CH), Department of Neurology and Center for Anatomy, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (SL), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany; and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany (MS)
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18
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Che X, Guo J, Li X, Wang L, Wei S. Intramuscular injection of bone marrow mononuclear cells contributes to bone repair following midpalatal expansion in rats. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:681-8. [PMID: 26648442 PMCID: PMC4686095 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Healing from injury requires the activation and proliferation of stem cells for tissue repair. Previous studies have demonstrated that bone marrow is a central pool of stem cells. The present study aimed to investigate the route undertaken by bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs) following BMMC transplantation by masseter injection in a rat model of midpalatal expansion. The rats were divided into five groups according to the types of midpalatal expansion, incision and BMMC transplantation. Samples of midpalatal bone from the rats in each group were used for histological and immunohistochemical assessments to track and evaluate the differential potentials of the transplanted BMMCs in the masseter muscle and midpalatal bone. Bromodeoxyuridine was used as a BMMC tracing label, and M-cadherin was used to detect muscle satellite cells. The BMMCs injected into the masseter were observed, not only in the masseter, but also in the blood vessels and oral mucosa, and enveloped the midpalatal bone. A number of the BMMCs transformed into osteoblasts at the boundary of the neuromuscular bundle, and were embedded in the newly formed bone during midpalatal bone regeneration. The results of the present study suggested that BMMCs entered the circulation and migrated from muscle to the bone tissue, where they were involved in bone repair. Therefore, BMMCs may prove useful in the treatment of various types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Che
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Jie Guo
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Lve Wang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Silong Wei
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
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19
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Ginisty A, Gély-Pernot A, Abaamrane L, Morel F, Arnault P, Coronas V, Benzakour O. Evidence for a Subventricular Zone Neural Stem Cell Phagocytic Activity Stimulated by the Vitamin K-Dependent Factor Protein S. Stem Cells 2015; 33:515-25. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Ginisty
- CNRS ERL 7368; Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires, University of Poitiers; Poitiers cedex 09 France
| | - Aurore Gély-Pernot
- CNRS ERL 7368; Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires, University of Poitiers; Poitiers cedex 09 France
| | - Loubna Abaamrane
- CNRS ERL 7368; Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires, University of Poitiers; Poitiers cedex 09 France
| | - Franck Morel
- LITEC, EA 4331; University of Poitiers; Poitiers cedex 09 France
| | - Patricia Arnault
- CNRS ERL 7368; Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires, University of Poitiers; Poitiers cedex 09 France
| | - Valérie Coronas
- CNRS ERL 7368; Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires, University of Poitiers; Poitiers cedex 09 France
| | - Omar Benzakour
- CNRS ERL 7368; Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires, University of Poitiers; Poitiers cedex 09 France
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20
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Hickmann AK, Nadji-Ohl M, Hopf NJ. Feasibility of fluorescence-guided resection of recurrent gliomas using five-aminolevulinic acid: retrospective analysis of surgical and neurological outcome in 58 patients. J Neurooncol 2015; 122:151-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-014-1694-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Dubois LG, Campanati L, Righy C, D'Andrea-Meira I, Spohr TCLDSE, Porto-Carreiro I, Pereira CM, Balça-Silva J, Kahn SA, DosSantos MF, Oliveira MDAR, Ximenes-da-Silva A, Lopes MC, Faveret E, Gasparetto EL, Moura-Neto V. Gliomas and the vascular fragility of the blood brain barrier. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:418. [PMID: 25565956 PMCID: PMC4264502 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes, members of the glial family, interact through the exchange of soluble factors or by directly contacting neurons and other brain cells, such as microglia and endothelial cells. Astrocytic projections interact with vessels and act as additional elements of the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB). By mechanisms not fully understood, astrocytes can undergo oncogenic transformation and give rise to gliomas. The tumors take advantage of the BBB to ensure survival and continuous growth. A glioma can develop into a very aggressive tumor, the glioblastoma (GBM), characterized by a highly heterogeneous cell population (including tumor stem cells), extensive proliferation and migration. Nevertheless, gliomas can also give rise to slow growing tumors and in both cases, the afflux of blood, via BBB is crucial. Glioma cells migrate to different regions of the brain guided by the extension of blood vessels, colonizing the healthy adjacent tissue. In the clinical context, GBM can lead to tumor-derived seizures, which represent a challenge to patients and clinicians, since drugs used for its treatment must be able to cross the BBB. Uncontrolled and fast growth also leads to the disruption of the chimeric and fragile vessels in the tumor mass resulting in peritumoral edema. Although hormonal therapy is currently used to control the edema, it is not always efficient. In this review we comment the points cited above, considering the importance of the BBB and the concerns that arise when this barrier is affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Gustavo Dubois
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rua do Rezende Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Loraine Campanati
- Laboratório de Morfogênese Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas da, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cassia Righy
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rua do Rezende Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Claudia Maria Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde (ECS), Universidade do Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO) Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Joana Balça-Silva
- Centro de Neurociência e Biologia Celular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Suzana Assad Kahn
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rua do Rezende Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcos F DosSantos
- Laboratório de Morfogênese Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas da, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Adriana Ximenes-da-Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Maria Celeste Lopes
- Centro de Neurociência e Biologia Celular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Faveret
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rua do Rezende Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Vivaldo Moura-Neto
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rua do Rezende Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ; Laboratório de Morfogênese Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas da, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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22
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Simeonova I, Huillard E. In vivo models of brain tumors: roles of genetically engineered mouse models in understanding tumor biology and use in preclinical studies. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:4007-26. [PMID: 25008045 PMCID: PMC4175043 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1675-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Although our knowledge of the biology of brain tumors has increased tremendously over the past decade, progress in treatment of these deadly diseases remains modest. Developing in vivo models that faithfully mirror human diseases is essential for the validation of new therapeutic approaches. Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) provide elaborate temporally and genetically controlled systems to investigate the cellular origins of brain tumors and gene function in tumorigenesis. Furthermore, they can prove to be valuable tools for testing targeted therapies. In this review, we discuss GEMMs of brain tumors, focusing on gliomas and medulloblastomas. We describe how they provide critical insights into the molecular and cellular events involved in the initiation and maintenance of brain tumors, and illustrate their use in preclinical drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Simeonova
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) UMR-S975, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere, 47 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
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23
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Förstera B, a Dzaye OD, Winkelmann A, Semtner M, Benedetti B, Markovic DS, Synowitz M, Wend P, Fähling M, Junier MP, Glass R, Kettenmann H, Meier JC. Intracellular glycine receptor function facilitates glioma formation in vivo. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:3687-98. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.146662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuronal function of Cys-loop neurotransmitter receptors is established; however, their role in non-neuronal cells is poorly defined. As brain tumors accumulate the neurotransmitter glycine, we studied expression and function of glycine receptors (GlyR) in glioma cells. Human brain tumor biopsies selectively expressed GlyR subunits with nuclear import signal (NLS, α1 and α3). The mouse glioma cell line GL261 expressed GlyR α1, and knock-down of α1 protein expression impaired self-renewal capacity and tumorigenicity of GL261 glioma cells as evidenced by the neurosphere assay and GL261 cell inoculation in vivo, respectively. We furthermore show that the pronounced tumorigenic effect of GlyR α1 relies on a new intracellular signaling function that depends on the NLS region in the large cytosolic loop and impacts on GL261 glioma cell gene regulation. Stable expression of GlyR α1 and α3 loops rescued self-renewal capacity of GlyR α1 knock-down cells, which demonstrates their functional equivalence. The new intracellular signaling function identified here goes beyond the well-established role of GlyRs as neuronal ligand-gated ion channels and defines NLS-containing GlyRs as novel potential targets for brain tumor therapies.
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Kast RE, Ellingson BM, Marosi C, Halatsch ME. Glioblastoma treatment using perphenazine to block the subventricular zone’s tumor trophic functions. J Neurooncol 2013; 116:207-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-013-1308-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Charles NA, Holland EC, Gilbertson R, Glass R, Kettenmann H. The brain tumor microenvironment. Glia 2013; 59:1169-80. [PMID: 22379614 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
High-grade brain tumors are heterogeneous with respect to the composition of bona fide tumor cells and with respect to a range of intermingling parenchymal cells. Glioblastomas harbor multiple cell types, some with increased tumorigenicity and stem cell-like capacity. The stem-like cells maybe the cells of origin for tumor relapse. However, the tumor-associated parenchymal cells such as vascular cells,microglia, peripheral immune cells, and neural precursor cells also play a vital role in controlling the course of pathology.In this review, we describe the multiple interactions of bulk glioma cells and glioma stem cells with parenchymal cell populations and highlight the pathological impact as well as signaling pathways known for these types of cell-cell communication. The tumor-vasculature not only nourishes glioblastomas, but also provides a specialized niche for these stem-like cells. In addition, microglial cells,which can contribute up to 30% of a brain tumor mass,play a role in glioblastoma cell invasion. Moreover, non-neoplastic astrocytes can be converted into a reactive phenotype by the glioma microenvironment and can then secrete a number of factors which influences tumor biology. The young brain may have the capacity to inhibit gliomagenesis by the endogenous neural precursor cells, which secrete tumor suppressive factors. The factors, pathways, and interactions described in this review provide a new prospective on the cell biology of primary brain tumors, which may ultimately generate new treatment modalities. However, our picture of the multiple interactions between parenchymal and tumor cells is still incomplete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki A Charles
- Brain Tumor Center and Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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Charles NA, Holland EC, Gilbertson R, Glass R, Kettenmann H. The brain tumor microenvironment. Glia 2013; 60:502-14. [PMID: 22379614 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
High-grade brain tumors are heterogeneous with respect to the composition of bona fide tumor cells and with respect to a range of intermingling parenchymal cells. Glioblastomas harbor multiple cell types, some with increased tumorigenicity and stem cell-like capacity. The stem-like cells maybe the cells of origin for tumor relapse. However, the tumor-associated parenchymal cells such as vascular cells,microglia, peripheral immune cells, and neural precursor cells also play a vital role in controlling the course of pathology.In this review, we describe the multiple interactions of bulk glioma cells and glioma stem cells with parenchymal cell populations and highlight the pathological impact as well as signaling pathways known for these types of cell-cell communication. The tumor-vasculature not only nourishes glioblastomas, but also provides a specialized niche for these stem-like cells. In addition, microglial cells,which can contribute up to 30% of a brain tumor mass,play a role in glioblastoma cell invasion. Moreover, non-neoplastic astrocytes can be converted into a reactive phenotype by the glioma microenvironment and can then secrete a number of factors which influences tumor biology. The young brain may have the capacity to inhibit gliomagenesis by the endogenous neural precursor cells, which secrete tumor suppressive factors. The factors, pathways, and interactions described in this review provide a new prospective on the cell biology of primary brain tumors, which may ultimately generate new treatment modalities. However, our picture of the multiple interactions between parenchymal and tumor cells is still incomplete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki A Charles
- Brain Tumor Center and Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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PD-L1 expression by neurons nearby tumors indicates better prognosis in glioblastoma patients. J Neurosci 2013; 33:14231-45. [PMID: 23986257 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5812-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive form of brain tumor. In general, tumor growth requires disruption of the tissue microenvironment, yet how this affects glioma progression is unknown. We studied program death-ligand (PD-L)1 in neurons and gliomas in tumors from GBM patients and associated the findings with clinical outcome. Remarkably, we found that upregulation of PD-L1 by neurons in tumor-adjacent brain tissue (TABT) associated positively with GBM patient survival, whereas lack of neuronal PD-L1 expression was associated with high PD-L1 in tumors and unfavorable prognosis. To understand the molecular mechanism of PD-L1 signaling in neurons, we investigated PD-L1 function in cerebellar and cortical neurons and its impact on gliomas. We discovered that neuronal PD-L1-induced caspase-dependent apoptosis of glioma cells. Because interferon (IFN)-β induces PD-L1 expression, we studied the functional consequences of neuronal Ifnb gene deletion on PD-L1 signaling and function. Ifnb-/- neurons lacked PD-L1 and were defective in inducing glioma cell death; this effect was reversed on PD-L1 gene transfection. Ifnb-/- mice with intracerebral isografts survived poorly. Similar to the observations in GBM patients, better survival in wild-type mice was associated with high neuronal PD-L1 in TABT and downregulation of PD-L1 in tumors, which was defective in Ifnb-/- mice. Our data indicated that neuronal PD-L1 signaling in brain cells was important for GBM patient survival. Reciprocal PD-L1 regulation in TABT and tumor tissue could be a prognostic biomarker for GBM. Understanding the complex interactions between tumor and adjacent stromal tissue is important in designing targeted GBM therapies.
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Goffart N, Kroonen J, Rogister B. Glioblastoma-initiating cells: relationship with neural stem cells and the micro-environment. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:1049-71. [PMID: 24202333 PMCID: PMC3795378 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5031049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM, WHO grade IV) is the most common and lethal subtype of primary brain tumor with a median overall survival of 15 months from the time of diagnosis. The presence in GBM of a cancer population displaying neural stem cell (NSC) properties as well as tumor-initiating abilities and resistance to current therapies suggests that these glioblastoma-initiating cells (GICs) play a central role in tumor development and are closely related to NSCs. However, it is nowadays still unclear whether GICs derive from NSCs, neural progenitor cells or differentiated cells such as astrocytes or oligodendrocytes. On the other hand, NSCs are located in specific regions of the adult brain called neurogenic niches that have been shown to control critical stem cell properties, to nourish NSCs and to support their self-renewal. This “seed-and-soil” relationship has also been adapted to cancer stem cell research as GICs also require a specific micro-environment to maintain their “stem cell” properties. In this review, we will discuss the controversies surrounding the origin and the identification of GBM stem cells and highlight the micro-environment impact on their biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Goffart
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, GIGA-Neurosciences Research Center, University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium; E-Mail:
| | - Jérôme Kroonen
- Human Genetics, CHU and University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium; E-Mail:
- The T&P Bohnenn Laboratory for Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht 3556, The Netherlands; E-Mail:
| | - Bernard Rogister
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, GIGA-Neurosciences Research Center, University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium; E-Mail:
- Department of Neurology, CHU and University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
- GIGA-Development, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +32-4-366-5950; Fax: +32-4-366-5912
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Transmigration of neural stem cells across the blood brain barrier induced by glioma cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60655. [PMID: 23637756 PMCID: PMC3618035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transit of human neural stem cells, ReNcell CX, through the blood brain barrier (BBB) was
evaluated in an in vitro model of BBB and in nude mice. The BBB model was based on
rat brain microvascular endothelial cells (RBMECs) cultured on Millicell inserts bathed from the
basolateral side with conditioned media (CM) from astrocytes or glioma C6 cells. Glioma C6 CM
induced a significant transendothelial migration of ReNcells CX in comparison to astrocyte CM. The
presence in glioma C6 CM of high amounts of HGF, VEGF, zonulin and PGE2, together with
the low abundance of EGF, promoted ReNcells CX transmigration. In contrast cytokines IFN-α, TNF-α,
IL-12p70, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10, as well as metalloproteinases -2 and -9 were present in equal
amounts in glioma C6 and astrocyte CMs. ReNcells expressed the tight junction proteins occludin and
claudins 1, 3 and 4, and the cell adhesion molecule CRTAM, while RBMECs expressed occludin, claudins
1 and 5 and CRTAM. Competing CRTAM mediated adhesion with soluble CRTAM, inhibited ReNcells CX
transmigration, and at the sites of transmigration, the expression of occludin and claudin-5
diminished in RBMECs. In nude mice we found that ReNcells CX injected into systemic circulation
passed the BBB and reached intracranial gliomas, which overexpressed HGF, VEGF and
zonulin/prehaptoglobin 2.
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The critical role of cyclin D2 in cell cycle progression and tumorigenicity of glioblastoma stem cells. Oncogene 2012; 32:3840-5. [PMID: 22964630 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells are believed to be responsible for tumor initiation and development. Much current research on human brain tumors is focused on the stem-like properties of glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs). However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of cell cycle regulation that discriminate between GSCs and differentiated glioblastoma cells. Here we show that cyclin D2 is the cyclin that is predominantly expressed in GSCs and suppression of its expression by RNA interference causes G1 arrest in vitro and growth retardation of GSCs xenografted into immunocompromised mice in vivo. We also demonstrate that the expression of cyclin D2 is suppressed upon serum-induced differentiation similar to what was observed for the cancer stem cell marker CD133. Taken together, our results demonstrate that cyclin D2 has a critical role in cell cycle progression and the tumorigenicity of GSCs.
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Singh SK, Vartanian A, Burrell K, Zadeh G. A microRNA Link to Glioblastoma Heterogeneity. Cancers (Basel) 2012; 4:846-72. [PMID: 24213470 PMCID: PMC3712712 DOI: 10.3390/cancers4030846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBM) are one of the most malignant adult primary brain tumors. Through decades of research using various model systems and GBM patients, we have gained considerable insights into the mechanisms regulating GBM pathogenesis, but have mostly failed to significantly improve clinical outcome. For the most part GBM heterogeneity is responsible for this lack of progress. Here, we have discussed sources of cellular and microenvironmental heterogeneity in GBMs and their potential regulation through microRNA mediated mechanisms. We have focused on the role of individual microRNAs (miRNA) through their specific targets and miRNA mediated RNA-RNA interaction networks with the potential to influence various aspects of GBM heterogeneity including tumor neo-vascularization. We believe a better understanding of such mechanisms for regulation of GBM pathogenesis will be instrumental for future therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay K Singh
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.
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Neural precursor cells induce cell death of high-grade astrocytomas through stimulation of TRPV1. Nat Med 2012; 18:1232-8. [PMID: 22820645 PMCID: PMC3480991 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Primary astrocytomas of World Health Organization grade 3 and grade 4 (HG-astrocytomas) are preponderant among adults and are almost invariably fatal despite multimodal therapy. Here, we show that the juvenile brain has an endogenous defense mechanism against HG-astrocytomas. Neural precursor cells (NPCs) migrate to HG-astrocytomas, reduce glioma expansion and prolong survival by releasing a group of fatty acid ethanolamides that have agonistic activity on the vanilloid receptor (transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily member-1; TRPV1). TRPV1 expression is higher in HG-astrocytomas than in tumor-free brain and TRPV1 stimulation triggers tumor cell death via the activating transcription factor-3 (ATF3) controlled branch of the ER stress pathway. The anti-tumorigenic response of NPCs is lost with aging. NPC-mediated tumor suppression can be mimicked in the adult brain by systemic administration of the synthetic vanilloid Arvanil, suggesting that TRPV1 agonists hold potential as new HG-astrocytoma therapeutics.
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Glioma revisited: from neurogenesis and cancer stem cells to the epigenetic regulation of the niche. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:537861. [PMID: 22973309 PMCID: PMC3438806 DOI: 10.1155/2012/537861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Gliomas are the most incident brain tumor in adults. This malignancy has very low survival rates, even when combining radio- and chemotherapy. Among the gliomas, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive type, and patients frequently relapse or become refractory to conventional therapies. The fact that such an aggressive tumor can arise in such a carefully orchestrated organ, where cellular proliferation is barely needed to maintain its function, is a question that has intrigued scientists until very recently, when the discovery of the existence of proliferative cells in the brain overcame such challenges. Even so, the precise origin of gliomas still remains elusive. Thanks to new advents in molecular biology, researchers have been able to depict the first steps of glioma formation and to accumulate knowledge about how neural stem cells and its progenitors become gliomas. Indeed, GBM are composed of a very heterogeneous population of cells, which exhibit a plethora of tumorigenic properties, supporting the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in these tumors. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of how gliomas initiate and progress, taking into account the role of epigenetic modulation in the crosstalk of cancer cells with their environment.
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Najbauer J, Huszthy PC, Barish ME, Garcia E, Metz MZ, Myers SM, Gutova M, Frank RT, Miletic H, Kendall SE, Glackin CA, Bjerkvig R, Aboody KS. Cellular host responses to gliomas. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35150. [PMID: 22539956 PMCID: PMC3335155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive type of malignant primary brain tumors in adults. Molecular and genetic analysis has advanced our understanding of glioma biology, however mapping the cellular composition of the tumor microenvironment is crucial for understanding the pathology of this dreaded brain cancer. In this study we identified major cell populations attracted by glioma using orthotopic rodent models of human glioma xenografts. Marker-specific, anatomical and morphological analyses revealed a robust influx of host cells into the main tumor bed and tumor satellites. Methodology/Principal Findings Human glioma cell lines and glioma spheroid orthotopic implants were used in rodents. In both models, the xenografts recruited large numbers of host nestin-expressing cells, which formed a ‘network’ with glioma. The host nestin-expressing cells appeared to originate in the subventricular zone ipsilateral to the tumor, and were clearly distinguishable from pericytes that expressed smooth muscle actin. These distinct cell populations established close physical contact in a ‘pair-wise’ manner and migrated together to the deeper layers of tumor satellites and gave rise to tumor vasculature. The GBM biopsy xenografts displayed two different phenotypes: (a) low-generation tumors (first in vivo passage in rats) were highly invasive and non-angiogenic, and host nestin-positive cells that infiltrated into these tumors displayed astrocytic or elongated bipolar morphology; (b) high-generation xenografts (fifth passage) had pronounced cellularity, were angiogenic with ‘glomerulus-like’ microvascular proliferations that contained host nestin-positive cells. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 and its receptor CXCR4 were highly expressed in and around glioma xenografts, suggesting their role in glioma progression and invasion. Conclusions/Significance Our data demonstrate a robust migration of nestin-expressing host cells to glioma, which together with pericytes give rise to tumor vasculature. Mapping the cellular composition of glioma microenvironment and deciphering the complex ‘crosstalk’ between tumor and host may ultimately aid the development of novel anti-glioma therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Najbauer
- Department of Neurosciences, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, United States of America.
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Westphal M, Lamszus K. The neurobiology of gliomas: from cell biology to the development of therapeutic approaches. Nat Rev Neurosci 2011; 12:495-508. [PMID: 21811295 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common type of primary brain tumour and are often fast growing with a poor prognosis for the patient. Their complex cellular composition, diffuse invasiveness and capacity to escape therapies has challenged researchers for decades and hampered progress towards an effective treatment. Recent molecular characterization of tumour cells combined with new insights into cellular diversification that occurs during development, and the modelling of these processes in transgenic animals have enabled a more detailed understanding of the events that underlie gliomagenesis. Combining this enhanced understanding of the relationship between neural stem cell biology and the cell lineage relationships of tumour cells with model systems offers new opportunities to develop specific and effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Westphal
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Hamburg Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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36
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Zurich MG, Honegger P. Ochratoxin A at nanomolar concentration perturbs the homeostasis of neural stem cells in highly differentiated but not in immature three-dimensional brain cell cultures. Toxicol Lett 2011; 205:203-8. [PMID: 21703336 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), a fungal contaminant of basic food commodities, is known to be highly cytotoxic, but the pathways underlying adverse effects at subcytotoxic concentrations remain to be elucidated. Recent reports indicate that OTA affects cell cycle regulation. Therefore, 3D brain cell cultures were used to study OTA effects on mitotically active neural stem/progenitor cells, comparing highly differentiated cultures with their immature counterparts. Changes in the rate of DNA synthesis were related to early changes in the mRNA expression of neural stem/progenitor cell markers. OTA at 10nM, a concentration below the cytotoxic level, was ineffective in immature cultures, whereas in mature cultures it significantly decreased the rate of DNA synthesis together with the mRNA expression of key transcriptional regulators such as Sox2, Mash1, Hes5, and Gli1; the cell cycle activator cyclin D2; the phenotypic markers nestin, doublecortin, and PDGFRα. These effects were largely prevented by Sonic hedgehog (Shh) peptide (500ngml(-1)) administration, indicating that OTA impaired the Shh pathway and the Sox2 regulatory transcription factor critical for stem cell self-renewal. Similar adverse effects of OTA in vivo might perturb the regulation of stem cell proliferation in the adult brain and in other organs exhibiting homeostatic and/or regenerative cell proliferation.
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Wan F, Herold-Mende C, Campos B, Centner FS, Dictus C, Becker N, Devens F, Mogler C, Felsberg J, Grabe N, Reifenberger G, Lichter P, Unterberg A, Bermejo JL, Ahmadi R. Association of Stem Cell-Related Markers and Survival in Astrocytic Gliomas. Biomarkers 2011; 16:136-43. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2010.536256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wan
- Division of Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Christel Herold-Mende
- Division of Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benito Campos
- Division of Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franz-Simon Centner
- Division of Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine Dictus
- Division of Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natalia Becker
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center, INF 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frauke Devens
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center, INF 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carolin Mogler
- Department of General Pathology, University of Heidelberg, INF 220, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Felsberg
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Niels Grabe
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, Hamamatsu Tissue Imaging and Analysis (TIGA) Center, University of Heidelberg, INF 305, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Guido Reifenberger
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Lichter
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center, INF 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Unterberg
- Division of Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Justo Lorenzo Bermejo
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, University Hospital Heidelberg
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, INF 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rezvan Ahmadi
- Division of Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Chirasani SR, Sternjak A, Wend P, Momma S, Campos B, Herrmann IM, Graf D, Mitsiadis T, Herold-Mende C, Besser D, Synowitz M, Kettenmann H, Glass R. Bone morphogenetic protein-7 release from endogenous neural precursor cells suppresses the tumourigenicity of stem-like glioblastoma cells. Brain 2010; 133:1961-72. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awq128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Impact of actin filament stabilization on adult hippocampal and olfactory bulb neurogenesis. J Neurosci 2010; 30:3419-31. [PMID: 20203201 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4231-09.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton is essential for dynamic cellular processes. Decreased actin turnover and rigidity of cytoskeletal structures have been associated with aging and cell death. Gelsolin is a Ca(2+)-activated actin-severing protein that is widely expressed throughout the adult mammalian brain. Here, we used gelsolin-deficient (Gsn(-/-)) mice as a model system for actin filament stabilization. In Gsn(-/-) mice, emigration of newly generated cells from the subventricular zone into the olfactory bulb was slowed. In vitro, gelsolin deficiency did not affect proliferation or neuronal differentiation of adult neural progenitors cells (NPCs) but resulted in retarded migration. Surprisingly, hippocampal neurogenesis was robustly induced by gelsolin deficiency. The ability of NPCs to intrinsically sense excitatory activity and thereby implement coupling between network activity and neurogenesis has recently been established. Depolarization-induced [Ca(2+)](i) increases and exocytotic neurotransmitter release were enhanced in Gsn(-/-) synaptosomes. Importantly, treatment of Gsn(-/-) synaptosomes with mycotoxin cytochalasin D, which, like gelsolin, produces actin disassembly, decreased enhanced Ca(2+) influx and subsequent exocytotic norepinephrine release to wild-type levels. Similarly, depolarization-induced glutamate release from Gsn(-/-) brain slices was increased. Furthermore, increased hippocampal neurogenesis in Gsn(-/-) mice was associated with a special microenvironment characterized by enhanced density of perfused vessels, increased regional cerebral blood flow, and increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS-III) expression in hippocampus. Together, reduced filamentous actin turnover in presynaptic terminals causes increased Ca(2+) influx and, subsequently, elevated exocytotic neurotransmitter release acting on neural progenitors. Increased neurogenesis in Gsn(-/-) hippocampus is associated with a special vascular niche for neurogenesis.
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Biological Horizons for Targeting Brain Malignancy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 671:93-104. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-5819-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Madhavan L, Collier TJ. A synergistic approach for neural repair: cell transplantation and induction of endogenous precursor cell activity. Neuropharmacology 2009; 58:835-44. [PMID: 19853620 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Revised: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell research offers enormous potential for treating many diseases of the nervous system. At present, therapeutic strategies in stem cell research segregate into two approaches: cell transplantation or endogenous cell stimulation. Realistically, future cell therapies will most likely involve a combination of these two approaches, a theme of our current research. Here, we propose that there exists a 'synergy' between exogenous (transplanted) and endogenous stem cell actions that can be utilized to achieve therapeutic ends. Elucidating mechanisms underlying this exogenous-endogenous stem cell synergism may lead to the development of optimal cell therapies for neural disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalitha Madhavan
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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