1
|
Joseph J, Magee C, Jia L, Zhang L, Adhikari P, Ramachandran R. Phenotypic virulence characterization of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) isolates from broiler breeders with colibacillosis in Mississippi. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae032. [PMID: 38383817 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
AIMS In this study, we evaluated the phenotypic virulence characteristics of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) isolates from broiler breeders with colibacillosis in Mississippi. Also, the relationship between phenotypic and genotypic virulence patterns was determined. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty-eight APEC isolated from lesions of broiler breeders diagnosed with colibacillosis were used for embryo lethality assay and chick challenge study. The percentage of embryo mortality following embryo lethality assay and pathogenicity score following the chick challenge study were used to categorize the isolates based on virulence. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to determine the relationship between embryo mortality, chick pathogenicity, and the presence of virulence-associated genes in the isolates. Overall, 39.3% of the isolates were highly virulent and 3.5% were avirulent, following both assays. There existed a positive correlation between embryo mortality and chick pathogenicity (r = 0.73, P < .01), as well as percentage embryo mortality and pathogenicity score with the presence of some virulence genes. CONCLUSIONS Even though all the APEC were isolated from lesions of diseased breeders, the virulence potential varied from being avirulent to highly virulent. Further, we identified a positive relationship between phenotypic virulence and the frequency of virulence-associated genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiddu Joseph
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States
| | - Christopher Magee
- USDA-ARS, Poultry Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States
| | - Linan Jia
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States
| | - Pratima Adhikari
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States
| | - Reshma Ramachandran
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Manders TTM, van Eck JHH, Buter GJ, Landman WJM. Assessment of the best inoculation route for virulotyping Enterococcus cecorum strains in a chicken embryo lethality assay. Avian Pathol 2022; 51:613-625. [PMID: 36178147 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2130174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe study aim was to determine the best inoculation route for virulotyping Enterococcus cecorum in a chicken embryo lethality assay (ELA). Twenty-eight genetically different strains were used. Fourteen strains were isolated from cloaca swabs of broiler reproduction chickens (cloaca strains) and fourteen strains from broilers with E. cecorum lesions (lesion strains). In all ELAs, 12 days incubated embryonated broiler eggs were inoculated with approximately 100 colony forming units of E. cecorum/egg. Twenty embryos per inoculation route and strain were used in each of three experiments. In Experiment 1, four cloaca and four lesion strains were inoculated via various routes, i.e. albumen, amniotic cavity, allantoic cavity, chorioallantoic membrane, intravenous or air chamber. The albumen inoculation route showed low mortality with cloaca strains, high mortality with lesion strains and the largest difference in mortality between these groups of strains (≥60%). This route was therefore used in subsequent experiments. In Experiment 2, the same strains were used to test reproducibility, which proved to be generally good. All 28 strains were thereafter used in Experiment 3. In the three experiments, mortality by cloaca and lesion strains ranged from 0 to 25% and from 15 to 100%, respectively. Recovery rates, assessed in all experiments after albumen inoculation, were significantly lower from eggs inoculated with cloaca strains, compared to lesion strains inoculated eggs (P <0.05). However, the bacterial load of eggs with positive recovery was similar in both groups. In conclusion: the albumen inoculation route appeared to be the best to virulotype E. cecorum strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T T M Manders
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - J H H van Eck
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dolka B, Czopowicz M, Dolka I, Szeleszczuk P. Chicken embryo lethality assay for determining the lethal dose, tissue distribution and pathogenicity of clinical Enterococcus cecorum isolates from poultry. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10675. [PMID: 35739309 PMCID: PMC9225985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14900-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus cecorum is a well-known component of the normal poultry intestinal microbiota and an important bacterial pathogen. Infections caused by E. cecorum have negative effects on the poultry production worldwide. In this study we used the SPF-chicken embryo lethality assay (ELA) to assess the pathogenic potential of E. cecorum. A total of 23 isolates were used: 19 clinical isolates from field outbreaks in different poultry groups (CB – broiler chickens, BB – broiler breeders, CL – layers, T– turkeys, W – waterfowl) and 4 commensal isolates. The cumulative mortality caused by all clinical isolates was higher (53.4%) than that of the commensals (38.9%). The highest mortality was induced by CB isolates (68.9%), followed by CL (60.4%), all chicken isolates (59.2%; CB, BB, CL), BB (45.8%), T (41.7%), non-chicken isolates (40.7%; T, W), and W isolates (39.8%). Most of the embryos that died, did die on the 1st day post-infection (dpi), except those infected with CB, CL (on 2 dpi). The median lethal dose (LD50) of E. cecorum ranged from 6.07 × 102 cfu/ml (CB isolates) and 1.42 × 104 cfu/ml (all clinical isolates) to 4.8 × 105 cfu/ml (commensal isolates). This study provides the first evidence of a wide tissue distribution and multiplication of E. cecorum in embryos. Dead embryos showed scattered petechiae, hemorrhages, aggregates of bacteria in blood vessels, multiple organ necrosis, and encephalomalacia. Our data indicate that surviving embryos were able to elicit innate immune response to infection. On the other hand, reisolation of viable bacteria from surviving embryos may suggest that E. cecorum could evade or resist immune mechanisms in order to persist in organs. Furthermore, body mass of surviving embryos was affected by the strain type, not the dose (bacterial concentration) used, and was lower for the infection with clinical strains. The results indicated the highest pathogenicity of clinical E. cecorum isolates from CB and CL flocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beata Dolka
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c St., 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c St., 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabella Dolka
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c St., 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Szeleszczuk
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c St., 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Johnson TJ, Miller EA, Flores-Figueroa C, Munoz-Aguayo J, Cardona C, Fransen K, Lighty M, Gonder E, Nezworski J, Haag A, Behl M, Kromm M, Wileman B, Studniski M, Singer RS. Refining the definition of the avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) pathotype through inclusion of high-risk clonal groups. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102009. [PMID: 35952599 PMCID: PMC9385700 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Johnson
- University of Minnesota, Mid-Central Research and Outreach Center, Willmar, MN, USA; University of Minnesota, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Saint Paul, MN, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A Miller
- University of Minnesota, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Carol Cardona
- University of Minnesota, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Adam Haag
- Pilgrims Pride, Sauk Rapids, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Randall S Singer
- University of Minnesota, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abdalla EA, Makanjuola BO, van Staaveren N, Wood BJ, Baes CF. Accuracy of genomic selection for reducing susceptibility to pendulous crop in turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). Poult Sci 2022; 101:101601. [PMID: 34954445 PMCID: PMC8715376 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pendulous crop (PC) in the turkey occurs when the crop distends from its normal position, thereby preventing the movement of feed and water from the crop down into the digestive system. This condition negatively impacts the turkey industry at both production and welfare levels. In this study, we estimated the genetic parameters for PC incidence and its genetic correlation with 5 production traits. Additionally, we evaluated the prediction accuracy and bias of breeding values for the selection candidates using pedigree (BLUP) or pedigree-genomic (ssGBLUP) relationships among the animals. A total of 245,783 turkey records were made available by Hybrid Turkeys, Kitchener, Canada. Of these, 6,545 were affected with PC. In addition, the data included 9,634 records for breast meat yield (BMY); 5,592 records for feed conversion ratio (FCR) and residual feed intake (RFI) in males; 170,844 records for body weight (BW) and walking score (WS) between 18 and 20 wk of age for males (71,012) and females (99,832), respectively. Among this population, 36,830 were genotyped using a 65K SNP Illumina Inc. chip. While all animals passed the quality control criteria, only 53,455 SNP markers were retained for subsequent analysis. Heritability for PC was estimated at 0.16 ± 0.00 and 0.17 ± 0.00 using BLUP and ssGBLUP, respectively. The incidence of PC was not genetically correlated with WS or FCR. Low unfavourable genetic correlations with BW (0.12 and 0.14), BMY (0.24 and 0.24) and RFI (-0.33 and -0.28) were obtained using BLUP and ssGBLUP, respectively. Using ssGBLUP showed higher prediction accuracy (0.51) for the breeding values for the selection candidates than the pedigree-based model (0.35). Whereas the bias of the prediction was slightly reduced with ssGBLUP (0.33 ± 0.05) than BLUP (0.30 ± 0.08), both models showed a regression coefficient lower than one, indicating inflation in the predictions. The results of this study suggest that PC is a heritable trait and selection for lower PC incidence rates is feasible. Although further investigation is necessary, selection for BW, BMY, and RFI may increase PC incidence. Incorporating genomic information would lead to higher accuracy in predicting the genetic merit for selection candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E A Abdalla
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1.
| | - B O Makanjuola
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - N van Staaveren
- The Campbell Centre for the Study of Animal Welfare, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - B J Wood
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Queensland, Australia, QLD 4000; Hybrid Turkeys, Kitchener, Canada
| | - C F Baes
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1; Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fujimoto Y, Inoue H, Kanda T, Ijiri M, Uemura R. Virulence-Associated Gene Profiles of Escherichia coli Isolated from Chickens with Colibacillosis in Japan and Their Correlation with Pathogenicity in Chicken Embryos. Avian Dis 2021; 65:401-405. [PMID: 34427414 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086-65.3.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Colibacillosis, an infectious disease of chickens, is caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC); however, in addition to APEC, other pathogens are also frequently isolated from chickens affected with colibacillosis. Therefore, experimental infections in chickens are necessary to evaluate the pathogenicity of APEC isolates. Recent studies have shown that embryo lethality assays can be used as an alternative method to evaluate the pathogenicity of E. coli. In this study, to determine the important virulence genes associated with the pathogenicity of E. coli, 67 strains of E. coli that possessed different combinations of eight representative virulence genes (cva/cvi, vat, tsh, iucD, papC, irp2, iss, and astA) were isolated from broilers with colibacillosis in Japan, and the chicken embryo lethal assay was conducted. The genes vat, papC, and irp2 showed strong correlation with the level of virulence in E. coli. Our study provides useful information about the important virulence-associated genes in relation to the pathogenicity of E. coli in Japanese chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Fujimoto
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Research Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-shi, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan, .,Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-shi, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Hideya Inoue
- Shiga Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Otsu-shi, Shiga 520-0834, Japan
| | - Takuya Kanda
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake-cho, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Moe Ijiri
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Research Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-shi, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Ryoko Uemura
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Gakuenkibanadainishi, Miyazaki-shi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Landman WJM, Buter GJ, Dijkman R, van Eck JHH. In vivo typing of Escherichia coli obtained from laying chickens with the E. coli peritonitis syndrome. Avian Pathol 2021; 50:436-446. [PMID: 34351217 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2021.1962004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Even at high doses not any E. coli strain can induce EPSSubstantial differences in virulence exist within very virulent E. coli strainsThe embryo lethality test is a useful alternative for biotyping E. coli in laying hensBroiler colibacillosis may represent a source of EPS strains for layers and vice versa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - J H H van Eck
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Incidence, Pathotyping, and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli among Diseased Broiler Chicks. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020114. [PMID: 32059459 PMCID: PMC7168244 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 54 broiler flocks during the first two weeks of life was used to investigate the incidence of avian pathogenic E. coli in Egypt; 28 isolates (51.85%) were revealed by colony morphology and biochemical identification which then investigated for their serogroups and only 18/28 isolates were serotyped. The most prevalent serotypes were O115, O142, O158, O55, O125, O114, O27, O20, and O15. By application of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 83.3% (15/18) of the serotyped isolates were confirmed to be E. coli, and 93.3% (14/15), 46.6% (7/15), and 20% (3/15) of isolates harbored the iss, iutA, and fimH genes, respectively. Virulence testing of the selected 13 APEC isolates on the specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicks revealed them to be highly virulent (15.4%), moderately virulent (23.1%), and avirulent (61.5%); however, all isolates (100%) were extremely virulent towards SPF embryonated chicken eggs. Antibiotic resistance (100% of isolates (n = 13)) was observed for ampicillin, amoxycillin-clavulanic acid, and tetracyclines, colistin (92.31%; 12/13), doxycycline and spiramycin (84.62%; 11/13), florfenicol (69.23%; 9/13), cefotaxime (61.54%; 8/13), and ciprofloxacin (53.85%; 7/13). The highest percentage of sensitivity (53.85% of isolates; 7/13) was recorded for ofloxacin and enrofloxacin followed by gentamycin (46.15%; 6/13). The results suggest that the diagnosis of APEC with PCR is rapid and more accurate than traditional methods for E. coli identification; moreover, the presence or absence of iss, iutA, and/or fimH genes is not an indicator of in vivo pathogenicity of APEC. Thus, further studies, including a wider range of virulence genes and gene sequencing, are required. In addition, serotyping has no effect on the virulence of APEC.
Collapse
|
9
|
Ozaki H, Yonehara K, Murase T. Virulence of Escherichia coli Isolates Obtained from Layer Chickens with Colibacillosis Associated with Pericarditis, Perihepatitis, and Salpingitis in Experimentally Infected Chicks and Embryonated Eggs. Avian Dis 2019; 62:233-236. [PMID: 29944397 DOI: 10.1637/11685-060717-resnote.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the virulence of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) isolates obtained from colibacillosis cases associated with pericarditis, perihepatitis, and salpingitis, the embryo lethality assay and experimental infection model in chicks were used in this study. According to the established criteria based on mortality in the embryo lethality assay for evaluating the virulence of E. coli isolates, 23 of the 26 APEC isolates associated with pericarditis and perihepatitis and 8 of the 20 isolates associated with salpingitis were found to be virulent. Isolate D137, which had been obtained from a case with pericarditis and perihepatitis and had an embryo mortality of 92%, and isolate D445, which had been obtained from a case with pericarditis and perihepatitis and had an embryo mortality of 17%, were used for the experimental infection. Four of the five 11-day-old chickens inoculated through the air sac with isolate D137 died 1 day postinoculation, and the challenge strain was recovered from the air sac, pericardial sac, or liver; however, colibacillosis lesions were found in only one of the five birds postmortem. All five chicks inoculated with isolate D445 survived for 7 days postinoculation and exhibited airsacculitis or pericarditis lesions at 7 days postinoculation; the challenge strain was not recovered from the lesions postmortem. The results obtained in this study suggest that the different APEC isolates tested cause illness in chickens through distinct pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Ozaki
- A Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan.,B Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - K Yonehara
- A Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - T Murase
- A Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan.,B Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Blanco AE, Cavero D, Icken W, Voss M, Schmutz M, Preisinger R, Sharifi AR. Genetic approach to select against embryo mortality caused by Enterococcus faecalis infection in laying hens. Poult Sci 2019; 97:4177-4186. [PMID: 30107571 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Selection to reduce susceptibility to Enterococcus faecalis infection in laying hens may contribute to the prevention of amyloid arthropathy since it is mainly induced by this bacterium. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the possibility to select more laying hens that are resistant against E. faecalis infection through the embryo lethality assay (ELA), which is proposed as an alternative model to replace the adult avian challenge assay. Ten-day-old embryos of 500 Lohmann Brown layers were inoculated into the allantoic cavity with an infectious dose of 2.5 colony-forming units (cfu)/mL of the avian E. faecalis strain K923/96 in 3 ELAs. The embryonic mortality rate (EMR) was determined by candling the eggs daily over a period of 4 d. The average EMR estimated during the 3 ELAs was 50% and the highest EMR occurred 3 to 4 d post inoculation. The estimated heritability for embryonic survivability to the infection was h2 = 0.12-0.14, calculated with the logistic and probit link function, respectively, indicating that the selection of more laying hens that are resistant to E. faecalis infection is feasible. A highly negative genetic correlation was estimated between embryonic survivability and laying performance at the peak of lay (rg = -0.22) and at the end of the production (rg = -0.65), as well as with breaking strength (rg = -0.30 to -0.37). A positive correlation was found between egg weight and the embryonic survivability (rg = +0.16), and no genetic correlation was found with body weight and dynamic stiffness. Therefore, although it was demonstrated that it is possible to breed for E. faecalis resistance, special care should be taken to monitor and to take all traits and their genetic correlations into account in order to achieve a balanced genetic progress. Besides, the ELA does not require that the hens are exposed to pathogens thereby saving labor and cost. Therefore, it could be feasible that ELA be implemented in selection programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A E Blanco
- Lohmann Tierzucht GmbH, 27472 Cuxhaven, Germany.,Departamento de Producción Animal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - D Cavero
- Lohmann Tierzucht GmbH, 27472 Cuxhaven, Germany
| | - W Icken
- Lohmann Tierzucht GmbH, 27472 Cuxhaven, Germany
| | - M Voss
- Lohmann Tierzucht GmbH, 27472 Cuxhaven, Germany
| | - M Schmutz
- Lohmann Tierzucht GmbH, 27472 Cuxhaven, Germany
| | | | - A R Sharifi
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Trotereau A, Schouler C. Use of a Chicken Embryo Lethality Assay to Assess the Efficacy of Phage Therapy. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1898:199-205. [PMID: 30570735 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8940-9_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
To combat infectious diseases induced by antibiotic-resistant bacteria in human and animals, phage therapy has regained attention by the scientific community. Before phages can be widely accepted as therapeutics in the same way as antibiotics, convincing detailed applied experimental evidence must be available. The embryonated chicken egg model has been used to study the virulence of many pathogens. We describe here a procedure to test the efficacy of phage therapy to treat colibacillosis using a chicken embryo lethality assay, this being potentially applied to others bacterial infection.
Collapse
|
12
|
Jung A, Chen LR, Suyemoto MM, Barnes HJ, Borst LB. A Review ofEnterococcus cecorumInfection in Poultry. Avian Dis 2018; 62:261-271. [DOI: 10.1637/11825-030618-review.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arne Jung
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany,
| | - Laura R. Chen
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607
| | - M. Mitsu Suyemoto
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607
| | - H. John Barnes
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607
| | - Luke B. Borst
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Blanco AE, Barz M, Cavero D, Icken W, Sharifi AR, Voss M, Buxadé C, Preisinger R. Characterization of Enterococcus faecalis isolates by chicken embryo lethality assay and ERIC-PCR. Avian Pathol 2017; 47:23-32. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2017.1359404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana E. Blanco
- Lohmann Tierzucht GmbH, Cuxhaven, Germany
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - A. Reza Sharifi
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | | | - Carlos Buxadé
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Blanco AE, Barz M, Icken W, Cavero D, Sharifi AR, Voss M, Preisinger R, Buxadé C. Chicken embryo lethality assay for determining the lethal dose and virulence of Enterococcus faecalis. Avian Pathol 2017; 46:548-555. [PMID: 28470098 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2017.1324942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is the major pathogen found in field cases of amyloid arthropathy in chickens. Given the need for a better understanding of the virulence mechanisms of the causative strains, the embryo lethality assay (ELA) is proposed in the present study as a model to evaluate the virulence of E. faecalis strains, specifically the pathogenic avian strain K923/96, which was previously related with amyloid arthropathy. Hence, 0.2 ml of five doses of the cited strain (from 2.5 to 2500 colony-forming units (CFU) per ml) were inoculated into the allantoic cavity of 10-day-old embryos. The embryo mortality rate (EMR) was determined by daily candling of the eggs over a period of seven days and based on this information the median lethal dose (LD50) was calculated. The ELA was repeated four times on a sample of 3443 eggs. The infectious dose showed a significant effect on the EMR. The EMR with the doses of 2.5, 5, 25, 250 and 2500 CFU/ml was 43%, 45%, 63%, 90% and 93%, respectively. The estimated dose at LD50 was 6.6 CFU/ml. As expected, the higher the infectious dose, the greater the EMR and the lower the embryo survival time. The highest EMR was recorded after three and four days post-inoculation in all doses. In conclusion, these results can be used as a basis for further researches on the E. faecalis virulence. In order to corroborate its model capacity to predict the virulence of this bacterium, more ELAs with different E. faecalis strains are required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana E Blanco
- a Lohmann Tierzucht GmbH , Cuxhaven , Germany.,b Departamento de Produccion Animal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas , Universidad Politécnica de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Martin Barz
- a Lohmann Tierzucht GmbH , Cuxhaven , Germany
| | | | | | - A Reza Sharifi
- c Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, Department of Animal Sciences , Georg-August-University Goettingen , Goettingen , Germany
| | | | | | - Carlos Buxadé
- b Departamento de Produccion Animal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas , Universidad Politécnica de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Osman KM, Hessain AM, Abo-Shama UH, Girh ZM, Kabli SA, Hemeg HA, Moussa IM. An alternative approach for evaluating the phenotypic virulence factors of pathogenic Escherichia coli. Saudi J Biol Sci 2017; 25:195-197. [PMID: 29472764 PMCID: PMC5815987 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is a recognized zoonotic food-borne pathogen; however, the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the underdeveloped countries to differentiate pathogenic from non-pathogenic E. coli is a problematic issue. Our grail was to assess the phenotypic virulence markers motility, hemolysin, congo red agar, embryo lethality assay and serum resistance for pathogenic E. coli (PEC) correlated to PCR tests which is currently used world-wide to evaluate the PEC. The 448 strains of Escherichia coli that were isolated from different sources, were characterized for phenotypic virulence factors such as motility, hemolysin, Congo red binding, Embryo Lethality assay (ELA) and serum resistance, as well as antibiotic susceptibility using disc diffusion method to 23 antibiotics. Results exhibited 100% motility and Congo red binding, 97.1% for hemolysin production and 90.2% in the ELA. As a result, we were able to hypothetically conclude that the aforementioned virulence markers are plain, straightforward, economical, rapid, more dynamic, uncomplicated methodology, duplicatable and cost next to nothing when compared to the molecular PCR. Their implementation in a diagnostic microbiology laboratory for vetting is a rewarding task in the underdeveloped countries. It augments endeavors to minimize the use of PCR in our investigations especially during epidemiological and outbreak investigations of PEC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamelia M Osman
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Ashgan M Hessain
- Department of Health Science, College of Applied Studies and Community Service, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Usama H Abo-Shama
- Microbiology & Immunity Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Zeinab M Girh
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Research Center, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Saleh A Kabli
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A Hemeg
- Department of Medical Technology/Microbiology, College of Applied Medical Science, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ihab M Moussa
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Oh JY, Kang MS, Yoon H, Choi HW, An BK, Shin EG, Kim YJ, Kim MJ, Kwon JH, Kwon YK. The embryo lethality of Escherichia coli isolates and its relationship to the presence of virulence-associated genes. Poult Sci 2012; 91:370-5. [PMID: 22252350 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to determine if the chicken embryo lethality assay and the presence of 9 virulence-associated genes of Escherichia coli were correlated and to discover which virulence genes contributed most to embryo lethality. We examined 58 E. coli strains isolated from visceral organs of chickens with colibacillosis for the presence of 9 virulence genes (fimC, tsh, fyuA, irp2, iucD, cvi/cva, iss, astA, and vat) by PCR. The gene FimC (type I fimbriae) was detected with the highest prevalence in 93.1% of the isolates, followed by iucD (67.24%), iss (58.62%), tsh (34.48%), cvi/cva (34.48%), fyuA (32.76%), astA (31.0%), irp2 (27.59%), and vat (17.24%). The embryo mortality ranged from 5 to 100%; however, most of the isolates were moderately or highly virulent. High positive correlations were observed between the presence of virulence genes and chicken embryo lethality. In addition, presence of the iucD (aerobactin) gene was the trait that best contributed to embryo mortality by using the multivariate model. These results suggest that expression frequency of these 9 virulence genes is associated with embryo mortality, and the gene that best predicted embryo mortality was iucD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Y Oh
- Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Anyang, Kyunggi, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Townsend MK, Carr NJ, Iyer JG, Horne SM, Gibbs PS, Prüss BM. Pleiotropic phenotypes of a Yersinia enterocolitica flhD mutant include reduced lethality in a chicken embryo model. BMC Microbiol 2008; 8:12. [PMID: 18215272 PMCID: PMC2262085 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-8-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Yersinia enterocolitica flagellar master regulator FlhD/FlhC affects the expression levels of non-flagellar genes, including 21 genes that are involved in central metabolism. The sigma factor of the flagellar system, FliA, has a negative effect on the expression levels of seven plasmid-encoded virulence genes in addition to its positive effect on the expression levels of eight of the flagellar operons. This study investigates the phenotypes of flhD and fliA mutants that result from the complex gene regulation. Results Phenotypes relating to central metabolism were investigated with Phenotype MicroArrays. Compared to the wild-type strain, isogenic flhD and fliA mutants exhibited increased growth on purines and reduced growth on N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and D-mannose, when used as a sole carbon source. Both mutants grew more poorly on pyrimidines and L-histidine as sole nitrogen source. Several intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid and the urea cycle, as well as several dipeptides, provided differential growth conditions for the two mutants. Gene expression was determined for selected genes and correlated with the observed phenotypes. Phenotypes relating to virulence were determined with the chicken embryo lethality assay. The assay that was previously established for Escherichia coli strains was modified for Y. enterocolitica. The flhD mutant caused reduced chicken embryo lethality when compared to wild-type bacteria. In contrast, the fliA mutant caused wild-type lethality. This indicates that the virulence phenotype of the flhD mutant might be due to genes that are regulated by FlhD/FlhC but not FliA, such as those that encode the flagellar type III secretion system. Conclusion Phenotypes of flhD and fliA mutants are related to central metabolism and virulence and correlate with gene regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan K Townsend
- Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kwon SG, Cha SY, Choi EJ, Kim B, Song HJ, Jang HK. Epidemiological Prevalence of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli Differentiated by Multiplex PCR from Commercial Chickens and Hatchery in Korea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.4167/jbv.2008.38.4.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Gu Kwon
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Yeoun Cha
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Choi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Bokyung Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Bio-Food and Drug Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jong Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Kwan Jang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gibbs PS, Kasa R, Newbrey JL, Petermann SR, Wooley RE, Vinson HM, Reed W. Identification, antimicrobial resistance profiles, and virulence of members from the family Enterobacteriaceae from the feces of yellow-headed blackbirds (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus) in North Dakota. Avian Dis 2007; 51:649-55. [PMID: 17992921 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086(2007)51[649:iarpav]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Public pressure to reduce or eliminate antimicrobials as ingredients of feed for poultry and other agricultural animals is mounting, primarily due to the fear of multidrug-resistant bacteria in clinical infections in both animals and humans. Exploration of the occurrence of antibiotic resistance in the gut flora of wildlife avian flocks that presumptively do not receive antimicrobials will determine the rate of resistance in a naïve population. Fecal samples collected from a healthy population of the yellow-headed blackbirds (YHB) (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus) in North Dakota were cultured to determine what genera and species of gram-negative facultative anaerobic bacteria these wild birds carry in their intestinal flora and to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. Isolates of Escherichia coli were further characterized for the presence of putative virulence factors and for pathogenic potential using the chicken embryo lethality assay (ELA). The ELA was performed in chicken embryos with challenges at both 12 days and 16 days of incubation to determine whether the 16-day-old embryos were better able to fight the infection and subsequent disease and also to determine whether the ELA could distinguish between primary and secondary avian Escherichia coli pathogens. After screening 33 isolates from the 21 fecal samples, only two E. coli isolates were identified. The predominant genus and species of bacterium identified was Pantoea agglomerans. Collectively, 12 of the 33 isolates (36%) exhibited no resistance to any antimicrobial tested. However, several multidrug-resistant isolates of varying genera were identified. Among the antimicrobial resistances observed, the most common was to ampicillin (60%), followed by cephalothin (33%). Neither E. coli isolate belonged to serogroups that are notorious for causing major outbreaks of colibacillosis in poultry, and only one E. coli isolate retained resistance to any antibiotics; nevertheless, the ELA results indicate that at least one of these E. coli may be a primary pathogen of chickens. This study demonstrates that antibiotic resistance occurs in the gut flora of natural populations of YHB despite the absence of antibiotic pressure. In addition, these results indicate that YHB will harbor E. coli isolates that are potentially pathogenic in poultry. However, these E. coli isolates are not a significant reservoir for multiple antibiotic resistances nor are they widespread in the population of YHB surveyed in North Dakota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Penelope S Gibbs
- Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Natural Resources, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kariyawasam S, Scaccianoce JA, Nolan LK. Common and specific genomic sequences of avian and human extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli as determined by genomic subtractive hybridization. BMC Microbiol 2007; 7:81. [PMID: 17760980 PMCID: PMC2031896 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-7-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Accepted: 08/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) strategy was used with extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (EXPEC) that cause avian colibacillosis (avian pathogenic E. coli or APEC) and human urinary tract infections (uropathogenic E. coli or UPEC) to determine if they possessed genes that were host and/or niche specific. Both APEC and UPEC isolates were used as tester and driver strains in 4 different SSHs in order to obtain APEC- and UPEC-specific subtraction fragments (SFs). Results These procedures yielded a total of 136 tester-specific SFs of which 85 were APEC-derived and 51 were UPEC-derived. Most of the APEC-derived SFs were associated with plasmids; whereas, the majority of UPEC-derived sequences matched to the bacterial chromosome. We further determined the distribution of these tester-derived sequences in a collection of UPEC and APEC isolates using polymerase chain reaction techniques. Plasmid-borne, APEC-derived sequences (tsh, cvaB, traR, traC and sopB) were predominantly present in APEC, as compared to UPEC. Of the UPEC-derived SFs, those encoding hemolysin D and F1C major and minor fimbrial subunits were present only in UPEC. However, two UPEC-derived SFs that showed strong similarity to the uropathgenic-specific protein gene (usp) occurred in APEC, demonstrating that usp is not specific to UPEC. Conclusion This study provides evidence of the genetic variability of ExPEC as well as genomic similarities between UPEC and APEC; it did not identify any single marker that would dictate host and/or niche specificity in APEC or UPEC. However, further studies on the genes that encode putative or hypothetical proteins might offer important insight into the pathogenesis of disease, as caused by these two ExPEC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhashinie Kariyawasam
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1802 Elwood Drive, VMRI #2, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jennifer A Scaccianoce
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1802 Elwood Drive, VMRI #2, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Lisa K Nolan
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1802 Elwood Drive, VMRI #2, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Rosario CC, Puente JL, Verdugo-Rodríguez A, Anderson RC, Eslava CC. Phenotypic Characterization ofipaH+ Escherichia coli Strains Associated with Yolk Sac Infection. Avian Dis 2005; 49:409-17. [PMID: 16252497 DOI: 10.1637/7323-010705r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Seventy-six Escherichia coli serotypes possessing the ipaH gene typical of enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) strains were characterized. Biochemical identification of our strains shows positive reactions for lactose fermentation (100% of strains), lysine decarboxylase (98.7% of strains) and motility (67.1% of strains), properties that do not correspond with those described to the EIEC group. The serotypes agree with an initial classification. In this, some common O antigens identified among ipaH+ strains were O2 (n=20), OR (n=11) and non-determined O? (n=10). The O2:NM serotype was the most common. Sixty-six percent (n=50) of the ipaH+ E. coli strains were colicin producers, of them, 26 (34%) produced Col V and other colicins, 13 (17%) produced colicins other than Col V, and 11 (14.5%) produced Col V only. Trimethoprim/Sulfa (72%), ampicillin (64.5%), enrofloxacin (55.3%), and ciprofloxacin (47.4%) were the major antimicrobial resistance frequencies observed. Twenty-five different multiresistance patterns were observed, where sixty-six strains (86.8%) were included. A MIC test showed that most of the strains were sensitive to low gentamicin and kanamycin concentrations, whereas most of the strains were resistant to tetracycline. An invasiveness assay showed that the predominant alterations caused to HEp-2 cells were changes in shape and staining, and in most of the specimens, a partial monolayer detachment was also seen. Fifteen strains invaded more than 30% of the monolayer cells, causing the formation of intercellular bridges or filipoidal-like protrusions. The results suggest the existence of specific clone complexes derived from EIEC strains adapted to the avian host. To our knowledge, this is the first study that demonstrates the presence of extraintestinal invasive E. coli (ExIEC) strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C C Rosario
- Departamento de Producción Animal: Aves, FMVZ, UNAM, Circuito Exterior 04510 Ciudad Universitaria, México, DF México
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Giovanardi D, Campagnari E, Ruffoni LS, Pesente P, Ortali G, Furlattini V. Avian pathogenicEscherichia colitransmission from broiler breeders to their progeny in an integrated poultry production chain. Avian Pathol 2005; 34:313-8. [PMID: 16147567 DOI: 10.1080/03079450500179046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Early cases of colibacillosis with omphalitis, yolk sac infection and increased mortality were observed in five broiler chicken flocks (A1, A2, A3, A4 and B1) from two broiler breeder flocks A and B, respectively. Avian pathogenic Escherichia Coli (APEC) serotype O78, Fim/Tsh/Iuc pathotype, were isolated from flocks A, A1, A2, A3 and A4, and APEC serotype O139, pathotype Fim/Iuc, from flocks B and B1. APEC O78 strains isolated from broiler chicks A1, A2, A3 and A4, originating from breeder flock A, had the same antibiotic resistance pattern as APEC O139 strains isolated from broiler chicks B1 and breeder B. The random amplified polymorphic DNA technique performed on APEC strains revealed two distinct clusters of genetic similarity: cluster I consisted of some APEC O78 and cluster II of APEC O139. These results indicated that a transmission of APEC strains from adults A and B to their respective progeny could occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Giovanardi
- Laboratorio Tre Valli, Corte Pellegrina 3, 37036, San Martino Buon Albergo, Verona, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gibbs PS, Petermann SR, Wooley RE. Comparison of several challenge models for studies in avian colibacillosis. Avian Dis 2005; 48:751-8. [PMID: 15666856 DOI: 10.1637/7176-030404r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies, the embryo lethality assay (ELA) discriminated between virulent and avirulent avian Escherichia coli isolates, and also proved to be highly correlated with mortality and morbidity results of the intravenous (IV) challenge model. In the current study, the same 20 avian E. coli isolates were used in subcutaneous (subQ) and intratracheal (IT) chicken challenge models in order to determine whether the results from the prior ELA challenges and/or the IV challenge model correlate with these models. The correlation observed between the two previous ELA trials and the combined mortality/morbidity percentages of the subQ challenge model were r = 0.792, P > 0.0001 for the first ELA trial and r = 0.738, P = 0.0002 for the second ELA trial. The IV challenge results were more highly correlated with the subQ challenge results (mortality/morbidity comparison, r = 0.894, P < 0.0001). The IV challenge mortality results were slightly correlated (r = 0.4810, P=0.0319) with the IT challenge results. Several of the isolates differed in their ability to produce mortality and/or morbidity with the different challenge models. The mortality/morbidity results of the IV and subQ challenges and the mortality results of the ELA were all positively correlated with the ability of an E. coli isolate to produce Colicin V (ColV) (r = 0.7131, P = 0.0004). The IT mortality results were slightly correlated with the production of ColV (r = 0.455, P = 0.049). The IT challenge results were only slightly correlated with resulting IV mortality and ColV production. Previous results indicate that the ELA correlates extremely well with the IV challenge model. The current study demonstrates that ELA also correlates well with the subQ challenge model. Overall, the conclusion of this study is that the ELA, IV, and subQ challenge models similarly demonstrate the ability to discriminate between virulent and avirulent avian E. coli isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Penelope S Gibbs
- Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Natural Resources, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Rosario CC, López ACC, Téllez IG, Navarro OA, Anderson RC, Eslava CC. Serotyping and Virulence Genes Detection in Escherichia coli Isolated from Fertile and Infertile Eggs, Dead-in-Shell Embryos, and Chickens with Yolk Sac Infection. Avian Dis 2004; 48:791-802. [PMID: 15666860 DOI: 10.1637/7195-041304r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli is a common avian pathogen mainly associated with extraintestinal infections such as yolk sac infection (YSI). The aim of this study was to determine the serotypes and the presence of some virulence genes of E. coli strains isolated from different samples in a vertically integrated poultry operation in Mexico. Two hundred sixty-seven E. coli isolates from different samples were serotyped using rabbit serum against the 175 somatic (O) and 56 flagellar (H) antigens of the typing schema. Virulence genes were determined by colony blot hybridization, using DNA probes for st, eae, agg1, agg2, bfp, lt, cdt, slt, and ipaH diarrhea-associated virulence factors. The serogroup of 85% of the strains was determined; O19 (12%), 084 (9%), 08 (6%), and 078 (5%) were the most common. Using the complete antigenic formula (O and H), O19:NM (n = 31) was the serotype most frequently isolated from dead-in-shell embryos and in broilers that had died on the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh days after hatch. One hundred ten strains (41.2%) hybridized with one or more of the used probes. Of these, ipaH (72%), eae (30%), and cdt (27%) were the most common. Considering the origin of the respective isolates, 40% of the broiler farm strains were positive for at least one probe. Results show that some avian E. coli strains isolated in Mexico are included in avian pathogenic E. coli serotypes not previously reported, suggesting that they could be specific for this geographic area. The wide distribution of the ipaH gene among nonmotile strains suggests that this invasiveness trait could be important in YSI pathogenesis. On the other hand, some other genes could contribute to E. coli virulence during YSI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C C Rosario
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Aves, FMVZ, D.F. México
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|