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Gorostiola González M, Rakers PRJ, Jespers W, IJzerman AP, Heitman LH, van Westen GJP. Computational Characterization of Membrane Proteins as Anticancer Targets: Current Challenges and Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3698. [PMID: 38612509 PMCID: PMC11011372 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide and calls for novel therapeutic targets. Membrane proteins are key players in various cancer types but present unique challenges compared to soluble proteins. The advent of computational drug discovery tools offers a promising approach to address these challenges, allowing for the prioritization of "wet-lab" experiments. In this review, we explore the applications of computational approaches in membrane protein oncological characterization, particularly focusing on three prominent membrane protein families: receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and solute carrier proteins (SLCs). We chose these families due to their varying levels of understanding and research data availability, which leads to distinct challenges and opportunities for computational analysis. We discuss the utilization of multi-omics data, machine learning, and structure-based methods to investigate aberrant protein functionalities associated with cancer progression within each family. Moreover, we highlight the importance of considering the broader cellular context and, in particular, cross-talk between proteins. Despite existing challenges, computational tools hold promise in dissecting membrane protein dysregulation in cancer. With advancing computational capabilities and data resources, these tools are poised to play a pivotal role in identifying and prioritizing membrane proteins as personalized anticancer targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gorostiola González
- Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.G.G.); (P.R.J.R.); (W.J.); (A.P.I.); (L.H.H.)
- Oncode Institute, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pepijn R. J. Rakers
- Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.G.G.); (P.R.J.R.); (W.J.); (A.P.I.); (L.H.H.)
| | - Willem Jespers
- Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.G.G.); (P.R.J.R.); (W.J.); (A.P.I.); (L.H.H.)
| | - Adriaan P. IJzerman
- Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.G.G.); (P.R.J.R.); (W.J.); (A.P.I.); (L.H.H.)
| | - Laura H. Heitman
- Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.G.G.); (P.R.J.R.); (W.J.); (A.P.I.); (L.H.H.)
- Oncode Institute, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard J. P. van Westen
- Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.G.G.); (P.R.J.R.); (W.J.); (A.P.I.); (L.H.H.)
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Hellmis E, Mudra TN, Merseburger AS. [Prostate Cancer: Side-Effect Management for Androgen Deprivation Therapy]. Aktuelle Urol 2023; 54:398-404. [PMID: 36972609 DOI: 10.1055/a-2002-7750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Drug-based hormonal ablation is an essential component of therapy in hormone-sensitive advanced prostate cancer and as a backbone in castration resistance. LHRH agonists are among the most widely used medicinal products. Since these are usually given for life, therapy management is very important. Common side-effects typical of the substance class, such as weight gain, cardiovascular problems, hot flushes, erectile dysfunction or osteoporosis, can significantly reduce patients' quality of life and increase morbidity and mortality. This endangers adherence and, hence, treatment success. This paper provides an overview of how to deal with side-effects during LHRH therapy based on current data and practical experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hellmis
- Urologie, Urologicum Duisburg, Duisburg, Deutschland
| | | | - Axel S Merseburger
- Urologie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Deutschland
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Casati L, Ciceri S, Maggi R, Bottai D. Physiological and Pharmacological overview of the Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 212:115553. [PMID: 37075816 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH) is a decapeptide responsible for the control of the reproductive functions. It shows C- and N-terminal aminoacid modifications and two other distinct isoforms have been so far identified. The biological effects of GnRH are mediated by binding to high-affinity G-protein couple receptors (GnRHR), showing characteristic very short C tail. In mammals, including humans, GnRH-producing neurons originate in the embryonic nasal compartment and during early embryogenesis they undergo rapid migration towards the hypothalamus; the increasing knowledge of such mechanisms improved diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to infertility. The pharmacological use of GnRH, or its synthetic peptide and non-peptide agonists or antagonists, provides a valid tool for reproductive disorders and assisted reproduction technology (ART). The presence of GnRHR in several organs and tissues indicates additional functions of the peptide. The identification of a GnRH/GnRHR system in the human endometrium, ovary, and prostate has extended the functions of the peptide to the physiology and tumor transformation of such tissues. Likely, the activity of a GnRH/GnRHR system at the level of the hippocampus, as well as its decreased expression in mice brain aging, raised interest in its possible involvement in neurogenesis and neuronal functions. In conclusion, GnRH/GnRHR appears to be a fascinating biological system that exerts several possibly integrated pleiotropic actions in the complex control of reproductive functions, tumor growth, neurogenesis, and neuroprotection. This review aims to provide an overview of the physiology of GnRH and the pharmacological applications of its synthetic analogs in the management of reproductive and non-reproductive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Casati
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Samuele Ciceri
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano Italy
| | - Roberto Maggi
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano Italy.
| | - Daniele Bottai
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano Italy
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Park J, Ngo HV, Jin HE, Lee KW, Lee BJ. Hydroxyl Group-Targeted Conjugate and Its Self-Assembled Nanoparticle of Peptide Drug: Effect of Degree of Saturation of Fatty Acids and Modification of Physicochemical Properties. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:2243-2260. [PMID: 35615542 PMCID: PMC9124699 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s356804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To conjugate different degree of saturation of C18 fatty acids (stearic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid) with the hydroxyl groups of leuprolide acetate (LEU acetate) and to investigate the controlled release and enhanced permeability through self-assembled nanoparticles (L18FNs). Methods Yamaguchi esterification with benzoyl chloride and DMAP (4-Dimethylaminopyridine) allowed the conjugation of the fatty acid to the hydroxyl group of LEU. The three conjugates were then designated as stearic acid-conjugated LEU, LSC, oleic acid-conjugated LEU, LOC, and linoleic acid-conjugated LEU, LLC, respectively. The conjugates (L18FCs) were purified using preparative HPLC (Prep-HPLC) and identified through various instrumental analyses. Results The zeta potential, particle size, and morphology of each L18FNs were evaluated. In the case of LSNs, the zeta potential value was relatively low and the particle size was larger than LONs and LLNs owing to the higher hydrophobicity of saturated fatty chain, while the LLNs showed a higher zeta potential and smaller particle size. In human plasma, LLC showed the fastest degradation rate with the highest accumulative drug release. The permeability of L18FNs was analyzed through the Franz diffusion cell experiment, confirming that the degree of saturation of fatty acids affects the permeability of LFNs. While the permeability of LSNs was not significantly enhanced due to higher particle size after nanonization, LONs and LLNs increased 1.56 and 1.85 times in permeation, respectively, compared to LEU. Conclusion Utilization of different degree of saturation of fatty acids to conjugate a peptide drug could provide pharmaceutical versatility via self-assembly and modification of physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisoo Park
- Bioavailability Control Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hai V Ngo
- Bioavailability Control Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Eon Jin
- Bioavailability Control Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Kye Wan Lee
- Dongkook Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom-Jin Lee
- Bioavailability Control Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: Beom-Jin Lee, Bioavailability Control Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea, Tel +82 312193442, Fax +82 312193435, Email
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Harris AE, Metzler VM, Lothion-Roy J, Varun D, Woodcock CL, Haigh DB, Endeley C, Haque M, Toss MS, Alsaleem M, Persson JL, Gudas LJ, Rakha E, Robinson BD, Khani F, Martin LM, Moyer JE, Brownlie J, Madhusudan S, Allegrucci C, James VH, Rutland CS, Fray RG, Ntekim A, de Brot S, Mongan NP, Jeyapalan JN. Exploring anti-androgen therapies in hormone dependent prostate cancer and new therapeutic routes for castration resistant prostate cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1006101. [PMID: 36263323 PMCID: PMC9575553 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1006101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapies (ADTs) are important treatments which inhibit androgen-induced prostate cancer (PCa) progression by either preventing androgen biosynthesis (e.g. abiraterone) or by antagonizing androgen receptor (AR) function (e.g. bicalutamide, enzalutamide, darolutamide). A major limitation of current ADTs is they often remain effective for limited durations after which patients commonly progress to a lethal and incurable form of PCa, called castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) where the AR continues to orchestrate pro-oncogenic signalling. Indeed, the increasing numbers of ADT-related treatment-emergent neuroendocrine-like prostate cancers (NePC), which lack AR and are thus insensitive to ADT, represents a major therapeutic challenge. There is therefore an urgent need to better understand the mechanisms of AR action in hormone dependent disease and the progression to CRPC, to enable the development of new approaches to prevent, reverse or delay ADT-resistance. Interestingly the AR regulates distinct transcriptional networks in hormone dependent and CRPC, and this appears to be related to the aberrant function of key AR-epigenetic coregulator enzymes including the lysine demethylase 1 (LSD1/KDM1A). In this review we summarize the current best status of anti-androgen clinical trials, the potential for novel combination therapies and we explore recent advances in the development of novel epigenetic targeted therapies that may be relevant to prevent or reverse disease progression in patients with advanced CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E. Harris
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Veronika M. Metzler
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Lothion-Roy
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Dhruvika Varun
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Corinne L. Woodcock
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Daisy B. Haigh
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Chantelle Endeley
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Haque
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S. Toss
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mansour Alsaleem
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Applied Medical Science, Applied College, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jenny L. Persson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Malmö Universitet, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lorraine J. Gudas
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Emad Rakha
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Brian D. Robinson
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Francesca Khani
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Laura M. Martin
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jenna E. Moyer
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Juliette Brownlie
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Srinivasan Madhusudan
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Cinzia Allegrucci
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria H. James
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Catrin S. Rutland
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rupert G. Fray
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Atara Ntekim
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- *Correspondence: Jennie N. Jeyapalan, ; Nigel P. Mongan, ; ; Atara Ntekim,
| | - Simone de Brot
- Comparative Pathology Platform (COMPATH), Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nigel P. Mongan
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Jennie N. Jeyapalan, ; Nigel P. Mongan, ; ; Atara Ntekim,
| | - Jennie N. Jeyapalan
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Jennie N. Jeyapalan, ; Nigel P. Mongan, ; ; Atara Ntekim,
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Cardiovascular risk profiles of GnRH agonists and antagonists: real-world analysis from UK general practice. World J Urol 2020; 39:307-315. [PMID: 32979057 PMCID: PMC7910366 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-020-03433-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the mainstay for the management of metastatic prostate cancer. Available pharmaceutical ADTs include gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists and antagonists. Here, real-world data are presented from the UK general practitioner Optimum Patient Care Research Database. The study investigated the hypothesis that GnRH antagonists have lower cardiac event rates than GnRH agonists. METHODS The incidence of cardiac events following initiation of GnRH antagonist or agonist therapy was investigated in a population-based cohort study conducted in UK primary care between 2010 and 2017. RESULTS Analysis of real-world data from the UK primary care setting showed that relative risk of experiencing cardiac events was significantly lower with degarelix, a GnRH antagonist, compared with GnRH agonists (risk ratio: 0.39 [95% confidence interval 0.191, 0.799]; p = 0.01). Patients that received degarelix as first-line treatment switched treatment more frequently (33.7%), often to a GnRH agonist, than those who initiated treatment with a GnRH agonist (6.7-18.6%). CONCLUSION Screening for known or underlying vascular disease and identifying those at high risk of a cardiac event is important for risk mitigation in patients with prostate cancer receiving hormone therapy. The GnRH antagonist degarelix conferred a significantly lower risk of cardiac events than GnRH agonists. Prior to treatment, patients should be stratified based on level of cardiovascular (CV) risk, and appropriate lifestyle, and pharmacological interventions to mitigate CV risk should be recommended. CV risk factors and patient response to the intervention should be monitored at regular intervals.
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Dearnaley DP, Saltzstein DR, Sylvester JE, Karsh L, Mehlhaff BA, Pieczonka C, Bailen JL, Shi H, Ye Z, Faessel HM, Lin H, Zhu Y, Saad F, MacLean DB, Shore ND. The Oral Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone Receptor Antagonist Relugolix as Neoadjuvant/Adjuvant Androgen Deprivation Therapy to External Beam Radiotherapy in Patients with Localised Intermediate-risk Prostate Cancer: A Randomised, Open-label, Parallel-group Phase 2 Trial. Eur Urol 2020; 78:184-192. [PMID: 32273183 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) with neoadjuvant/adjuvant androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is an established treatment option to prolong survival for patients with intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer (PCa). Relugolix, an oral gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor antagonist, was evaluated in this clinical setting in comparison with degarelix, an injectable GnRH antagonist. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety and efficacy of relugolix to achieve and maintain castration. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A phase 2 open-label study was conducted in 103 intermediate-risk PCa patients undergoing primary EBRT and neoadjuvant/adjuvant ADT between June 2014 and December 2015. INTERVENTION Patients randomly assigned (3:2) to 24-wk treatment with either daily oral relugolix or 4-wk subcutaneous depot degarelix (reference control). OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The primary endpoint was the rate of effective castration (testosterone <1.73nmol/l) in relugolix patients between 4 and 24 wk of treatment. Secondary endpoints included rate of profound castration (testosterone <0.7nmol/l), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, prostate volume, quality of life (QoL) assessed using the Aging Males' Symptoms scale, and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life (30-item EORTC core questionnaire [EORTC QLQ-C30] and 25-item EORTC prostate cancer module [EORTC QLQ-PR25]) questionnaires, and safety. No formal statistical comparisons with degarelix were planned. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Castration rates during treatment were 95% and 82% with relugolix and 89% and 68% with degarelix for 1.73 and 0.7nmol/l thresholds, respectively. Median time to castration in the relugolix arm was 4 d. During treatment, PSA levels and prostate volumes were reduced in both groups. Three months after discontinuing treatment, 52% of men on relugolix and 16% on degarelix experienced testosterone recovery (statistical significance of differences not tested). Mean and median QoL scores improved following treatment discontinuation. The most common adverse event was hot flush (relugolix 57%; degarelix 61%). Lack of blinding was a potential limitation. CONCLUSIONS Relugolix achieved testosterone suppression to castrate levels within days and maintained it over 24 wk with a safety profile consistent with its mechanism of action. PATIENT SUMMARY Oral once-daily relugolix may be a novel oral alternative to injectable androgen deprivation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Dearnaley
- The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhan Ye
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA(†)
| | | | - Huamao Lin
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA(†)
| | - Yanyan Zhu
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA(†)
| | - Fred Saad
- University of Montreal Hospital Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Neal D Shore
- Carolina Urologic Research Center, Myrtle Beach, SC, USA
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8
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Van Poppel H, Abrahamsson P. Considerations for the use of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonists and antagonists in patients with prostate cancer. Int J Urol 2020; 27:830-837. [DOI: 10.1111/iju.14303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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9
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Liu C, Yang JC, Armstrong CM, Lou W, Liu L, Qiu X, Zou B, Lombard AP, D'Abronzo LS, Evans CP, Gao AC. AKR1C3 Promotes AR-V7 Protein Stabilization and Confers Resistance to AR-Targeted Therapies in Advanced Prostate Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:1875-1886. [PMID: 31308078 PMCID: PMC6995728 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-1322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms resulting in resistance to next-generation antiandrogens in castration-resistant prostate cancer are incompletely understood. Numerous studies have determined that constitutively active androgen receptor (AR) signaling or full-length AR bypass mechanisms may contribute to the resistance. Previous studies established that AKR1C3 and AR-V7 play important roles in enzalutamide and abiraterone resistance. In the present study, we found that AKR1C3 increases AR-V7 expression in resistant prostate cancer cells through enhancing protein stability via activation of the ubiquitin-mediated proteasome pathway. AKR1C3 reprograms AR signaling in enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer cells. In addition, bioinformatical analysis of indomethacin-treated resistant cells revealed that indomethacin significantly activates the unfolded protein response, p53, and apoptosis pathways, and suppresses cell-cycle, Myc, and AR/ARV7 pathways. Targeting AKR1C3 with indomethacin significantly decreases AR/AR-V7 protein expression in vitro and in vivo through activation of the ubiquitin-mediated proteasome pathway. Our results suggest that the AKR1C3/AR-V7 complex collaboratively confers resistance to AR-targeted therapies in advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfei Liu
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Joy C Yang
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Cameron M Armstrong
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Wei Lou
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Liangren Liu
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Xiaomin Qiu
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Binhao Zou
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Alan P Lombard
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Leandro S D'Abronzo
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Christopher P Evans
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Allen C Gao
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California.
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, California
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10
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Roy J, Kaake M, Low PS. Small molecule targeted NIR dye conjugate for imaging LHRH receptor positive cancers. Oncotarget 2019; 10:152-160. [PMID: 30719210 PMCID: PMC6349437 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone Receptor (LHRH-R) in various cancers and restricted expression of the receptor in healthy cells qualifies it as a valuable cancer biomarker. Previously, LHRH-R targeted peptides have been utilized to deliver attached payloads to LHRH-R expressing cancers. We report here for the first time the utilization of a small molecule non-peptidic ligand (BOEPL) of LHRH-R to deliver attached payloads to LHRH-R positive tumors. For this purpose, we linked the BOEPL ligand to a near infrared dye via various linkers. In vitro, these conjugates demonstrated low nanomolar binding affinity and in vivo they exhibited receptor-mediated uptake specifically in tumor tissue. Moreover, tumor uptake could be blocked by administration of excess unlabeled conjugate, and time course experiments showed retention of the dye conjugate in the tumor up to 12 h post injection. Because uptake of BOEPL-targeted NIR dye conjugates by nonmalignant organs/tissues was negligible and since the transient presence of targeted NIR dye in the kidneys was a result of clearance mechanism, we suggest that a BOEPL-targeted NIR dye might constitute a useful agent for fluorescence-guided surgery of LHRH-R positive cancers. Moreover, our results also provide proof of concept that BOEPL can be successfully used to deliver attached payloads to LHRH-R positive tumors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Roy
- Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Miranda Kaake
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Philip S Low
- Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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11
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Newton CL, Riekert C, Millar RP. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog therapeutics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 70:497-515. [PMID: 30264955 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4784.18.04316-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation at any level of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis results in, or aggravates, a number of hormone-dependent diseases such as delayed or precocious puberty, infertility, prostatic and ovarian cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia, polycystic ovarian syndrome, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, lean body mass, as well as metabolism and cognitive impairment. As gonadotropin-releasing-hormone (GnRH) is an essential regulator of the HPG axis, agonist and antagonist analogs are efficacious in the treatment of these conditions. GnRH analogs also play an important role in assisted reproductive therapies. This review highlights the current and future therapeutic potential of GnRH analogs and upstream regulators of GnRH secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Newton
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Centre for Integrative Physiology, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Carmen Riekert
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Robert P Millar
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa - .,Centre for Integrative Physiology, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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12
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Jayusman PA, Mohamed IN, Alias E, Mohamed N, Shuid AN. The Effects of Quassinoid-Rich Eurycoma longifolia Extract on Bone Turnover and Histomorphometry Indices in the Androgen-Deficient Osteoporosis Rat Model. Nutrients 2018; 10:E799. [PMID: 29933617 PMCID: PMC6073572 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Male osteoporosis is associated with higher rates of disability and mortality. Hence the search for suitable intervention and treatment to prevent the degeneration of skeletal health in men is necessary. Eurycoma longifolia (EL), a traditional plant with aphrodisiac potential may be used to treat and prevent male osteoporosis. The skeletal protective effect of quassinoid-rich EL extract, which has a high content of eurycomanone, has not been studied. This study aimed to determine whether EL could prevent skeletal deteriorations in gonadal hormone-deficient male rats. Ninety-six male Sprague⁻Dawley rats were randomly assigned to baseline, sham-operated (Sham), orchidectomised or chemically castrated groups. Chemical castration was achieved via subcutaneous injection of degarelix at 2 mg/kg. The orchidectomised and degarelix-castrated rats were then divided into negative control groups (ORX, DGX), testosterone-treated groups (intramuscular injection at 7 mg/kg weekly) (ORX + TES, DGX + TES), and EL-supplemented groups receiving daily oral gavages at doses of 25 mg/kg (ORX + EL25, DGX + EL25), 50 mg/kg (ORX + EL50, DGX + EL50), and 100 mg/kg (ORX + EL100, DGX + EL100). Following 10 weeks of treatment, the rats were euthanized and their blood and femora were collected. Bone biochemical markers, serum testosterone, osteoprotegerin (OPG), and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa β-ligand (RANKL) levels and histomorphometric indices were evaluated. Quassinoid-rich EL supplementation was found to reduce degenerative changes of trabecular structure by improving bone volume, trabecular number, and separation. A reduction in the percentage of osteoclast and increase in percentage of osteoblast on bone surface were also seen with EL supplementation. Dynamic histomorphometric analysis showed that the single-labeled surface was significantly decreased while the double-labeled surface was significantly increased with EL supplementations. There was a marginal but significant increase in serum testosterone levels in the ORX + EL25, DGX + EL50, and DGX + EL100 groups compared to their negative control groups. Quassinoid-rich EL extract was effective in reducing skeletal deteriorations in the androgen-deficient osteoporosis rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Putri Ayu Jayusman
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Isa Naina Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Ekram Alias
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Norazlina Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Ahmad Nazrun Shuid
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Roy J, Kaake M, Srinivasarao M, Low PS. Targeted Tubulysin B Hydrazide Conjugate for the Treatment of Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone Receptor-Positive Cancers. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:2208-2214. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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14
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Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is recognized as the central regulator of the functions of the pituitary-gonadal axis. The increasing knowledge on the mechanisms controlling the development and the function of GnRH-producing neurons is leading to a better diagnostic and therapeutic approach for hypogonadotropic hypogonadisms and for alterations of the puberty onset. During female life span, the function of the GnRH pulse generator may be affected by a number of inputs from other neuronal systems, offering alternative strategies for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Moreover, the identification of a GnRH/GnRH receptor system in both human ovary and endometrium has widened the spectrum of action of the peptide outside its hypothalamic functions. The pharmacological use of GnRH itself or its synthetic analogs (agonists and antagonists) provides a valid tool to either stimulate or block gonadotropin secretion and to modulate the female fertility in several reproductive disorders and in assisted reproduction technology. The use of GnRH agonists in young female patients undergoing chemotherapy is also considered a promising therapeutic approach to counteract iatrogenic ovarian failure.
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15
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Dellis A, Papatsoris A. Therapeutic outcomes of the LHRH antagonists. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2017; 17:481-488. [DOI: 10.1080/14737167.2017.1375855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Dellis
- University Department of Urology, Sismanglio General Hospital, Athens, Greece
- University Department of Surgery, Areteion Hospital, Athens, Greece
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16
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Dragomir A, Rocha J, Vanhuyse M, Cury F, Kassouf W, Hu J, Aprikian A. Treatment patterns and trends in patients dying of prostate cancer in Quebec: a population-based study. Curr Oncol 2017; 24:240-248. [PMID: 28874892 PMCID: PMC5576460 DOI: 10.3747/co.24.3598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since just after the year 2000 in Quebec, the management of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mcrpc) has evolved considerably, with the inclusion of docetaxel-based chemotherapy, bone-targeted therapies (zoledronic acid and denosumab), and more recently, abiraterone, enzalutamide, and cabazitaxel for docetaxel-refractory patients. In the present study, we aimed to analyze contemporary mcrpc management patterns and therapy utilization trends in Quebec. METHODS The study cohort consisted of patients dying of prostate cancer (pca) between January 2001 and December 2013, selected from Quebec public health care insurance databases. Patient selection was based on death from a pca-related cause or therapy used according to the Canadian Urological Association guidelines on mcrpc management. Treatments included chemotherapy (mitoxantrone before 2005 and docetaxel after 2005), abiraterone, bone-targeted therapy (zoledronic acid or denosumab, or both), and palliative radiation therapy (rt). During the study period, neither enzalutamide nor cabazitaxel was publicly reimbursed in Quebec, and as a result, no capture of their use was possible for this study. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with the probability of receiving chemotherapy, bone-targeted therapies, and palliative rt before death from pca. RESULTS Overall, the database search identified 3106 patients who died of pca between January 2001 and December 2013. Median age of death was 78 years. Of those 3106 patients, just 2568 (83%) received mcrpc-specific treatments: chemotherapy, abiraterone, palliative rt, or bone-targeted therapy; the other 17% of the patients were managed solely with maximum androgen blockade (androgen deprivation therapy plus anti-androgens) despite a record of pca-related death. Logistic regression analyses indicate that patients dying after 2005 were more likely to have received chemotherapy [odds ratio (or): 1.51; 95% ci: 1.22 to 1.85] and bone-targeted therapy (or: 1.97; 95% ci: 1.64 to 2.37). Age was a significant predictor for the use of chemotherapy, bone-targeted therapy, and palliative rt (ors in the range 0.96-0.98, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Patient age seems to be a strong determinant in the of selection mcrpc therapy, affecting the probability of the use of chemotherapy, bone-targeted therapy, or palliative rt. Although chemotherapy is still used only in a small percentage of patients, the introduction of new therapies-such as bone-targeted therapy, docetaxel, and abiraterone-affected treatment selection over time. The availability of enzalutamide since February 2014 will likely produce additional changes in mcrpc management.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Dragomir
- Urology, Department of Surgery, McGill University
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre
| | - J. Rocha
- Urology, Department of Surgery, McGill University
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre
| | - M. Vanhuyse
- Department of Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, McGill University
- McGill University Health Centre; and
| | - F.L. Cury
- McGill University Health Centre; and
- Department of Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC
| | - W. Kassouf
- Urology, Department of Surgery, McGill University
- McGill University Health Centre; and
| | - J. Hu
- Urology, Department of Surgery, McGill University
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre
| | - A.G. Aprikian
- Urology, Department of Surgery, McGill University
- McGill University Health Centre; and
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17
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Targeting androgen receptor versus targeting androgens to suppress castration resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Lett 2017; 397:133-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Xiang W, Zhang B, Lv F, Feng G, Chen L, Yang F, Zhang K, Cao C, Wang P, Chu M. The potential regulatory mechanisms of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone in gonadotropin transcriptions identified with bioinformatics analyses. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2017; 15:46. [PMID: 28623929 PMCID: PMC5474292 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-017-0264-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The regulation of gonadotropin synthesis and release by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) plays an essential role in the neuroendocrine control of reproduction. However, the mechanisms underlying gonadotropin regulation by GnRH pulse frequency and amplitude are still ambiguous. This study aimed to explore the molecular mechanisms and biological pathways associated with gonadotropin synthesis by GnRH pulse frequencies and amplitudes. METHODS Using GSE63251 datasets downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened by comparing the RNA expression from the GnRH pulse group, the GnRH tonic group and the control group. Pathway enrichment analyses of DEGs was performed, followed by protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction. Furthermore, sub-network modules were constructed by ClusterONE and GO function and pathways analysed by DAVID. In addition, the relationship between the metabolic pathways and the GnRH pathway was verified in vitro. RESULTS In total, 531 common DEGs were identified in GnRH groups, including 290 up-regulated and 241 down-regulated genes. DEGs predominantly enriched in 16 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, including 11 up-regulated pathways (signallingsignallingmetabolic pathways, signallingand GnRH signalling pathway) and 5 down-regulated pathways (type II diabetes mellitus). Moreover, FBJ osteosarcoma oncogene (FOS) and jun proto-oncogene (JUN) had higher connectivity degrees in the PPI network. Three modules in the PPI were identified with ClusterONE. The genes in module 1 were significantly enriched in five pathways, including signallingthe insulin resistance and GnRH signalling pathway. The genes in modules 2 and 3 were mainly enriched in metabolic pathways and steroid hormone biosynthesis, respectively. Finally, knockdown leptin receptor (LEPR) and insulin receptor (INSR) reversed the GnRH-modulated metabolic related-gene expression. CONCLUSIONS The present study revealed the involvement of GnRH in the regulation of gonadotropin biosynthesis and metabolism in the maintenance of reproduction, achieved by bioinformatics analyses. This, indicates that the GnRH signalling pathway played a central linkings role in reproductive function and metabolic balance. In addition, the present study identified the difference response between GnRH pulse and GnRH tone, indicated that abnormal GnRH pulse and amplitude may cause disease, which may provide an improved understanding of the GnRH pathway and a new insight for disease diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiang
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030 China
| | - Baoyun Zhang
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030 China
| | - Fenglin Lv
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030 China
| | - Guangde Feng
- Sichuan TQLS Animal Husbandry Science and Technology Co.,LTD, City, Mianyang, Sichuan 621000 China
| | - Long Chen
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030 China
| | - Fang Yang
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030 China
| | - Ke Zhang
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030 China
| | - Chunyu Cao
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030 China
| | - Pingqing Wang
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030 China
| | - Mingxing Chu
- Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
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Lappano R, Maggiolini M. Pharmacotherapeutic Targeting of G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Oncology: Examples of Approved Therapies and Emerging Concepts. Drugs 2017; 77:951-965. [PMID: 28401445 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-017-0738-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are involved in numerous physio-pathological processes, including the stimulation of cancer progression. In this regard, it should be mentioned that although GPCRs may represent major pharmaceutical targets, only a few drugs acting as GPCR inhibitors are currently used in anti-tumor therapies. For instance, certain pro-malignancy effects mediated by GPCRs are actually counteracted by the use of small molecules and peptides that function as receptor antagonists or inverse agonists. Recently, humanized monoclonal antibodies targeting GPCRs have also been developed. Here, we review the current GPCR-targeted therapies for cancer treatment, summarizing the clinical studies that led to their official approval. We provide a broad overview of the mechanisms of action of the available anti-cancer drugs targeting gonadotropin-releasing hormone, somatostatin, chemokine, and Smoothened receptors. In addition, we discuss the anti-tumor potential of novel non-approved molecules and antibodies able to target some of the aforementioned GPCRs in different experimental models and clinical trials. Likewise, we focus on the repurposing in cancer patients of non-oncological GPCR-based drugs, elucidating the rationale behind this approach and providing clinical evidence on their safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosamaria Lappano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy.
| | - Marcello Maggiolini
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy.
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20
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Clinton TN, Woldu SL, Raj GV. Degarelix versus luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists for the treatment of prostate cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2017; 18:825-832. [PMID: 28480768 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2017.1328056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the mainstay for advanced, hormone-sensitive prostate cancer, and options include surgical castration, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist, and more recently, gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist therapy. Our understanding of the mechanisms and adverse effects of ADT has increased substantially, including the class-specific adverse effects of ADT. Areas covered: This review will summarize the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of the GnRH antagonist degarelix and its role in the management of advanced prostate cancer, the clinical evidence supporting its regulatory approval, as well as potential benefits and disadvantages over traditional LHRH agonist therapy. Expert opinion: Degarelix represents a newer class of ADT that results in a rapid and reliable decline in serum testosterone, a quality that makes it particularly advantageous in men presenting with symptomatic, hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. Due to differences in mechanism of action, there is observational data suggesting a potential cardiovascular and even oncologic benefit over traditional LHRH agonist therapy. Further research is ongoing to more clearly define this potential benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy N Clinton
- a Department of Urology , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Solomon L Woldu
- a Department of Urology , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Ganesh V Raj
- a Department of Urology , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
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21
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Jain A, Kunduru KR, Basu A, Mizrahi B, Domb AJ, Khan W. Injectable formulations of poly(lactic acid) and its copolymers in clinical use. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 107:213-227. [PMID: 27423636 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) and its copolymers have revolutionized the field of drug delivery due to their excellent biocompatibility and tunable physico-chemical properties. These copolymers have served the healthcare sector by contributing many products to combat various diseases and for biomedical applications. This article provides a comprehensive overview of clinically used products of poly(lactic acid) and its copolymers. Multi-dimension information covering product approval, formulation aspects and clinical status is described to provide a panoramic overview of each product. Moreover, leading patented technologies and various clinical trials on these products for different applications are included. This review focuses on marketed injectable formulations of PLA and its copolymers.
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Pham T, Sadowski MC, Li H, Richard DJ, d'Emden MC, Richard K. Advances in hormonal therapies for hormone naïve and castration-resistant prostate cancers with or without previous chemotherapy. Exp Hematol Oncol 2016; 5:15. [PMID: 27340608 PMCID: PMC4918127 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-016-0046-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormonal manipulation plays a significant role in the treatment of advanced hormone naïve prostate cancer and castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) with or without previous chemotherapy. Combination of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists and androgen receptor (AR) antagonists (combined androgen blockade; CAB) is the first line therapy for advanced hormone naïve prostate cancer, but current strategies are developing novel GnRH antagonists to overcome disadvantages associated with GnRH agonist monotherapy and CAB in the clinical setting. Abiraterone acetate and enzalutamide are hormonal agents currently available for patients with CRPC and are both shown to improve overall survival versus placebo. Recently, in clinical trials, testosterone has been administered in cycles with existing surgical and chemical androgen deprivation therapies (ADT) (intermittent therapy) to CRPC patients of different stages (low risk, metastatic) to abate symptoms of testosterone deficiency and reduce cost of treatment from current hormonal therapies for patients with CRPC. This review will provide an overview on the therapeutic roles of hormonal manipulation in advanced hormone naïve and castration-resistant prostate cancers, as well as the development of novel hormonal therapies currently in preclinical and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thy Pham
- Conjoint Endocrine Laboratory, Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Queensland Health, Level 9, Bancroft Centre, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD 4029 Australia
| | - Martin C Sadowski
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102 Australia
| | - Huika Li
- Conjoint Endocrine Laboratory, Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Queensland Health, Level 9, Bancroft Centre, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD 4029 Australia
| | - Derek J Richard
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Michael C d'Emden
- Conjoint Endocrine Laboratory, Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Queensland Health, Level 9, Bancroft Centre, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD 4029 Australia ; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD 4029 Australia
| | - Kerry Richard
- Conjoint Endocrine Laboratory, Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Queensland Health, Level 9, Bancroft Centre, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD 4029 Australia ; School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000 Australia
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Maggi R, Cariboni AM, Marelli MM, Moretti RM, Andrè V, Marzagalli M, Limonta P. GnRH and GnRH receptors in the pathophysiology of the human female reproductive system. Hum Reprod Update 2015; 22:358-81. [PMID: 26715597 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmv059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human reproduction depends on an intact hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Hypothalamic gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) has been recognized, since its identification in 1971, as the central regulator of the production and release of the pituitary gonadotrophins that, in turn, regulate the gonadal functions and the production of sex steroids. The characteristic peculiar development, distribution and episodic activity of GnRH-producing neurons have solicited an interdisciplinary interest on the etiopathogenesis of several reproductive diseases. The more recent identification of a GnRH/GnRH receptor (GnRHR) system in both the human endometrium and ovary has widened the spectrum of action of the peptide and of its analogues beyond its hypothalamic function. METHODS An analysis of research and review articles published in international journals until June 2015 has been carried out to comprehensively summarize both the well established and the most recent knowledge on the physiopathology of the GnRH system in the central and peripheral control of female reproductive functions and diseases. RESULTS This review focuses on the role of GnRH neurons in the control of the reproductive axis. New knowledge is accumulating on the genetic programme that drives GnRH neuron development to ameliorate the diagnosis and treatment of GnRH deficiency and consequent delayed or absent puberty. Moreover, a better understanding of the mechanisms controlling the episodic release of GnRH during the onset of puberty and the ovulatory cycle has enabled the pharmacological use of GnRH itself or its synthetic analogues (agonists and antagonists) to either stimulate or to block the gonadotrophin secretion and modulate the functions of the reproductive axis in several reproductive diseases and in assisted reproduction technology. Several inputs from other neuronal populations, as well as metabolic, somatic and age-related signals, may greatly affect the functions of the GnRH pulse generator during the female lifespan; their modulation may offer new possible strategies for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. A GnRH/GnRHR system is also expressed in female reproductive tissues (e.g. endometrium and ovary), both in normal and pathological conditions. The expression of this system in the human endometrium and ovary supports its physiological regulatory role in the processes of trophoblast invasion of the maternal endometrium and embryo implantation as well as of follicular development and corpus luteum functions. The GnRH/GnRHR system that is expressed in diseased tissues of the female reproductive tract (both benign and malignant) is at present considered an effective molecular target for the development of novel therapeutic approaches for these pathologies. GnRH agonists are also considered as a promising therapeutic approach to counteract ovarian failure in young female patients undergoing chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Increasing knowledge about the regulation of GnRH pulsatile release, as well as the therapeutic use of its analogues, offers interesting new perspectives in the diagnosis, treatment and outcome of female reproductive disorders, including tumoral and iatrogenic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Maggi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Balzaretti, 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Cariboni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Balzaretti, 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marina Montagnani Marelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Balzaretti, 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Roberta Manuela Moretti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Balzaretti, 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Andrè
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Balzaretti, 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Monica Marzagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Balzaretti, 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Patrizia Limonta
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Balzaretti, 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Trinucleotide repeats and protein folding and disease: the perspective from studies with the androgen receptor. Future Sci OA 2015; 1:FSO47. [PMID: 28031874 PMCID: PMC5137883 DOI: 10.4155/fso.15.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR), a ligand activated transcription factor plays a number of roles in reproduction, homeostasis and pathogenesis of disease. It has two major polymorphic sequences; a polyglutamine and a polyglycine repeat that determine the length of the protein and influence receptor folding, structure and function. Here, we review the role the folding of the AR plays in the pathogenesis of spinal-bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), a neuromuscular degenerative disease arising from expansion of the polyglutamine repeat. We discuss current management for SBMA patients and how research on AR structure function may lead to future drug treatments.
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Abstract
Degarelix (Firmagon(®); Gonax(®)) is a gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonist that is approved for the treatment of advanced (hormone-dependent) prostate cancer in the US and EU and the treatment of prostate cancer in Japan. In a pivotal randomized, controlled, 12-month phase III study, degarelix (initial subcutaneous dose of 240 mg followed by monthly dosages of 80 mg) was noninferior to leuprolide (monthly intramuscular dosages of 7.5 mg) in patients with prostate cancer of any stage for which endocrine treatment was indicated (except neoadjuvant hormonal therapy) with regard to suppression of testosterone to castration levels (i.e. ≤0.5 ng/mL). Suppression of testosterone and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels was faster with degarelix than with leuprolide, and no testosterone surges or microsurges were seen in degarelix recipients. Suppression of testosterone and PSA levels was maintained for the 12-month study duration and continued for up to 5 years in an extension to the main trial (including in patients switching from leuprolide to degarelix in the extension). The drug was generally well tolerated, with most adverse events being mild to moderate in severity. Injection-site reactions and events reflecting the expected effects of testosterone suppression (e.g. hot flushes, weight increase) were the most common treatment-emergent adverse events. Thus, degarelix is a useful option for the treatment of prostate cancer in patients for whom endocrine treatment is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Carter
- Adis, 41 Centorian Drive, Private Bag 65901, Mairangi Bay, North Shore, 0754, Auckland, New Zealand,
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Popovics P, Schally AV, Szalontay L, Block NL, Rick FG. Targeted cytotoxic analog of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), AEZS-108 (AN-152), inhibits the growth of DU-145 human castration-resistant prostate cancer in vivo and in vitro through elevating p21 and ROS levels. Oncotarget 2015; 5:4567-78. [PMID: 24994120 PMCID: PMC4147346 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Management of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is challenging due to lack of efficacious therapy. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) analogs appear to act directly on cells based on the LHRH receptors on human prostate adenocarcinoma cells. We explored anticancer activity of a cytotoxic analog of LHRH, AEZS-108, consisting of LHRH agonist linked to doxorubicin. Nude mice bearing DU-145 tumors were used to compare antitumor effects of AEZS-108 with its individual constituents or their unconjugated combination. The tumor growth inhibition of conjugate was greatest among treatment groups (90.5% inhibition vs. 41% by [D-Lys(6)]LHRH+DOX). The presence of LHRH receptors on DU-145 cells was confirmed by immunocytochemistry. In vitro, AEZS-108 significantly inhibited cell proliferation (61.2% inhibition) and elevated apoptosis rates (by 46%). By the detection of the inherent doxorubicin fluorescence, unconjugated doxorubicin was seen in the nucleus; the conjugate was perinuclear and at cell membrane. Autophagy, visualized by GFP-tagged p62 reporter, was increased by AEZS-108 (7.9-fold vs. 5.3-fold by DOX+[D-Lys(6)]LHRH. AEZS-108 more effectively increased reactive oxygen species (ROS, 2-fold vs. 1.4-fold by DOX+[D-Lys(6)]LHRH) and levels of the apoptotic regulator p21 in vivo and in vitro. We demonstrate robust inhibitory effects of the targeted cytotoxic LHRH analog, AEZS-108, on LHRHR positive castration-resistant prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Popovics
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL; Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL; Department of Medicine III, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrew V Schally
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL; Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL; Divisions of Hematology/Oncology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL; Endocrinology University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Luca Szalontay
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL
| | - Norman L Block
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL; Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL; Divisions of Hematology/Oncology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Ferenc G Rick
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL; Department of Urology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL
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Dragomir A, Dinea D, Vanhuyse M, Cury FL, Aprikian AG. Drug costs in the management of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer in Canada. BMC Health Serv Res 2014; 14:252. [PMID: 24927758 PMCID: PMC4099156 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-14-252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For Canadian men, prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer and the 3rd leading cause of cancer mortality. Men dying of PCa do so after failing castration. The management of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) is complex and the associated drug treatments are increasingly costly. The objective of this study was to estimate the cost of drug treatments over the mCRPC period, in the context of the latest evidence-based approaches. METHODS Two Markov models with Monte-Carlo microsimulations were developed in order to simulate the management of the disease and to estimate the cost of drug treatments in mCRPC, as per Quebec's public healthcare system. The models include recently approved additional lines of treatment after or before docetaxel (i.e. abiraterone and cabazitaxel). Drug exposure and survival were based on clinical trial results and clinical practice guidelines found in a literature review. All costs were assigned in 2013 Canadian dollars ($). Only direct drug costs were estimated. RESULTS The mean cost of mCRPC drug treatments over an average period of 28.1 months was estimated at $48,428 per patient (95% Confidence Interval: $47,624 to $49,232). The mean cost increased to $104,071 (95% CI: $102,373 - $105,770) per patient when one includes abiraterone initiation prior to docetaxel therapy. Over the mCRPC period, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists (LHRHa) prescribed to maintain castrate testosterone levels accounted for 20.4% of the total medication cost, whereas denosumab prescribed to decrease bone-related events accounted for 30.5% of costs. When patients received cabazitaxel in sequence after abiraterone and docetaxel, the mCRPC medications cost per patient per month increased by 60.2%. The total cost of medications for the treatment of each annual Canadian cohort of 4,000 mCRPC patients was estimated at $ 193.6 million to $416.3 million. CONCLUSIONS Our study estimates the direct drug costs associated with mCRPC treatments in the Canadian healthcare system. Recently identified effective yet not approved therapies will become part of the spectrum of mCRPC treatments, and may potentially increase the cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Dragomir
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, McGill University, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Center, 2155 Guy St, Montreal, Quebec H3H 2R9, Canada
| | - Daniela Dinea
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, McGill University, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montreal, CP 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3 J7, Canada
| | - Marie Vanhuyse
- McGill University Health Center, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, McGill University, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Fabio L Cury
- McGill University Health Center, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, McGill University, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Armen G Aprikian
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, McGill University, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Center, 2155 Guy St, Montreal, Quebec H3H 2R9, Canada
- McGill University Health Center, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
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Park S, Han JM, Cheon J, Hwang JI, Seong JY. Apoptotic death of prostate cancer cells by a gonadotropin-releasing hormone-II antagonist. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99723. [PMID: 24926857 PMCID: PMC4057422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone-I (GnRH-I) has attracted strong attention as a hormonal therapeutic tool, particularly for androgen-dependent prostate cancer patients. However, the androgen-independency of the cancer in advanced stages has spurred researchers to look for new medical treatments. In previous reports, we developed the GnRH-II antagonist Trp-1 to inhibit proliferation and stimulate the autophagic death of various prostate cancer cells, including androgen-independent cells. We further screened many GnRH-II antagonists to identify molecules with higher efficiency. Here, we investigated the effect of SN09-2 on the growth of PC3 prostate cancer cells. SN09-2 reduced the growth of prostate cancer cells but had no effect on cells derived from other tissues. Compared with Trp-1, SN09-2 conspicuously inhibited prostate cancer cell growth, even at low concentrations. SN09-2-induced PC3 cell growth inhibition was associated with decreased membrane potential in mitochondria where the antagonist was accumulated, and increased mitochondrial and cytosolic reactive oxygen species. SN09-2 induced lactate dehydrogenase release into the media and annexin V-staining on the PC3 cell surface, suggesting that the antagonist stimulated prostate cancer cell death by activating apoptotic signaling pathways. Furthermore, cytochrome c release from mitochondria to the cytosol and caspase-3 activation occurred in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. SN09-2 also inhibited the growth of PC3 cells xenotransplanted into nude mice. These results demonstrate that SN09-2 directly induces mitochondrial dysfunction and the consequent ROS generation, leading to not only growth inhibition but also apoptosis of prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumi Park
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Man Han
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Cheon
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Ik Hwang
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (J-IH); (JYS)
| | - Jae Young Seong
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (J-IH); (JYS)
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Ye RS, Xi QY, Qi Q, Cheng X, Chen T, Li H, Kallon S, Shu G, Wang SB, Jiang QY, Zhang YL. Differentially expressed miRNAs after GnRH treatment and their potential roles in FSH regulation in porcine anterior pituitary cell. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57156. [PMID: 23451171 PMCID: PMC3579806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a major regulator of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion in gonadotrope cell in the anterior pituitary gland. microRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA molecules that control gene expression by imperfect binding to the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of mRNA at the post-transcriptional level. It has been proven that miRNAs play an important role in hormone response and/or regulation. However, little is known about miRNAs in the regulation of FSH secretion. In this study, primary anterior pituitary cells were treated with 100 nM GnRH. The supernatant of pituitary cell was collected for FSH determination by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at 3 hours and 6 hours post GnRH treatment respectively. Results revealed that GnRH significantly promoted FSH secretion at 3 h and 6 h post-treatment by 1.40-fold and 1.80-fold, respectively. FSHβ mRNA at 6 h post GnRH treatment significantly increased by 1.60-fold. At 6 hours, cells were collected for miRNA expression profile analysis using MiRCURY LNA Array and quantitative PCR (qPCR). Consequently, 21 up-regulated and 10 down-regulated miRNAs were identified, and qPCR verification of 10 randomly selected miRNAs showed a strong correlation with microarray results. Chromosome location analysis indicated that 8 miRNAs were mapped to chromosome 12 and 4 miRNAs to chromosome X. Target and pathway analysis showed that some miRNAs may be associated with GnRH regulation pathways. In addition, In-depth analysis indicated that 10 up-regulated and 3 down-regulated miRNAs probably target FSHβ mRNA 3′-UTR directly, including miR-361-3p, a highly conserved X-linked miRNA. Most importantly, functional experimental results showed that miR-361-3p was involved in FSH secretion regulation, and up-regulated miR-361-3p expression inhibited FSH secretion, while down-regulated miR-361-3p expression promoted FSH secretion in pig pituitary cell model. These differentially expressed miRNAs resolved in this study provide the first guide for post-transcriptional regulation of pituitary gonadotrope FSH secretion in pig, as well as in other mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Song Ye
- Guandong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian-Yun Xi
- Guandong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qien Qi
- Guandong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Cheng
- Guandong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Guandong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyi Li
- Guandong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, China
| | - Sanpha Kallon
- Guandong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Shu
- Guandong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Song-Bo Wang
- Guandong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Yan Jiang
- Guandong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Liang Zhang
- Guandong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Limonta P, Montagnani Marelli M, Mai S, Motta M, Martini L, Moretti RM. GnRH receptors in cancer: from cell biology to novel targeted therapeutic strategies. Endocr Rev 2012; 33:784-811. [PMID: 22778172 DOI: 10.1210/er.2012-1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The crucial role of pituitary GnRH receptors (GnRH-R) in the control of reproductive functions is well established. These receptors are the target of GnRH agonists (through receptor desensitization) and antagonists (through receptor blockade) for the treatment of steroid-dependent pathologies, including hormone-dependent tumors. It has also become increasingly clear that GnRH-R are expressed in cancer tissues, either related (i.e. prostate, breast, endometrial, and ovarian cancers) or unrelated (i.e. melanoma, glioblastoma, lung, and pancreatic cancers) to the reproductive system. In hormone-related tumors, GnRH-R appear to be expressed even when the tumor has escaped steroid dependence (such as castration-resistant prostate cancer). These receptors are coupled to a G(αi)-mediated intracellular signaling pathway. Activation of tumor GnRH-R by means of GnRH agonists elicits a strong antiproliferative, antimetastatic, and antiangiogenic (more recently demonstrated) activity. Interestingly, GnRH antagonists have also been shown to elicit a direct antitumor effect; thus, these compounds behave as antagonists of GnRH-R at the pituitary level and as agonists of the same receptors expressed in tumors. According to the ligand-induced selective-signaling theory, GnRH-R might assume various conformations, endowed with different activities for GnRH analogs and with different intracellular signaling pathways, according to the cell context. Based on these consistent experimental observations, tumor GnRH-R are now considered a very interesting candidate for novel molecular, GnRH analog-based, targeted strategies for the treatment of tumors expressing these receptors. These agents include GnRH agonists and antagonists, GnRH analog-based cytotoxic (i.e. doxorubicin) or nutraceutic (i.e. curcumin) hybrids, and GnRH-R-targeted nanoparticles delivering anticancer compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Limonta
- Section of Biomedicine and Endocrinology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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31
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Potential agents for cancer and obesity treatment with herbal medicines from the green garden. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-011-0215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) plays a central role in the vertebrate reproduction by regulating gonadal activity. Based on its binding to pituitary LH-RH receptors, as well as to LH-RH receptors expressed on cancer cells, LH-RH agonists and antagonists have been developed for different therapeutic applications. OBJECTIVE/METHOD Here we give an overview of the most relevant LH-RH antagonists and their therapeutic applications. Recently patented compounds as well as drug formulations and dosage are presented. CONCLUSION LH-RH antagonists have found clinical applications in in vitro fertilization, benign prostatic hyperplasia, endometriosis and in the treatment of hormone-dependent tumors. Work in progress is focused on further development of both peptidic and orally active non-peptidic LH-RH antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Mezo
- Eötvös Loránd University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Budapest, Pázmány P. stny. 1/A, Hungary.
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Abstract
Degarelix is a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor antagonist that, in common with GnRH receptor agonists (e.g. leuprolide, goserelin and triptorelin), is indicated for use as an androgen-deprivation therapy in patients with advanced prostate cancer. In 1-year, randomized, open-label, phase II or III trials in patients with all stages of prostate cancer, subcutaneous degarelix was associated with rapid, profound and sustained suppression of serum testosterone and prostate-specific antigen (PSA), without evidence of testosterone surges or microsurges. In the phase III trial, degarelix (240 mg initially followed by 80 mg every 28 days) was considered to be effective and noninferior to intramuscular leuprolide (7.5 mg every 28 days) with regard to inducing and maintaining suppression of serum testosterone to castrate levels (i.e. <or=0.5 ng/mL). Degarelix induced testosterone suppression more rapidly than leuprolide. Median serum testosterone levels of <or=0.5 ng/mL were achieved by day 3 in degarelix recipients, but not until day 28 in leuprolide recipients. PSA suppression was also more rapid with degarelix than with leuprolide, with significant between-group differences in serum PSA levels favouring degarelix at 14 and 28 days. Degarelix treatment for 1 year was generally well tolerated; the adverse events reported were mostly related to subcutaneous drug administration (i.e. injection-site reactions) and hormonal androgen deprivation (e.g. hot flushes).
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Abstract
The growth of prostate cancer cells is hormone dependent in the majority of patients with the disease. Lowering testosterone either surgically or medically (usually with a gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist) is the standard of care in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Degarelix is a new GnRH antagonist for the treatment of patients with prostate cancer. In contrast to GnRH agonists, the development of GnRH antagonists was hindered for a long time owing to histamine-releasing activity and lack of potency and water solubility. Recently, however, degarelix has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. This review summarizes the preclinical and clinical data available for degarelix and describes its potential role in the market of prostate cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Doehn
- Department of Urology, University of Lübeck Medical School, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Lübeck, Germany.
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35
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Doehn C, Sommerauer M, Jocham D. Degarelix and its therapeutic potential in the treatment of prostate cancer. Clin Interv Aging 2009; 4:215-23. [PMID: 19503784 PMCID: PMC2685243 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s3503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Degarelix is a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist for the treatment of patients with prostate cancer in whom hormonal therapy is indicated. Two phase II trials and one phase III have been published as full papers in the literature. In the dose-finding phase II studies an initial dose of 240 mg degarelix sc followed by a monthly injection of 80 mg or 160 mg degarelix sc was sufficient to keep testosterone levels < or = 0.5 ng/ml. In a phase III trial it was demonstrated that degarelix was not inferior (in terms of testosterone suppression and prostate-specific antigen [PSA] decline) compared to standard hormonal therapy, ie, a GnRH agonist such as leuprolide. In fact, degarelix was associated with a faster testosterone suppression and PSA decline than leuprolide. Adverse events such as injection site reactions (40% vs <1%) and chills (4% vs 0%) were more commonly associated with degarelix. Also, degarelix is currently only available as one-month depot whereas in daily practice three-month depots (of GnRH agonists) are the preferred regimen. However, degarelix was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Doehn
- Department of Urology, University of Lübeck Medical School, Lübeck, Germany.
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36
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Re: The Efficacy and Safety of Degarelix: A 12-Month, Comparative, Randomized, Open-Label, Parallel-Group Phase III Study in Patients with Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol 2009; 55:1488-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2009.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kim HJ, Lee SC, Bae SB, Kwon KW, Kim CK, Lee NS, Lee KT, Won JH, Hong DS, Park HS. GnRH agonist therapy in a patient with recurrent ovarian granulosa cell tumors. J Korean Med Sci 2009; 24:535-8. [PMID: 19543423 PMCID: PMC2698208 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2009.24.3.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A 65-yr-old woman presented 17 yr status post-hysterectomy with bilateral ovarian salpingo-oophorectomy, attributable to ovarian cancer. She was admitted to our hospital, with multiple cystic liver masses and multiple large seeded masses in her abdomen and pelvic cavity. Histological examination of the pelvic masses demonstrated granulosa cell tumors. After two courses of systemic combination chemotherapy, with paclitaxel and carboplatin, the masses in the abdomen and pelvic cavity increased, and debulking surgery also failed because of peritoneal dissemination with severe adhesion. Finally, she underwent palliative radiotherapy for only the pelvic masses obstructing the urinary and GI tracts, and monthly hormonal therapy with a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist; leuprorelin 3.75 mg IM. Subsequently, multiple masses beyond the range of the radiation as well as those within the radiotherapy field partially decreased. This partial response had been maintained for more than 8 months as of the last follow-up visit. Owing to its long and indolent course and the low metabolic rate of the tumors, advanced or recurrent granulosa cell tumor (GCT) requires treatment options beyond chemotherapy, surgery, and radiotherapy. Hormonal agents may provide another treatment option for advanced or recurrent GCT in those who are not candidates for surgery, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Sang-Cheol Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Sang Byung Bae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Kye Won Kwon
- Department of Pathology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Chan Kyu Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Nam Su Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Kyu Taek Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Jong Ho Won
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Dae Sik Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Hee Sook Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
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Kim DK, Yang JS, Maiti K, Hwang JI, Kim K, Seen D, Ahn Y, Lee C, Kang BC, Kwon HB, Cheon J, Seong JY. A Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-II Antagonist Induces Autophagy of Prostate Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2009; 69:923-31. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Huhtaniemi I, White R, McArdle CA, Persson BE. Will GnRH antagonists improve prostate cancer treatment? Trends Endocrinol Metab 2009; 20:43-50. [PMID: 19008119 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Revised: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Androgen ablation forms a basis for treating prostate cancer and is achieved either by surgical castration, or pharmacologically using oestrogens, anti-androgens and/or gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues. GnRH antagonists (or blockers) offer a new means of treatment by directly blocking GnRH receptors. Advantages of GnRH antagonists include lack of the initial stimulation of gonadotropin and testosterone production, lack of gonadotropin microsurges and sustained follicle-stimulating hormone suppression; disadvantages include increased histamine release. This review discusses advantages and disadvantages of the GnRH antagonists currently in development, in light of receptor physiology and pre-clinical and clinical data. Comparative clinical trials will ultimately establish their efficacy in comparison to other pharmacotherapies. Therefore, continuing development and refinement is needed to improve prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilpo Huhtaniemi
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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40
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Singer EA, Golijanin DJ, Miyamoto H, Messing EM. Androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2008; 9:211-28. [PMID: 18201145 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.9.2.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Androgen deprivation continues to play a crucial role in the treatment of advanced and metastatic prostate cancer. In the 65 years since its use was first described, urologists and medical oncologists have developed new and innovative ways to manipulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis with the goal of alleviating symptoms and prolonging the life of men with prostate cancer. Despite the successes that androgen deprivation therapy has brought, each method and regimen possesses unique benefits and burdens, of which the clinician and patient must be cognizant. This review discusses the first-line androgen deprivation methods and regimens presently in use with special attention paid to their side effects and the management of them, as well as the question of when to initiate androgen deprivation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Singer
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Tiwari A. Advances in the development of hormonal modulators for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2007; 16:1425-39. [PMID: 17714028 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.16.9.1425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a leading disorder of the ageing male population and is characterized by a progressive enlargement of the prostate, resulting in the obstruction of the proximal urethra and hence the disturbance in normal urinary flow and further quality of life of the patients. Therefore, there is an imperative need to develop a therapeutic modality to combat the overgrowth of the prostate with improvements in both the urinary flow rate and the quality of life of the patients. At present, alpha-blockers, which act on the dynamic component of the disease to regulate the increased adrenergic tone of the lower urinary tract smooth muscles, and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, which control the overgrowth of the prostate and hence static component by regulating the levels of androgens, are the mainstay of therapies for the treatment of BPH and associated lower urinary tract symptoms. However, each target class has its own limitations in terms of compromised efficacy or tolerability. Therefore, it is pertinent to have an effective and safe therapeutic modality for the further improvement of life of the geriatric male population. Hormone modulators, which regulate the overgrowth of the prostate, represent one of the important categories that have been explored and that is still undergoing certain investigations towards the development of a therapeutic entity for the treatment of BPH. The key lies in achieving the differentiation in terms of improved tolerability with comparable or better efficacy over the existing class of drugs. Gonadotropin receptor modulators and vitamin D receptor agonists may represent promising druggable targets in this therapeutic area, due to the availability of proof of principles and concepts in preclinical animal models and human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Tiwari
- Drug Discovery Unit, Jubilant Biosys Ltd, #96, 2nd Stage, Industrial Suburb, Yeshwantpur, Bangalore, Karnatka, India.
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Princivalle M, Broqua P, White R, Meyer J, Mayer G, Elliott L, Bjarnason K, Haigh R, Yea C. Rapid suppression of plasma testosterone levels and tumor growth in the dunning rat model treated with degarelix, a new gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 320:1113-8. [PMID: 17179469 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.112326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Degarelix (FE 200486) is a member of a new class of water-soluble (>50 mg/ml) gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists in clinical development for prostate cancer. Upon subcutaneous administration, degarelix forms a gel that results in a sustained release of the compound into the circulation, immediately blocking GnRH receptors in the pituitary and inducing a fast and sustained suppression of gonadotrophin secretion in rats and primates. One of the few animal models of prostate adenocarcinoma is the Dunning R-3327H rat carcinoma transplanted into Copenhagen rats. The growth of the Dunning tumor can be inhibited by various treatments reported to be effective in the clinic, such as GnRH superagonists, antiandrogens, 5-alphareductase inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and surgical castration. We report in this study that degarelix produces a fast and sustained suppression of the pituitary gonadal axis in rats and a similar inhibition of tumor growth compared with surgical castration in the Dunning R-3327H rat carcinoma model. First, degarelix as been compared with d-Trp(6)-luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and surgical castration on a short-term study (2 months); and second, degarelix has been compared with leuprolide and surgical castration on a long-term study (12 months). In both studies, degarelix demonstrated a sustained inhibition of tumor growth at least comparable with surgical castration. These data provide a convincing profile of degarelix as a potential candidate for the clinical management of sex steroid-dependent pathologies, such as prostate cancer, where long-term reversible chemical castration is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Princivalle
- Ferring Research Ltd., Chilworth Science Park, 1 Venture Rd., Southampton SO16 7NP, UK.
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Debruyne F, Bhat G, Garnick MB. Abarelix for injectable suspension: first-in-class gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist for prostate cancer. Future Oncol 2006; 2:677-96. [PMID: 17155895 DOI: 10.2217/14796694.2.6.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abarelix, a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist, with its indication for advanced symptomatic prostate cancer, represents the newest category of hormonal therapy introduced in the past 15 years. Results from Phase II and III clinical trials demonstrate the advantages of abarelix over commonly used luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist therapy: abarelix does not cause a surge in serum testosterone that can precipitate a flare phenomenon or worsening of disease, particularly dangerous for patients with metastatic, symptomatic disease, and produces medical castration more quickly. Abarelix was also demonstrated to promptly and substantially reduce follicle-stimulating hormone levels to lower than LHRH agonist. Study results demonstrate effective anticancer responses during extended exposure to abarelix: improvements in pain score and/or analgesic use, improvements in urinary symptoms (including urinary catheter removal) and complete avoidance of bilateral orchiectomy for patients undergoing at least 12 weeks of treatment. In Phase III clinical trials, abarelix demonstrated a similar overall safety profile when compared with LHRH agonist monotherapy, and a superior safety profile when compared with LHRH agonist plus antiandrogen combination therapy. Abarelix patients experienced a greater incidence of immediate-onset systemic allergic reactions as compared with control arms.
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Tornøe CW, Agersø H, Senderovitz T, Nielsen HA, Madsen H, Karlsson MO, Jonsson EN. Population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modelling of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis following treatment with GnRH analogues. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2006; 63:648-64. [PMID: 17096678 PMCID: PMC2000597 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2006.02820.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To develop a population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis describing the changes in luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone concentrations following treatment with the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist triptorelin and the GnRH receptor blocker degarelix. METHODS Fifty-eight healthy subjects received single subcutaneous or intramuscular injections of 3.75 mg of triptorelin and 170 prostate cancer patients received multiple subcutaneous doses of degarelix of between 120 and 320 mg. All subjects were pooled for the population PK/PD data analysis. A systematic population PK/PD model-building framework using stochastic differential equations was applied to the data to identify nonlinear dynamic dependencies and to deconvolve the functional feedback interactions of the HPG axis. RESULTS In our final PK/PD model of the HPG axis, the half-life of LH was estimated to be 1.3 h and that of testosterone 7.69 h, which corresponds well with literature values. The estimated potency of LH with respect to testosterone secretion was 5.18 IU l(-1), with a maximal stimulation of 77.5 times basal testosterone production. The estimated maximal triptorelin stimulation of the basal LH pool release was 1330 times above basal concentrations, with a potency of 0.047 ng ml(-1). The LH pool release was decreased by a maximum of 94.2% by degarelix with an estimated potency of 1.49 ng ml(-1). CONCLUSIONS Our model of the HPG axis was able to account for the different dynamic responses observed after administration of both GnRH agonists and GnRH receptor blockers, suggesting that the model adequately characterizes the underlying physiology of the endocrine system.
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Freeman SA, Modesitt SC. Anastrozole therapy in recurrent ovarian adult granulosa cell tumors: A report of 2 cases. Gynecol Oncol 2006; 103:755-8. [PMID: 16870240 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2006.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2006] [Revised: 06/12/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian sex cord stromal tumors are frequently hormonally active, and adult granulosa cell tumors often demonstrate estrogen receptor positivity. Thus, hormonal agents have been evaluated as potential treatments for advanced stage or recurrent adult granulosa cell tumors. CASE Two cases of patients with recurrent adult granulosa cell tumors are presented. Each patient received multiple treatment modalities including chemotherapy and had previously progressed on leuprolide. Both patients were started on anastrozole with subsequent normalization of inhibin B levels and clinical exams. They have been maintained on treatment for 14 and 18 months, respectively, and have tolerated the drug without difficulty. CONCLUSION Aromatase inhibitors may be a viable treatment option for women with advanced stage or recurrent ovarian adult granulosa cell tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Freeman
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kentucky, Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA
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Finas D, Hornung D, Diedrich K, Schultze-Mosgau A. Cetrorelix in the treatment of female infertility and endometriosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2006; 7:2155-68. [PMID: 17020439 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.7.15.2155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The use of cetrorelix within ovarian-stimulation protocols demonstrates several advantages compared with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist-containing protocols, which include, for example, significantly less time for analogue treatment and a reduction in the amount of gonadotropins needed. Furthermore, fewer side effects can be expected. There is no difference regarding endometrium quality and hormone profiles, and the results of assisted reproduction cycles are comparable. Cetrorelix also seems to be useful in the treatment of endometriosis which, in most cases, is an estrogen-dependent disease. Furthermore, fewer side effects occur with this agent (e.g., postmenopausal symptoms) and no estradiol add-back is needed. In the future, new nonpeptic GnRH antagonists are expected to be available for oral administration. Although they are still under investigation, these agents have the potential to improve patients' comfort and compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Finas
- Department of Andrology and the Out-Patient Clinic, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Luebeck, Germany.
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Pettersson B, Varenhorst E, Petas A, Sandow J. Duration of Testosterone Suppression after a 9.45mg Implant of the GnRH-Analogue Buserelin in Patients with Localised Carcinoma of the Prostate. Eur Urol 2006; 50:483-9. [PMID: 16626856 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2006.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES (1) To determine the duration of androgen deprivation after a single buserelin implant 9.45 mg in the neoadjuvant setting in combination with curative radiation therapy of carcinoma of the prostate, and (2) to evaluate the time to recovery of gonadal function, and the incidence and duration of hypogonadal symptoms. METHODS We prospectively evaluated 21 men with carcinoma of the prostate who received one implant of 9.45 mg buserelin subcutaneously. Release of buserelin, changes in serum testosterone concentration, hot flushing and sexual function over a 12-month study period were recorded. RESULTS Testosterone was suppressed below the castration limit (0.58 ng/ml=2 nmol/l) for 224 days (range, 139-309). The mean time to first return of testosterone above the castration limit was 246 days (range, 168-344); 50% of pre-treatment value was reached after 285 days (range, 218-370). The prevalence of hot flushing was 19 of 21 patients (90%) at 12 weeks. At the end of the study period, serum testosterone had reached 80% (range, 33%-166%) of pre-treatment concentration, sexual interest was present in 52%, erection was possible in 60%, and hot flushing remained in 24%. CONCLUSION A single injection of 3-month buserelin implant 9.45 mg suppresses serum testosterone below the castration limit for at least 6 months. Testosterone secretion recovers by 8-12 months. Hypogonadal symptoms decreased with the restoration of serum testosterone secretion. These data are clinically relevant regarding the dose schedule for buserelin and the patient information provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill Pettersson
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Health Sciences University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
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Jadhav PR, Agersø H, Tornøe CW, Gobburu JVS. Semi-mechanistic pharmacodynamic modeling for degarelix, a novel gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) blocker. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2006; 33:609-34. [PMID: 16967346 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-006-9025-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Accepted: 06/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An integrated semi-mechanistic pharmacodynamic (PD) model describing the relationship between luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone (T) after short-term administration of degarelix was developed. Data from three clinical studies involving, intravenous (IV) and subcutaneous (SC) dosing, in healthy male subjects were available. Degarelix pharmacokinetic (PK) data from all studies were modeled simultaneously. One intravenous study was used to develop the PD model and the two other studies (IV and SC dosing) were used to qualify the model. Degarelix PK follows a two-compartment model and exhibits flip-flop kinetics after subcutaneous dosing. Based on physiological mechanism, the gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) time course was described using a pulsatile release model. A precursor-dependent pool model was used to describe the kinetics of LH in the pituitary and plasma compartment. In males, LH regulates T production in leydig cells. Degarelix inhibits the release of LH from the pool compartment to the plasma compartment leading to decreased T production. The plasma half-life of LH (2.6-3.3 hr) and T (2.7 hr) match well with the literature reports. The proposed PD model reasonably described the time course of LH and T including the LH rebound for short-term studies. The model predicted the time course of LH and T for the second IV and SC dosing studies very well. However, the long term simulations from the final model did not match with literature reports. A modification is suggested based on the physiological understanding of the system. The proposed novel modification to precursor models can be of general use for predicting long term responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin R Jadhav
- Pharmacometrics, Office of Clinical Pharmacology and Biopharmaceutics, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Building 21, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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Sarma PKS, Tiwari A, Kondaskar A, Cliffe IA. Peptidomimetic GnRH receptor antagonists for the treatment of reproductive and proliferative diseases. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2006. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.16.6.733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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50
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Li H, Anderes KL, Kraynov EA, Luthin DR, Do QQ, Hong Y, Tompkins E, Sun ET, Rajapakse R, Pathak VP, Christie LC, Feng J, Vazir H, Castillo R, Gregory ML, Castro M, Nared-Hood K, Paderes G, Anderson MB. Discovery of a Novel, Orally Active, Small Molecule Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Receptor Antagonist. J Med Chem 2006; 49:3362-7. [PMID: 16722655 DOI: 10.1021/jm060012g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) plays an important role in the biology of reproduction. The use of GnRH receptor antagonists has been reported in the literature for the treatment of breast, ovarian, and prostate cancers. In this article, we report the synthesis, in vitro characterization, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of an orally bioavailable, potent, small molecule GnRH receptor antagonist N-{4,6-dimethoxy-2-[(3-morpholin-4-ylpropyl)amino]pyrimidin-5-yl}-5-[3,3,6-trimthyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl)oxy]-2-furamide (compound 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Pharmacology, and Pharmacokenetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research & Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
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