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Fusaro A, Zecchin B, Giussani E, Palumbo E, Agüero-García M, Bachofen C, Bálint Á, Banihashem F, Banyard AC, Beerens N, Bourg M, Briand FX, Bröjer C, Brown IH, Brugger B, Byrne AMP, Cana A, Christodoulou V, Dirbakova Z, Fagulha T, Fouchier RAM, Garza-Cuartero L, Georgiades G, Gjerset B, Grasland B, Groza O, Harder T, Henriques AM, Hjulsager CK, Ivanova E, Janeliunas Z, Krivko L, Lemon K, Liang Y, Lika A, Malik P, McMenamy MJ, Nagy A, Nurmoja I, Onita I, Pohlmann A, Revilla-Fernández S, Sánchez-Sánchez A, Savic V, Slavec B, Smietanka K, Snoeck CJ, Steensels M, Svansson V, Swieton E, Tammiranta N, Tinak M, Van Borm S, Zohari S, Adlhoch C, Baldinelli F, Terregino C, Monne I. High pathogenic avian influenza A(H5) viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b in Europe-Why trends of virus evolution are more difficult to predict. Virus Evol 2024; 10:veae027. [PMID: 38699215 PMCID: PMC11065109 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veae027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Since 2016, A(H5Nx) high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus of clade 2.3.4.4b has become one of the most serious global threats not only to wild and domestic birds, but also to public health. In recent years, important changes in the ecology, epidemiology, and evolution of this virus have been reported, with an unprecedented global diffusion and variety of affected birds and mammalian species. After the two consecutive and devastating epidemic waves in Europe in 2020-2021 and 2021-2022, with the second one recognized as one of the largest epidemics recorded so far, this clade has begun to circulate endemically in European wild bird populations. This study used the complete genomes of 1,956 European HPAI A(H5Nx) viruses to investigate the virus evolution during this varying epidemiological outline. We investigated the spatiotemporal patterns of A(H5Nx) virus diffusion to/from and within Europe during the 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 epidemic waves, providing evidence of ongoing changes in transmission dynamics and disease epidemiology. We demonstrated the high genetic diversity of the circulating viruses, which have undergone frequent reassortment events, providing for the first time a complete overview and a proposed nomenclature of the multiple genotypes circulating in Europe in 2020-2022. We described the emergence of a new genotype with gull adapted genes, which offered the virus the opportunity to occupy new ecological niches, driving the disease endemicity in the European wild bird population. The high propensity of the virus for reassortment, its jumps to a progressively wider number of host species, including mammals, and the rapid acquisition of adaptive mutations make the trend of virus evolution and spread difficult to predict in this unfailing evolving scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Fusaro
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
| | - Bianca Zecchin
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
| | - Edoardo Giussani
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
| | - Elisa Palumbo
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
| | - Montserrat Agüero-García
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (LCV), Ctra. M-106, Km 1,4 Algete, Madrid 28110, Spain
| | - Claudia Bachofen
- Federal Department of Home Affairs FDHA Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, Mittelhäusern 3147, Switzerland
| | - Ádám Bálint
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate (NEBIH), Laboratory of Virology, National Food Chain Safety Office, Tábornok utca 2, Budapest 1143, Hungary
| | - Fereshteh Banihashem
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Travvägen 20, Uppsala 75189, Sweden
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- WOAH/FAO international reference laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy Beerens
- Department of Virology Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, Lelystad 8221 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Manon Bourg
- Luxembourgish Veterinary and Food Administration (ALVA), State Veterinary Laboratory, 1 Rue Louis Rech, Dudelange 3555, Luxembourg
| | - Francois-Xavier Briand
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire, de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Unité de Virologie, Immunologie, Parasitologie Avaires et Cunicoles, 41 Rue de Beaucemaine – BP 53, Ploufragan 22440, France
| | - Caroline Bröjer
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Disease, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Travvägen 20, Uppsala 75189, Sweden
| | - Ian H Brown
- WOAH/FAO international reference laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Brigitte Brugger
- Icelandic Food and Veterinary Authority, Austurvegur 64, Selfoss 800, Iceland
| | - Alexander M P Byrne
- WOAH/FAO international reference laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Armend Cana
- Kosovo Food and Veterinary Agency, Sector of Serology and Molecular Diagnostics, Kosovo Food and Veterinary Laboratory, Str Lidhja e Pejes, Prishtina 10000, Kosovo
| | - Vasiliki Christodoulou
- Laboratory for Animal Health Virology Section Veterinary Services (1417), 79, Athalassa Avenue Aglantzia, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus
| | - Zuzana Dirbakova
- Department of Animal Health, State Veterinary Institute, Pod Dráhami 918, Zvolen 96086, Slovakia
| | - Teresa Fagulha
- I.P. (INIAV, I.P.), Avenida da República, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Quinta do Marquês, Oeiras 2780 – 157, Portugal
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, Rotterdam 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Garza-Cuartero
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Backweston Campus, Stacumny Lane, Celbridge, Co. Kildare W23 X3PH, Ireland
| | - George Georgiades
- Thessaloniki Veterinary Centre (TVC), Department of Avian Diseases, 26th October Street 80, Thessaloniki 54627, Greece
| | - Britt Gjerset
- Immunology & Virology department, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Arboretveien 57, Oslo Pb 64, N-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Beatrice Grasland
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire, de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Unité de Virologie, Immunologie, Parasitologie Avaires et Cunicoles, 41 Rue de Beaucemaine – BP 53, Ploufragan 22440, France
| | - Oxana Groza
- Republican Center for Veterinary Diagnostics (NRL), 3 street Murelor, Chisinau 2051, Republic of Moldova
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems 17493, Germany
| | - Ana Margarida Henriques
- I.P. (INIAV, I.P.), Avenida da República, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Quinta do Marquês, Oeiras 2780 – 157, Portugal
| | - Charlotte Kristiane Hjulsager
- Department for Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, 5 Artillerivej, Copenhagen DK-2300, Denmark
| | - Emiliya Ivanova
- National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, National Diagnostic and Research Veterinary Medical Institute (NDRVMI), 190 Lomsko Shose Blvd., Sofia 1231, Bulgaria
| | - Zygimantas Janeliunas
- National Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute (NFVRAI), Kairiukscio str. 10, Vilnius 08409, Lithuania
| | - Laura Krivko
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment (BIOR), Laboratory of Microbilogy and Pathology, 3 Lejupes Street, Riga 1076, Latvia
| | - Ken Lemon
- Virological Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Sciences Division, Department of Virology, Agri-Food and Bioscience Institute (AFBI), Stoney Road, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland
| | - Yuan Liang
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark
| | - Aldin Lika
- Animal Health Department, Food Safety and Veterinary Institute, Rruga Aleksandër Moisiu 10, Tirana 1001, Albania
| | - Péter Malik
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate (NEBIH), Laboratory of Virology, National Food Chain Safety Office, Tábornok utca 2, Budapest 1143, Hungary
| | - Michael J McMenamy
- Virological Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Sciences Division, Department of Virology, Agri-Food and Bioscience Institute (AFBI), Stoney Road, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland
| | - Alexander Nagy
- Department of Molecular Biology, State Veterinary Institute Prague, Sídlištní 136/24, Praha 6-Lysolaje 16503, Czech Republic
| | - Imbi Nurmoja
- National Centre for Laboratory Research and Risk Assessment (LABRIS), Kreutzwaldi 30, Tartu 51006, Estonia
| | - Iuliana Onita
- Institute for Diagnosis and Animal Health (IDAH), Str. Dr. Staicovici 63, Bucharest 050557, Romania
| | - Anne Pohlmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems 17493, Germany
| | - Sandra Revilla-Fernández
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Robert Koch Gasse 17, Mödling 2340, Austria
| | - Azucena Sánchez-Sánchez
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (LCV), Ctra. M-106, Km 1,4 Algete, Madrid 28110, Spain
| | - Vladimir Savic
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Poultry Centre, Heinzelova 55, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Brigita Slavec
- University of Ljubljana – Veterinary Faculty/National Veterinary Institute, Gerbičeva 60, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Krzysztof Smietanka
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, Puławy 24-100, Poland
| | - Chantal J Snoeck
- Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Department of Infection and Immunity, 29 Rue Henri Koch, Esch-sur-Alzette 4354, Luxembourg
| | - Mieke Steensels
- Avian Virology and Immunology, Sciensano, Rue Groeselenberg 99, Ukkel 1180, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Vilhjálmur Svansson
- Biomedical Center, Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldnavegi 3 112 Reykjavík Ssn. 650269 4549, Keldur 851, Iceland
| | - Edyta Swieton
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, Puławy 24-100, Poland
| | - Niina Tammiranta
- Finnish Food Authority, Animal Health Diagnostic Unit, Veterinary Virology, Mustialankatu 3, Helsinki FI-00790, Finland
| | - Martin Tinak
- Department of Animal Health, State Veterinary Institute, Pod Dráhami 918, Zvolen 96086, Slovakia
| | - Steven Van Borm
- Avian Virology and Immunology, Sciensano, Rue Groeselenberg 99, Ukkel 1180, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Siamak Zohari
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Travvägen 20, Uppsala 75189, Sweden
| | - Cornelia Adlhoch
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Gustav III:s boulevard 40, Solna 169 73, Sweden
| | | | - Calogero Terregino
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
| | - Isabella Monne
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
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2
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Fortin A, Laconi A, Monne I, Zohari S, Andersson K, Grund C, Cecchinato M, Crimaudo M, Valastro V, D'Amico V, Bortolami A, Gastaldelli M, Varotto M, Terregino C, Panzarin V. A novel array of real-time RT-PCR assays for the rapid pathotyping of type I avian paramyxovirus (APMV-1). J Virol Methods 2023; 322:114813. [PMID: 37722509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) caused by virulent avian paramyxovirus type I (APMV-1) is a WOAH and EU listed disease affecting poultry worldwide. ND exhibits different clinical manifestations that may either be neurological, respiratory and/or gastrointestinal, accompanied by high mortality. In contrast, mild or subclinical forms are generally caused by lentogenic APMV-1 and are not subject to notification. The rapid discrimination of virulent and avirulent viruses is paramount to limit the spread of virulent APMV-1. The appropriateness of molecular methods for APMV-1 pathotyping is often hampered by the high genetic variability of these viruses that affects sensitivity and inclusivity. This work presents a new array of real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) assays that enable the identification of virulent and avirulent viruses in dual mode, i.e., through pathotype-specific probes and subsequent Sanger sequencing of the amplification product. Validation was performed according to the WOAH recommendations. Performance indicators on sensitivity, specificity, repeatability and reproducibility yielded favourable results. Reproducibility highlighted the need for assays optimization whenever major changes are made to the procedure. Overall, the new RT-qPCRs showed its ability to detect and pathotype all tested APMV-1 genotypes and its suitability for routine use in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fortin
- EU/WOAH/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua (Unipd), 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Andrea Laconi
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua (Unipd), 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Isabella Monne
- EU/WOAH/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Siamak Zohari
- Department of Microbiology, Swedish National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristofer Andersson
- Department of Microbiology, Swedish National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christian Grund
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua (Unipd), 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Marika Crimaudo
- EU/WOAH/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Viviana Valastro
- EU/WOAH/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Valeria D'Amico
- EU/WOAH/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alessio Bortolami
- EU/WOAH/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Michele Gastaldelli
- EU/WOAH/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Maria Varotto
- EU/WOAH/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Calogero Terregino
- EU/WOAH/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Valentina Panzarin
- EU/WOAH/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
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3
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Gaudino M, Valarcher JF, Hägglund S, Näslund K, Zohari S, Ducatez MF, Meyer G. Molecular and genetic characterization of bovine parainfluenza type 3 European field and vaccine strains. Infect Genet Evol 2023; 113:105483. [PMID: 37482235 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Bovine Parainfluenza Type 3 virus (BPIV-3) is an enveloped, non-segmented single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (genus Respirovirus) with a well-known role in Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) onset. Being isolated for the first time in 1959, BPIV-3 currently circulates worldwide in cattle herds and is routinely tested in suspected BRD cases. Different commercial vaccines are available to prevent infection and/or to reduce the clinical signs associated with BPIV-3 infection, which are essential to prevent secondary infections. Despite years of molecular surveillance, a very limited number of complete genome sequences were made publicly available, preventing thus the understanding of the genetic diversity of the circulating strains in the field. In addition, no data about the genetic identity between field and vaccine strains is currently available. In this study, we sequenced the full-genome and genetically characterized BPIV-3 strains isolated from animals displaying respiratory illness in France and Sweden, as well as the vaccine strains contained in three different commercialized vaccines. Our results show that the sequences from France and Sweden belong to genotype C. However, a third sequence from Sweden from 2017 clustered within genotype A. The sequencing of vaccine strains revealed that two of the vaccine strains clustered within genotype C, whereas the third vaccine strain belonged to genotype A. Altogether, our findings suggest that both genotypes A and C circulate in Europe and that BPIV-3 field and vaccine strains are genetically divergent. Our sequencing results could be useful to better understand the genetic differences between the circulating field and vaccine BPIV-3 strains. This is crucial for a correct interpretation of diagnostic findings and for the assessment of BPIV-3 prevalence in cattle population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gaudino
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-François Valarcher
- HPIG, Unit of ruminant medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Hägglund
- HPIG, Unit of ruminant medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katarina Näslund
- HPIG, Unit of ruminant medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, SVA, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Siamak Zohari
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, SVA, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Gilles Meyer
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France.
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4
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Fix J, Descamps D, Galloux M, Ferret C, Bouguyon E, Zohari S, Näslund K, Hägglund S, Altmeyer R, Valarcher JF, Riffault S, Eléouët JF. Screening antivirals with a mCherry-expressing recombinant bovine respiratory syncytial virus: a proof of concept using cyclopamine. Vet Res 2023; 54:36. [PMID: 37069656 PMCID: PMC10111787 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01165-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is a pathogenic pneumovirus and a major cause of acute respiratory infections in calves. Although different vaccines are available against BRSV, their efficiency remains limited, and no efficient and large-scale treatment exists. Here, we developed a new reverse genetics system for BRSV expressing the red fluorescent protein mCherry, based on a field strain isolated from a sick calf in Sweden. Although this recombinant fluorescent virus replicated slightly less efficiently compared to the wild type virus, both viruses were shown to be sensitive to the natural steroidal alkaloid cyclopamine, which was previously shown to inhibit human RSV replication. Our data thus point to the potential of this recombinant fluorescent BRSV as a powerful tool in preclinical drug discovery to enable high throughput compound screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Fix
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Delphyne Descamps
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Marie Galloux
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Cécile Ferret
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Edwige Bouguyon
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Siamak Zohari
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katarina Näslund
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Hägglund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Jean-François Valarcher
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sabine Riffault
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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5
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Thorsson E, Zohari S, Roos A, Banihashem F, Bröjer C, Neimanis A. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in a Harbor Porpoise, Sweden. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:852-855. [PMID: 36918379 PMCID: PMC10045695 DOI: 10.3201/eid2904.221426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We found highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus clade 2.3.4.4b associated with meningoencephalitis in a stranded harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). The virus was closely related to strains responsible for a concurrent avian influenza outbreak in wild birds. This case highlights the potential risk for virus spillover to mammalian hosts.
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6
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Alvarez I, Hägglund S, Näslund K, Eriksson A, Ahlgren E, Ohlson A, Ducatez MF, Meyer G, Valarcher JF, Zohari S. Detection of Influenza D-Specific Antibodies in Bulk Tank Milk from Swedish Dairy Farms. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040829. [PMID: 37112809 PMCID: PMC10141034 DOI: 10.3390/v15040829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) has been detected in bovine respiratory disease (BRD) outbreaks, and experimental studies demonstrated this virus's capacity to cause lesions in the respiratory tract. In addition, IDV-specific antibodies were detected in human sera, which indicated that this virus plays a potential zoonotic role. The present study aimed to extend our knowledge about the epidemiologic situation of IDV in Swedish dairy farms, using bulk tank milk (BTM) samples for the detection of IDV antibodies. A total of 461 and 338 BTM samples collected during 2019 and 2020, respectively, were analyzed with an in-house indirect ELISA. In total, 147 (32%) and 135 (40%) samples were IDV-antibody-positive in 2019 and 2020, respectively. Overall, 2/125 (2%), 11/157 (7%) and 269/517 (52%) of the samples were IDV-antibody-positive in the northern, middle and southern regions of Sweden. The highest proportion of positive samples was repeatedly detected in the south, in the county of Halland, which is one of the counties with the highest cattle density in the country. In order to understand the epidemiology of IDV, further research in different cattle populations and in humans is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Alvarez
- Division of Ruminant Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, 8 Almas Allé, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Hägglund
- Division of Ruminant Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, 8 Almas Allé, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katarina Näslund
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Ulls väg 2B, 75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Axel Eriksson
- Division of Ruminant Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, 8 Almas Allé, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Evelina Ahlgren
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Ulls väg 2B, 75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Ohlson
- Växa Sverige AB, Uppsala, Ulls Väg 29A, 75651 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Gilles Meyer
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Francois Valarcher
- Division of Ruminant Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, 8 Almas Allé, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Siamak Zohari
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Ulls väg 2B, 75189 Uppsala, Sweden
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7
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Johnson PCD, Hägglund S, Näslund K, Meyer G, Taylor G, Orton RJ, Zohari S, Haydon DT, Valarcher JF. Evaluating the potential of whole-genome sequencing for tracing transmission routes in experimental infections and natural outbreaks of bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Vet Res 2022; 53:107. [PMID: 36510312 PMCID: PMC9746130 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01127-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is a major cause of respiratory disease in cattle. Genomic sequencing can resolve phylogenetic relationships between virus populations, which can be used to infer transmission routes and potentially inform the design of biosecurity measures. Sequencing of short (<2000 nt) segments of the 15 000-nt BRSV genome has revealed geographic and temporal clustering of BRSV populations, but insufficient variation to distinguish viruses collected from herds infected close together in space and time. This study investigated the potential for whole-genome sequencing to reveal sufficient genomic variation for inferring transmission routes between herds. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) data were generated from experimental infections and from natural outbreaks in Jämtland and Uppsala counties in Sweden. Sufficient depth of coverage for analysis of consensus and sub-consensus sequence diversity was obtained from 47 to 20 samples respectively. Few (range: 0-6 polymorphisms across the six experiments) consensus-level polymorphisms were observed along experimental transmissions. A much higher level of diversity (146 polymorphic sites) was found among the consensus sequences from the outbreak samples. The majority (144/146) of polymorphisms were between rather than within counties, suggesting that consensus whole-genome sequences show insufficient spatial resolution for inferring direct transmission routes, but might allow identification of outbreak sources at the regional scale. By contrast, within-sample diversity was generally higher in the experimental than the outbreak samples. Analyses to infer known (experimental) and suspected (outbreak) transmission links from within-sample diversity data were uninformative. In conclusion, analysis of the whole-genome sequence of BRSV from experimental samples discriminated between circulating isolates from distant areas, but insufficient diversity was observed between closely related isolates to aid local transmission route inference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C D Johnson
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Sara Hägglund
- HPIG. Unit of Ruminant Medicine. Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katarina Näslund
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, SVA, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gilles Meyer
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Richard J Orton
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Siamak Zohari
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, SVA, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel T Haydon
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jean François Valarcher
- HPIG. Unit of Ruminant Medicine. Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
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8
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Gaudino M, Chiapponi C, Moreno A, Zohari S, O’Donovan T, Quinless E, Sausy A, Oliva J, Salem E, Fusade-Boyer M, Meyer G, Hübschen JM, Saegerman C, Ducatez MF, Snoeck CJ. Evolutionary and temporal dynamics of emerging influenza D virus in Europe (2009-22). Virus Evol 2022; 8:veac081. [PMID: 36533151 PMCID: PMC9752663 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veac081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) is an emerging influenza virus that was isolated for the first time in 2011 in the USA from swine with respiratory illness. Since then, IDV has been detected worldwide in different animal species, and it was also reported in humans. Molecular epidemiological studies revealed the circulation of two major clades, named D/OK and D/660. Additional divergent clades have been described but have been limited to specific geographic areas (i.e. Japan and California). In Europe, IDV was detected for the first time in France in 2012 and subsequently also in Italy, Luxembourg, Ireland, the UK, Switzerland, and Denmark. To understand the time of introduction and the evolutionary dynamics of IDV on the continent, molecular screening of bovine and swine clinical samples was carried out in different European countries, and phylogenetic analyses were performed on all available and newly generated sequences. Until recently, D/OK was the only clade detected in this area. Starting from 2019, an increase in D/660 clade detections was observed, accompanied by an increase in the overall viral genetic diversity and genetic reassortments. The time to the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) of all existing IDV sequences was estimated as 1995-16 years before its discovery, indicating that the virus could have started its global spread in this time frame. Despite the D/OK and D/660 clades having a similar mean tMRCA (2007), the mean tMRCA for European D/OK sequences was estimated as January 2013 compared to July 2014 for European D/660 sequences. This indicated that the two clades were likely introduced on the European continent at different time points, as confirmed by virological screening findings. The mean nucleotide substitution rate of the hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion (HEF) glycoprotein segment was estimated as 1.403 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year, which is significantly higher than the one of the HEF of human influenza C virus (P < 0.0001). IDV genetic drift, the introduction of new clades on the continent, and multiple reassortment patterns shape the increasing viral diversity observed in the last years. Its elevated substitution rate, diffusion in various animal species, and the growing evidence pointing towards zoonotic potential justify continuous surveillance of this emerging influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gaudino
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse 31076, France
| | - Chiara Chiapponi
- Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna ‘Bruno Ubertini’, Brescia 25124, Italy
| | - Ana Moreno
- Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna ‘Bruno Ubertini’, Brescia 25124, Italy
| | - Siamak Zohari
- Department of microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala SE-751 89, Sweden
| | - Tom O’Donovan
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Celbridge, Co. Kildare W23 X3PH, Ireland
| | - Emma Quinless
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Celbridge, Co. Kildare W23 X3PH, Ireland
| | - Aurélie Sausy
- Clinical and Applied Virology Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4354, Luxembourg
| | - Justine Oliva
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse 31076, France
| | - Elias Salem
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse 31076, France
| | | | - Gilles Meyer
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse 31076, France
| | - Judith M Hübschen
- Clinical and Applied Virology Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4354, Luxembourg
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9
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Grant M, Bröjer C, Zohari S, Nöremark M, Uhlhorn H, Jansson DS. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI H5Nx, Clade 2.3.4.4.b) in Poultry and Wild Birds in Sweden: Synopsis of the 2020-2021 Season. Vet Sci 2022; 9:344. [PMID: 35878361 PMCID: PMC9318561 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9070344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI, Gs/Gd lineage) was introduced to Europe in 2005 and has since caused numerous outbreaks in birds. The 2020-2021 season was the hitherto most devastating when considering bird numbers and duration in Europe. Surveillance data, virologic results and epidemiologic investigations from the 2020-2021 outbreaks in Sweden were analysed. Subtypes H5N8 and H5N5 were detected on 24 farms with poultry or other captive birds. In wild birds, subtypes H5N8, H5N5, H5N1, H5N4, H5Nx were detected in 130 out of 811 sampled birds. There was a spatiotemporal association between cases in wild birds and poultry. Based on phylogeny and epidemiology, most of the introductions of HPAI to commercial poultry were likely a result of indirect contact with wild birds. A definite route of introduction to poultry could not be established although some biosecurity breaches were observed. No spread between farms was identified but airborne spread between flocks on the same farm was suspected. Our findings exemplify the challenges posed by the continuously changing influenza viruses that seem to adapt to a broader species spectrum. This points to the importance of wild bird surveillance, compliance to biosecurity, and identification of risk factors for introduction on poultry farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Grant
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden; (M.G.); (M.N.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Caroline Bröjer
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden; (C.B.); (H.U.)
| | - Siamak Zohari
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Maria Nöremark
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden; (M.G.); (M.N.)
| | - Henrik Uhlhorn
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden; (C.B.); (H.U.)
| | - Désirée S. Jansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
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10
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Lindgren Y, Banihashem F, Berg M, Eriksson H, Zohari S, Jansson DS. Gizzard erosions in broiler chickens in Sweden caused by fowl adenovirus serotype 1 (FAdV-1): investigation of outbreaks, including whole-genome sequencing of an isolate. Avian Pathol 2022; 51:257-266. [PMID: 35285764 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2048631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe present paper describes the investigation of the first outbreaks of adenoviral gizzard erosions (AGE) in Sweden, in five broiler flocks. The investigation includes whole viral genome sequencing and investigation of genomic organisation and sequence relationships with other adenoviruses. All five flocks had a history of decreased growth and uneven size of birds since nine to ten days of age. Macroscopically, lesions consistent with AGE (detached koilin layers, discoloration, bleeding, erosions) were identified in gizzards in all five flocks. In four flocks histology was performed, and degeneration and inflammation of the koilin layer and gizzard mucosa were identified in all four. In one flock, intranuclear inclusion bodies typical for fowl adenovirus (FAdV) were detected in trapped epithelial cells in the koilin layer. In four flocks in situ hybridization was performed, and cells positive for FAdV serotype 1 (FAdV-1) were demonstrated in the koilin layer and gizzard mucosa. FAdV species A (FAdV-A) was detected in gizzard, liver, caecal tonsils and bursa of Fabricii by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. Ten out of ten examined parent flocks of the affected chickens were seropositive for FAdV, indicating former or on-going infection. However, FAdV was not detected in embryos from seropositive parent flocks and thus vertical transmission was not demonstrated. The entire nucleotide sequence of one sample was determined and found to be 43,856 base pairs (bp) in length. The genome sequence and organisation were found to be similar to that of the reference apathogenic avian adenovirus "chicken embryo lethal orphan" (CELO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylva Lindgren
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife diseases, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fereshteh Banihashem
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael Berg
- Section of virology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helena Eriksson
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Siamak Zohari
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Désirée S Jansson
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
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11
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Saegerman C, Bianchini J, Snoeck CJ, Moreno A, Chiapponi C, Zohari S, Ducatez MF. First expert elicitation of knowledge on drivers of emergence of influenza D in Europe. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:3349-3359. [PMID: 33249766 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The influenza D virus (IDV) was first identified and characterized in 2011. Considering the virus' zoonotic potential, its genome nature (segmented RNA virus), its worldwide circulation in livestock and its role in bovine respiratory disease, an increased interest is given to IDV. However, few data are available on drivers of emergence of IDV. We first listed fifty possible drivers of emergence of IDV in ruminants and swine. As recently carried out for COVID-19 in pets (Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 2020), a scoring system was developed per driver and scientific experts (N = 28) were elicited to (a) allocate a score to each driver, (b) weight the drivers' scores within each domain and (c) weight the different domains among themselves. An overall weighted score was calculated per driver, and drivers were ranked in decreasing order. Drivers with comparable likelihoods to play a role in the emergence of IDV in ruminants and swine in Europe were grouped using a regression tree analysis. Finally, the robustness of the expert elicitation was verified. Eight drivers were ranked with the highest probability to play a key role in the emergence of IDV: current species specificity of the causing agent of the disease; influence of (il)legal movements of live animals (ruminants, swine) from neighbouring/European Union member states and from third countries for the disease to (re-)emerge in a given country; detection of emergence; current knowledge of the pathogen; vaccine availability; animal density; and transport vehicles of live animals. As there is still limited scientific knowledge on the topic, expert elicitation of knowledge and multi-criteria decision analysis, in addition to clustering and sensitivity analyses, are very important to prioritize future studies, starting from the top eight drivers. The present methodology could be applied to other emerging animal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Saegerman
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Juana Bianchini
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Chantal J Snoeck
- Clinical and Applied Virology group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Ana Moreno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna 'Bruno Ubertini', Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Chiapponi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna 'Bruno Ubertini', Brescia, Italy
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12
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Gaudino M, Moreno A, Snoeck CJ, Zohari S, Saegerman C, O'Donovan T, Ryan E, Zanni I, Foni E, Sausy A, Hübschen JM, Meyer G, Chiapponi C, Ducatez MF. Emerging Influenza D virus infection in European livestock as determined in serology studies: Are we underestimating its spread over the continent? Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1125-1135. [PMID: 32871031 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) is a novel orthomyxovirus that was first isolated in 2011 in the United States from a swine exhibiting influenza-like disease. To date, its detection is extended to all continents and in a broad host range: IDV is circulating in cattle, swine, feral swine, camelids, small ruminants and horses. Evidence also suggests a possible species jump to humans, underlining the issue of zoonotic potential. In Europe, serological investigations in cattle have partially allowed the understanding of the virus diffusion in different countries such as Italy, France, Luxembourg and Ireland. The infection is widespread in cattle but limited in other investigated species, consolidating the assumption of cattle as IDV primary host. We hypothesize that commercial livestock trade could play a role in the observed differences in IDV seroprevalence among these areas. Indeed, the overall level of exposure in cattle and swine in destination countries (e.g. Italy) is higher than in origin countries (e.g. France), leading to the hypothesis of a viral shedding following the transportation of young cattle abroad and thus contributing to larger diffusion at countries of destination. IDV large geographic circulation in cattle from Northern to more Southern European countries also supports the hypothesis of a viral spread through livestock trade. This review summarizes available data on IDV seroprevalence in Europe collected so far and integrates unpublished data from IDV European surveillance framework of the last decade. In addition, the possible role of livestock trade and biosecurity measures in this pathogen's spread is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gaudino
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Ana Moreno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy
| | - Chantal J Snoeck
- Clinical and Applied Virology Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | | | - Claude Saegerman
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Tom O'Donovan
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Celbridge, Ireland
| | - Eoin Ryan
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Celbridge, Ireland
| | - Irene Zanni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Parma, Italy
| | - Emanuela Foni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Parma, Italy
| | - Aurelie Sausy
- Clinical and Applied Virology Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Judith M Hübschen
- Clinical and Applied Virology Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Gilles Meyer
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Chiara Chiapponi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Parma, Italy
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13
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Alvarez IJ, Fort M, Pasucci J, Moreno F, Gimenez H, Näslund K, Hägglund S, Zohari S, Valarcher JF. Authors’ response. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:633-634. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638720948696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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14
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Alvarez IJ, Fort M, Pasucci J, Moreno F, Gimenez H, Näslund K, Hägglund S, Zohari S, Valarcher JF. Seroprevalence of influenza D virus in bulls in Argentina. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:585-588. [PMID: 32552516 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720934056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) is considered a new agent involved in bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Based on seroprevalence studies or isolation from clinical samples, this virus has been detected on several continents and in several animal species, including cattle, pigs, camel, horses, and goats. We used an indirect in-house ELISA to detect anti-IDV antibodies in 165 serum samples from bulls on 116 farms in the province of La Pampa, Argentina. Eighty-five of 116 (73%) farms had at least 1 positive animal, and 112 of 165 (68%) of the analyzed samples were positive. There were no significant differences in the proportion of seropositive samples depending on the geographic region in which the samples were taken. Our results suggest that IDV infection is endemic in La Pampa; the clinical importance of IDV in Argentina remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio J Alvarez
- Laboratorio Alvarez, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Alvarez).,Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Anguil, La Pampa, Argentina (Fort, Gimenez).,Centro de Investigacion Veterinaria Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Pasucci).,Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Moreno).,Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (Näslund, Hägglund, Valarcher, Zohari).,Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden (Näslund, Zohari)
| | - Marcelo Fort
- Laboratorio Alvarez, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Alvarez).,Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Anguil, La Pampa, Argentina (Fort, Gimenez).,Centro de Investigacion Veterinaria Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Pasucci).,Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Moreno).,Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (Näslund, Hägglund, Valarcher, Zohari).,Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden (Näslund, Zohari)
| | - Juan Pasucci
- Laboratorio Alvarez, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Alvarez).,Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Anguil, La Pampa, Argentina (Fort, Gimenez).,Centro de Investigacion Veterinaria Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Pasucci).,Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Moreno).,Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (Näslund, Hägglund, Valarcher, Zohari).,Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden (Näslund, Zohari)
| | - Fabiana Moreno
- Laboratorio Alvarez, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Alvarez).,Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Anguil, La Pampa, Argentina (Fort, Gimenez).,Centro de Investigacion Veterinaria Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Pasucci).,Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Moreno).,Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (Näslund, Hägglund, Valarcher, Zohari).,Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden (Näslund, Zohari)
| | - Hugo Gimenez
- Laboratorio Alvarez, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Alvarez).,Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Anguil, La Pampa, Argentina (Fort, Gimenez).,Centro de Investigacion Veterinaria Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Pasucci).,Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Moreno).,Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (Näslund, Hägglund, Valarcher, Zohari).,Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden (Näslund, Zohari)
| | - Katarina Näslund
- Laboratorio Alvarez, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Alvarez).,Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Anguil, La Pampa, Argentina (Fort, Gimenez).,Centro de Investigacion Veterinaria Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Pasucci).,Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Moreno).,Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (Näslund, Hägglund, Valarcher, Zohari).,Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden (Näslund, Zohari)
| | - Sara Hägglund
- Laboratorio Alvarez, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Alvarez).,Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Anguil, La Pampa, Argentina (Fort, Gimenez).,Centro de Investigacion Veterinaria Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Pasucci).,Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Moreno).,Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (Näslund, Hägglund, Valarcher, Zohari).,Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden (Näslund, Zohari)
| | - Siamak Zohari
- Laboratorio Alvarez, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Alvarez).,Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Anguil, La Pampa, Argentina (Fort, Gimenez).,Centro de Investigacion Veterinaria Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Pasucci).,Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Moreno).,Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (Näslund, Hägglund, Valarcher, Zohari).,Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden (Näslund, Zohari)
| | - Jean François Valarcher
- Laboratorio Alvarez, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Alvarez).,Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Anguil, La Pampa, Argentina (Fort, Gimenez).,Centro de Investigacion Veterinaria Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Pasucci).,Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Moreno).,Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (Näslund, Hägglund, Valarcher, Zohari).,Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden (Näslund, Zohari)
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15
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Chiapponi C, Ducatez M, Faccini S, Foni E, Gaudino M, Hägglund S, Luppi A, Meyer G, Moreno A, Näslund K, Nemanichvili N, Oliva J, Prosperi A, Rosignoli C, Renault V, Saegerman C, Sausy A, Snoeck C, Valarcher J, Verheije H, Zohari S. Risk assessment for influenza D in Europe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [PMCID: PMC7300431 DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.en-1853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Chiapponi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” Italy
| | - Mariette Ducatez
- French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment France
| | - Silvia Faccini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” Italy
| | - Emmanuela Foni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” Italy
| | - Maria Gaudino
- French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment France
| | | | - Andrea Luppi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” Italy
| | - Gilles Meyer
- French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment France
| | - Ana Moreno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”
| | | | | | - Justine Oliva
- French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment France
| | - Alice Prosperi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” Italy
| | - Carlo Rosignoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” Italy
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16
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Mapaco L, Monjane I, Fafetine J, Arone D, Caron A, Chilundo A, Quembo C, Carrilho MDC, Nhabomba V, Zohari S, Achá S. Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus Surveillance in Domestic Small Ruminants, Mozambique (2015 and 2017). Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:370. [PMID: 31788480 PMCID: PMC6856202 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR), a transboundary animal disease affecting mainly goats and sheep is caused by a morbillivirus and threatens food security and livelihoods as morbidity and mortality rates can reach 90%. There are no records of PPR in Mozambique, but the disease situation in Tanzania and the ability of PPR virus to rapidly spread across countries constitute a high risk for about 4.7 million goats and sheep in Mozambique. A total of 4,995 goats and sheep were sampled in several provinces during 2015 and 2017 to assess the status of PPR virus (PPRV) in Mozambique and to contribute to surveillance along the border with Tanzania. The sera were screened for anti-PPRV antibodies using a commercial PPR competition ELISA (c-ELISA) and the haemagglutinin based PPR blocking ELISA (HPPR-bELISA). The swabs were tested using one-step RT-PCR for detection of PPRV RNA. The overall percentage of animals with anti-PPRV antibodies by c-ELISA, was 0.46% [0.30–0.70]. However, all the sera positive on c-ELISA were confirmed to be negative by the HPPR-bELISA. Considering that all the swabs were negative for detection of PPRV, no clinical cases were observed during passive surveillance and active sampling, and no symptoms were reported, these results suggest that PPRV is not present in Mozambique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourenço Mapaco
- Agricultural Research Institute of Mozambique, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Maputo, Mozambique.,ASTRE, CIRAD, INRA, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Iolanda Monjane
- Agricultural Research Institute of Mozambique, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - José Fafetine
- Veterinary Faculty, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Dercília Arone
- Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Veterinary National Directorate, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Alexandre Caron
- ASTRE, CIRAD, INRA, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Veterinary Faculty, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Abel Chilundo
- Veterinary Faculty, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Carlos Quembo
- Agricultural Research Institute of Mozambique, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Maria Do Carmo Carrilho
- Agricultural Research Institute of Mozambique, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Virginia Nhabomba
- Agricultural Research Institute of Mozambique, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Siamak Zohari
- National Veterinary Institute, Department of Microbiology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Achá
- Agricultural Research Institute of Mozambique, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Maputo, Mozambique
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17
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Naguib MM, Verhagen JH, Mostafa A, Wille M, Li R, Graaf A, Järhult JD, Ellström P, Zohari S, Lundkvist Å, Olsen B. Global patterns of avian influenza A (H7): virus evolution and zoonotic threats. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2019; 43:608-621. [PMID: 31381759 PMCID: PMC8038931 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) continue to impose a negative impact on animal and human health worldwide. In particular, the emergence of highly pathogenic AIV H5 and, more recently, the emergence of low pathogenic AIV H7N9 have led to enormous socioeconomical losses in the poultry industry and resulted in fatal human infections. While H5N1 remains infamous, the number of zoonotic infections with H7N9 has far surpassed those attributed to H5. Despite the clear public health concerns posed by AIV H7, it is unclear why specifically this virus subtype became endemic in poultry and emerged in humans. In this review, we bring together data on global patterns of H7 circulation, evolution and emergence in humans. Specifically, we discuss data from the wild bird reservoir, expansion and epidemiology in poultry, significant increase in their zoonotic potential since 2013 and genesis of highly pathogenic H7. In addition, we analysed available sequence data from an evolutionary perspective, demonstrating patterns of introductions into distinct geographic regions and reassortment dynamics. The integration of all aspects is crucial in the optimisation of surveillance efforts in wild birds, poultry and humans, and we emphasise the need for a One Health approach in controlling emerging viruses such as AIV H7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Naguib
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Husargatan 3, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-75237, Sweden
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, 7 Nadi El-Seid Street, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Josanne H Verhagen
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, 44008 Hus Vita, Kalmar SE-391 82 , Sweden
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, Giessen 35392, Germany
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El-Buhouth street, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Michelle Wille
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ruiyun Li
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Praed Street, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Annika Graaf
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems 17493, Germany
| | - Josef D Järhult
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sjukhusvägen 85, Uppsala SE-75185, Sweden
| | - Patrik Ellström
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sjukhusvägen 85, Uppsala SE-75185, Sweden
| | - Siamak Zohari
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Ulls väg 2B, Uppsala SE-75189, Sweden
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Husargatan 3, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-75237, Sweden
| | - Björn Olsen
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sjukhusvägen 85, Uppsala SE-75185, Sweden
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18
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Larsen FT, Bed'Hom B, Naghizadeh M, Kjærup RB, Zohari S, Dalgaard TS. Immunoprofiling of peripheral blood from infectious bronchitis virus vaccinated MHC-B chicken lines - Monocyte MHC-II expression as a potential correlate of protection. Dev Comp Immunol 2019; 96:93-102. [PMID: 30763593 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination programs are implemented in poultry farms to limit outbreaks and spread of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), which is a substantial economic burden in the poultry industry. Immune correlates, used to predict vaccine efficacy, have proved difficult to find for IBV-vaccine-induced protection. To find correlates of IBV-vaccine-induced protection, hence, we employed a flow cytometric assay to quantify peripheral leucocyte subsets and expression of cell surface markers of six different non-vaccinated and vaccinated Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) haplotypes. Non-vaccinated and vaccinated MHC haplotypes presented differential leucocyte composition and IBV viral load. A strong effect of MHC-B, but not vaccination, on several leucocyte subsets resulted in positive correlations with IBV viral load based on MHC haplotype ranking. In addition, a strong effect of MHC-B and vaccination on monocyte MHC-II expression showed that animals with highest monocyte MHC-II expression had weakest vaccine-induced protection. In conclusion, we found several interesting MHC-B related immune correlates of protection and that flow cytometric analysis can be employed to study correlates of IBV-vaccine-induced protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik T Larsen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Bertrand Bed'Hom
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Mohammad Naghizadeh
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Rikke B Kjærup
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Siamak Zohari
- National Veterinary Institute, SVA, Ullsv. 2B, S-75189, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tina S Dalgaard
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830, Tjele, Denmark.
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19
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Alarcon P, Brouwer A, Venkatesh D, Duncan D, Dovas CI, Georgiades G, Monne I, Fusaro A, Dan A, Śmietanka K, Ragias V, Breed AC, Chassalevris T, Goujgoulova G, Hjulsager CK, Ryan E, Sánchez A, Niqueux E, Tammiranta N, Zohari S, Stroud DA, Savić V, Lewis NS, Brown IH. Comparison of 2016-17 and Previous Epizootics of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5 Guangdong Lineage in Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:2270-2283. [PMID: 30457528 PMCID: PMC6256410 DOI: 10.3201/eid2412.171860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 epizootic of 2016-17 in Europe by epidemiologic and genetic characteristics and compared it with 2 previous epizootics caused by the same H5 Guangdong lineage. The 2016-17 epizootic was the largest in Europe by number of countries and farms affected and greatest diversity of wild birds infected. We observed significant differences among the 3 epizootics regarding region affected, epidemic curve, seasonality, and outbreak duration, making it difficult to predict future HPAI epizootics. However, we know that in 2005-06 and 2016-17 the initial peak of wild bird detections preceded the peak of poultry outbreaks within Europe. Phylogenetic analysis of 2016-17 viruses indicates 2 main pathways into Europe. Our findings highlight the need for global surveillance of viral changes to inform disease preparedness, detection, and control.
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20
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Neimanis AS, Ahola H, Larsson Pettersson U, Lopes AM, Abrantes J, Zohari S, Esteves PJ, Gavier-Widén D. Overcoming species barriers: an outbreak of Lagovirus europaeus GI.2/RHDV2 in an isolated population of mountain hares (Lepus timidus). BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:367. [PMID: 30477499 PMCID: PMC6258167 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1694-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prior to 2010, the lagoviruses that cause rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD) in European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and European brown hare syndrome (EBHS) in hares (Lepus spp.) were generally genus-specific. However, in 2010, rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2 (RHDV2), also known as Lagovirus europaeus GI.2, emerged and had the distinguishing ability to cause disease in both rabbits and certain hare species. The mountain hare (Lepus timidus) is native to Sweden and is susceptible to European brown hare syndrome virus (EBHSV), also called Lagovirus europaeus GII.1. While most mountain hare populations are found on the mainland, isolated populations also exist on islands. Here we investigate a mortality event in mountain hares on the small island of Hallands Väderö where other leporid species, including rabbits, are absent. Results Post-mortem and microscopic examination of three mountain hare carcasses collected from early November 2016 to mid-March 2017 revealed acute hepatic necrosis consistent with pathogenic lagovirus infection. Using immunohistochemistry, lagoviral capsid antigen was visualized within lesions, both in hepatocytes and macrophages. Genotyping and immunotyping of the virus independently confirmed infection with L. europaeus GI.2, not GII.1. Phylogenetic analyses of the vp60 gene grouped mountain hare strains together with a rabbit strain from an outbreak of GI.2 in July 2016, collected approximately 50 km away on the mainland. Conclusions This is the first documented infection of GI.2 in mountain hares and further expands the host range of GI.2. Lesions and tissue distribution mimic those of GII.1 in mountain hares. The virus was most likely initially introduced from a concurrent, large-scale GI.2 outbreak in rabbits on the adjacent mainland, providing another example of how readily this virus can spread. The mortality event in mountain hares lasted for at least 4.5 months in the absence of rabbits, which would have required virus circulation among mountain hares, environmental persistence and/or multiple introductions. This marks the fourth Lepus species that can succumb to GI.2 infection, suggesting that susceptibility to GI.2 may be common in Lepus species. Measures to minimize the spread of GI.2 to vulnerable Lepus populations therefore are prudent. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1694-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksija S Neimanis
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7028, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Harri Ahola
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Larsson Pettersson
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ana M Lopes
- CIBIO/InBio, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal.,Department of Anatomy and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Abrantes
- CIBIO/InBio, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Siamak Zohari
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pedro J Esteves
- CIBIO/InBio, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, R. Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (CESPU), Gandra, Portugal
| | - Dolores Gavier-Widén
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7028, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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Adlhoch C, Brown IH, Angelova SG, Bálint Á, Bouwstra R, Buda S, Castrucci MR, Dabrera G, Dán Á, Grund C, Harder T, van der Hoek W, Krisztalovics K, Parry-Ford F, Popescu R, Wallensten A, Zdravkova A, Zohari S, Tsolova S, Penttinen P. Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8) outbreaks: protection and management of exposed people in Europe, 2014/15 and 2016. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 21:30419. [PMID: 27983512 PMCID: PMC5291128 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2016.21.49.30419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus A(H5N8) into Europe prompted animal and human health experts to implement protective measures to prevent transmission to humans. We describe the situation in 2016 and list public health measures and recommendations in place. We summarise critical interfaces identified during the A(H5N1) and A(H5N8) outbreaks in 2014/15. Rapid exchange of information between the animal and human health sectors is critical for a timely, effective and efficient response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Adlhoch
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ian H Brown
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Svetla G Angelova
- National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ádám Bálint
- National Food Chain Safety Office (NEBIH), Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Silke Buda
- Robert Koch Institute (RKI), Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Ádám Dán
- National Food Chain Safety Office (NEBIH), Budapest, Hungary
| | - Christian Grund
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Timm Harder
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Wim van der Hoek
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Siamak Zohari
- National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Svetla Tsolova
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pasi Penttinen
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Neimanis AS, Ahola H, Zohari S, Larsson Pettersson U, Bröjer C, Capucci L, Gavier-Widén D. Arrival of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 to northern Europe: Emergence and outbreaks in wild and domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in Sweden. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:213-220. [PMID: 28407381 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Incursion of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) into Sweden was documented in 1990 and it is now considered endemic in wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) populations. Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 (RHDV2), a new, related lagovirus was first detected in France in 2010, and has spread rapidly throughout Europe and beyond. However, knowledge of RHDV2 in northern Europe is sporadic and incomplete, and in Sweden, routinely available diagnostic methods to detect rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) do not distinguish between types of virus causing disease. Using RHDV2-specific RT-qPCR, sequencing of the VP60 gene and immunological virus typing of archived and prospective case material from the National Veterinary Institute's (SVA) wildlife disease surveillance programme and diagnostic pathology service, we describe the emergence of RHDV2 in Sweden in both wild and domestic rabbits. The earliest documented outbreak occurred on 22 May 2013, and from May 2013 to May 2016, 10 separate incidents of RHDV2 were documented from six different municipalities in the southern half of Sweden. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP60 gene shows clear clustering of Swedish isolates into three separate clusters within two different clades according to geographic location and time, suggesting viral evolution, multiple introduction events or both. Almost all cases of RHD examined by SVA from May 2013 to May 2016 were caused by RHDV2, suggesting that RHDV2 may be replacing RHDV as the predominant cause of RHD in Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Neimanis
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H Ahola
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Zohari
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - U Larsson Pettersson
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Bröjer
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - L Capucci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna 'Bruno Ubertini' (IZSLER), OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease, Brescia, Italy
| | - D Gavier-Widén
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
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23
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Osbjer K, Berg M, Sokerya S, Chheng K, San S, Davun H, Magnusson U, Olsen B, Zohari S. Influenza A Virus in Backyard Pigs and Poultry in Rural Cambodia. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1557-1568. [PMID: 27484711 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Surveillance of influenza virus in humans and livestock is critical, given the worldwide public health threats and livestock production losses. Livestock farming involving close proximity between humans, pigs and poultry is often practised by smallholders in low-income countries and is considered an important driver of influenza virus evolution. This study determined the prevalence and genetic characteristics of influenza A virus (IAV) in backyard pigs and poultry in Cambodia. A total of 751 animals were tested by matrix gene-based rRT-PCR, and influenza virus was detected in 1.5% of sampled pigs, 1.4% of chickens and 1.0% of ducks, but not in pigeons. Full-length genome sequencing confirmed triple reassortant H3N2 in all IAV-positive pigs and various low pathogenic avian influenza subtypes in poultry. Phylogenetic analysis of the swine influenza viruses revealed that these had haemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes originating from human H3N2 viruses previously isolated in South-East Asia. Phylogenetic analysis also revealed that several of the avian influenza subtypes detected were closely related to internal viral genes from highly pathogenic H5N1 and H9N2 formerly sequenced in the region. High sequence homology was likewise found with influenza A viruses circulating in pigs, poultry and wild birds in China and Vietnam, suggesting transboundary introduction and cocirculation of the various influenza subtypes. In conclusion, highly pathogenic subtypes of influenza virus seem rare in backyard poultry, but virus reassortment, involving potentially zoonotic and pandemic subtypes, appears to occur frequently in smallholder pigs and poultry. Increased targeted surveillance and monitoring of influenza circulation on smallholdings would further improve understanding of the transmission dynamics and evolution of influenza viruses in humans, pigs and poultry in the Mekong subregion and could contribute to limit the influenza burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Osbjer
- Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Berg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Sokerya
- Centre for Livestock and Agriculture Development, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - K Chheng
- National Institute of Public Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - S San
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - H Davun
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - U Magnusson
- Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - B Olsen
- Infectious Diseases, Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences and IMBIM, Uppsala University (UU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Zohari
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
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24
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Bodewes R, Zohari S, Krog JS, Hall MD, Harder TC, Bestebroer TM, van de Bildt MWG, Spronken MI, Larsen LE, Siebert U, Wohlsein P, Puff C, Seehusen F, Baumgärtner W, Härkönen T, Smits SL, Herfst S, Osterhaus ADME, Fouchier RAM, Koopmans MP, Kuiken T. Spatiotemporal Analysis of the Genetic Diversity of Seal Influenza A(H10N7) Virus, Northwestern Europe. J Virol 2016; 90:4269-4277. [PMID: 26819311 PMCID: PMC4836327 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03046-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Influenza A viruses are major pathogens for humans, domestic animals, and wildlife, and these viruses occasionally cross the species barrier. In spring 2014, increased mortality of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina), associated with infection with an influenza A(H10N7) virus, was reported in Sweden and Denmark. Within a few months, this virus spread to seals of the coastal waters of Germany and the Netherlands, causing the death of thousands of animals. Genetic analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of this seal influenza A(H10N7) virus revealed that it was most closely related to various avian influenza A(H10N7) viruses. The collection of samples from infected seals during the course of the outbreak provided a unique opportunity to follow the adaptation of the avian virus to its new seal host. Sequence data for samples collected from 41 different seals from four different countries between April 2014 and January 2015 were obtained by Sanger sequencing and next-generation sequencing to describe the molecular epidemiology of the seal influenza A(H10N7) virus. The majority of sequence variation occurred in the HA gene, and some mutations corresponded to amino acid changes not found in H10 viruses isolated from Eurasian birds. Also, sequence variation in the HA gene was greater at the beginning than at the end of the epidemic, when a number of the mutations observed earlier had been fixed. These results imply that when an avian influenza virus jumps the species barrier from birds to seals, amino acid changes in HA may occur rapidly and are important for virus adaptation to its new mammalian host. IMPORTANCE Influenza A viruses are major pathogens for humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. In addition to the continuous circulation of influenza A viruses among various host species, cross-species transmission of influenza A viruses occurs occasionally. Wild waterfowl and shorebirds are the main reservoir for most influenza A virus subtypes, and spillover of influenza A viruses from birds to humans or other mammalian species may result in major outbreaks. In the present study, various sequencing methods were used to elucidate the genetic changes that occurred after the introduction and subsequent spread of an avian influenza A(H10N7) virus among harbor seals of northwestern Europe by use of various samples collected during the outbreak. Such detailed knowledge of genetic changes necessary for introduction and adaptation of avian influenza A viruses to mammalian hosts is important for a rapid risk assessment of such viruses soon after they cross the species barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogier Bodewes
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Siamak Zohari
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jesper S Krog
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Matthew D Hall
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Timm C Harder
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald Insel-Riems, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Lars E Larsen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ursula Siebert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Büsum, Germany
| | - Peter Wohlsein
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christina Puff
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Frauke Seehusen
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tero Härkönen
- Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Saskia L Smits
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Artemis One Health, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Research Centre for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marion P Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Back H, Berndtsson LT, Gröndahl G, Ståhl K, Pringle J, Zohari S. The first reported Florida clade 1 virus in the Nordic countries, isolated from a Swedish outbreak of equine influenza in 2011. Vet Microbiol 2016; 184:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), a zoonotic arbovirosis caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), is an increasing public health concern. Infections result in neurological symptoms in humans and the virus has rapidly expanded to new geographical areas. Three subtypes are currently present in different parts of Europe and Asia. The virus is transmitted by ticks, mainly Ixodes spp., between small mammals such as rodents, which serve as virus amplifying hosts. Humans are infected sporadically, either by a tick bite or by ingestion of infected milk or milk products. Other mammals (e.g. ruminants) can also be infected, but most of the time do not show clinical signs. In contrast to rodents, other wild and domestic mammals probably play only a very small direct role in maintaining TBEV in an area, but they might play an important role as hosts in sustaining a large tick population. Therefore, the virus prevalence and the occurrence of TBE can be influenced by several environmental, genetic and behavioural factors associated with the virus, the vectors or the hosts, and understanding these factors is essential for implementation of effective control measures. This article reviews virus characteristics and the epidemiological and clinical aspects of TBEV infections and examines pathogenesis, diagnostic approaches and control measures.
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Zohari S, Neimanis A, Härkönen T, Moraeus C, Valarcher JF. Avian influenza A(H10N7) virus involvement in mass mortality of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) in Sweden, March through October 2014. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19. [PMID: 25425511 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2014.19.46.20967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We provide the first scientific report of influenza A virus involvement in a mass mortality event among harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) off the west coast of Sweden. Avian influenza A (H10N7) virus was detected in the lungs of two affected animals. This subtype has not been reported in seals to date, nor has influenza A-associated mortality been reported in seals in Europe. Circulation of avian influenza viruses in mammals may have implications for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zohari
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
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28
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Anderson J, Hägglund S, Bréard E, Riou M, Zohari S, Comtet L, Olofson AS, Gélineau R, Martin G, Elvander M, Blomqvist G, Zientara S, Valarcher JF. Strong protection induced by an experimental DIVA subunit vaccine against bluetongue virus serotype 8 in cattle. Vaccine 2014; 32:6614-21. [PMID: 25312275 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) infections in ruminants pose a permanent agricultural threat since new serotypes are constantly emerging in new locations. Clinical disease is mainly observed in sheep, but cattle were unusually affected during an outbreak of BTV seroype 8 (BTV-8) in Europe. We previously developed an experimental vaccine based on recombinant viral protein 2 (VP2) of BTV-8 and non-structural proteins 1 (NS1) and NS2 of BTV-2, mixed with an immunostimulating complex (ISCOM)-matrix adjuvant. We demonstrated that bovine immune responses induced by this vaccine were as good or superior to those induced by a classic commercial inactivated vaccine. In this study, we evaluated the protective efficacy of the experimental vaccine in cattle and, based on the detection of VP7 antibodies, assessed its DIVA compliancy following virus challenge. Two groups of BTV-seronegative calves were subcutaneously immunized twice at a 3-week interval with the subunit vaccine (n=6) or with adjuvant alone (n=6). Following BTV-8 challenge 3 weeks after second immunization, controls developed viremia and fever associated with other mild clinical signs of bluetongue disease, whereas vaccinated animals were clinically and virologically protected. The vaccine-induced protection was likely mediated by high virus-neutralizing antibody titers directed against VP2 and perhaps by cellular responses to NS1 and NS2. T lymphocyte responses were cross-reactive between BTV-2 and BTV-8, suggesting that NS1 and NS2 may provide the basis of an adaptable vaccine that can be varied by using VP2 of different serotypes. The detection of different levels of VP7 antibodies in vaccinated animals and controls after challenge suggested a compliancy between the vaccine and the DIVA companion test. This BTV subunit vaccine is a promising candidate that should be further evaluated and developed to protect against different serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Anderson
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Almas allé 4 C, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Hägglund
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Almas allé 4 C, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emmanuel Bréard
- ANSES, UMR Virologie 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA, 23 Avenue Général de Gaulle, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Mickaël Riou
- INRA, Centre Val de Loire, UE-1277 Plateforme d'Infectiologie expérimentale (PFIE), Route de Crotelles, Nouzilly, France
| | - Siamak Zohari
- National Veterinary Institute, Department of Virology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Ulls väg 2B, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Loic Comtet
- IdVet, 167 rue Mehdi Ben Barka, Montpellier, France
| | - Ann-Sophie Olofson
- National Veterinary Institute, Department of Virology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Ulls väg 2B, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert Gélineau
- INRA, Centre Val de Loire, UE-1277 Plateforme d'Infectiologie expérimentale (PFIE), Route de Crotelles, Nouzilly, France
| | - Guillaume Martin
- INRA, Centre Val de Loire, UE-1277 Plateforme d'Infectiologie expérimentale (PFIE), Route de Crotelles, Nouzilly, France
| | - Marianne Elvander
- National Veterinary Institute, Department of Virology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Ulls väg 2B, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunilla Blomqvist
- National Veterinary Institute, Department of Virology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Ulls väg 2B, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stéphan Zientara
- ANSES, UMR Virologie 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA, 23 Avenue Général de Gaulle, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jean Francois Valarcher
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Almas allé 4 C, Uppsala, Sweden; National Veterinary Institute, Department of Virology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Ulls väg 2B, Uppsala, Sweden.
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29
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Liu L, Benyeda Z, Zohari S, Yacoub A, Isaksson M, Leijon M, LeBlanc N, Benyeda J, Belák S. Assessment of Preparation of Samples Under the Field Conditions and a Portable Real-Time RT-PCR Assay for the Rapid On-Site Detection of Newcastle Disease Virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 63:e245-50. [PMID: 25209697 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV), also known as virulent forms of avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (AMPV-1), is the causative agent of Newcastle disease affecting many species of birds and causing heavy losses to the poultry industry worldwide. Early, rapid and sensitive detection of the viruses or the viral nucleic acids is very important for disease diagnosis and control. This study aimed to evaluate sample preparation under field conditions and the application of a real-time RT-PCR method in the portable T-COR4 platform for the rapid, on-site detection of NDV on a farm. In the laboratory setting, the portable real-time RT-PCR assay had a similar performance compared with that obtained with a larger, stationary Rotor Gene real-time thermocycler. In the field conditions, viral nucleic acids were manually extracted just outside of animal units with minimal equipment and real-time RT-PCR detection was performed with the portable thermocycler T-COR4 placed in a nearby room. The portable assay at the farm detected viral RNA in 15 samples and reached an agreement of 83% (39/47) when the same RNA preparations were tested in the Rotor Gene thermocycler under the laboratory setting. The results demonstrated the feasibility of performing field detection but also the need to improve and further simplify sample preparation procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Liu
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.,The OIE Collaborating Centre for the Biotechnology-based Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases in Veterinary Medicine, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Z Benyeda
- Prophyl Animal Health Ltd, Mohács, Hungary
| | - S Zohari
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.,The OIE Collaborating Centre for the Biotechnology-based Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases in Veterinary Medicine, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Yacoub
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.,The OIE Collaborating Centre for the Biotechnology-based Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases in Veterinary Medicine, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Isaksson
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.,The OIE Collaborating Centre for the Biotechnology-based Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases in Veterinary Medicine, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Leijon
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.,The OIE Collaborating Centre for the Biotechnology-based Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases in Veterinary Medicine, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - N LeBlanc
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.,The OIE Collaborating Centre for the Biotechnology-based Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases in Veterinary Medicine, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Benyeda
- Prophyl Animal Health Ltd, Mohács, Hungary
| | - S Belák
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.,The OIE Collaborating Centre for the Biotechnology-based Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases in Veterinary Medicine, Uppsala, Sweden
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Tolf C, Wille M, Haidar AK, Avril A, Zohari S, Waldenström J. Prevalence of avian paramyxovirus type 1 in Mallards during autumn migration in the western Baltic Sea region. Virol J 2013; 10:285. [PMID: 24028398 PMCID: PMC3847450 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is the causative agent of the Newcastle disease, a severe disease in birds associated with substantial economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. Sweden is situated along the Western European waterfowl flyway and applies a non-vaccination policy combined with directives of immediate euthanisation of NDV infected flocks. During the last decades there have been several outbreaks with NDV in poultry in Sweden. However, less is known about the virus prevalence in the wild bird population including waterfowl, a well-established reservoir of avian paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1), the paramyxovirus serotype that include pathogenic NDV. Methods The survey constituted of 2332 samples from Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), trapped in the southern part of Sweden during autumn migration in 2010. These samples were screened for APMV-1 by real-time reverse transcription PCR, and viral strains from positive samples were isolated and characterized by sequence analysis of the fusion gene and by phylogenetic analysis. Conclusions Twenty of these samples were positive for APMV-1, hence a virus prevalence of 0.9% (95% Confidence Interval [95% CI]=0.54%, 1.35%). The highest APMV-1 prevalence was detected in juvenile Mallards sampled in November (n=887, prevalence 1.24% ([95% CI])=0.67%, 2.24%). Sequence analysis and evaluation of phylogenetic relatedness indicated that isolated APMV-1 strains were lentogenic, and phylogenetically most closely related to genotype Ib strains within the clade of class II viruses. The sampling system employed enabled us to follow APMV-1 infections and the shedding of one particular viral strain in one individual bird over several days. Furthermore, combining previous screening results with the APMV-1 detections in this study showed that more than 50% of Mallards that tested positive for APMV-1 RNA were co-infected with influenza A virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conny Tolf
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial model Systems (EEMiS), Linnæus University, Kalmar SE-391 82, Sweden.
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Munir M, Zohari S, Iqbal M, Abbas M, Perez DR, Berg M. The non-structural (NS) gene segment of H9N2 influenza virus isolated from backyard poultry in Pakistan reveals strong genetic and functional similarities to the NS gene of highly pathogenic H5N1. Virulence 2013; 4:612-23. [PMID: 23959028 DOI: 10.4161/viru.26055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Apart from natural reassortment, co-circulation of different avian influenza virus strains in poultry populations can lead to generation of novel variants and reassortant viruses. In this report, we studied the genetics and functions of a reassorted non-structural gene (NS) of H9N2 influenza virus collected from back yard poultry (BYP) flock. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes indicates that an isolate from BYP belongs to H9N2. However, the NS gene-segment of this isolate cluster into genotype Z, clade 2.2 of the highly pathogenic H5N1. The NS gene plays essential roles in the host-adaptation, cell-tropism, and virulence of influenza viruses. However, such interpretations have not been investigated in naturally recombinant H9N2 viruses. Therefore, we compared the NS1 protein of H9N2 (H9N2/NS1) and highly pathogenic H5N1 (H5N1/NS1) in parallel for their abilities to regulate different signaling pathways, and investigated the molecular mechanisms of IFN-β production in human, avian, and mink lung cells. We found that H9N2/NS1 and H5N1/NS1 are comparably similar in inhibiting TNF-α induced nuclear factor κB and double stranded RNA induced activator protein 1 and interferon regulatory factor 3 transcription factors. Thus, the production of IFN-β was inhibited equally by both NS1s as demonstrated by IFN stimulatory response element and IFN-β promoter activation. Moreover, both NS1s predominantly localized in the nucleus when transfected to human A549 cells. This study therefore suggests the possible increased virulence of natural reassortant viruses for their efficient invasion of host immune responses, and proposes that these should not be overlooked for their epizootic and zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Munir
- Avian Viral Diseases Programme; The Pirbright Institute; Compton Laboratory; Compton, Newbury, Berkshire UK
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32
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Shabbir MZ, Zohari S, Yaqub T, Nazir J, Shabbir MAB, Mukhtar N, Shafee M, Sajid M, Anees M, Abbas M, Khan MT, Ali AA, Ghafoor A, Ahad A, Channa AA, Anjum AA, Hussain N, Ahmad A, Goraya MU, Iqbal Z, Khan SA, Aslam HB, Zehra K, Sohail MU, Yaqub W, Ahmad N, Berg M, Munir M. Genetic diversity of Newcastle disease virus in Pakistan: a countrywide perspective. Virol J 2013; 10:170. [PMID: 23721461 PMCID: PMC3681574 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the most deadly diseases of poultry around the globe. The disease is endemic in Pakistan and recurrent outbreaks are being reported regularly in wild captive, rural and commercial poultry flocks. Though, efforts have been made to characterize the causative agent in some of parts of the country, the genetic nature of strains circulating throughout Pakistan is currently lacking. Material and methods To ascertain the genetics of NDV, 452 blood samples were collected from 113 flocks, originating from all the provinces of Pakistan, showing high mortality (30–80%). The samples represented domesticated poultry (broiler, layer and rural) as well as wild captive birds (pigeons, turkeys, pheasants and peacock). Samples were screened with real-time PCR for both matrix and fusion genes (1792 bp), positive samples were subjected to amplification of full fusion gene and subsequent sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Results The deduced amino acid sequence of the fusion protein cleavage site indicated the presence of motif (112RK/RQRR↓F117) typical for velogenic strains of NDV. Phylogenetic analysis of hypervariable region of the fusion gene indicated that all the isolates belong to lineage 5 of NDV except isolates collected from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province. A higher resolution of the phylogenetic analysis of lineage 5 showed the distribution of Pakistani NDV strains to 5b. However, the isolates from KPK belonged to lineage 4c; the first report of such lineage from this province. Conclusions Taken together, data indicated the prevalence of multiple lineages of NDV in different poultry population including wild captive birds. Such understanding is crucial to underpin the nature of circulating strains of NDV, their potential for interspecies transmission and disease diagnosis and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zubair Shabbir
- Quality Operations Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
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33
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Munir M, Zohari S, Berg M. Newcastle disease virus in pakistan: genetic characterization and implication in molecular diagnosis. Indian J Virol 2012; 23:368-73. [PMID: 24293827 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-012-0073-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) is a fatal and contagious disease that poses a constant threat to the poultry industry around the globe. Due to the complex clinico-pathological picture and high genetic variability, the efficient diagnosis of NDV strains is a challenge. In an emerging wave of ND in the north of Pakistan, samples from six outbreaks in commercial poultry and two from healthy backyard poultry flocks were screened for NDV. A real-time PCR based on the fusion and polymerase genes of NDV detected all six isolates whereas a validated real-time PCR based on the matrix gene failed to detect any of these isolates, most likely due to substantial mismatches in the probe-binding site. All isolates have shown ICPI and MDT values similar to the velogenic form of NDV strains. The cleavage site in the F protein was found to be (112)RRQKR↓F(117), typical of virulent NDV. Phylogenetic reconstruction, based on fusion and matrix genes, provided enough evidences to consider these isolates as a new subgenotype within genotype VII. This study raised concerns about the genetic variability of NDV circulating in Pakistan, and sensitivity of the assays for the detection of the NDV isolates in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Munir
- Division of Virology, The Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Ulls väg 2B, 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
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Munir M, Cortey M, Abbas M, Qureshi ZUA, Afzal F, Shabbir MZ, Khan MT, Ahmed S, Ahmad S, Baule C, Ståhl K, Zohari S, Berg M. Biological characterization and phylogenetic analysis of a novel genetic group of Newcastle disease virus isolated from outbreaks in commercial poultry and from backyard poultry flocks in Pakistan. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 2012; 12:1010-9. [PMID: 22418457 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Munir
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Ulls väg 2B, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Munir M, Zohari S, Suluku R, Leblanc N, Kanu S, Sankoh FAR, Berg M, Barrie ML, Ståhl K. Genetic characterization of peste des petits ruminants virus, Sierra Leone. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18:193-5. [PMID: 22260878 PMCID: PMC3310125 DOI: 10.3201/eid1801.111304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Munir M, Abbas M, Khan MT, Zohari S, Berg M. Genomic and biological characterization of a velogenic Newcastle disease virus isolated from a healthy backyard poultry flock in 2010. Virol J 2012; 9:46. [PMID: 22340092 PMCID: PMC3295720 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Newcastle disease virus (NDV) causes severe and economically important disease in poultry around the globe. None of NDV strains in Pakistan have been completely characterized and the role of rural poultry in harbouring NDV is unclear. Since they have a very important role for long-term circulation of the virus, samples were collected from apparently healthy backyard poultry (BYP) flocks. These samples were biologically analyzed using mean death time (MDT) and intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI), whereas genotypically characterized by the real-time PCRs coupled with sequencing of the complete genome. FINDINGS Despite of being non-pathogenic for BYP, the isolate exhibited MDT of 49.6 h in embryonated chicken eggs and an ICPI value of 1.5. The F gene based real-time PCR was positive, whereas M-gene based was negative due to substantial changes in the probe-binding site. The entire genome of the isolate was found to be 15192 nucleotides long and encodes for six genes with an order of 3'-NP-P-M-F-HN-L-5'. The F protein cleavage site, an indicative of pathogenicity, was 112RRQKRF117. Complete genome comparison indicated that the RNA dependent RNA polymerase gene was the most and the phosphoprotein was least conserved gene, among all the genes. The isolate showed an Y526Q substitution in the HN protein, which determines neuraminidase receptor binding and fusion activity of NDV. Phylogenetic analysis, based on F and HN genes, classified this isolate into genotype VII, a predominant genotype responsible for ND outbreaks in Asian countries. However, it clustered well apart from other isolates in this genotype to be considered a new subgenotype (VII-f). CONCLUSIONS These results revealed that this isolate was similar to virulent strains of NDV and was avirulent in BYP either due to resistance of local breeds or due to other factors such as substantial mutations in the HN protein. Furthermore, we have characterized the first isolate of NDV, which could act as domestic reference strain and could help in development and selection of appropriate strain of NDV for vaccine in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Munir
- Division of Virology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, Ulls väg 2B, 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Munir M, Zohari S, Belák S, Berg M. Double-stranded RNA-induced activation of activating protein-1 promoter is differentially regulated by the non-structural protein 1 of avian influenza A viruses. Viral Immunol 2012; 25:79-85. [PMID: 22239235 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2011.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-structural protein 1 (NS1) of influenza A viruses is a multifunctional protein that antagonizes the host immune response by interfering with several host signaling pathways. Based on putative amino acid sequences, NS1 proteins are categorized into two gene pools, allele A and allele B. Here we identified that allele A NS1 proteins of H6N8 and H4N6 are able to inhibit double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-induced activating protein-1 (AP-1) promoter in cultured cell lines (human A549 and mink lung cells). Allele B NS1 proteins from corresponding subtypes of influenza A viruses are weak in this inhibition, despite significant levels of expression of each NS1 protein in human A549 cells. Furthermore, the capability to inhibit AP-1 promoter was mapped in the effector domain, since RNA binding domain alone lost its ability to inhibit this promoter activation. Chimeric forms of NS1 protein, composed of either RNA binding domain of allele A or B and effector domain of allele A or B, showed comparable inhibition to that of their wild-type NS1 proteins, or to the effector domain of corresponding NS1 proteins. Both alleles A and B NS1 proteins of H6N8 and H4N6 were expressed to significant levels, and were localized predominantly in the nucleus of human A549 cells. These results underscore the importance of the effector domain in inhibiting AP-1 promoter activation, and the biological function of the effector domain in stabilizing the RNA binding domain. Further, we revealed the versatile nature of NS1 in inhibiting the AP-1 transcription factor, in a manner dependent on allele type. Comprehensive studies, focusing on the molecular mechanisms behind this differential inhibition, may facilitate exploration of the zoonotic and pathogenic potential of influenza A viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Munir
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Munir M, Zohari S, Abbas M, Berg M. Sequencing and analysis of the complete genome of Newcastle disease virus isolated from a commercial poultry farm in 2010. Arch Virol 2012; 157:765-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-1220-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Abro SH, Renström LHM, Ullman K, Isaksson M, Zohari S, Jansson DS, Belák S, Baule C. Emergence of novel strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus in Sweden. Vet Microbiol 2011; 155:237-46. [PMID: 22005179 PMCID: PMC7117472 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes avian infectious bronchitis, an important disease that produces severe economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. Recent IBV infections in Sweden have been associated with poor growth in broilers, drop in egg production and thin egg shells in layers. The complete spike gene of selected isolates from IBV cases was amplified and sequenced using conventional RT-PCR. Nucleotide and amino acid sequence comparisons have shown that the recent isolates bear 98.97% genetic similarity with strains of the QX-like genotype. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that strains predominant in the nineties, which were of the Massachusetts type, have been replaced by D388/QX-like strains, however the evolutionary link could not be established. The homology between the two genotypes was 79 and 81%. Remarkably, a strong positive selection pressure was determined, mostly involving the S1 subunit of the S gene. This strong selective pressure resulted in recombination events, insertions and deletions in the S gene. Two new isolates generated from recombination were found with nucleotide sequence diverging 1.7–2.4% from the D388/QX-like branch, indicating the emergence of a new lineage. The study demonstrates a constant evolution of IBV that might be in relation to increased poultry farming, trade and vaccine pressure. The findings underscore the importance of continuous monitoring to control spread of infections, as well as to timely adjust diagnostic methods, molecular epidemiological studies, development and use of vaccines that are adapted to the changing disease scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Hussain Abro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Virology, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Ulls Väg 2B, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Munir M, Zohari S, Metreveli G, Baule C, Belák S, Berg M. Alleles A and B of non-structural protein 1 of avian influenza A viruses differentially inhibit beta interferon production in human and mink lung cells. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:2111-2121. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.031716-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-structural protein 1 (NS1) counteracts the production of host type I interferons (IFN-α/β) for the efficient replication and pathogenicity of influenza A viruses. Here, we reveal another dimension of the NS1 protein of avian influenza A viruses in suppressing IFN-β production in cultured cell lines. We found that allele A NS1 proteins of H6N8 and H4N6 have a strong capacity to inhibit the activation of IFN-β production, compared with allele B from corresponding subtypes, as measured by IFN stimulatory response element (ISRE) promoter activation, IFN-β mRNA transcription and IFN-β protein expression. Furthermore, the ability to suppress IFN-β promoter activation was mapped to the C-terminal effector domain (ED), while the RNA-binding domain (RBD) alone was unable to suppress IFN-β promoter activation. Chimeric studies indicated that when the RBD of allele A was fused to the ED of allele B, it was a strong inhibitor of IFN-β promoter activity. This shows that well-matched ED and RBD are crucial for the function of the NS1 protein and that the RBD could be one possible cause for this differential IFN-β inhibition. Notably, mutagenesis studies indicated that the F103Y and Y103F substitutions in alleles A and B, respectively, do not influence the ISRE promoter activation. Apart from dsRNA signalling, differences were observed in the expression pattern of NS1 in transfected human and mink lung cells. This study therefore expands the versatile nature of the NS1 protein in inhibiting IFN responses at multiple levels, by demonstrating for the first time that it occurs in a manner dependent on allele type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Munir
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Virology, and Joint Research and Development, Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology of the National Veterinary Institute (SVA) and Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Ulls väg 2B, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Siamak Zohari
- R&D Unit for Virology, Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology of the National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Ulls väg 2B, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Virology, and Joint Research and Development, Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology of the National Veterinary Institute (SVA) and Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Ulls väg 2B, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Giorgi Metreveli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Virology, and Joint Research and Development, Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology of the National Veterinary Institute (SVA) and Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Ulls väg 2B, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Claudia Baule
- R&D Unit for Virology, Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology of the National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Ulls väg 2B, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sándor Belák
- R&D Unit for Virology, Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology of the National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Ulls väg 2B, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Virology, and Joint Research and Development, Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology of the National Veterinary Institute (SVA) and Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Ulls väg 2B, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael Berg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Virology, and Joint Research and Development, Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology of the National Veterinary Institute (SVA) and Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Ulls väg 2B, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
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Dundon WG, Heidari A, Fusaro A, Monne I, Beato MS, Cattoli G, Koch G, Starick E, Brown IH, Aldous EW, Briand FX, Le Gall-Reculé G, Jestin V, Jørgensen PH, Berg M, Zohari S, Metreveli G, Munir M, Ståhl K, Albina E, Hammoumi S, Gil P, de Almeida RS, Smietanka K, Domańska-Blicharz K, Minta Z, Van Borm S, van den Berg T, Martin AM, Barbieri I, Capua I. Genetic data from avian influenza and avian paramyxoviruses generated by the European network of excellence (EPIZONE) between 2006 and 2011--review and recommendations for surveillance. Vet Microbiol 2011; 154:209-21. [PMID: 21925809 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Since 2006, the members of the molecular epidemiological working group of the European "EPIZONE" network of excellence have been generating sequence data on avian influenza and avian paramyxoviruses from both European and African sources in an attempt to more fully understand the circulation and impact of these viruses. This review presents a timely update on the epidemiological situation of these viruses based on sequence data generated during the lifetime of this project in addition to data produced by other groups during the same period. Based on this information and putting it all into a European context, recommendations for continued surveillance of these important viruses within Europe are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Dundon
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy.
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Munir M, Zohari S, Saeed A, Khan QM, Abubakar M, LeBlanc N, Berg M. Detection and phylogenetic analysis of peste des petits ruminants virus isolated from outbreaks in Punjab, Pakistan. Transbound Emerg Dis 2011; 59:85-93. [PMID: 21777402 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is an important viral disease of small ruminants and is endemic in Pakistan. In the following study, samples from two outbreaks of PPR in goats have been subjected to laboratory investigations. The Peste des Petits Ruminants virus (PPRV) genome was detected using both conventional and real-time PCR. Genetic characterization of the local PPRV field isolates was conducted by sequencing 322 bp of the fusion (F) gene and 255 bp of the nucleoprotein (N) gene. The phylogenetic tree based on the F gene clustered samples from both outbreaks into lineage 4 along with other Asian isolates, specifically into subcluster 1 along with isolates from Middle East. Analysis of N gene revealed a different pattern. In this case, the Pakistani samples clustered with Chinese, Tajikistani and Iranian isolates, which probably represents the true geographical pattern of virus circulation. This is the first report presenting the phylogenetic tree based on N gene as well as performing a parallel comparison of the trees of F and N gene together from Pakistani isolates. The results of this study shed light on the PPRV population in Pakistan and emphasize the importance of using molecular methods to understand the epidemiology. Such understanding is essential in any efforts to control the number and impact of outbreaks that are occurring in endemic countries such as Pakistan, especially in the current scenario where OIE and FAO are eager to control and subsequently eradicate PPR from the globe, as has been achieved for Rinderpest.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Munir
- The Division of Virology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Zohari S, Munir M, Metreveli G, Belák S, Berg M. Differences in the ability to suppress interferon β production between allele A and allele B NS1 proteins from H10 influenza A viruses. Virol J 2010; 7:376. [PMID: 21194454 PMCID: PMC3022685 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In our previous study concerning the genetic relationship among H10 avian influenza viruses with different pathogenicity in mink (Mustela vison), we found that these differences were related to amino acid variations in the NS1 protein. In this study, we extend our previous work to further investigate the effect of the NS1 from different gene pools on type I IFN promoter activity, the production of IFN-β, as well as the expression of the IFN-β mRNA in response to poly I:C. Results Using a model system, we first demonstrated that NS1 from A/mink/Sweden/84 (H10N4) (allele A) could suppress an interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE) reporter system to about 85%. The other NS1 (allele B), from A/chicken/Germany/N/49 (H10N7), was also able to suppress the reporter system, but only to about 20%. The differences in the abilities of the two NS1s from different alleles to suppress the ISRE reporter system were clearly reflected by the protein and mRNA expressions of IFN-β as shown by ELISA and RT-PCR assays. Conclusions These studies reveal that different non-structural protein 1 (NS1) of influenza viruses, one from allele A and another from allele B, show different abilities to suppress the type I interferon β expression. It has been hypothesised that some of the differences in the different abilities of the alleles to suppress ISRE were because of the interactions and inhibitions at later stages from the IFN receptor, such as the JAK/STAT pathway. This might reflect the additional effects of the immune evasion potential of different NS1s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamak Zohari
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Virology, SLU, Ulls Väg 2B, SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Munir M, Linde AM, Zohari S, Ståhl K, Baule C, Holm K, Engström B, Berg M. Complete genome analysis of an avian paramyxovirus type 1 strain isolated in 1994 from an asymptomatic black-headed gull (Larus ridibundus) in southern Sweden. Avian Dis 2010; 54:923-30. [PMID: 20608541 DOI: 10.1637/9086-092409-resnote.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The complete genome sequence of an avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (APMV-1) isolated from a black-headed gull (Larus ridibundus) in Sweden was determined and compared with other APMV-1 sequences. Sequence analyses showed that this isolate consists of six genes in the order 3'-NP-P-M-F-HN-L-5', is 15,186 nucleotides long, and contains a typical, avirulent fusion protein cleavage site. It was also shown to have a hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein with a length of 585 amino acids (aa) instead of the expected 616 aa. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the isolate belongs to genotype I, and the relationship with some other, known APMV-1 virus sequences was revealed. Waterfowl have been considered to act as a reservoir for APMV-1 and, therefore, it is important to broaden the knowledge of viruses circulating within this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Munir
- Joint Research and Development Unit for Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology of the National Veterinary Institute (SVA) and Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Microbiology and Food Safety, Ulls väg 2B, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
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Zohari S, Metreveli G, Kiss I, Belák S, Berg M. Full genome comparison and characterization of avian H10 viruses with different pathogenicity in Mink (Mustela vison) reveals genetic and functional differences in the non-structural gene. Virol J 2010; 7:145. [PMID: 20591155 PMCID: PMC2909961 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The unique property of some avian H10 viruses, particularly the ability to cause severe disease in mink without prior adaptation, enabled our study. Coupled with previous experimental data and genetic characterization here we tried to investigate the possible influence of different genes on the virulence of these H10 avian influenza viruses in mink. Results Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relationship between the viruses studied. Our study also showed that there are no genetic differences in receptor specificity or the cleavability of the haemagglutinin proteins of these viruses regardless of whether they are of low or high pathogenicity in mink. In poly I:C stimulated mink lung cells the NS1 protein of influenza A virus showing high pathogenicity in mink down regulated the type I interferon promoter activity to a greater extent than the NS1 protein of the virus showing low pathogenicity in mink. Conclusions Differences in pathogenicity and virulence in mink between these strains could be related to clear amino acid differences in the non structural 1 (NS1) protein. The NS gene of mink/84 appears to have contributed to the virulence of the virus in mink by helping the virus evade the innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamak Zohari
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Virology, SLU, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Metreveli G, Zohari S, Ejdersund A, Berg M. Phylogenetic Analysis of the Hemagglutinin Gene of Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus H7N7 Strains in Mallards in Northern Europe. Avian Dis 2010; 54:453-6. [DOI: 10.1637/8691-031309-resnote.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Bröjer C, Agren EO, Uhlhorn H, Bernodt K, Mörner T, Jansson DS, Mattsson R, Zohari S, Thorén P, Berg M, Gavier-Widén D. Pathology of natural highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 infection in wild tufted ducks (Aythya fuligula). J Vet Diagn Invest 2009; 21:579-87. [PMID: 19737752 DOI: 10.1177/104063870902100501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N1 is an infectious systemic viral disease that results in high morbidity and mortality in poultry, and has been reported in a wide range of wild bird species during the last few years. An outbreak of HPAI H5N1 occurred in wild birds in Sweden in 2006 that affected several duck species, geese, swans, gulls, and raptors. Tufted ducks (Aythya fuligula) accounted for the largest number of positive cases and, therefore, were selected for more in-depth histologic and immunohistochemical evaluations. The main histologic lesions associated with the presence of avian influenza antigen were found in the brain, pancreas, and upper respiratory tract. Other tissues in which influenza antigen was variably found included liver, lung, adrenal glands, kidneys, and peripheral nerve ganglia. The current study describes the pathology and viral tissue targeting of H5N1 by using histology, polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry, and highlights the range and variation in the presentation of the natural disease in tufted ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bröjer
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE75189, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Bálint A, Metreveli G, Widén F, Zohari S, Berg M, Isaksson M, Renström LH, Wallgren P, Belák S, Segall T, Kiss I. The first Swedish H1N2 swine influenza virus isolate represents an uncommon reassortant. Virol J 2009; 6:180. [PMID: 19863790 PMCID: PMC2774320 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-6-180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The European swine influenza viruses (SIVs) show considerable diversity comprising different types of H1N1, H3N2, and H1N2 strains. The intensifying full genome sequencing efforts reveal further reassortants within these subtypes. Here we report the identification of an uncommon reassortant variant of H1N2 subtype influenza virus isolated from a pig in a multisite herd where H1N2 swine influenza was diagnosed for the first time in Sweden during the winter of 2008-2009. The majority of the European H1N2 swine influenza viruses described so far possess haemagglutinin (HA) of the human-like H1N2 SIV viruses and the neuraminidase (NA) of either the European H1N2 or H3N2 SIV-like viruses. The Swedish isolate has an avian-like SIV HA and a H3N2 SIV-like NA, which is phylogenetically more closely related to H3N2 SIV NAs from isolates collected in the early '80s than to the NA of H3N2 origin of the H1N2 viruses isolated during the last decade, as depicted by some German strains, indicative of independent acquisition of the NA genes for these two types of reassortants. The internal genes proved to be entirely of avian-like SIV H1N1 origin. The prevalence of this SIV variant in pig populations needs to be determined, as well as the suitability of the routinely used laboratory reagents to analyze this strain.The description of this H1N2 SIV adds further information to influenza epidemiology and supports the necessity of surveillance for influenza viruses in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adám Bálint
- National Veterinary Institute, (SVA), Ulls väg 2B, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Zohari S, Gyarmati P, Ejdersund A, Berglöf U, Thorén P, Ehrenberg M, Czifra G, Belák S, Waldenström J, Olsen B, Berg M. Phylogenetic analysis of the non-structural (NS) gene of influenza A viruses isolated from mallards in Northern Europe in 2005. Virol J 2008; 5:147. [PMID: 19077274 PMCID: PMC2625346 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-5-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 12/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the important role of the non-structural 1 (NS) gene of influenza A in virulence of the virus is well established, our knowledge about the extent of variation in the NS gene pool of influenza A viruses in their natural reservoirs in Europe is incomplete. In this study we determined the subtypes and prevalence of influenza A viruses present in mallards in Northern Europe and further analysed the NS gene of these isolates in order to obtain a more detailed knowledge about the genetic variation of NS gene of influenza A virus in their natural hosts. RESULTS A total number of 45 influenza A viruses of different subtypes were studied. Eleven haemagglutinin- and nine neuraminidase subtypes in twelve combinations were found among the isolated viruses. Each NS gene reported here consisted of 890 nucleotides; there were no deletions or insertions. Phylogenetic analysis clearly shows that two distinct gene pools, corresponding to both NS allele A and B, were present at the same time in the same geographic location in the mallard populations in Northern Europe. A comparison of nucleotide sequences of isolated viruses revealed a substantial number of silent mutations, which results in high degree of homology in amino acid sequences. The degree of variation within the alleles is very low. In our study allele A viruses displays a maximum of 5% amino acid divergence while allele B viruses display only 2% amino acid divergence. All the viruses isolated from mallards in Northern Europe possessed the typical avian ESEV amino acid sequence at the C-terminal end of the NS1 protein. CONCLUSION Our finding indicates the existence of a large reservoir of different influenza A viruses in mallards population in Northern Europe. Although our phylogenetic analysis clearly shows that two distinct gene pools, corresponding to both NS allele A and B, were present in the mallards populations in Northern Europe, allele B viruses appear to be less common in natural host species than allele A, comprising only about 13% of the isolates sequenced in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamak Zohari
- Joint Research and Development Unit for Virology, Immunobiology, and Parasitology, of the National Veterinary Institute (SVA) and Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Parasitology and Virology, SLU, Ulls väg 2B, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Péter Gyarmati
- Joint Research and Development Unit for Virology, Immunobiology, and Parasitology, of the National Veterinary Institute (SVA) and Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Parasitology and Virology, SLU, Ulls väg 2B, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anneli Ejdersund
- Unit for Virology, Immunobiology, and Parasitology, SVA, Ulls väg 2B, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulla Berglöf
- Unit for Virology, Immunobiology, and Parasitology, SVA, Ulls väg 2B, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Thorén
- Unit for Virology, Immunobiology, and Parasitology, SVA, Ulls väg 2B, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Ehrenberg
- Unit for chemistry, environment and feed safety of National Veterinary Institute (SVA) Ulls väg 2B, SE 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - György Czifra
- Unit for Virology, Immunobiology, and Parasitology, SVA, Ulls väg 2B, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sándor Belák
- Joint Research and Development Unit for Virology, Immunobiology, and Parasitology, of the National Veterinary Institute (SVA) and Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Parasitology and Virology, SLU, Ulls väg 2B, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Waldenström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases, Uppsala University Hospital, SE 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
- Section for Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology, Kalmar University, SE-321 85 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Björn Olsen
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases, Uppsala University Hospital, SE 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
- Section for Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology, Kalmar University, SE-321 85 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Mikael Berg
- Joint Research and Development Unit for Virology, Immunobiology, and Parasitology, of the National Veterinary Institute (SVA) and Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Parasitology and Virology, SLU, Ulls väg 2B, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
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Yacoub A, Kiss I, Zohari S, Hakhverdyan M, Czifra G, Mohamed N, Gyarmati P, Blomberg J, Belák S. The rapid molecular subtyping and pathotyping of avian influenza viruses. J Virol Methods 2008; 156:157-61. [PMID: 19026689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Revised: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Highly conserved nucleotide stretches flanking the cleavage site of the haemagglutinin (HA) gene of influenza type A viruses were utilised for generating PCR amplicons from a broad range of avian influenza viruses (AIV) in a one-step real-time SYBR Green RT-PCR assay. The nucleotide sequencing of the amplified PCR products simultaneously reveals both the HA subtype and the pathotype of the AIV isolates, as we demonstrated in case of H5 subtype viruses. The specificity of the assay was confirmed by investigating 66 strains of AIV and nine heterologous pathogens, including influenza B, C and various avian pathogenic viruses. This assay enables a general HA subtype identification and pathotype determination of AIV isolates providing a useful alternative tool for avian influenza diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yacoub
- The National Veterinary Institute and The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, OIE Collaborating Centre for the Biotechnology-Based Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases in Veterinary Medicine, Ulls väg 2B, SE 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden.
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