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Müller-Theissen ML, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Ortiz L, Szablewski CM, Alvarez D, Gonzalez-Reiche AS, Jara J, Davis CT, Cordon-Rosales C. Influenza A virus circulation in backyard animals in the Pacific coast of Guatemala, 2013-2014. Zoonoses Public Health 2022; 69:826-834. [PMID: 35611690 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Due to their documented epidemiological relevance as hosts for influenza A viruses (IAV), humans, poultry and pigs in backyard production systems (BPS) within wetlands could be key to the emergence of novel IAV variants able to transmit between humans or animals. To better understand the circulation of IAV at the human-animal interface of BPS within wetlands, we studied IAV in backyard duck flocks and pig herds in the Pacific Coast of Guatemala. From April 2013 to October 2014, we estimated the monthly IAV per cent seropositive and viral positive flocks and herds in two resource-limited communities. We detected antibodies in sera against the IAV nucleoprotein through ELISA. We also detected IAV viral RNA in respiratory (ducks and pigs) and cloacal (ducks) swabs through rRT-PCR directed at the matrix gene. We attempted viral isolation in eggs or MDCK cells followed by sequencing from swabs positive for IAV. During our study period, IAV seropositivity in duck flocks was 38%, and viral positivity was 23% (n = 86 BPS sampled). IAV seropositivity in pig herds was 42%, and viral positivity was 20% (n = 90 BPS sampled). Both flocks and herds had detectable antibodies against IAV mostly year-round, and IAV was detected in several months. We isolated an H3N2 virus from one pig sampled at the end of 2013. Standard nucleotide BLAST searches indicate that the isolated virus was similar to seasonal viruses circulating in humans, suggesting human-to-pig transmission. Our data show concurrent circulation of IAV in multiple species of poultry and pigs that were commingled in rudimentary conditions in proximity to humans, but no significant risk factors could be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lucia Ortiz
- Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Christine M Szablewski
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Danilo Alvarez
- Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Ana S Gonzalez-Reiche
- Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Jorge Jara
- Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - C Todd Davis
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Celia Cordon-Rosales
- Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala, Guatemala
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Kjaer LJ, Hjulsager CK, Larsen LE, Boklund AE, Halasa T, Ward MP, Kirkeby CT. Landscape effects and spatial patterns of avian influenza virus in Danish wild birds, 2006-2020. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:706-719. [PMID: 33600073 PMCID: PMC9291307 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) is a contagious disease of birds with zoonotic potential. AI virus (AIV) can infect most bird species, but clinical signs and mortality vary. Assessing the distribution and factors affecting AI presence can direct targeted surveillance to areas at risk of disease outbreaks, or help identify disease hotspots or areas with inadequate surveillance. Using virus surveillance data from passive and active AIV wild bird surveillance, 2006−2020, we investigated the association between the presence of AIV and a range of landscape factors and game bird release. Furthermore, we assessed potential bias in the passive AIV surveillance data submitted by the public, via factors related to public accessibility. Lastly, we tested the AIV data for possible hot‐ and cold spots within Denmark. The passive surveillance data was biased regarding accessibility to areas (distance to roads, cities and coast) compared to random locations within Denmark. For both the passive and active AIV surveillance data, we found significant (p < .01) associations with variables related to coast, wetlands and cities, but not game bird release. We used these variables to predict the risk of AIV presence throughout Denmark, and found high‐risk areas concentrated along the coast and fjords. For both passive and active surveillance data, low‐risk clusters were mainly seen in Jutland and northern Zealand, whereas high‐risk clusters were found in Jutland, Zealand, Funen and the southern Isles such as Lolland and Falster. Our results suggest that landscape affects AIV presence, as coastal areas and wetlands attract waterfowl and migrating birds and therefore might increase the potential for AIV transmission. Our findings have enabled us to create risk maps of AIV presence in wild birds and pinpoint high‐risk clusters within Denmark. This will aid targeted surveillance efforts within Denmark and potentially aid in planning the location of future poultry farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene Jung Kjaer
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Section for Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Erik Larsen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Section for Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Anette Ella Boklund
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Section for Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Tariq Halasa
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Section for Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Michael P Ward
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden NSW, Australia
| | - Carsten Thure Kirkeby
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Section for Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Bravo-Vasquez N, Baumberger C, Jimenez-Bluhm P, Di Pillo F, Lazo A, Sanhueza J, Schultz-Cherry S, Hamilton-West C. Risk factors and spatial relative risk assessment for influenza A virus in poultry and swine in backyard production systems of central Chile. Vet Med Sci 2020; 6:518-526. [PMID: 32086880 PMCID: PMC7397882 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Backyard production systems (BPS) are a common form of poultry and swine production worldwide. The limited implementation of biosecurity standards in these operations makes BPS a potential source for the emergence of pathogens that have an impact on both animal and public health. Information regarding circulation of influenza A virus (IAV) in poultry and swine raised in BPS is scarce; particularly in South American countries. The objective of this study was to estimate prevalence and seroprevalence of IAV in BPS in central Chile, identify subtype diversity, evaluate risk factors and spatial relative risk for IAV. Samples were collected from 329 BPS from central Chile. Seroprevalence at BPS level was 34.7% (95% CI: 23.1%–46.2%), 19.7% (95% CI: 9.9%–30.6%) and 11.7% (95% CI: 7.2%–16.4%), whereas prevalence at BPS level was 4.2% (95% CI: 0.0%–8.8%), 8.2% (95% CI: 0.8%–14.0%) and 9.2% (95% CI: 4.8%–13.1%), for the Metropolitan, Valparaiso and LGB O’Higgins regions, respectively. Spatial analysis revealed that central‐western area of Metropolitan region and the southern province of Valparaiso region could be considered as high‐risk areas for IAV (spatial relative risk = 2.2, p < .05). Logistic regression models identified the practice of breeding both poultry and pigs at the BPS as a risk factor (95% CI 1.06–3.75). From 75 IAV ELISA‐positive sera, 20 chicken sera had haemagglutination inhibition titres ranging from 20 to 160, and of these, 11 had microneutralization titres ranging from 40 to 960 for one or more IAV subtypes. Identified subtypes were H1, H3, H4, H9, H10 and H12. Results from this study highlight the need for further IAV surveillance programmes in BPS in Chile. Early detection of IAV strains circulating in backyard animals, especially in regions with large human populations, could have an enormous impact on animal and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bravo-Vasquez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Saint Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Cecilia Baumberger
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Pedro Jimenez-Bluhm
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Francisca Di Pillo
- Núcleo de Investigaciones Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Universidad de Las Americas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andres Lazo
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Juan Sanhueza
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Saint Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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Jimenez-Bluhm P, Di Pillo F, Bahl J, Osorio J, Schultz-Cherry S, Hamilton-West C. Circulation of influenza in backyard productive systems in central Chile and evidence of spillover from wild birds. Prev Vet Med 2018; 153:1-6. [PMID: 29653729 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Backyard productive systems (BPS) are recognized as the most common form of animal production in the world. However, BPS frequently exhibit inherent biosecurity deficiencies, and could play a major role in the epidemiology of animal diseases and zoonoses. The aim of this study was to determine if influenza A viruses (IAV) were prevalent in backyard poultry and swine BPS in central Chile. Through active surveillance in Valparaiso and Metropolitan regions from 2012 - 2014, we found that influenza virus positivity by real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) ranged from 0% during winter 2012-45.8% during fall 2014 at the farm level. We also obtained an H12 hemagglutinin (HA) sequence of wild bird origin from a domestic Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata), indicating spillover from wild birds into backyard poultry populations. Furthermore, a one-year sampling effort in 113 BPS in the Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins (LGB ÓHiggins) region showed that 12.6% of poultry and 2.4% of swine were positive for IAV by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), indicative of previous exposure of farm animals to IAV. This study highlights the need for improved IAV surveillance in backyard populations given the close interaction between domestic animals, wild birds and people in these farms, particularly in an understudied region, like South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Jimenez-Bluhm
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Di Pillo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Justin Bahl
- Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, Center For Infectious Diseases, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jorge Osorio
- Comparative Biomedical Science Program, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Christopher Hamilton-West
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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5
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Presence of influenza viruses in backyard poultry and swine in El Yali wetland, Chile. Prev Vet Med 2016; 134:211-215. [PMID: 27726887 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In South America little is known regarding influenza virus circulating in backyard poultry and swine populations. Backyard productive systems (BPS) that breed swine and poultry are widely distributed throughout Chile with high density in the central zone, and several BPS are located within the "El Yali" (EY) ecosystem, which is one of the most important wetlands in South America. Here, 130 different wild bird species have been described, of them, at least 22 species migrate yearly from North America for nesting. For this reason, EY is considered as a high-risk zone for avian influenza virus. This study aims to identify if backyard poultry and swine bred in the EY ecosystem have been exposed to influenza A virus and if so, to identify influenza virus subtypes. A biosecurity and handling survey was applied and samples were collected from BPS in two seasons (spring 2013 and fall 2014) for influenza seroprevalence, and in one season (fall 2014) for virus presence. Seroprevalence at BPS level was 42% (95% CI:22-49) during spring 2013 and 60% (95% CI 43-72) in fall 2014. rRT-PCR for the influenza A matrix gene indicated a viral prevalence of 27% (95% CI:14-39) at BPS level in fall 2014. Eight farms (73% of rRT-PCR positive farms) were also positive to the Elisa test at the same time. One BPS was simultaneously positive (rRT-PCR) in multiple species (poultry, swine and geese) and a H1N2 virus was identified from swine, exemplifying the risk that these BPS may pose for generation of novel influenza viruses.
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6
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Rodríguez-Prieto V, Vicente-Rubiano M, Sánchez-Matamoros A, Rubio-Guerri C, Melero M, Martínez-López B, Martínez-Avilés M, Hoinville L, Vergne T, Comin A, Schauer B, Dórea F, Pfeiffer DU, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM. Systematic review of surveillance systems and methods for early detection of exotic, new and re-emerging diseases in animal populations. Epidemiol Infect 2015; 143:2018-42. [PMID: 25353252 PMCID: PMC9506978 DOI: 10.1017/s095026881400212x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In this globalized world, the spread of new, exotic and re-emerging diseases has become one of the most important threats to animal production and public health. This systematic review analyses conventional and novel early detection methods applied to surveillance. In all, 125 scientific documents were considered for this study. Exotic (n = 49) and re-emerging (n = 27) diseases constituted the most frequently represented health threats. In addition, the majority of studies were related to zoonoses (n = 66). The approaches found in the review could be divided in surveillance modalities, both active (n = 23) and passive (n = 5); and tools and methodologies that support surveillance activities (n = 57). Combinations of surveillance modalities and tools (n = 40) were also found. Risk-based approaches were very common (n = 60), especially in the papers describing tools and methodologies (n = 50). The main applications, benefits and limitations of each approach were extracted from the papers. This information will be very useful for informing the development of tools to facilitate the design of cost-effective surveillance strategies. Thus, the current literature review provides key information about the advantages, disadvantages, limitations and potential application of methodologies for the early detection of new, exotic and re-emerging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Rodríguez-Prieto
- VISAVET Centre and Animal Health Department,Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid,Madrid,Spain
| | - M Vicente-Rubiano
- VISAVET Centre and Animal Health Department,Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid,Madrid,Spain
| | - A Sánchez-Matamoros
- VISAVET Centre and Animal Health Department,Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid,Madrid,Spain
| | - C Rubio-Guerri
- VISAVET Centre and Animal Health Department,Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid,Madrid,Spain
| | - M Melero
- VISAVET Centre and Animal Health Department,Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid,Madrid,Spain
| | - B Martínez-López
- VISAVET Centre and Animal Health Department,Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid,Madrid,Spain
| | - M Martínez-Avilés
- VISAVET Centre and Animal Health Department,Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid,Madrid,Spain
| | - L Hoinville
- AHVLA Centre for Epidemiology & Risk Analysis,Animal Health Veterinary Laboratories Agency,New Haw,Addlestone,Surrey,UK
| | - T Vergne
- RVC Veterinary Epidemiology,Economics and Public Health Group,Royal Veterinary College,North Mymms,London,UK
| | - A Comin
- SVA Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology,National Veterinary Institute,Uppsala,Sweden
| | - B Schauer
- FLI Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health,Greifswald - Insel Riems,Germany
| | - F Dórea
- SVA Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology,National Veterinary Institute,Uppsala,Sweden
| | - D U Pfeiffer
- RVC Veterinary Epidemiology,Economics and Public Health Group,Royal Veterinary College,North Mymms,London,UK
| | - J M Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- VISAVET Centre and Animal Health Department,Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid,Madrid,Spain
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Chaudhry M, Rashid HB, Thrusfield M, Welburn S, Bronsvoort BM. A case-control study to identify risk factors associated with avian influenza subtype H9N2 on commercial poultry farms in Pakistan. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119019. [PMID: 25774768 PMCID: PMC4361405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A 1:1 matched case-control study was conducted to identify risk factors for avian influenza subtype H9N2 infection on commercial poultry farms in 16 districts of Punjab, and 1 administrative unit of Pakistan. One hundred and thirty-three laboratory confirmed positive case farms were matched on the date of sample submission with 133 negative control farms. The association between a series of farm-level characteristics and the presence or absence of H9N2 was assessed by univariable analysis. Characteristics associated with H9N2 risk that passed the initial screening were included in a multivariable conditional logistic regression model. Manual and automated approaches were used, which produced similar models. Key risk factors from all approaches included selling of eggs/birds directly to live bird retail stalls, being near case/infected farms, a previous history of infectious bursal disease (IBD) on the farm and having cover on the water storage tanks. The findings of current study are in line with results of many other studies conducted in various countries to identify similar risk factors for AI subtype H9N2 infection. Enhancing protective measures and controlling risks identified in this study could reduce spread of AI subtype H9N2 and other AI viruses between poultry farms in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoona Chaudhry
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Hamad B. Rashid
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Abdul Qadir Jilani Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Michael Thrusfield
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Sue Welburn
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Barend MdeC. Bronsvoort
- The University of Edinburgh, Roslin Institute at the R(D)SVS, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
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8
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Buscaglia C. A survey for avian influenza from gulls on the coasts of the District of Pinamar and the Lagoon Salada Grande, General Madariaga, Argentina. Avian Dis 2013; 56:1017-20. [PMID: 23402129 DOI: 10.1637/10147-040712-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, fecal samples obtained from kelp gulls (Larus dominicanus), brown-hooded gulls (Larus maculipennis), and Olrog's gulls (Larus atlanticus) on the coast of the District of Pinamar, and grey-hooded gulls (Larus cirrocephalus) on the coast of the Lagoon Salada Grande and surrounding wetlands, General Madariaga, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, were tested for evidence of avian influenza virus over a period of 3 yr. This surveillance in free-living wild birds in the Buenos Aires Province started in October 2008. Additional samples, which included cloacal swabs, tracheal swabs, or pooled organs, were obtained from sick or dead gulls that arrived at the Fundaci6n Ecol6gica Pinamar or were provided by the Direcci6n de Seguridad en Playas, Municipalidad de Pinamar. Samples were pooled according to date, species, and area. Pooled samples were inoculated in 9- to 11-day-old eggs, and after 5 days, allantoic fluids were tested for evidence of hemagglutination. None of the samples was positive for avian influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina Buscaglia
- Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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9
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Pollock SL, Stephen C, Skuridina N, Kosatsky T. Raising chickens in city backyards: the public health role. J Community Health 2012; 37:734-42. [PMID: 22083301 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-011-9504-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in raising chickens in urban settings across North America. Current regulations on backyard chickens vary by jurisdiction due to concerns about perceived health threats. Proposed negative impacts on public health and community well-being include infectious diseases acquired through rearing practices or consumption of eggs, inappropriate waste management, interaction with pests and predators and nuisance factors such as noise and odour. Proposed benefits are derived largely from the human-animal bond and from feelings of autonomy over food selection. The importance or validity of claims of positive and negative effects cannot be supported by literature specific to the urban agriculture context. Public health practitioners might approach this issue in a manner analogous to concerns over keeping domestic pets.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Pollock
- Canadian Field Epidemiology Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, 301-351 Abbott Street, Vancouver, BC, V6B 0G6, Canada.
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10
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El-Zoghby E, Abdelwhab E, Arafa A, Selim A, Kholousy S, Kilany W, Hassan M, El-Kanawati Z, Aly M, Hafez H. Active surveillance of avian influenza virus in backyard birds in Egypt. J APPL POULTRY RES 2011. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2011-00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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11
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Hafez MH, Arafa A, Abdelwhab EM, Selim A, Khoulosy SG, Hassan MK, Aly MM. Avian influenza H5N1 virus infections in vaccinated commercial and backyard poultry in Egypt. Poult Sci 2010; 89:1609-13. [PMID: 20634514 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we describe results from a high-pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus (AIV) surveillance program in previously H5-vaccinated commercial and family-backyard poultry flocks that was conducted from 2007 to 2008 by the Egyptian National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production. The real-time reverse transcription PCR assay was used to detect the influenza A virus matrix gene and detection of the H5 and N1 subtypes was accomplished using a commercially available kit real-time reverse transcription PCR assay. The virus was detected in 35/3,610 (0.97%) and 27/8,682 (0.31%) of examined commercial poultry farms and 246/816 (30%) and 89/1,723 (5.2%) of backyard flocks in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Positive flocks were identified throughout the year, with the highest frequencies occurring during the winter months. Anti-H5 serum antibody titers in selected commercial poultry ranged from <2 (negative) to 9.6 log(2) when determined in the hemagglutination inhibition test using a H5 AIV antigen. In conclusion, despite the nationwide vaccination strategy of poultry in Egypt to combat H5N1 AIV, continuous circulation of the virus in vaccinated commercial and backyard poultry was reported and the efficacy of the vaccination using a challenge model with the current circulating field virus should be revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Hafez
- Institute of Poultry Diseases, Free Berlin University, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
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12
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Zheng T, Adlam B, Rawdon TG, Stanislawek WL, Cork SC, Hope V, Buddle BM, Grimwood K, Baker MG, O'Keefe JS, Huang QS. A cross-sectional survey of influenza A infection, and management practices in small rural backyard poultry flocks in two regions of New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2010; 58:74-80. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2010.65086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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First isolation of an H1N1 avian influenza virus from wild terrestrial non-migratory birds in Argentina. Virology 2009; 396:76-84. [PMID: 19896684 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A type A avian influenza (AI) virus was isolated from dead or severely ill red-winged tinamous (Rhynchotus rufescens) found in a hunting ground in April 2008 in Argentina. The subtype of A/red-winged tinamou/Argentina/MP1/2008 was determined as H1N1 by sequence analysis. The cleavage site of the viral hemagglutinin corresponded to a low pathogenic influenza virus, although the clinical presentation and pathological studies suggest that the virus was pathogenic for red-winged tinamous. Phylogenetic analysis of the viral genome suggested that while the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes were related to AIV from North America, the internal genes were most closely related to other South American isolates. These findings support the postulated South American phylogenetic lineage for AIV PB2, PB1, PA, M and NS genes, and suggest that the evolutionary pathways of HA and NA genes involve exchanges between the Northern and Southern hemispheres.
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14
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Ghersi BM, Blazes DL, Icochea E, Gonzalez RI, Kochel T, Tinoco Y, Sovero MM, Lindstrom S, Shu B, Klimov A, Gonzalez AE, Montgomery JM. Avian influenza in wild birds, central coast of Peru. Emerg Infect Dis 2009; 15:935-8. [PMID: 19523296 PMCID: PMC2727326 DOI: 10.3201/eid1506.080981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine genotypes of avian influenza virus circulating among wild birds in South America, we collected and tested environmental fecal samples from birds along the coast of Peru, June 2006-December 2007. The 9 isolates recovered represented 4 low-pathogenicity avian influenza strains: subtypes H3N8, H4N5, H10N9, and H13N2.
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Hernandez-Divers SM, Villegas P, Jimenez C, Hernandez-Divers SJ, Garcia M, Riblet SM, Carroll CR, O'Connor BM, Webb JL, Yabsley MJ, Williams SM, Sanchez S. Backyard chicken flocks pose a disease risk for neotropic birds in Costa Rica. Avian Dis 2009; 52:558-66. [PMID: 19166045 DOI: 10.1637/8298-032808-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Pathogens of free-ranging chickens create a risk of disease for wild birds, some of which migrate to the United States, as well as potential economic losses for resource-poor farmers. Free-roaming backyard chickens are commonly kept in shade-grown coffee plantations, habitats that attract large numbers of wild birds. The husbandry and pathogen prevalence of backyard chicken flocks in San Luis, Costa Rica, were investigated. Based on serologic evidence, Newcastle disease virus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, infectious bronchitis virus, chicken anemia virus, and infectious bursal disease virus, as well as both Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae, appear to be significant diseases of this population, and thus, we consider these backyard chickens potential reservoirs for these diseases. There was no evidence of avian influenza. Interviews, clinical examinations, and microscopic examination of tissues led us to believe that poxvirus is also a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in these chickens. We found that Escherichia coli isolates were resistant against tilmicosin, tetracycline, ampicillin, amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, ticarcillin, and cephalothin, and contained genes considered responsible for conferring tetracycline resistance. Additionally, although production was not measured, we suspect that husbandry and lack of preventative medicine are directly related to the diseases reported, all of which negatively affect production.
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