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Gentile N, Carrasquer F, Marco-Fuertes A, Marin C. Backyard poultry: exploring non-intensive production systems. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103284. [PMID: 38056053 PMCID: PMC10749279 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of backyard poultry historically encompassed "food-producing animals." Nevertheless, a recent shift in livestock production paradigms within developed countries is evident, as backyard poultry owners now raise their birds for purposes beyond self-consumption, raising animals in a familiar way, and fostering emotional bonds with them. Because backyard animals are frequently privately owned, and the resulting products are typically not marketed, very little information is available about the demographic profile of backyard owners and information on flocks' characteristics, husbandry, and welfare. Thus, this review aims to clarify the characteristics of backyard poultry, highlighting the prevalent infectious diseases and the zoonotic risk to which farmers are exposed. According to the FAO, there are different types of poultry production systems: intensive, sub-intensive, and extensive. The system conditions, requirements, and the resulting performance differ extensively due to the type of breed, feeding practices, prevalence of disease, prevention and control of diseases, flock management, and the interactions among all these factors. The presence and transmission of infectious diseases in avian species is a problem that affects both the animals themselves and public health. Bacterial (Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Mycoplasma), parasitic (helminths, louses, and mites), and viral (Avian influenza, Newcastle, Marek, Infectious Bronchitis, Gumboro, Infectious Laringotracheitis, and Fowlpox) are the most important pathogens involved in backyard poultry health. In addition, Avian influenza, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and E. coli, could be a risk for backyard farmers and/or backyard-derived products consumers. Thus, proper biosecurity implementation measures are mandatory to control them. While the principles and practices of on-farm biosecurity may be well-versed among commercial farmers, hobbyists, and backyard farmers might not be familiar with the necessary steps to protect their flocks from infectious diseases and curb their transmission. This sector represents the fourth category of poultry farming, characterized by the lowest biosecurity standards. Consequently, it is imperative to address the legal status of backyard poultry, educate owners about biosecurity measures, and promote proper veterinary care and disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicla Gentile
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy; Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Carrasquer
- H&N International GmbH, 27472 Cuxhaven, Germany; Institute of Science and Animal Technology, Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Marco-Fuertes
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - Clara Marin
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain.
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Etterlin PE, Comin A, Eriksson H, Bagge E, Jinnerot T, Jonare L, Jansson DS. Questionnaire study suggests grave consequences of infectious laryngotracheitis, infectious coryza and mycoplasmosis in small chicken flocks. Acta Vet Scand 2023; 65:39. [PMID: 37710285 PMCID: PMC10500715 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-023-00703-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing number of people in western countries keep small chicken flocks. In Sweden, respiratory disease is a common necropsy finding in chickens from such flocks. A respiratory real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) panel was applied to detect infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), Avibacterium paragallinarum (A. paragallinarum) and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (M. gallisepticum) in chickens from small flocks which underwent necropsy in 2017-2019 and had respiratory lesions. Owners (N = 100) of PCR-positive flocks were invited to reply to a web-based questionnaire about husbandry, outbreak characteristics and management. RESULTS Response rate was 61.0%. The flocks were from 18 out of Sweden's 21 counties indicating that respiratory infections in small chicken flocks are geographically widespread in Sweden. Among participating flocks, 77.0% were coinfected by 2-3 pathogens; 91.8% tested positive for A. paragallinarum, 57.4% for M. gallisepticum and 50.8% for ILTV. Larger flock size and mixed-species flock structure were associated with PCR detection of M. gallisepticum (P = 0.00 and P = 0.02, respectively). Up to 50% mortality was reported by 63.9% of respondents. Euthanasia of some chickens was carried out in 86.9% of the flocks as a result of the outbreaks. Full clinical recovery was reported by 39.3% of owners suggesting chronic infection is a major challenge in infected flocks. Live birds had been introduced in many flocks prior to outbreaks, which suggested these as an important source of infection. Following the outbreaks, 36.1% replaced their flocks with new birds and 9.8% ceased keeping chickens. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the severity of respiratory outbreaks in small non-commercial chicken flocks and points to the need for more research and veterinary assistance to prevent and manage respiratory infections in small chicken flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Engelsen Etterlin
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Arianna Comin
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helena Eriksson
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Bagge
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tomas Jinnerot
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Liv Jonare
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Désirée S Jansson
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Fagrach A, Arbani O, Karroute O, El-Ftouhy FZ, Kichou F, Bouslikhane M, Fellahi S. Prevalence of major infectious diseases in backyard chickens from rural markets in Morocco. Vet World 2023; 16:1897-1906. [PMID: 37859951 PMCID: PMC10583883 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1897-1906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Raising backyard chickens is a common practice in Morocco, mainly in rural or periurban areas. Constraints due to devastating avian diseases have been recognized as a major limiting factor in backyard poultry production. Consequently, these flocks could potentially be implicated as reservoirs for poultry diseases. However, there is a considerable lack of information on disease prevalence in this production system, and the risk represented by these small flocks remains under debate. This study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence and identify related risk factors of a range of bacterial and viral pathogens of outstanding importance for the economy and public health in backyard poultry in Morocco. Materials and Methods A total of 712 sera samples and 258 cloacal swabs were collected from 712 backyard chickens from 15 rural markets in the Khemisset and Skhirat-Temara provinces. None of the sampled chickens received any vaccination. Sera samples were screened for antibodies against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and low pathogenic avian influenza H9N2 subtype (LPAI H9N2) using a hemagglutination-inhibition test, against bursal infectious disease virus (IBDV) and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) using a rapid serum agglutination test. Swab samples were compiled into 86 pools and submitted for molecular detection using real-time reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results The seroprevalences in backyard chickens for NDV, LPAI H9N2, IBDV, IBV, MG, and MS were 52.1% (371/712), 63.5% (452/712), 84.7% (603/712), 82.2% (585/712), 58% (413/712), and 74.8% (533/712), respectively. Based on the RT-PCR results, 2.3% (2/86), 62.8% (54/86), 2.3% (2/86), 63.9% (55/86), 40.7% (35/86), and 29.1% (25/86) of the pools were positive for NDV, H9N2 LPAI, IBDV, IBV, MG, and MS, respectively. Multiple coinfections (H9N2-IBV-MG), (H9N2-IBV-MS), or (IBV-MG-MS) were observed in 15.1%, 8.5%, and 8.5% of the tested samples, respectively. Conclusion The results show that backyard chicken flocks and rural markets have the potential to serve as reservoirs or amplifiers for poultry pathogens and could pose a risk to the commercial poultry sector. This highlights the need for a comprehensive and adapted vaccination plan for backyard chickens, and extension of efforts to increase flock owners' awareness of avian diseases and incite the implementation of biosecurity measures at the farm level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Fagrach
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Oumaima Arbani
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Oumaima Karroute
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Fatima Zahra El-Ftouhy
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Environment and Agri-food, Faculty of Science and Technology Mohammedia, University Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Faouzi Kichou
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Bouslikhane
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Siham Fellahi
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat, Morocco
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Rehman N, Ejaz U, Siraj A, Liaquat S, Sohail M, Khan TA, Moin SF, Ahmad A. Colloidal gold based immunochromatographic detection of Mycoplasmopsis synoviae infection and its prevalence in avian species of Karachi, Pakistan. Res Vet Sci 2023; 161:96-102. [PMID: 37329851 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Avian mycoplasmosis is an infection that commonly prevails in birds, particularly in poultry chickens. Among mycoplasmosis causing organisms, Mycoplasmopsis synoviae is a predominant and lethal pathogen to the aves. Considering the increased incidence of infections by M. synoviae, the prevalence of M. synoviae was deduced in poultry chickens and fancy birds of Karachi region. The lungs and tracheal samples from chicken and dead fancy birds and swab samples from live fancy birds were collected and investigated by amplifying 16 s rRNA gene of M. synoviae. Biochemical characteristics of M. synoviae was also evaluated. Furthermore, surface-associated membrane proteins, that represent key antigens for diagnosis of M. synoviae infection was extracted by Triton X- 114 method. Results showed that M. synoviae was detected more frequently in lungs than in trachea, that could be due to its invasion capacity and tissue affinity. SDS PAGE analysis of extracted membrane proteins showed two prominent hydrophobic proteins of different molecular mass including proteins of 150 and 50 kDa. Protein of 150 kDa was purified by size exclusion chromatography and it exhibited agglutinogen activity. Purified protein was used in the development of one-step immunochromatographic (ICT) assay for the detection of antibodies against M. synoviae using gold nanoparticles coated with polyclonal antibodies. Low levels of antibodies were detected by the developed ICT kit, which has 88% sensitivity with 92% specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Rehman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Uroosa Ejaz
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology (SZABIST), Karachi 75600, Pakistan
| | - Amal Siraj
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Shazma Liaquat
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Taseer Ahmed Khan
- Department of Physiology, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Syed Faraz Moin
- Dr Zafar H Zaidi Center for Proteomic (Formerly National Center for Proteomics), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Aqeel Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; Department of Biosciences, Salim Habib University, Karachi 74900, Pakistan.
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Fatideh FP, Esmaelizad M, Kargar M, Tebianian M, Kafilzadeh F. Designing of novel chimeric PvpA-pMGA protein of Mycoplasma gallisepticum, applicable for indirect ELISA. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:160. [DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00434-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Mycoplasma gallisepticum is the primary agent of chronic respiratory disease in chickens creating important economic losses in poultry industry. pMGA and pvpA genes encode major surface proteins in M. gallisepticum containing pathogenic, antigenic, and immune evasion characteristics. The objective of the present study was to design, express, and purify the recombinant chimeric PvpA-pMGA protein from M.gallisepticum for using in serological diagnostic test.
Methods
Antigenic regions of PvpA and pMGA proteins were predicted for designing chimeric pvpA-pMGA gene construct. The codon optimized sequence was cloned into the expression vector pET32a+ and transformed into the Escherichia coli strain BL21 (DE3). The pET32a-PvpA-pMGA recombinant plasmid was expressed and confirmed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. PvpA-pMGA recombinant protein (20μg and 50μg), ts-11 vaccine strain, and S6 strain that formulated by montanide adjuvant and two control groups (PBS and adjuvant) were injected subcutaneously to six groups of chickens.
Results
High yield of protein was purified amount 138 mg/L by affinity batch formation method. Indirect ELISA showed the levels of antibodies in rPvpA-pMGA was significantly higher than ts-11 and S6 groups (p<0.05). The results indicated that antigen-specific response was successfully elicited by the rpMGA-PvpA in chickens. The result of the ELISA with sera collected from ts-11 and S6 groups showed that indirect PvpA-pMGA-ELISA is appropriate candidate for detection of specific antibodies against M. gallisepticum with 100% sensitivity and specificity.
Conclusions
The rPvpA-pMGA is a highly candidate immunogenic protein which induced high amount of humoral immune response. Novel rPvpA-pMGA protein could be useful for evaluation of antibody level in vaccinated poultry flocks.
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Kursa O, Tomczyk G, Adamska K, Chrzanowska J, Sawicka-Durkalec A. The Microbial Community of the Respiratory Tract of Commercial Chickens and Turkeys. Microorganisms 2022; 10:987. [PMID: 35630431 PMCID: PMC9147466 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract health critically affects the performance of commercial poultry. This report presents data on the microbial community in these organs from a comprehensive study of laying chickens and turkey breeders. The main objective was to characterize and compare the compositions of the respiratory system bacteria isolated from birds of different ages and geographical locations in Poland. Using samples from 28 turkey and 26 chicken flocks, the microbial community was determined by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. There was great variability between flocks. The diversity and abundance of upper respiratory tract (URT) bacteria was greater in chickens than in turkeys. At the phyla level, the URT of the chickens was heavily colonized by Proteobacteria, which represented 66.4% of the total microbiota, while in turkeys, this phylum constituted 42.6% of all bacteria. Firmicutes bacteria were more abundant in turkeys (43.2%) than in chickens (24.1%). The comparison of the respiratory tracts at the family and genus levels showed the diversity and abundance of amplicon sequence variants (ASV) differing markedly between the species. Potentially pathogenic bacteria ASV were identified in the respiratory tract, which are not always associated with clinical signs, but may affect bird productivity and performance. The data obtained, including characterization of the bacterial composition found in the respiratory system, may be useful for developing effective interventions strategies to improve production performance and prevent and control disease in commercial laying chickens and turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olimpia Kursa
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (G.T.); (K.A.); (A.S.-D.)
| | - Grzegorz Tomczyk
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (G.T.); (K.A.); (A.S.-D.)
| | - Karolina Adamska
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (G.T.); (K.A.); (A.S.-D.)
| | | | - Anna Sawicka-Durkalec
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (G.T.); (K.A.); (A.S.-D.)
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First Molecular Survey to Detect Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in Poultry Farms in a Strategic Production District of Sicily (South-Italy). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12080962. [PMID: 35454208 PMCID: PMC9028770 DOI: 10.3390/ani12080962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Avian mycoplasmosis is caused by several pathogenic mycoplasmas of which Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and M. synoviae (MS) are the most important. These bacteria may cause both respiratory disease and synovial infections in poultry, resulting in severe economic losses. The aim of this work was to determine the occurrence of MG and MS among commercial and rural laying hens located in Ragusa province (South Italy), using a duplex real time PCR. Four hundred tracheal swabs were collected from seven commercial and 25 rural farms without any clinical disease history. The prevalence in the studied flocks was 28.6% (commercial) and 40% (rural) for MG, and 42.8% (commercial) and 44% (rural) for MS. The overall prevalence at animal level was 12.5% for MG and 23.25% for MS. Data obtained show a lower prevalence of MG than MS in the studied farms. Moreover, both pathogens were spread in rural and commercial farms underlining the importance of surveillance and control of these infections. Abstract Mycoplasmas are recognized as avian pathogens, which may cause both respiratory disease and synovial infections in poultry, resulting in severe economic losses. Our study aims to determine the occurrence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) among commercial and rural laying hens located in Ragusa province (South Italy), using a duplex real time PCR. Four hundred tracheal swabs were collected from seven commercial (200 swabs) and 25 rural (200 swabs) farms without any clinical disease history. Out of 400 swabs collected, 50 (12.5%) and 93 (23.25%) were positive for MG and MS, respectively. In particular, 9 (18%) and 22 (23.65%) positive swabs for MG and MS, respectively, originated from commercial farms, compared to 41 (82%) and 71 (76.34%) obtained from rural farms. Data obtained show a lower prevalence of MG than MS in the studied farms. Moreover, both pathogens were spread in rural and commercial farms. PCR could be concluded as a rapid and sensitive method for the identification of MG and MS in areas where commercial farms that are declared Mycoplasma-free and rural flocks coexist. These data highlight the importance of surveillance also in rural poultry to monitoring the occurrence of mycoplasmas strains in strategic productive districts.
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Gethöffer F, Curland N, Voigt U, Woelfing B, Ludwig T, Heffels-Redmann U, Hafez HM, Lierz M, Siebert U. Seroprevalences of specific antibodies against avian pathogens in free-ranging ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) in Northwestern Germany. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255434. [PMID: 34347834 PMCID: PMC8336876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases in captive pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) are well known, but there is a lack of knowledge about occurrence and distribution of pathogens in free-ranging pheasants in Germany. We investigated 604 sera from hunted pheasants and 152 sera from wild caught pheasants between 2011 to 2015, with the aim to determine the prevalence of specific antibodies against different viruses: Avian influenza virus (AIV) of subtypes H5, H7, H9, paramyxovirus type 1 (PMV-1), avian encephalomyelitis virus (AEV), infectious bursitis disease virus (IBDV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) and Salmonella sp., Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). In addition, 178 caeca were investigated for Histomonas meleagridis. The study reveals an ongoing circulation of IBV in the wild pheasant population during the study. Also high seroprevalences of specific antibodies against aMPV depending on the area and a strong increase in prevalence of IBDV antibodies in sera of pheasants in Lower Saxony were detected. ILTV antibody prevalences differed between areas and AEV antibody detection differed between years significantly, whereas specific antibodies against PMV-1 could not be detected and antibodies against AIV-H5, -H7 and -H9 and Mycoplasma spp. were detected in very few cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Gethöffer
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Nele Curland
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Voigt
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Benno Woelfing
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Ludwig
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ursula Heffels-Redmann
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Michael Lierz
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ursula Siebert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Genetic Heterogeneity among Chicken Infectious Anemia Viruses Detected in Italian Fowl. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11040944. [PMID: 33801597 PMCID: PMC8067058 DOI: 10.3390/ani11040944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) is a pathogen of chickens associated with immunosuppression and with a disease named chicken infectious anemia. The present survey reports an epidemiological study on CIAV distribution in Italian broiler, broiler breeder and backyard chicken flocks. Twenty-five strains were detected by a specifically developed nested PCR protocol, and molecularly characterized by partial VP1 gene or complete genome sequencing. Viral DNA amplification was successfully obtained from non-invasive samples such as feathers and environmental dust. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis showed the circulation of field or potentially vaccine-derived strains with heterogeneous sequences clustered into genogroups II, IIIa, and IIIb. Marker genome positions, reported to be correlated with CIAV virulence, were evaluated in field strains. In conclusion, this is the first survey focused on the molecular characteristics of Italian CIAVs, which have proved to be highly heterogeneous, implementing at the same time a distribution map of field viruses worldwide.
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Singleton DA, Ball C, Rennie C, Coxon C, Ganapathy K, Jones PH, Welchman D, Tulloch JSP. Backyard poultry cases in UK small animal practices: Demographics, health conditions and pharmaceutical prescriptions. Vet Rec 2021; 188:e71. [PMID: 33835557 PMCID: PMC8638672 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Backyard poultry ownership is of keen interest in the United Kingdom. However, despite this, little is known about veterinary care engagement and outcomes of visits in this group of species. METHODS This study described and characterised veterinary practice-visiting backyard poultry, utilising electronic health record data supplied by veterinary practices voluntarily participating in the Small Animal Veterinary Surveillance Network between 1st April 2014 and 31st March 2019. RESULTS In total, 4424 recorded poultry consultations originating from 197 veterinary practices (352 sites) were summarised. Chicken consultation (n = 3740) peak incidence was in early summer (April-June), relative to all recorded species. More chickens resided in rural (incident rate ratio = 2.5, confidence interval [CI] 2.3-2.6, p <0.001) or less deprived areas. Non-specific clinical signs were commonly recorded (17.6% of chicken consultations, CI 15.9-19.2), as were those indicative of advanced disease. This latter finding was reflected in prescribed management strategies, with euthanasia comprising 29.8% (CI 27.0-32.6) of consultations. Antimicrobials were commonly prescribed (33.0% of consultations, CI 29.8-36.2), 43.8% of which included antimicrobials considered 'highest priority critically important' by the World Health Organisation. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate a need to tailor antimicrobial prescription guidance to the backyard poultry setting. In addition, late presentation of disease, vague clinical descriptions in clinical narratives and high euthanasia rates show that disease identification, management and knowledge of poultry health and welfare among owners and veterinary surgeons can be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Singleton
- Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Cheshire, UK
| | - Christopher Ball
- Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Cheshire, UK
| | - Cameron Rennie
- Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Cheshire, UK
| | - Charlotte Coxon
- International Disease Monitoring and Risk Assessment (EU Exit), Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK
| | - Kannan Ganapathy
- Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Cheshire, UK
| | - Phil H Jones
- Surveillance Intelligence Unit, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK
| | - David Welchman
- Surveillance Intelligence Unit, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Winchester, UK
| | - John S P Tulloch
- Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Cheshire, UK
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Baldrey V. Guide to using antibiotics in pet birds. IN PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/inp.m3092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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12
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Felice V, Lupini C, Mescolini G, Silveira F, Guerrini A, Catelli E, Di Francesco A. Molecular detection and characterization of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae strains in backyard poultry in Italy. Poult Sci 2020; 99:719-724. [PMID: 32029157 PMCID: PMC7587864 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) represent the most important avian Mycoplasma species in the poultry industry, causing considerable economic losses. In Italy, the presence of MG or MS has been investigated especially in commercial poultry farms. To our knowledge, no systematic investigations on MG or MS presence using highly specific diagnostic assays have been performed in backyard poultry. The aim of this study was to detect and molecularly characterize MG and MS strains in 11 backyard poultry flocks located in different regions of Italy. Tracheal swabs were collected and DNA was extracted. For MS, a PCR targeting a vlhA gene fragment was performed, and typing and subtyping was attempted. The presence of MG was investigated by a screening PCR, then MG typing by gene-targeted sequencing (GTS). All the amplicons were sequenced, then MG and MS dendrograms were constructed. All the flocks examined resulted Mycoplasma positive: 5 out of 11 (45.45%) were MG and MS positive, 3 (27.27%) were MG positive, and the remaining 3 (27.27%) were MS positive. The MS detections were assigned to types C, D, and F. All strains of type D belonged to subtype D1 and 2 unknown subtypes were identified. A MS sequence showed peculiar characteristics, which did not allow assignment to a known MS type or subtype. MG GTS analysis identified 6 MG strains belonging to 5 subclusters circulating in Italian backyards chicken flocks. The results of this study provide evidence of a risk for commercial poultry farms, especially in areas where backyard and commercial farms are close, suggesting the implementation of biosecurity measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Felice
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Caterina Lupini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Mescolini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Flavio Silveira
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Guerrini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Catelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonietta Di Francesco
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
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13
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Wu Q, Xu X, Chen Q, Zuo K, Zhou Y, Zhang Z, Kan Y, Yao L, Ji J, Bi Y, Xie Q. Rapid and visible detection of Mycoplasma synoviae using a novel polymerase spiral reaction assay. Poult Sci 2020; 98:5355-5360. [PMID: 31222371 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a rapid, specific, and sensitive detection assay for Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) was established using a polymerase spiral reaction (PSR) method. A pair of primers were designed according to the conserved region of the vlhA gene of MS, and PSR results were assessed using agarose gel electrophoresis and color rendering with a dye indicator. The optimum reaction temperature and time for PSR using the specific primers were 62°C and 40 min in a water bath, respectively. The sensitivity of the PSR assay for MS detection was 100 times more than that of the polymerase chain reaction assay based on agarose gel electrophoresis results and color change detected by the naked eye. Further experiments demonstrated that the primers specifically detected MS and showed no cross-reaction with other prevalent avian pathogens. Clinical sample testing confirmed that the MS-PSR assay is simple, rapid, specific, and sensitive, and thereby very suitable for application and promotion in the field and laboratories of grassroots units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Wu
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, PR China
| | - Xin Xu
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, PR China
| | - Qinxi Chen
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, PR China
| | - Kejing Zuo
- Veterinary Laboratory, Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Yiting Zhou
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, PR China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, PR China
| | - Yunchao Kan
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, PR China
| | - Lunguang Yao
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, PR China
| | - Jun Ji
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, PR China
| | - Yingzuo Bi
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Qingmei Xie
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
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14
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Batista IA, Hoepers PG, Silva MFB, Nunes PLF, Diniz DCA, Freitas AG, Cossi MVC, Fonseca BB. Circulation of Major Respiratory Pathogens in Backyard Poultry and their Association with Clinical Disease and Biosecurity. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2019-1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- IA Batista
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - PG Hoepers
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - MFB Silva
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - PLF Nunes
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Brazil
| | | | - AG Freitas
- Instituto Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Brazil
| | - MVC Cossi
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - BB Fonseca
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Brazil
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15
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Tesfaye A, Sahle M, Sori T, Kassa T, Garoma A, Koran T, Dima C, Guyassa C, Hilu H, Guta S, Tadesse F. Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus in Commercial and Backyard Chicken Production Systems in Central and South Ethiopia (First report) ILT in Ethiopian Poultry Production. J APPL POULTRY RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfz100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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16
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Derksen T, Lampron R, Hauck R, Pitesky M, Gallardo RA. Biosecurity Assessment and Seroprevalence of Respiratory Diseases in Backyard Poultry Flocks Located Close to and Far from Commercial Premises. Avian Dis 2019; 62:1-5. [PMID: 29620463 DOI: 10.1637/11672-050917-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Raising backyard chickens is an ever-growing hobby in the United States. These flocks can be a substrate for respiratory disease amplification and transmission to commercial facilities. Five hundred fifty-four chickens from 41 backyard flocks were sampled in this study. ELISA kits were used to detect antibodies against avian influenza (AI), infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT), Newcastle disease (ND), infectious bronchitis (IB), Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT), Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS). All visited flock owners answered a biosecurity questionnaire that assessed biosecurity measures. The questionnaire revealed that backyard poultry owners lack simple biosecurity measures such as use of dedicated shoes, their chicken sources are unreliable, and few of them benefit from veterinary oversight. Only one flock had a clear vaccination history against ND and IB. ORT, ND, IB, MS, MG, and ILT were the most seroprevalent in backyard poultry flocks with 97% (41/42), 77.5% (31/40), 75% (30/40), 73% (31/42), 69% (29/42), and 45% (19/42), respectively. The vaccinated flock was not considered in these calculations. When examining the distance between backyard flocks and the nearest commercial poultry facility, ND and MG were significantly more likely to be found in backyard flocks close to (<4 miles) whereas ORT was significantly more likely in backyard chickens located far from (>4 miles) commercial poultry. Birds purchased directly from National Poultry Improvement Plan hatcheries showed a reduced ND, MG, and MS antibody prevalence. Wearing dedicated shoes decreased MS antibody-positive birds. Finally, history of wild bird contact had a clear effect on an increased seroprevalence of NDV and MG. Serological results suggest that backyard poultry flocks have the potential to serve as a reservoir or amplifier for poultry respiratory diseases. The information generated in this project should direct extension efforts toward emphasizing the importance of small flock biosecurity and chick acquisition sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Derksen
- A Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
| | - R Lampron
- A Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
| | - R Hauck
- B Department of Pathobiology and Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, 302J Poultry Science Building, 260 Lem Morrison Drive, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - M Pitesky
- C University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine, Cooperative Extension, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
| | - R A Gallardo
- A Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
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17
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Cadmus KJ, Mete A, Harris M, Anderson D, Davison S, Sato Y, Helm J, Boger L, Odani J, Ficken MD, Pabilonia KL. Causes of mortality in backyard poultry in eight states in the United States. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:318-326. [PMID: 31084344 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719848718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of common diseases of backyard poultry flocks is important to providing poultry health information to flock owners, veterinarians, and animal health officials. We collected autopsy reports over a 3-y period (2015-2017) from diagnostic laboratories in 8 states in the United States; 2,509 reports were collected, involving autopsies of 2,687 birds. The primary cause of mortality was categorized as infectious, noninfectious, neoplasia or lymphoproliferative disease, or undetermined. Neoplasia or lymphoproliferative disease was the most common primary diagnosis and involved 42% of the total birds autopsied; 63% of these cases were diagnosed as Marek's disease or leukosis/sarcoma. Bacterial, parasitic, and viral organisms were commonly detected, involving 42%, 28%, and 7% of the birds autopsied, respectively, with 2 or more organisms detected in 69% of birds. Our findings demonstrate the importance of educating flock owners about disease prevention and biosecurity practices. The detection of zoonotic bacteria including paratyphoid salmonellae, Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Mycobacterium avium, and the detection of lead and other heavy metals, indicate public health risks to flock owners and consumers of backyard flock egg and meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyran J Cadmus
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Cadmus, Harris, Pabilonia).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Mete).,Georgia Poultry Laboratory Network, Gainesville, GA (Anderson).,University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA (Davison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sato).,Livestock Poultry Health, Clemson University, Columbia, SC (Helm).,Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA (Boger).,College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI (Odani).,Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Gonzalez, TX (Ficken)
| | - Aslı Mete
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Cadmus, Harris, Pabilonia).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Mete).,Georgia Poultry Laboratory Network, Gainesville, GA (Anderson).,University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA (Davison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sato).,Livestock Poultry Health, Clemson University, Columbia, SC (Helm).,Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA (Boger).,College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI (Odani).,Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Gonzalez, TX (Ficken)
| | - Macallister Harris
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Cadmus, Harris, Pabilonia).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Mete).,Georgia Poultry Laboratory Network, Gainesville, GA (Anderson).,University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA (Davison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sato).,Livestock Poultry Health, Clemson University, Columbia, SC (Helm).,Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA (Boger).,College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI (Odani).,Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Gonzalez, TX (Ficken)
| | - Doug Anderson
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Cadmus, Harris, Pabilonia).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Mete).,Georgia Poultry Laboratory Network, Gainesville, GA (Anderson).,University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA (Davison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sato).,Livestock Poultry Health, Clemson University, Columbia, SC (Helm).,Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA (Boger).,College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI (Odani).,Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Gonzalez, TX (Ficken)
| | - Sherrill Davison
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Cadmus, Harris, Pabilonia).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Mete).,Georgia Poultry Laboratory Network, Gainesville, GA (Anderson).,University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA (Davison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sato).,Livestock Poultry Health, Clemson University, Columbia, SC (Helm).,Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA (Boger).,College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI (Odani).,Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Gonzalez, TX (Ficken)
| | - Yuko Sato
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Cadmus, Harris, Pabilonia).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Mete).,Georgia Poultry Laboratory Network, Gainesville, GA (Anderson).,University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA (Davison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sato).,Livestock Poultry Health, Clemson University, Columbia, SC (Helm).,Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA (Boger).,College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI (Odani).,Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Gonzalez, TX (Ficken)
| | - Julie Helm
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Cadmus, Harris, Pabilonia).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Mete).,Georgia Poultry Laboratory Network, Gainesville, GA (Anderson).,University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA (Davison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sato).,Livestock Poultry Health, Clemson University, Columbia, SC (Helm).,Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA (Boger).,College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI (Odani).,Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Gonzalez, TX (Ficken)
| | - Lore Boger
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Cadmus, Harris, Pabilonia).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Mete).,Georgia Poultry Laboratory Network, Gainesville, GA (Anderson).,University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA (Davison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sato).,Livestock Poultry Health, Clemson University, Columbia, SC (Helm).,Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA (Boger).,College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI (Odani).,Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Gonzalez, TX (Ficken)
| | - Jenee Odani
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Cadmus, Harris, Pabilonia).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Mete).,Georgia Poultry Laboratory Network, Gainesville, GA (Anderson).,University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA (Davison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sato).,Livestock Poultry Health, Clemson University, Columbia, SC (Helm).,Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA (Boger).,College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI (Odani).,Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Gonzalez, TX (Ficken)
| | - Martin D Ficken
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Cadmus, Harris, Pabilonia).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Mete).,Georgia Poultry Laboratory Network, Gainesville, GA (Anderson).,University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA (Davison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sato).,Livestock Poultry Health, Clemson University, Columbia, SC (Helm).,Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA (Boger).,College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI (Odani).,Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Gonzalez, TX (Ficken)
| | - Kristy L Pabilonia
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Cadmus, Harris, Pabilonia).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Mete).,Georgia Poultry Laboratory Network, Gainesville, GA (Anderson).,University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA (Davison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sato).,Livestock Poultry Health, Clemson University, Columbia, SC (Helm).,Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA (Boger).,College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI (Odani).,Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Gonzalez, TX (Ficken)
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18
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Blakey J, Stoute S, Crossley B, Mete A. Retrospective analysis of infectious laryngotracheitis in backyard chicken flocks in California, 2007-2017, and determination of strain origin by partial ICP4 sequencing. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:350-358. [PMID: 30973073 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719843574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) can cause severe losses in backyard flocks (BYFs) and commercial poultry. The prevalence of ILT, the circulating strains of ILT virus (ILTV) in BYFs, and the correlation of disease in BYF and commercial operations, is largely unknown. Of 8,656 BYF submissions, 88 cases of ILT were diagnosed at the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System in 2007-2017. ILT diagnosis by year varied from 0.19% to 1.7% of the total BYF submissions, with the highest number of cases submitted from Amador and Riverside counties. Moderate tracheitis, conjunctivitis, and occluded tracheal lumen were commonly reported gross anatomic lesions. Microscopically, inflammation and edema were observed in the trachea, lung, and conjunctiva; 62 (70%) cases had intranuclear inclusion bodies (INIBs), with 10 cases containing INIBs only in conjunctival sections. To analyze the circulating ILTV strains and to differentiate between field and vaccine strains of ILTV, real-time PCR and sequencing of 996 base pairs of the infected-cell polypeptide 4 ( ICP4) gene was performed on 15 ILTV-positive tracheal samples and compared to reference field and vaccine ILTV ICP4 sequences in GenBank. Fourteen strains were identical or closely related to the chicken embryo origin live virus vaccine strains, and one strain was closely related to a Chinese isolate, the USDA reference strain, and a vaccine strain. The presence of ILT in BYFs in counties with high commercial poultry concentrations demonstrates a risk for disease transmission and emphasizes the importance of continued surveillance and improved biosecurity in BYFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Blakey
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock Branch (Blakey, Stoute), University of California-Davis, Davis, CA.,Davis Branch (Mete, Crossley), University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Simone Stoute
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock Branch (Blakey, Stoute), University of California-Davis, Davis, CA.,Davis Branch (Mete, Crossley), University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Beate Crossley
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock Branch (Blakey, Stoute), University of California-Davis, Davis, CA.,Davis Branch (Mete, Crossley), University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Aslı Mete
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock Branch (Blakey, Stoute), University of California-Davis, Davis, CA.,Davis Branch (Mete, Crossley), University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
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19
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Brochu NM, Guerin MT, Varga C, Lillie BN, Brash ML, Susta L. A two-year prospective study of small poultry flocks in Ontario, Canada, part 1: prevalence of viral and bacterial pathogens. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:327-335. [PMID: 30973091 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719843577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In Ontario, within the past few years, there has been a marked increase in the number of non-commercial poultry flocks (referred to as "small flocks"). Small poultry flocks may act as a reservoir of avian and zoonotic pathogens, given the flocks' limited access to veterinary services, inadequate biosecurity practices, and increased risk of contact with wild birds. Despite these potential risks, there is a scarcity of data concerning the prevalence of poultry and zoonotic pathogens among these flocks. To assess the baseline prevalence of bacterial and viral infectious pathogens, prospective surveillance of small flock postmortem submissions to the Animal Health Laboratory was conducted over a 2-y period. With the owner's consent, a postmortem examination and pre-set tests for infectious agents were conducted. A total of 160 submissions, mainly chickens (84%), were received. Among bacterial pathogens, Brachyspira spp., Mycoplasma synoviae, Campylobacter spp., Mycoplasma gallisepticum, and Salmonella spp. were detected in 37%, 36%, 35%, 23%, and 3% of tested submissions, respectively. Among viral pathogens, infectious bronchitis virus, fowl adenovirus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, avian reovirus, and infectious bursal disease virus were detected in 39%, 35%, 15%, 4%, and 1% of submissions, respectively. We detected non-virulent avian avulavirus 1 from two chickens in a single submission, and low-pathogenic H10N8 influenza A virus from a single turkey submission. Our study provides baseline prevalence of viral and bacterial pathogens circulating in Ontario small flocks and may help animal and human health professionals to educate small flock owners about disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy M Brochu
- Departments of Pathobiology (Brochu, Lillie, Susta).,Population Medicine (Guerin), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Veterinary College, and Animal Health Laboratory (Brash), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Varga)
| | - Michele T Guerin
- Departments of Pathobiology (Brochu, Lillie, Susta).,Population Medicine (Guerin), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Veterinary College, and Animal Health Laboratory (Brash), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Varga)
| | - Csaba Varga
- Departments of Pathobiology (Brochu, Lillie, Susta).,Population Medicine (Guerin), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Veterinary College, and Animal Health Laboratory (Brash), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Varga)
| | - Brandon N Lillie
- Departments of Pathobiology (Brochu, Lillie, Susta).,Population Medicine (Guerin), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Veterinary College, and Animal Health Laboratory (Brash), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Varga)
| | - Marina L Brash
- Departments of Pathobiology (Brochu, Lillie, Susta).,Population Medicine (Guerin), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Veterinary College, and Animal Health Laboratory (Brash), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Varga)
| | - Leonardo Susta
- Departments of Pathobiology (Brochu, Lillie, Susta).,Population Medicine (Guerin), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Veterinary College, and Animal Health Laboratory (Brash), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Varga)
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20
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Delpont M, Blondel V, Robertet L, Duret H, Guerin JL, Vaillancourt JP, Paul MC. Biosecurity practices on foie gras duck farms, Southwest France. Prev Vet Med 2018; 158:78-88. [PMID: 30220399 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
On-farm biosecurity can be assessed by analyzing patterns of practices to better tailor technical advice to producers. Given their close contact with environmental and wildlife disease reservoirs, free-range duck farms are exposed to multiple risk factors of pathogen exposure that are rare or absent in indoor production. The recurrent emergence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) viruses in Southeast Asia and Europe has emphasized the importance of farm-level biosecurity on free-range duck farms. This study was conducted on 46 French duck farms. The farms were visited and an 80-question survey was administered to assess biosecurity practices. Patterns of practices were explored with multiple correspondence analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. Farms were assigned to one of three clusters in which specific farm types were overrepresented: farms specialized in rearing to grow-out phases and open-circuit full cycle (i.e., all production phases on the farm) farms in cluster 1, closed-circuit full cycle farms in cluster 2, and farms specialized in gavage in cluster 3. Differences in practices might be linked with differences in production constraints. This study provides a baseline assessment of biosecurity practices on foie gras duck farms in Southwest France and will help efforts to adapt biosecurity programs to farm types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincent Blondel
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Toulouse, France
| | - Luc Robertet
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Toulouse, France
| | - Hugues Duret
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Toulouse, France
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Samanta I, Joardar SN, Das PK. Biosecurity Strategies for Backyard Poultry: A Controlled Way for Safe Food Production. FOOD CONTROL AND BIOSECURITY 2018. [PMCID: PMC7149579 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-811445-2.00014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Xue J, Xu M, Ma Z, Zhao J, Jin N, Zhang G. Serological investigation of Mycoplasma synoviae infection in China from 2010 to 2015. Poult Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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23
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More S, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin‐Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke H, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Dhollander S, Beltrán‐Beck B, Kohnle L, Bicout D. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): avian mycoplasmosis (Mycoplasma gallisepticum, M. meleagridis). EFSA J 2017; 15:e04953. [PMID: 32625619 PMCID: PMC7010150 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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24
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Pohjola L, Tammiranta N, Ek-Kommonen C, Soveri T, Hänninen ML, Fredriksson Ahomaa M, Huovilainen A. A survey for selected avian viral pathogens in backyard chicken farms in Finland. Avian Pathol 2016; 46:166-172. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1232804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Pohjola
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Saarentaus, Finland
| | - N. Tammiranta
- Veterinary Virology, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Helsinki, Finland
| | - C. Ek-Kommonen
- Veterinary Virology, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T. Soveri
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Saarentaus, Finland
| | - M. L. Hänninen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M. Fredriksson Ahomaa
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A. Huovilainen
- Veterinary Virology, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Helsinki, Finland
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Michiels T, Welby S, Vanrobaeys M, Quinet C, Rouffaer L, Lens L, Martel A, Butaye P. Prevalence ofMycoplasma gallisepticumandMycoplasma synoviaein commercial poultry, racing pigeons and wild birds in Belgium. Avian Pathol 2016; 45:244-52. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1145354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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