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Fusaro A, Zecchin B, Giussani E, Palumbo E, Agüero-García M, Bachofen C, Bálint Á, Banihashem F, Banyard AC, Beerens N, Bourg M, Briand FX, Bröjer C, Brown IH, Brugger B, Byrne AMP, Cana A, Christodoulou V, Dirbakova Z, Fagulha T, Fouchier RAM, Garza-Cuartero L, Georgiades G, Gjerset B, Grasland B, Groza O, Harder T, Henriques AM, Hjulsager CK, Ivanova E, Janeliunas Z, Krivko L, Lemon K, Liang Y, Lika A, Malik P, McMenamy MJ, Nagy A, Nurmoja I, Onita I, Pohlmann A, Revilla-Fernández S, Sánchez-Sánchez A, Savic V, Slavec B, Smietanka K, Snoeck CJ, Steensels M, Svansson V, Swieton E, Tammiranta N, Tinak M, Van Borm S, Zohari S, Adlhoch C, Baldinelli F, Terregino C, Monne I. High pathogenic avian influenza A(H5) viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b in Europe-Why trends of virus evolution are more difficult to predict. Virus Evol 2024; 10:veae027. [PMID: 38699215 PMCID: PMC11065109 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veae027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Since 2016, A(H5Nx) high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus of clade 2.3.4.4b has become one of the most serious global threats not only to wild and domestic birds, but also to public health. In recent years, important changes in the ecology, epidemiology, and evolution of this virus have been reported, with an unprecedented global diffusion and variety of affected birds and mammalian species. After the two consecutive and devastating epidemic waves in Europe in 2020-2021 and 2021-2022, with the second one recognized as one of the largest epidemics recorded so far, this clade has begun to circulate endemically in European wild bird populations. This study used the complete genomes of 1,956 European HPAI A(H5Nx) viruses to investigate the virus evolution during this varying epidemiological outline. We investigated the spatiotemporal patterns of A(H5Nx) virus diffusion to/from and within Europe during the 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 epidemic waves, providing evidence of ongoing changes in transmission dynamics and disease epidemiology. We demonstrated the high genetic diversity of the circulating viruses, which have undergone frequent reassortment events, providing for the first time a complete overview and a proposed nomenclature of the multiple genotypes circulating in Europe in 2020-2022. We described the emergence of a new genotype with gull adapted genes, which offered the virus the opportunity to occupy new ecological niches, driving the disease endemicity in the European wild bird population. The high propensity of the virus for reassortment, its jumps to a progressively wider number of host species, including mammals, and the rapid acquisition of adaptive mutations make the trend of virus evolution and spread difficult to predict in this unfailing evolving scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Fusaro
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
| | - Bianca Zecchin
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
| | - Edoardo Giussani
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
| | - Elisa Palumbo
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
| | - Montserrat Agüero-García
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (LCV), Ctra. M-106, Km 1,4 Algete, Madrid 28110, Spain
| | - Claudia Bachofen
- Federal Department of Home Affairs FDHA Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, Mittelhäusern 3147, Switzerland
| | - Ádám Bálint
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate (NEBIH), Laboratory of Virology, National Food Chain Safety Office, Tábornok utca 2, Budapest 1143, Hungary
| | - Fereshteh Banihashem
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Travvägen 20, Uppsala 75189, Sweden
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- WOAH/FAO international reference laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy Beerens
- Department of Virology Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, Lelystad 8221 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Manon Bourg
- Luxembourgish Veterinary and Food Administration (ALVA), State Veterinary Laboratory, 1 Rue Louis Rech, Dudelange 3555, Luxembourg
| | - Francois-Xavier Briand
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire, de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Unité de Virologie, Immunologie, Parasitologie Avaires et Cunicoles, 41 Rue de Beaucemaine – BP 53, Ploufragan 22440, France
| | - Caroline Bröjer
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Disease, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Travvägen 20, Uppsala 75189, Sweden
| | - Ian H Brown
- WOAH/FAO international reference laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Brigitte Brugger
- Icelandic Food and Veterinary Authority, Austurvegur 64, Selfoss 800, Iceland
| | - Alexander M P Byrne
- WOAH/FAO international reference laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Armend Cana
- Kosovo Food and Veterinary Agency, Sector of Serology and Molecular Diagnostics, Kosovo Food and Veterinary Laboratory, Str Lidhja e Pejes, Prishtina 10000, Kosovo
| | - Vasiliki Christodoulou
- Laboratory for Animal Health Virology Section Veterinary Services (1417), 79, Athalassa Avenue Aglantzia, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus
| | - Zuzana Dirbakova
- Department of Animal Health, State Veterinary Institute, Pod Dráhami 918, Zvolen 96086, Slovakia
| | - Teresa Fagulha
- I.P. (INIAV, I.P.), Avenida da República, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Quinta do Marquês, Oeiras 2780 – 157, Portugal
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, Rotterdam 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Garza-Cuartero
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Backweston Campus, Stacumny Lane, Celbridge, Co. Kildare W23 X3PH, Ireland
| | - George Georgiades
- Thessaloniki Veterinary Centre (TVC), Department of Avian Diseases, 26th October Street 80, Thessaloniki 54627, Greece
| | - Britt Gjerset
- Immunology & Virology department, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Arboretveien 57, Oslo Pb 64, N-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Beatrice Grasland
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire, de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Unité de Virologie, Immunologie, Parasitologie Avaires et Cunicoles, 41 Rue de Beaucemaine – BP 53, Ploufragan 22440, France
| | - Oxana Groza
- Republican Center for Veterinary Diagnostics (NRL), 3 street Murelor, Chisinau 2051, Republic of Moldova
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems 17493, Germany
| | - Ana Margarida Henriques
- I.P. (INIAV, I.P.), Avenida da República, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Quinta do Marquês, Oeiras 2780 – 157, Portugal
| | - Charlotte Kristiane Hjulsager
- Department for Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, 5 Artillerivej, Copenhagen DK-2300, Denmark
| | - Emiliya Ivanova
- National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, National Diagnostic and Research Veterinary Medical Institute (NDRVMI), 190 Lomsko Shose Blvd., Sofia 1231, Bulgaria
| | - Zygimantas Janeliunas
- National Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute (NFVRAI), Kairiukscio str. 10, Vilnius 08409, Lithuania
| | - Laura Krivko
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment (BIOR), Laboratory of Microbilogy and Pathology, 3 Lejupes Street, Riga 1076, Latvia
| | - Ken Lemon
- Virological Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Sciences Division, Department of Virology, Agri-Food and Bioscience Institute (AFBI), Stoney Road, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland
| | - Yuan Liang
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark
| | - Aldin Lika
- Animal Health Department, Food Safety and Veterinary Institute, Rruga Aleksandër Moisiu 10, Tirana 1001, Albania
| | - Péter Malik
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate (NEBIH), Laboratory of Virology, National Food Chain Safety Office, Tábornok utca 2, Budapest 1143, Hungary
| | - Michael J McMenamy
- Virological Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Sciences Division, Department of Virology, Agri-Food and Bioscience Institute (AFBI), Stoney Road, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland
| | - Alexander Nagy
- Department of Molecular Biology, State Veterinary Institute Prague, Sídlištní 136/24, Praha 6-Lysolaje 16503, Czech Republic
| | - Imbi Nurmoja
- National Centre for Laboratory Research and Risk Assessment (LABRIS), Kreutzwaldi 30, Tartu 51006, Estonia
| | - Iuliana Onita
- Institute for Diagnosis and Animal Health (IDAH), Str. Dr. Staicovici 63, Bucharest 050557, Romania
| | - Anne Pohlmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems 17493, Germany
| | - Sandra Revilla-Fernández
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Robert Koch Gasse 17, Mödling 2340, Austria
| | - Azucena Sánchez-Sánchez
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (LCV), Ctra. M-106, Km 1,4 Algete, Madrid 28110, Spain
| | - Vladimir Savic
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Poultry Centre, Heinzelova 55, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Brigita Slavec
- University of Ljubljana – Veterinary Faculty/National Veterinary Institute, Gerbičeva 60, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Krzysztof Smietanka
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, Puławy 24-100, Poland
| | - Chantal J Snoeck
- Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Department of Infection and Immunity, 29 Rue Henri Koch, Esch-sur-Alzette 4354, Luxembourg
| | - Mieke Steensels
- Avian Virology and Immunology, Sciensano, Rue Groeselenberg 99, Ukkel 1180, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Vilhjálmur Svansson
- Biomedical Center, Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldnavegi 3 112 Reykjavík Ssn. 650269 4549, Keldur 851, Iceland
| | - Edyta Swieton
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, Puławy 24-100, Poland
| | - Niina Tammiranta
- Finnish Food Authority, Animal Health Diagnostic Unit, Veterinary Virology, Mustialankatu 3, Helsinki FI-00790, Finland
| | - Martin Tinak
- Department of Animal Health, State Veterinary Institute, Pod Dráhami 918, Zvolen 96086, Slovakia
| | - Steven Van Borm
- Avian Virology and Immunology, Sciensano, Rue Groeselenberg 99, Ukkel 1180, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Siamak Zohari
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Travvägen 20, Uppsala 75189, Sweden
| | - Cornelia Adlhoch
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Gustav III:s boulevard 40, Solna 169 73, Sweden
| | | | - Calogero Terregino
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
| | - Isabella Monne
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
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Liu Y, Kjær LJ, Boklund AE, Hjulsager CK, Larsen LE, Kirkeby CT. Risk factors for avian influenza in Danish poultry and wild birds during the epidemic from June 2020 to May 2021. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1358995. [PMID: 38450025 PMCID: PMC10914952 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1358995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Exploring the risk factors of avian influenza (AI) occurrence helps us to monitor and control the disease. Since late 2020, the number of avian influenza outbreaks in domestic and wild birds has increased in most European countries, including Denmark. This study was conducted to identify potential risk factors for wild birds and poultry during the epidemic in 2020/2021 in Denmark. Using Danish AI surveillance data of actively surveyed poultry and passively surveyed wild birds from June 2020 to May 2021, we calculated geographical attributes for bird locations and assessed the potential risk factors of AI detections using logistic regression analyses. 4% of actively surveyed poultry and 39% of passively surveyed wild birds were detected with AI circulating or ongoing at the time. Of these, 10 and 99% tested positive for the H5/H7 AI subtypes, respectively. Our analyses did not find any statistically significant risk factors for actively surveyed poultry within the dataset. For passively surveyed wild birds, bird species belonging to the Anseriformes order had a higher risk of being AI virus positive than five other taxonomic bird orders, and Galliformes were of higher risk than two other taxonomic bird orders. Besides, every 1 km increase in the distance to wetlands was associated with a 5.18% decrease in the risk of being AI positive (OR (odds ratio) 0.95, 95% CI 0.91, 0.99), when all other variables were kept constant. Overall, bird orders and distance to wetlands were associated with the occurrence of AI. The findings may provide targets for surveillance strategies using limited resources and assist in risk-based surveillance during epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangfan Liu
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lene Jung Kjær
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Anette Ella Boklund
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Erik Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Carsten Thure Kirkeby
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Jung Kjær L, Ward MP, Boklund AE, Larsen LE, Hjulsager CK, Kirkeby CT. Author Correction: Using surveillance data for early warning modelling of highly pathogenic avian influenza in Europe reveals a seasonal shift in transmission, 2016-2022. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16612. [PMID: 37789088 PMCID: PMC10547703 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43740-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lene Jung Kjær
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Michael P Ward
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Anette Ella Boklund
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Erik Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Carsten Thure Kirkeby
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Jung Kjær L, Ward MP, Boklund AE, Larsen LE, Hjulsager CK, Kirkeby CT. Using surveillance data for early warning modelling of highly pathogenic avian influenza in Europe reveals a seasonal shift in transmission, 2016-2022. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15396. [PMID: 37717056 PMCID: PMC10505205 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42660-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza in wild birds and poultry flocks constitutes a problem for animal welfare, food security and public health. In recent years there have been increasing numbers of outbreaks in Europe, with many poultry flocks culled after being infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). Continuous monitoring is crucial to enable timely implementation of control to prevent HPAI spread from wild birds to poultry and between poultry flocks within a country. We here utilize readily available public surveillance data and time-series models to predict HPAI detections within European countries and show a seasonal shift that happened during 2021-2022. The output is models capable of monitoring the weekly risk of HPAI outbreaks, to support decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene Jung Kjær
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Michael P Ward
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Anette Ella Boklund
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Erik Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Carsten Thure Kirkeby
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ryt-Hansen P, Krog JS, Breum SØ, Hjulsager CK, Pedersen AG, Trebbien R, Larsen LE. Co-circulation of multiple influenza A reassortants in swine harboring genes from seasonal human and swine influenza viruses. eLife 2021; 10:60940. [PMID: 34313225 PMCID: PMC8397370 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the influenza pandemic in 2009, there has been an increased focus on swine influenza A virus (swIAV) surveillance. This paper describes the results of the surveillance of swIAV in Danish swine from 2011 to 2018. In total, 3800 submissions were received with a steady increase in swIAV-positive submissions, reaching 56% in 2018. Full-genome sequences were obtained from 129 swIAV-positive samples. Altogether, 17 different circulating genotypes were identified including six novel reassortants harboring human seasonal IAV gene segments. The phylogenetic analysis revealed substantial genetic drift and also evidence of positive selection occurring mainly in antigenic sites of the hemagglutinin protein and confirmed the presence of a swine divergent cluster among the H1pdm09Nx (clade 1A.3.3.2) viruses. The results provide essential data for the control of swIAV in pigs and emphasize the importance of contemporary surveillance for discovering novel swIAV strains posing a potential threat to the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Ryt-Hansen
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Lyngby, Denmark.,University of Copenhagen, Department of Health Sciences, Institute for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Anders Gorm Pedersen
- Department of Health Technology, Section for Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Erik Larsen
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Lyngby, Denmark.,University of Copenhagen, Department of Health Sciences, Institute for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Liang Y, Krog JS, Ryt-Hansen P, Pedersen AG, Kvisgaard LK, Holm E, Nielsen PD, Hammer AS, Madsen JJ, Thorup K, Larsen LE, Hjulsager CK. Molecular Characterization of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses H5N6 Detected in Denmark in 2018-2019. Viruses 2021; 13:1052. [PMID: 34199456 PMCID: PMC8226499 DOI: 10.3390/v13061052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Beginning in late 2017, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N6 viruses caused outbreaks in wild birds and poultry in several European countries. H5N6 viruses were detected in 43 wild birds found dead throughout Denmark. Most of the Danish virus-positive dead birds were found in the period from February to April 2018. However, unlike the rest of Europe, sporadic HPAI H5N6-positive dead wild birds were detected in Denmark in July, August, September, and December 2018, with the last positive bird being found in January 2019. HPAI viruses were not detected in active surveillance of apparently healthy wild birds. In this study, we use full genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis to investigate the wild bird HPAI H5N6 viruses found in Denmark. The Danish viruses were found to be closely related to those of contemporary HPAI H5N6 viruses detected in Europe. Their sequences formed two clusters indicating that at least two or more introductions of H5N6 into Denmark occurred. Notably, all viruses detected in the latter half of 2018 and in 2019 grouped into the same cluster. The H5N6 viruses appeared to have been maintained undetected in the autumn 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liang
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (Y.L.); (P.R.-H.); (L.K.K.); (A.S.H.); (L.E.L.)
| | - Jesper Schak Krog
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark; (J.S.K.); (E.H.)
| | - Pia Ryt-Hansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (Y.L.); (P.R.-H.); (L.K.K.); (A.S.H.); (L.E.L.)
| | - Anders Gorm Pedersen
- DTU Health Tech, Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark;
| | - Lise Kirstine Kvisgaard
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (Y.L.); (P.R.-H.); (L.K.K.); (A.S.H.); (L.E.L.)
| | - Elisabeth Holm
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark; (J.S.K.); (E.H.)
| | - Pernille Dahl Nielsen
- Animal Health Division, Danish Veterinary and Food Administration, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark;
| | - Anne Sofie Hammer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (Y.L.); (P.R.-H.); (L.K.K.); (A.S.H.); (L.E.L.)
| | | | - Kasper Thorup
- GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Lars Erik Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (Y.L.); (P.R.-H.); (L.K.K.); (A.S.H.); (L.E.L.)
| | - Charlotte Kristiane Hjulsager
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark; (J.S.K.); (E.H.)
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Kjaer LJ, Hjulsager CK, Larsen LE, Boklund AE, Halasa T, Ward MP, Kirkeby CT. Landscape effects and spatial patterns of avian influenza virus in Danish wild birds, 2006-2020. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:706-719. [PMID: 33600073 PMCID: PMC9291307 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) is a contagious disease of birds with zoonotic potential. AI virus (AIV) can infect most bird species, but clinical signs and mortality vary. Assessing the distribution and factors affecting AI presence can direct targeted surveillance to areas at risk of disease outbreaks, or help identify disease hotspots or areas with inadequate surveillance. Using virus surveillance data from passive and active AIV wild bird surveillance, 2006−2020, we investigated the association between the presence of AIV and a range of landscape factors and game bird release. Furthermore, we assessed potential bias in the passive AIV surveillance data submitted by the public, via factors related to public accessibility. Lastly, we tested the AIV data for possible hot‐ and cold spots within Denmark. The passive surveillance data was biased regarding accessibility to areas (distance to roads, cities and coast) compared to random locations within Denmark. For both the passive and active AIV surveillance data, we found significant (p < .01) associations with variables related to coast, wetlands and cities, but not game bird release. We used these variables to predict the risk of AIV presence throughout Denmark, and found high‐risk areas concentrated along the coast and fjords. For both passive and active surveillance data, low‐risk clusters were mainly seen in Jutland and northern Zealand, whereas high‐risk clusters were found in Jutland, Zealand, Funen and the southern Isles such as Lolland and Falster. Our results suggest that landscape affects AIV presence, as coastal areas and wetlands attract waterfowl and migrating birds and therefore might increase the potential for AIV transmission. Our findings have enabled us to create risk maps of AIV presence in wild birds and pinpoint high‐risk clusters within Denmark. This will aid targeted surveillance efforts within Denmark and potentially aid in planning the location of future poultry farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene Jung Kjaer
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Section for Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Erik Larsen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Section for Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Anette Ella Boklund
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Section for Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Tariq Halasa
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Section for Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Michael P Ward
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden NSW, Australia
| | - Carsten Thure Kirkeby
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Section for Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Alarcon P, Brouwer A, Venkatesh D, Duncan D, Dovas CI, Georgiades G, Monne I, Fusaro A, Dan A, Śmietanka K, Ragias V, Breed AC, Chassalevris T, Goujgoulova G, Hjulsager CK, Ryan E, Sánchez A, Niqueux E, Tammiranta N, Zohari S, Stroud DA, Savić V, Lewis NS, Brown IH. Comparison of 2016-17 and Previous Epizootics of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5 Guangdong Lineage in Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:2270-2283. [PMID: 30457528 PMCID: PMC6256410 DOI: 10.3201/eid2412.171860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 epizootic of 2016-17 in Europe by epidemiologic and genetic characteristics and compared it with 2 previous epizootics caused by the same H5 Guangdong lineage. The 2016-17 epizootic was the largest in Europe by number of countries and farms affected and greatest diversity of wild birds infected. We observed significant differences among the 3 epizootics regarding region affected, epidemic curve, seasonality, and outbreak duration, making it difficult to predict future HPAI epizootics. However, we know that in 2005-06 and 2016-17 the initial peak of wild bird detections preceded the peak of poultry outbreaks within Europe. Phylogenetic analysis of 2016-17 viruses indicates 2 main pathways into Europe. Our findings highlight the need for global surveillance of viral changes to inform disease preparedness, detection, and control.
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9
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Kongsted H, Pedersen K, Hjulsager CK, Larsen LE, Pedersen KS, Jorsal SE, Bækbo P. Diarrhoea in neonatal piglets: a case control study on microbiological findings. Porcine Health Manag 2018; 4:17. [PMID: 30186621 PMCID: PMC6120089 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-018-0094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Many factors can influence the occurrence of neonatal diarrhoea in piglets. Currently, well-known pathogens such as enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens type C appear to play a minor role in development of disease. Other infectious pathogens may be involved. In this study, we aimed to investigate the presence of selected infectious pathogens in neonatal piglets with clinical and pathological signs of enteric disease. The association between rotavirus A, Enterococcus hirae, Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens type A/C and diarrhoea was investigated in a case control study on piglet level. The possible role of E. coli virulence factors was investigated in a multistep-procedure using herd-pools of E.coli isolates to screen for their presence. Results Rotavirus A was detected more often in cases (25%) than in controls (6%) (P < 0.001). The detection rate of Enterococcus hirae, Clostridium difficile and C. perfringens type A positive for beta2 genes was the same in the two groups of piglets. C. perfringens type C was not detected in the study. Investigations on E. coli virulence factors showed a high prevalence of EAST1 toxin genes (55% of tested case piglets were positive) and AIDA-1 adhesin genes (63% of toxin positive case piglets were positive) in case piglets. Conclusions Detection of rotavirus A was statistically significantly associated with neonatal piglet diarrhoea. An aetiologic role of E. coli carrying virulence factors EAST1 and AIDA-1 needs further investigation as the study points out these two factors as possible causative factors in neonatal diarrhoea. Detection of E.hirae, C.difficile and C. perfringens type A carrying beta 2 genes was not associated with neonatal piglet diarrhoea. However, the study suggested that massive overgrowth by E. hirae could be part of the pathogenesis in some cases of neonatal diarrhoea. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40813-018-0094-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Kongsted
- 1Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.,SEGES Danish Pig Research Centre, Axeltorv 3, DK-1609 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Karl Pedersen
- 3National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Erik Larsen
- 3National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ken Steen Pedersen
- SEGES Danish Pig Research Centre, Axeltorv 3, DK-1609 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Sven Erik Jorsal
- 3National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Poul Bækbo
- SEGES Danish Pig Research Centre, Axeltorv 3, DK-1609 Copenhagen V, Denmark
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10
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Franzo G, Legnardi M, Hjulsager CK, Klaumann F, Larsen LE, Segales J, Drigo M. Full-genome sequencing of porcine circovirus 3 field strains from Denmark, Italy and Spain demonstrates a high within-Europe genetic heterogeneity. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:602-606. [PMID: 29453822 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) is a new species of the Circovirus genus, which has recently been associated with different clinical syndromes. Its presence has been reported in different countries of North and South America, Asia and recently also Europe (Poland). However, different from the other continents, no European PCV3 sequence is currently available in public databases. There is a strong need of epidemiological data and full-genome sequences from Europe because of its relevance in the understanding of PCV3 molecular epidemiology and control. To fill this lack of information, samples collected in Denmark, Italy and Spain in 2016 and 2017 were screened for PCV3. Of the Danish samples, 36 of 38 the lymph nodes, six of 20 serum samples and two of 20 lung samples tested positive. Similarly, 10 of 29 lungs, 20 of 29 organ pools, six of 33 sera and one of eight nasal swabs tested PCV3 positive in Italy. Fourteen of 94 serum pools from seven of 14 Spanish farms were also positive. Despite the convenience nature of the sampling prevents any precise prevalence estimation, the preliminary screening of the data from three European countries confirmed a rather wide PCV3 distribution in Europe. Furthermore, the analysis of the six obtained complete European PCV3 genomes and their comparison with the public available sequences seems to support a remarkable worldwide PCV3 circulation. These results underline once more the urgency of more extensive epidemiological studies to refine the current knowledge on PCV3 evolution, transmission, spreading patterns and impact on pig health.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - M Legnardi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - C K Hjulsager
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - F Klaumann
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), IRTA, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - L E Larsen
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - J Segales
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.,Facultat de Veterinària, Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Drigo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
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11
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Kristensen CS, Kvisgaard LK, Pawlowski M, Holmgaard Carlsen S, Hjulsager CK, Heegaard PMH, Bøtner A, Stadejek T, Haugegaard S, Larsen LE. Efficacy and safety of simultaneous vaccination with two modified live virus vaccines against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus types 1 and 2 in pigs. Vaccine 2017; 36:227-236. [PMID: 29191738 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to compare responses of pigs vaccinated with a PRRS MLV vaccine against PRRSV-1 or PRRSV-2 with the responses of pigs vaccinated simultaneously with both vaccines. Furthermore, the efficacy of the two PRRSV MLV vaccination strategies was assessed following challenge. The experimental design included four groups of 4-weeks old SPF-pigs. On day 0 (DPV0), groups 1-3 (N=18 per group) were vaccinated with modified live virus vaccines (MLV) containing PRRSV-1 virus (VAC-T1), PRRSV-2 virus (VAC-T2) or both (VAC-T1T2). One group was left unvaccinated (N=12). On DPV 62, the pigs from groups 1-4 were mingled in new groups and challenged (DPC 0) with PRRSV-1, subtype 1, PRRSV-1, subtype 2 or PRRSV-2. On DPC 13/14 all pigs were necropsied. Samples were collected after vaccination and challenge. PRRSV was detected in all vaccinated pigs and the majority of the pigs were positive until DPV 28, but few of the pigs were still viremic 62 days after vaccination. Virus was detected in nasal swabs until DPV 7-14. No overt clinical signs were observed after challenge. PRRSV-2 vaccination resulted in a clear reduction in viral load in serum after PRRSV-2 challenge, whereas there was limited effect on the viral load in serum following challenge with the PRRSV-1 strains. Vaccination against PRRSV-1 had less impact on viremia following challenge. The protective effects of simultaneous vaccination with PRRSV Type 1 and 2 MLV vaccines and single PRRS MLV vaccination were comparable. None of the vaccines decreased the viral load in the lungs at necropsy. In conclusion, simultaneous vaccination with MLV vaccines containing PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 elicited responses comparable to single vaccination and the commercial PRRSV vaccines protected only partially against challenge with heterologous strains. Thus, simultaneous administration of the two vaccines is an option in herds with both PRRSV types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L K Kvisgaard
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - M Pawlowski
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - S Holmgaard Carlsen
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - C K Hjulsager
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - P M H Heegaard
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - A Bøtner
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Lindholm, Denmark.
| | - T Stadejek
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - S Haugegaard
- Danish Pig Research Centre, Danish Agriculture & Food Council, Kjellerup, Denmark.
| | - L E Larsen
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Lyngby, Denmark.
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12
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Goecke NB, Hjulsager CK, Kongsted H, Boye M, Rasmussen S, Granberg F, Fischer TK, Midgley SE, Rasmussen LD, Angen Ø, Nielsen JP, Jorsal SE, Larsen LE. No evidence of enteric viral involvement in the new neonatal porcine diarrhoea syndrome in Danish pigs. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:315. [PMID: 29115952 PMCID: PMC5678564 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1239-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate whether the syndrome New Neonatal Porcine Diarrhoea Syndrome (NNPDS) is associated with a viral aetiology. Four well-managed herds experiencing neonatal diarrhoea and suspected to be affected by NNPDS were included in a case-control set up. A total of 989 piglets were clinically examined on a daily basis. Samples from diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic piglets at the age of three to seven days were selected for extensive virological examination using specific real time polymerase chain reactions (qPCRs) and general virus detection methods. RESULTS A total of 91.7% of the animals tested positive by reverse transcription qPCR (RT-qPCR) for porcine kobuvirus 1 (PKV-1) while 9% and 3% were found to be positive for rotavirus A and porcine teschovirus (PTV), respectively. The overall prevalence of porcine astrovirus (PAstV) was 75% with 69.8% of the PAstV positive pigs infected with PAstV type 3. No animals tested positive for rotavirus C, coronavirus (TGEV, PEDV and PRCV), sapovirus, enterovirus, parechovirus, saffoldvirus, cosavirus, klassevirus or porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). Microarray analyses performed on a total of 18 animals were all negative, as were eight animals examined by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Using Next Generation de novo sequencing (de novo NGS) on pools of samples from case animals within all herds, PKV-1 was detected in four herds and rotavirus A, rotavirus C and PTV were detected in one herd each. CONCLUSIONS Our detailed analyses of piglets from NNPDS-affected herds demonstrated that viruses did not pose a significant contribution to NNPDS. However, further investigations are needed to investigate if a systemic virus infection plays a role in the pathogenesis of NNPDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Goecke
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark.
| | - C K Hjulsager
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - H Kongsted
- Pig Research Centre, Danish Agriculture and Food Council, Vinkelvej 13, DK-8620, Kjellerup, Denmark
| | - M Boye
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark.,Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Gronnegaardsvej 15, DK-1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - S Rasmussen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - F Granberg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health (BVF), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - T K Fischer
- Statens Serum Institut (SSI), Artillerivej 5, Copenhagen S, DK-2300, Denmark
| | - S E Midgley
- Statens Serum Institut (SSI), Artillerivej 5, Copenhagen S, DK-2300, Denmark
| | - L D Rasmussen
- Statens Serum Institut (SSI), Artillerivej 5, Copenhagen S, DK-2300, Denmark.,National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Kalvehave, DK-4771, Denmark
| | - Ø Angen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark.,Statens Serum Institut (SSI), Artillerivej 5, Copenhagen S, DK-2300, Denmark
| | - J P Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Gronnegaardsvej 15, DK-1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - S E Jorsal
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - L E Larsen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
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13
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Abstract
In late February 2014, unusually high numbers of wild thick-billed murres (Uria lomvia) were found dead on the coast of South Greenland. To investigate the cause of death, 45 birds were submitted for laboratory examination in Denmark. Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) with subtypes H11N2 and low pathogenic H5N1 were detected in some of the birds. Characterization of the viruses by full genome sequencing revealed that all the gene segments belonged to the North American lineage of AIVs. The seemingly sparse and mixed subtype occurrence of low pathogenic AIVs in these birds, in addition to the emaciated appearance of the birds, suggests that the murre die-off was due to malnutrition as a result of sparse food availability or inclement weather. Here we present the first characterization of AIVs isolated in Greenland, and our results support the idea that wild birds in Greenland may be involved in the movement of AIV between North America and Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Marie Hartby
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jesper Schak Krog
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Flemming Merkel
- Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, 3900 Nuuk, Greenland.,Arctic Environment, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Elisabeth Holm
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lars Erik Larsen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
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14
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Weber NR, Nielsen JP, Hjulsager CK, Jorsal SE, Haugegaard S, Hansen CF, Pedersen KS. Comparison of bacterial culture and qPCR testing of rectal and pen floor samples as diagnostic approaches to detect enterotoxic Escherichia coli in nursery pigs. Prev Vet Med 2017. [PMID: 28622793 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) are a major cause of diarrhoea in weaned pigs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the agreement at pen level among three different diagnostic approaches for the detection of ETEC in groups of nursery pigs with diarrhoea. The diagnostic approaches used were: bacterial culturing of faecal samples from three pigs (per pen) with clinical diarrhoea and subsequent testing for virulence genes in E. coli isolates; bacterial culturing of pen floor samples and subsequent testing for virulence genes in E. coli isolates; qPCR testing of pen floor samples in order to determine the quantity of F18 and F4 genes. The study was carried out in three Danish pig herds and included 31 pens with a pen-level diarrhoea prevalence of > 25%, as well as samples from 93 diarrhoeic nursery pigs from these pens. All E. coli isolates were analysed by PCR and classified as ETEC when genes for one or more adhesin factors and one or more enterotoxins were detected. RESULTS A total of 208 E. coli colonies from pig samples and 172 E. coli colonies from pen floor samples were isolated. Haemolytic activity was detected on blood agar plates in 111 (29.2%) of the 380 colonies that were isolated. The only adhesin factor detected in this study was F18. When comparing bacterial culture or qPCR testing of pen floor samples with detection of ETEC-positive diarrhoeic pigs by culture, agreement was found in 26 (83.9%, Kappa = 0.665) and 23 (74.2%, Kappa = 0.488) of the pens, respectively. Agreement was observed between the detection of ETEC by bacterial culture and qPCR in the same pen floor sample in 26 (83.9%, Kappa = 0.679) pens. CONCLUSION We observed an acceptable agreement for the detection of ETEC-positive diarrhoeic nursery pigs in pen samples for both bacterial culture of pen floor samples and qPCR. This study showed that both bacterial culture and qPCR testing of pen floor samples can be used as a diagnostic approach for detecting groups of ETEC-positive diarrhoeic nursery pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Weber
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Large Animal Sciences, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - J P Nielsen
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Large Animal Sciences, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - C K Hjulsager
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - S E Jorsal
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - S Haugegaard
- Laboratory for Pig Diseases, Danish Pig Research Centre, Vinkelvej 13, 8620 Kjellerup, Denmark.
| | - C F Hansen
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Large Animal Sciences, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - K S Pedersen
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Large Animal Sciences, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Øvet A/S, Køberupvej 33, 4700 Næstved, Denmark.
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15
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Krog JS, Hjulsager CK, Larsen MA, Larsen LE. Triple-reassortant influenza A virus with H3 of human seasonal origin, NA of swine origin, and internal A(H1N1) pandemic 2009 genes is established in Danish pigs. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2017; 11:298-303. [PMID: 28245096 PMCID: PMC5410721 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This report describes a triple‐reassortant influenza A virus with a HA that resembles H3 of human seasonal influenza from 2004 to 2005, N2 from influenza A virus already established in swine, and the internal gene cassette from A(H1N1)pdm09 has spread in Danish pig herds. The virus has been detected in several Danish pig herds during the last 2‐3 years and may possess a challenge for human as well as animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Schak Krog
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | | | - Lars Erik Larsen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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16
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Weber NR, Pedersen KS, Hansen CF, Denwood M, Hjulsager CK, Nielsen JP. Batch medication of intestinal infections in nursery pigs-A randomised clinical trial on the efficacy of treatment strategy, type of antibiotic and bacterial load on average daily weight gain. Prev Vet Med 2017; 137:69-76. [PMID: 28107883 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous research projects have demonstrated the need for better diagnostic tools to support decisions on medication strategies for infections caused by Escherichia coli F4 (F4) and F18 (F18), Lawsonia intracellularis (LI) and Brachyspira pilosicoli (PILO). This study was carried out as a randomised clinical trial in three Danish pig herds and included 1047 nursery pigs, distributed over 10 batches and 78 pens. The objectives of this study were: (1) to assess the effect of four 5-day treatment strategies (initiated at clinical outbreak of diarrhoea or at fixed time points 14, 21, or 28days after weaning) on average daily weight gain (ADG); (2) to compare the effect of treatment with doxycycline or tylosine on diarrhoea prevalence, pathogenic bacterial load, and ADG; (3) to evaluate PCR testing of faecal pen floor samples as a diagnostic tool for determining the optimal time of treatment. RESULTS (1) The four treatment strategies had a significant overall effect on ADG (p=0.01). Pigs starting treatment 14days after weaning had a significantly higher ADG (42 g) compared to pigs treated on day 28 (p=0.01). (2) When measured 2days after treatment, doxycycline treatment resulted in fewer LI-positive pens (p=0.004), lower excretion levels of LI (p=0.013), and fewer pens with a high level of LI (p=0.031) compared to pens treated with tylosine. There was no significant difference in F4, F18 and PILO levels after treatment with the two antibiotic compounds. There was a significant difference (p=0.04) of mean diarrhoea prevalence on day 21 of the study between pens treated with tylosine (0.254, 95% CI: 0.184-0.324), and doxycycline (0.167, 95% CI: 0.124-0.210). The type of antibiotic compound was not found to have a significant effect on ADG (p=0.209). (3) Pigs starting treatment on day 14 in pens where F4, F18, LI or PILO were detected by qPCR on the pen floor had a statistically significant increase in ADG (66g) compared to pigs treated on day 14 in pens where no enteric pathogens were detected (p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study showed that the highest ADG was achieved when treatment was initiated 14days after weaning in pens where intestinal pathogens were detected. Doxycycline was more effective in reducing diarrhoea and LI excretion levels than treatment with tylosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Rosager Weber
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Large Animal Sciences, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Ken Steen Pedersen
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Large Animal Sciences, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Øvet A/S, Køberupvej 33, 4700 Næstved, Denmark.
| | - Christian Fink Hansen
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Large Animal Sciences, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Matthew Denwood
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Large Animal Sciences, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | | | - Jens Peter Nielsen
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Large Animal Sciences, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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17
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Larsen I, Hjulsager CK, Holm A, Olsen JE, Nielsen SS, Nielsen JP. A randomised clinical trial on the efficacy of oxytetracycline dose through water medication of nursery pigs on diarrhoea, faecal shedding of Lawsonia intracellularis and average daily weight gain. Prev Vet Med 2016; 123:52-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Gregers-Jensen L, Agger JF, Hammer ASV, Andresen L, Chrièl M, Hagberg E, Jensen MK, Hansen MS, Hjulsager CK, Struve T. Associations between biosecurity and outbreaks of canine distemper on Danish mink farms in 2012-2013. Acta Vet Scand 2015; 57:66. [PMID: 26423523 PMCID: PMC4589036 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-015-0159-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During 8 months from July 2012 to February 2013, a major outbreak of canine distemper involving 64 mink farms occurred on the Danish peninsula of Jutland. The canine distemper outbreak was associated with exposure of farmed mink to infected wild carnivores and could represent a deficit in biosecurity on the mink farms. The aim of this study was to investigate the extent and association of specific biosecurity measures with the outbreak. The study was carried out in an epidemiological case–control design. The case group consisted of the 61 farms, which had a confirmed outbreak of canine distemper from July 2012 to February 2013. The control group included 54 farms without an outbreak of canine distemper in 2012 or 2013, selected as the closest geographical neighbour to a case farm. Results The results showed that significantly more control than case farms had vaccinated their mink against canine distemper virus. Mortality was only assessed on the case farms, and there was a non-significantly lower mortality on vaccinated farms than on the non-vaccinated farms. Furthermore, the proportion of farms with observations of wild red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) inside the farm enclosures were larger for case farms, indicating that the control farms had a better biosecurity or were not equally exposed to canine distemper virus. Generally, all farms had very few specific precautions at the gate entrance in respect to human visitors as well as animals. The use of biosecurity measures was very variable in both case and control farms. Not using plastic boot covers, presence of dogs and cats, presence of demarcated area for changing clothes when entering and leaving the farm area and presence of hand washing facilities significantly lowered the odds of the farm having a canine distemper virus outbreak. Conclusions The results of the study indicate that consistent use of correct vaccination strategies, implementation of biosecurity measures and limiting human and animal access to the mink farm can be important factors in reducing the risk for canine distemper outbreaks. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13028-015-0159-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Trebbien R, Chriel M, Struve T, Hjulsager CK, Larsen G, Larsen LE. Wildlife reservoirs of canine distemper virus resulted in a major outbreak in Danish farmed mink (Neovison vison). PLoS One 2014; 9:e85598. [PMID: 24454897 PMCID: PMC3890312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A major outbreak of canine distemper virus (CDV) in Danish farmed mink (Neovison vison) started in the late summer period of 2012. At the same time, a high number of diseased and dead wildlife species such as foxes, raccoon dogs, and ferrets were observed. To track the origin of the outbreak virus full-length sequencing of the receptor binding surface protein hemagglutinin (H) was performed on 26 CDV's collected from mink and 10 CDV's collected from wildlife species. Subsequent phylogenetic analyses showed that the virus circulating in the mink farms and wildlife were highly identical with an identity at the nucleotide level of 99.45% to 100%. The sequences could be grouped by single nucleotide polymorphisms according to geographical distribution of mink farms and wildlife. The signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) receptor binding region in most viruses from both mink and wildlife contained G at position 530 and Y at position 549; however, three mink viruses had an Y549H substitution. The outbreak viruses clustered phylogenetically in the European lineage and were highly identical to wildlife viruses from Germany and Hungary (99.29% - 99.62%). The study furthermore revealed that fleas (Ceratophyllus sciurorum) contained CDV and that vertical transmission of CDV occurred in a wild ferret. The study provides evidence that wildlife species, such as foxes, play an important role in the transmission of CDV to farmed mink and that the virus may be maintained in the wild animal reservoir between outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Trebbien
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mariann Chriel
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | | | - Gitte Larsen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lars Erik Larsen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Hjulsager CK, Breum SØ, Trebbien R, Handberg KJ, Therkildsen OR, Madsen JJ, Thorup K, Baroch JA, DeLiberto TJ, Larsen LE, Jørgensen PH. Surveillance for Avian Influenza Viruses in Wild Birds in Denmark and Greenland, 2007–10. Avian Dis 2012; 56:992-8. [DOI: 10.1637/10190-041012-resnote.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Johansen M, Nielsen M, Dahl J, Svensmark B, Bækbo P, Kristensen CS, Hjulsager CK, Jensen TK, Ståhl M, Larsen LE, Angen O. Investigation of the association of growth rate in grower-finishing pigs with the quantification of Lawsonia intracellularis and porcine circovirus type 2. Prev Vet Med 2012; 108:63-72. [PMID: 22854321 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As a part of a prospective cohort study in four herds, a nested case control study was carried out. Five slow growing pigs (cases) and five fast growing pigs (controls) out of 60 pigs were selected for euthanasia and laboratory examination at the end of the study in each herd. A total of 238 pigs, all approximately 12 weeks old, were included in the study during the first week in the grower-finisher barn. In each herd, approximately 60 pigs from four pens were individually ear tagged. The pigs were weighed at the beginning of the study and at the end of the 6-8 weeks observation period. Clinical data, blood and faecal samples were serially collected from the 60 selected piglets every second week in the observation period. In the killed pigs serum was examined for antibodies against Lawsonia intracellularis (LI) and procine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and in addition PCV2 viral DNA content was quantified. In faeces the quantity of LI cells/g faeces and number of PCV2 copies/g faeces was measured by qPCR. The objective of the study was to examine if growth rate in grower-finishing pig is associated with the detection of LI and PCV2 infection or clinical data. This study has shown that diarrhoea is a significant risk factor for low growth rate and that one log(10) unit increase in LI load increases the odds ratio for a pig to have a low growth rate by 2.0 times. Gross lesions in the small intestine and LI load>log(10)6/g were significant risk factors for low growth. No association between PCV2 virus and low growth was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markku Johansen
- Pig Research Centre, Danish Agriculture and Food Council, Vinkelvej 11, DK 8620 Kjellerup, Denmark.
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Dupont K, Hjulsager CK, Kristensen CS, Baekbo P, Larsen LE. Transmission of different variants of PCV2 and viral dynamics in a research facility with pigs mingled from PMWS-affected herds and non-affected herds. Vet Microbiol 2009; 139:219-26. [PMID: 19576705 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Revised: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Post-weaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS) has been identified in most swine-producing countries worldwide. The disease has resulted in significant health challenges and economic damage to the swine industry. The aim of this study was to determine horizontal transmission of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and to examine viral dynamics in pigs in a controlled PMWS transmission study. In the study pigs from PMWS-affected herds and non-affected herds were permitted to have close contact (same pen), nose-to-nose contact (to pigs in neighbouring pens) or no physical contact (pen across the aisle and pens in other compartments). By DNA sequence analysis, eight variants of genotype PCV-2b were identified in the research facility. From the spread of these PCV2-variants it was concluded that PCV2 primarily infects through close contact and nose-to-nose contact. PCV2 genome sequences were obtained from selected pigs at arrival to the research facility and again when the same pigs developed PMWS. This analysis showed that pigs from PMWS-affected herds developed PMWS caused by the same variant of PCV2 as they carried when entering the research facility. In contrast, pigs from non-affected herds developed PMWS with PCV2-variants identified in pigs from PMWS-affected herds. This was probably connected to at least 10(3) higher mean serum-titer of PCV2 in pigs from PMWS-affected herds as compared to pigs from non-affected herds at the beginning of the transmission study. The study further showed that pigs able to control the PCV2 infection, as measured by the PCV2-titer in serum, recovered clinically (pigs from PMWS-affected herds) or stayed healthy (pigs from non-affected herds). Like this, pigs with a PCV2 titer below 5x10(8) copies/ml serum during the study period had a chance of recover from the PCV2 infection whereas pigs with PCV2 titers above 5x10(8) copies/ml serum at any time point generally died from PMWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dupont
- National Veterinary Institute, The Technical University of Denmark, DK-1790 Copenhagen V, Denmark.
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Norder H, Sundqvist L, Magnusson L, Østergaard Breum S, Löfdahl M, Larsen LE, Hjulsager CK, Magnius L, Böttiger BE, Widén F. Endemic hepatitis E in two Nordic countries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 14. [PMID: 19442399 DOI: 10.2807/ese.14.19.19211-en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies against hepatitis E virus (anti-HEV) were found in 248 Swedish and Danish patients between 1993 and 2007. Most patients were symptomatic and tested for anti-HEV due to travel abroad. Among patients with known country of infection, most were infected in Asia, mainly on the Indian subcontinent. However, 29 patients were infected in Europe, nine of these had HEV IgM and/or HEV RNA in serum. In sera from 65 of 141 tested patients HEV RNA could be detected, and 63 strains could be typed by limited sequencing within ORF2. HEV RNA was found in sera from 71% of the patients with HEV IgM and IgG and in 18% of the patients with only detectable HEV IgG. It was also found up to three weeks after the onset of disease in 67% of the patients with known date of onset. Patients infected in Europe were infected by genotype 3, and were older than those infected by genotype 1 (mean age 55.3 vs 30 years, p<0.001). Since it is known that genotype 3 can infect domestic pigs, HEV strains from 18 piglets in 17 herds in Sweden and Denmark were sequenced. Phylogenetic analyses of the genotype 3 strains showed geographical clades and high similarity between strains from patients and pigs from the same area. There are thus autochthonous hepatitis E cases in Scandinavia, and there are probably many undiagnosed ones. Patients with hepatitis of unknown etiology should therefore be investigated for anti-HEV even if they have not been outside Europe, since infections acquired from pigs or other animals should be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Norder
- Department of Virology, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control (Smittskyddsinstitutet, SMI), Solna, Sweden.
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Grau-Roma L, Heegaard PMH, Hjulsager CK, Sibila M, Kristensen CS, Allepuz A, Piñeiro M, Larsen LE, Segalés J, Fraile L. Pig-major acute phase protein and haptoglobin serum concentrations correlate with PCV2 viremia and the clinical course of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. Vet Microbiol 2009; 138:53-61. [PMID: 19356864 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Revised: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present longitudinal study was to assess the evolution of two acute phase proteins (APPs), pig-major acute phase protein (pig-MAP) and haptoglobin (HPT), in serum from pigs that developed postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in comparison to healthy and wasted non-PMWS affected pigs. In addition, evidence of infection with other pathogens and its relation with variations in APPs concentrations was also assessed. Fourteen independent batches of 100-154 pigs were monitored from birth to PMWS outbreak occurrence in 11 PMWS affected farms. Pigs displaying PMWS-like signs and age-matched healthy controls were euthanized during the clinical outbreak. PMWS was diagnosed according to internationally accepted criteria and pigs were classified as: (i) PMWS cases, (ii) wasted non-PMWS cases and (iii) healthy pigs. At the moment of PMWS occurrence, pig-MAP and HPT concentration in PMWS affected pigs were higher than in healthy ones (p<0.0001). No differences in APPs serum concentrations between subclinically PCV2-infected pigs and healthy non-PCV2-infected pigs (based on quantitative PCR on serum results) were detected. Results showed a significant correlation between PCV2 loads and both pig-MAP (R=0.487-0.602, p<0.0001) and HPT (R=0.326-0.550, p<0.05-0.0001) concentrations in serum of PMWS affected pigs, indicating that the acute phase response in PMWS affected pigs occurred concomitantly to PCV2 viremia. No other pathogen, apart from PCV2, was consistently related with variations in APPs concentrations. A ROC analysis, made to determine the capacity of discrimination of both APPs between PMWS affected and non-affected pigs, showed higher sensitivity and specificity values using pig-MAP compared to HPT. These results suggest that pig-MAP might be a better indicator of PMWS status than HPT. Moreover, the fact that APR occurred some weeks before the start of clinical signs suggests that APPs could provide valuable prognostic information for PMWS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Grau-Roma
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Hjulsager CK, Olsen BS, Jensen DMK, Cordea MI, Krath BN, Johansen IE, Lund OS. Multiple determinants in the coding region of Pea seed-borne mosaic virus P3 are involved in virulence against sbm-2 resistance. Virology 2006; 355:52-61. [PMID: 16908044 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2006] [Revised: 05/18/2006] [Accepted: 07/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Viral determinants for overcoming Pisum sativum recessive resistance, sbm-2, against the potyvirus Pea seed-borne mosaic virus (PSbMV) were identified in the region encoding the N-terminal part of the P3 protein. Codons conserved between sbm-2 virulent isolates in this region: Q21, K30 and H122 were found to specifically impair sbm-2 virulence when mutated in selected genetic backgrounds. The corresponding amino acids, Gln21 and Lys30, are neighbored by P3 residues strongly conserved among potyviruses and His122 is conserved particularly in potyviral species infecting legumes. The strongest selective inhibition of sbm-2 virulence, however, was observed by elimination of isolate specific length polymorphisms also located in the N-terminal part of the P3 protein. Length variation in N-terminal P3 is common between potyviral species. However, intra-species length polymorphism in this region was found only among PSbMV isolates. Our findings comply with a model for PSbMV pathotypes having evolved by a diversification of the P3 protein likely to extend to the level of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Kristiane Hjulsager
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Hjulsager CK, Lund OS, Johansen IE. A new pathotype of Pea seedborne mosaic virus explained by properties of the P3-6k1- and viral genome-linked protein (VPg)-coding regions. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2002; 15:169-71. [PMID: 11876428 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2002.15.2.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A fourth pathotype of Pea seedborne mosaic virus, a member of the genus Potyvirus, was identified by analysis of the infection profile on a panel of Pisum sativum lines. The new pathotype, designated P-3, was able to overcome resistance specified by the sbm-1 resistance gene but could not overcome resistance specified by the sbm-2 resistance gene. This infection profile distinguished P-3 from previously described pathotypes, P-1, P-2, and P-4. Analysis of chimeric viruses demonstrated that properties of the P3-6k1- and viral genome-linked protein (VPg)-coding regions accounted for the infection profile of the new pathotype.
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Johansen IE, Lund OS, Hjulsager CK, Laursen J. Recessive resistance in Pisum sativum and potyvirus pathotype resolved in a gene-for-cistron correspondence between host and virus. J Virol 2001; 75:6609-14. [PMID: 11413328 PMCID: PMC114384 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.14.6609-6614.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2001] [Accepted: 04/23/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pea seed-borne mosaic potyvirus (PSbMV) isolates are divided into pathotypes P-1, P-2, and P-4 according to their infection profile on a panel of Pisum sativum lines. P. sativum PI 269818 is resistant to P-1 and P-2 isolates and is susceptible to P-4 isolates. Resistance to P-1 is inherited as a single recessive gene, denoted sbm-1, and the pathogenicity determinant has previously been mapped to the virus-coded protein VPg. In the cultivar Bonneville, a second recessive gene, sbm-2, confers specific resistance to P-2. By exchanging cistrons between a P-2 and a P-4 isolate, the P3-6k1 cistron was identified as the PSbMV host-specific pathogenicity determinant on Bonneville. Exchange of P3-6k1 did not affect infection on PI 269818, and infection of Bonneville was not altered by substitution of the VPg cistron, indicating that P3-6k1 and VPg are independent determinants of pathotype-specific infectivity. On PI 269818 the pathogenicity determinant of both P-1 and P-2 mapped to the N terminus of VPg. This suggests that VPg from the P-1 and P-2 isolates are functionally similar on this host and that resistance to P-1 and P-2 in PI 269818 may operate by the same mechanism. Identification of VPg-sbm-1 and P3-6k1-sbm-2 as independent pairs of genetic interactors between PSbMV and P. sativum provides a simple explanation of the three known pathotypes of PSbMV. Furthermore, analysis of beta-glucuronidase-tagged P-2 virus indicated that sbm-2 resistance affected an early step in infection, implying that the P3-6k1 region plays a critical role in potyvirus replication or cell-to-cell movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- I E Johansen
- Biotechnology Group, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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