1
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Bakaloudis DE, Thoma CT, Makridou KN, Kotsonas EG. Occupancy dynamics of free ranging American mink (Neogale vison) in Greece. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9973. [PMID: 38693164 PMCID: PMC11063139 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60542-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Identifying the environmental factors that determine the occurrence of invasive species is essential in defining and implementing effective control campaigns. Here, we applied multi-season occupancy models to analyze American mink (Neogale vison) track data collected using 121 floating rafts, as a function of factors occurring at multiple spatial scales. Our overall aim was to identify those factors that determine the use, colonization or abandonment of rafts by free ranging individuals found in western Macedonia, Greece. We found that increasing values of shrubs and rock cover at the micro-habitat scale were positively associated with the species' probability of raft use, as was the density of medium-sized rivers at the landscape scale. Colonization was found to increase with increasing amounts of shrub and reed cover; however, both variables were not informative. Conversely, the distance from the nearest fur farm was highly informative in predicting raft abandonment by the species. Effective control actions may require removal by trapping along rocky or densely vegetated riverbanks or lake shores located in the vicinity of the established fur farms in the area. Habitat management, although possible, may be difficult to implement due to the ability of the species to adapt. Finally, fur farms should maximize security and establish an early warning and rapid eradication system in case of future escapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios E Bakaloudis
- School of Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 241, 541 24, Thessaloníki, Greece.
| | - Charalambos T Thoma
- School of Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 241, 541 24, Thessaloníki, Greece
| | - Konstantina N Makridou
- School of Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 241, 541 24, Thessaloníki, Greece
| | - Evangelos G Kotsonas
- School of Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 241, 541 24, Thessaloníki, Greece
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2
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Brzeziński M, Chibowski P, Zalewski A. Mink predation in great crested grebe colonies: random robbery or a well-planned hunt? JOURNAL OF VERTEBRATE BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.25225/jvb.22056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Brzeziński
- Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland; e-mail: ,
| | - Piotr Chibowski
- Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland; e-mail: ,
| | - Andrzej Zalewski
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieża, Poland; e-mail:
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3
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Medina-Vogel G, Muñoz F, Moeggenberg M, Calvo-Mac C, Barros-Lama M, Ulloa N, Pons DJ, Clapperton BK. Improving Trapping Efficiency for Control of American Mink ( Neovison vison) in Patagonia. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:142. [PMID: 35049765 PMCID: PMC8772562 DOI: 10.3390/ani12020142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two main challenges when controlling alien American mink (Neovison vison) in Patagonia are to maximize campaign efficacy and cost-effectiveness and to avoid trapping native species. We designed and tested new variants of collapsible wire box traps, compared the efficacy of a food-based bait and a scent lure and compared catch rates in different seasons of the year. We used the data to model the efficiency rate of the trapping and to determine the trapping effort required to remove 70-90% of the estimated discrete mink population. Between January 2018 and March 2021, we operated 59 trapping transects over 103 three-day trapping periods in southern Chile. Traps were first baited with canned fish, and afterwards with mink anal gland lure. We compared the efficacy of mink capture with that of our previous study. We trapped 196 mink (125 males, 71 females), with most captures in summer. The medium-sized GMV-18 trap caught more male mink, but the more compact GMV-13 caught fewer non-target rodents and no native mammals. The scent lure was more successful than the canned fish when the previous campaign's data were included in the analysis. There was also a significant improvement in the proportion of female mink trapped and reduced labour compared with our previous campaign that used larger traps, fish bait and 400-500 m trap spacings. We caught relatively more females than males after the third night of trapping on a transect. Our data analysis supports the use of the GMV-13 variant of wire cage trap as the best trap size: it is effective on female mink, small, cheap and easy to transport. Combined with mink anal scent lure, it reduces the possibility of trapping native species compared with other traps tested in Chile. As the most efficient method for removing at least 70% of the estimated discrete mink population within the area covered by each trap transect in southern Chile tested to date, we recommend trapping campaigns using GMV-13 during summer, with a 200-m trap spacing, for up to 6 days before moving traps to a new site, with a combination of three days with a female scent gland lure, followed by three days with a male scent gland lure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Medina-Vogel
- Centro de Investigación para la Sustentabilidad, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 440, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (M.M.); (C.C.-M.); (M.B.-L.)
| | - Francisco Muñoz
- Instituto de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Isla Teja s/n, Valdivia 5090000, Chile;
| | - Meredith Moeggenberg
- Centro de Investigación para la Sustentabilidad, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 440, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (M.M.); (C.C.-M.); (M.B.-L.)
| | - Carlos Calvo-Mac
- Centro de Investigación para la Sustentabilidad, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 440, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (M.M.); (C.C.-M.); (M.B.-L.)
| | - Macarena Barros-Lama
- Centro de Investigación para la Sustentabilidad, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 440, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (M.M.); (C.C.-M.); (M.B.-L.)
| | - Nickolas Ulloa
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins 340, Santiago 8331150, Chile;
| | - Daniel J. Pons
- Departamento de Matemáticas, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 298, Santiago 8370035, Chile;
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4
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Villafañe-Trujillo ÁJ, Kolowski JM, Cove MV, Medici EP, Harmsen BJ, Foster RJ, Hidalgo-Mihart MG, Espinosa S, Ríos-Alvear G, Reyes-Puig C, Reyes-Puig JP, da Silva XM, Paviolo A, Cruz P, López-González CA. Activity patterns of tayra ( Eira barbara) across their distribution. J Mammal 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyaa159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Species’ activity patterns are driven by the need to meet basic requirements of food, social interactions, movement, and rest, but often are influenced by a variety of biotic and abiotic factors. We used camera-trap data to describe and compare the activity patterns of the relatively poorly studied tayra (Eira barbara) across 10 populations distributed from the south of Mexico to the north of Argentina, and attempted to identify biotic or abiotic factors that may be associated with variation in level of diurnality. In a subset of sites we also aimed to document potential seasonal variation in activity. We used a kernel density estimator based on the time of independent photographic events to calculate the proportion of diurnal, crepuscular, and nocturnal activity of each population. Tayras were mostly active during diurnal periods (79.31%, 759 records), with a lower proportion of crepuscular activity (18.07%, 173 records) yet we documented some variation in patterns across the 10 study areas (activity overlap coefficient varied from Δ 4 = 0.64 to Δ 1 = 0.95). In northern localities, activity peaked twice during the day (bimodal) with most activity ocurring in the morning, whereas closer to the geographical equator, activity was constant (unimodal) throughout the day, peaking at midday: activity either was unimodal or bimodal in southern localities. Despite investigating multiple potential abiotic and biotic predictors, only latitude was associated with variation in the proportion of diurnal activity by tayras across its range, with increased diurnal activity closer to the equator. Seasonal comparisons in activity showed a tendency to reduce diurnality in dry versus rainy seasons, but the pattern was not consistently significant. This is the most comprehensive description of tayra activity patterns to date, and lends novel insight into the potential flexibility of the species to adapt to local conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro José Villafañe-Trujillo
- Laboratorio de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Av. De la Ciencias S/N, Santa Rosa Jáuregui, Santiago de Querétaro, C.P. 76230 Querétaro, México
| | - Joseph M Kolowski
- Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA
| | - Michael V Cove
- Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA
| | - Emilia Patricia Medici
- Coordinator, Lowland Tapir Conservation Initiative (LTCI) - Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas (IPÊ), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Bart J Harmsen
- Environmental Research Institute, University of Belize, Belmopan, Belize
- Belize Jaguar Program, Panthera, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebbeca J Foster
- Environmental Research Institute, University of Belize, Belmopan, Belize
- Belize Jaguar Program, Panthera, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mircea G Hidalgo-Mihart
- División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Km 0.5 Carretera Villahermosa-Cárdenas, C.P. 86039 Villahermosa, Tabasco, México
| | - Santiago Espinosa
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Chapultepec Nº 1570, C.P. 78295 San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., México
- Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre Noº 1076, Quito 170525, Ecuador
| | - Gorky Ríos-Alvear
- Departamento de Ambiente, Fundación Oscar Efrén Reyes, calle 12 de Noviembre N° 270 y calle Luis A. Martínez, Baños, Ecuador
- CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Biología, Laboratorio de Zoología, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Av. Universitaria, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Carolina Reyes-Puig
- Departamento de Ambiente, Fundación Oscar Efrén Reyes, calle 12 de Noviembre N° 270 y calle Luis A. Martínez, Baños, Ecuador
- CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Zoología Terrestre, Instituto BIOSFERA, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Juan Pablo Reyes-Puig
- Fundación Ecominga-Red de Protección de Bosques Amenazados, calle 12 de Noviembre 270 y calle Luis A. Martínez, Baños, Ecuador
| | - Xavier Marina da Silva
- Projeto Carnívoros do Iguaçu, Parque Nacional do Iguaçu, BR-469, Km 22.5, CEP 85851-970, Foz do Iguaçu, PR, Brazil
| | - Agustín Paviolo
- Instituto de Biología Subtropical, CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Misiones Asociación Civil Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico (CeIBA) Bertoni 85, CP (N3370AIA), Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Paula Cruz
- Instituto de Biología Subtropical, CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Misiones Asociación Civil Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico (CeIBA) Bertoni 85, CP (N3370AIA), Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Carlos Alberto López-González
- Laboratorio de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Av. De la Ciencias S/N, Santa Rosa Jáuregui, Santiago de Querétaro, C.P. 76230 Querétaro, México
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5
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Harrington LA, Birks J, Chanin P, Tansley D. Current status of American mink
Neovison vison
in Great Britain: a review of the evidence for a population decline. Mamm Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. Harrington
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit Department of Zoology University of Oxford Recanati‐Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney, Abingdon Oxford OX13 5QL UK
| | - Johnny Birks
- Swift Ecology West Malvern Worcester WR14 4BQ UK
| | | | - Darren Tansley
- Essex Wildlife Trust Abbotts Hall Farm, Great Wigborough, Colchester Essex C05 7RZ UK
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6
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Brzeziński M, Żmihorski M, Nieoczym M, Wilniewczyc P, Zalewski A. The expansion wave of an invasive predator leaves declining waterbird populations behind. DIVERS DISTRIB 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michał Żmihorski
- Mammal Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences Białowieża Poland
| | - Marek Nieoczym
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology University of Life Sciences Lublin Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Zalewski
- Mammal Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences Białowieża Poland
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7
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Paruchuri S, Smith AT, Fan Z, Dobson FS. Microhabitat use by plateau pikas: living on the edge. J Mammal 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyz085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractMammals rely on habitat resources for survival and reproduction. We studied microhabitats used by plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae) of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Microhabitat features used by pikas include sedge meadows that provide forage, burrows that provide safety from predators and cover for nests, degraded open-dirt patches, and edges between sedge meadow and open dirt patches that often have a “lip” between those microhabitats. We investigated the extent to which these edges might serve as a preferred pika microhabitat. GIS techniques were used to overlay individual pika home ranges, determined by focal and scan sampling, on a digitized map containing microhabitat features. Regions that contained multiple coinciding individual home ranges, referred to as overlap polygons, were categorized numerically based on the number of individual home ranges that overlapped each polygon. These overlap polygons were used as relative measures of pika activity. We tested the spatial relationship between pika activity and the microhabitat features of edges, burrows, and proportional area of sedge. There was a significant relationship between the number of pikas in an overlap polygon and the number of pikas in an adjacent polygon. This pattern was controlled statistically to test whether activity was influenced by the presence of potentially favorable microhabitat features. Most of the variation in number of pikas that overlapped a habitat polygon was associated with the relative amount of “edge microhabitat” between sedge meadow and degraded open dirt patches (Cohen’s effect size, f2 = 0.91). Neither burrow openings nor sedge had a strong influence on the number of pika home ranges that overlapped. The importance of microhabitat edges appeared high for plateau pikas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spurthi Paruchuri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Andrew T Smith
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Zhaofei Fan
- School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - F Stephen Dobson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Auburn University Museum of Natural History, Auburn, AL, USA
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8
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Larroque J, Ruette S, Vandel J, Devillard S. Home-range size and fidelity of two sympatric Martes species. CAN J ZOOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2017-0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Determining variation in home-range behavior and the factors shaping this variation is crucial to better understand the biology of species and thus improve their management and conservation. We investigated age and sex variations in the home-range and core-area sizes, as well as fidelity to home range, of the stone marten (Martes foina (Erxleben, 1777)) and the European pine marten (Martes martes (Linnaeus, 1758)) in a rural area (Bresse, France) over several seasons. As expected, pine martens had larger home ranges and core areas than stone martens. Sex differences were also evidenced in both species in accordance with the typical mustelid pattern of socio-spatial organization. Beyond these differences, we found that both species responded to seasonal changes by adjusting seasonally the locations rather than their home-range and core-area sizes, especially stone martens. This difference might come from the higher intensity of perturbation in the preferred habitat of stone martens (human buildings), which explains why stone martens showed lower fidelity than pine martens.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Larroque
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, UPAD, Montfort, F-01330 Birieux, France; Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - S. Ruette
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, UPAD, Montfort, F-01330 Birieux, France
| | - J.M. Vandel
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, UPAD, Montfort, F-01330 Birieux, France
| | - S. Devillard
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
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9
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Sutherland C, Fuller AK, Royle JA, Hare MP, Madden S. Large-scale variation in density of an aquatic ecosystem indicator species. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8958. [PMID: 29895946 PMCID: PMC5997698 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26847-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring indicator species is a pragmatic approach to natural resource assessments, especially when the link between the indicator species and ecosystem state is well justified. However, conducting ecosystem assessments over representative spatial scales that are insensitive to local heterogeneity is challenging. We examine the link between polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contamination and population density of an aquatic habitat specialist over a large spatial scale using non-invasive genetic spatial capture-recapture. Using American mink (Neovison vison), a predatory mammal and an indicator of aquatic ecosystems, we compared estimates of density in two major river systems, one with extremely high levels of PCB contamination (Hudson River), and a hydrologically independent river with lower PCB levels (Mohawk River). Our work supports the hypothesis that mink densities are substantially (1.64-1.67 times) lower in the contaminated river system. We demonstrate the value of coupling the indicator species concept with well-conceived and spatially representative monitoring protocols. PCBs have demonstrable detrimental effects on aquatic ecosystems, including mink, and these effects are likely to be profound and long-lasting, manifesting as population-level impacts. Through integrating non-invasive data collection, genetic analysis, and spatial capture-recapture methods, we present a monitoring framework for generating robust density estimates across large spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Sutherland
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 01003, USA.
| | - Angela K Fuller
- Department of Natural Resources, U.S. Geological Survey, New York Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Cornell University, Ithaca, 14853, USA
- U.S. Geological Survey, New York Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, 14853, USA
| | - J Andrew Royle
- U.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, 12311, USA
| | - Matthew P Hare
- Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, 14853, USA
| | - Sean Madden
- New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Fish and Wildlife, Albany, 12233, USA
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10
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Potential niche expansion of the American mink invading a remote island free of native-predatory mammals. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194745. [PMID: 29617392 PMCID: PMC5884534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of an invasive species depends in part on its niche and the new niche opportunities that such species may find in the invaded habitat. Niche opportunities can be understood as the potential provided by a community to an invasive species to expand its niche by changes in habitat use, behavior, or diet, that favors population growth, reflected in the species occupying more habitat. This may occur under a favorable combination of access to resources that can be further favored by a lack of competitors and a release from natural enemies. The American mink (Neovison vison) is a crepuscular/nocturnal and semi-aquatic mustelid native to North America that generally concentrates activities at <100 m from the water. It has recently established an invasive population on Navarino Island in southern Chile. Here, the mink is now the top terrestrial predator free of predators or competitors. We hypothesized that this lack of potential predators and competitors, together with a more diurnal and terrestrial prey, have resulted in the mink expanding its spatial and temporal niche on Navarino Island as compared to that in its native habitats, expressed in occupancy of sites away from water and diurnal activity. We evaluated this by using 93 randomly-chosen camera-trap stations, occupancy models and mink daily activity patterns. Models showed a dynamic occupancy with the area occupied by mink being highest during summers and lowest in spring with seasonal changes in occupancy related to distance to water sources. Mink occupied and were active at sites up to 880 m from water sources during summers. Occupancy decreased at shorter distances from water during spring, but mink were still active at up to 300 m from water. Mink were active daylong during summers, and nocturnal and crepuscular during winter and spring. These results show that compared to the native and other invaded habitats, on Navarino Island mink use more terrestrial habitats and are more diurnal during summers, suggesting a niche expansion under new niche opportunities that may enhance the negative impacts of this predator on a myriad of small native vertebrates.
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11
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Larroque J, Ruette S, Vandel JM, Devillard S. Level- and scale-dependent habitat selection for resting sites by 2 syntopic Martes species. J Mammal 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyx120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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12
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Oliver MK, Piertney SB, Zalewski A, Melero Y, Lambin X. The compensatory potential of increased immigration following intensive American mink population control is diluted by male-biased dispersal. Biol Invasions 2016; 18:3047-3061. [PMID: 32355453 PMCID: PMC7175656 DOI: 10.1007/s10530-016-1199-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Attempts to mitigate the impact of invasive species on native ecosystems increasingly target large land masses where control, rather than eradication, is the management objective. Depressing numbers of invasive species to a level where their impact on native biodiversity is tolerable requires overcoming the impact of compensatory immigration from non-controlled portions of the landscape. Because of the expected scale-dependency of dispersal, the overall size of invasive species management areas relative to the dispersal ability of the controlled species will determine the size of any effectively conserved core area unaffected by immigration from surrounding areas. However, when dispersal is male-biased, as in many mammalian invasive carnivores, males may be overrepresented amongst immigrants, reducing the potential growth rate of invasive species populations in re-invaded areas. Using data collected from a project that gradually imposed spatially comprehensive control on invasive American mink (Neovison vison) over a 10,000 km2 area of NE Scotland, we show that mink captures were reduced to almost zero in 3 years, whilst there was a threefold increase in the proportion of male immigrants. Dispersal was often long distance and linking adjacent river catchments, asymptoting at 38 and 31 km for males and females respectively. Breeding and dispersal were spatially heterogeneous, with 40 % of river sections accounting for most captures of juvenile (85 %), adult female (65 %) and immigrant (57 %) mink. Concentrating control effort on such areas, so as to turn them into “attractive dispersal sinks” could make a disproportionate contribution to the management of recurrent re-invasion of mainland invasive species management areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Oliver
- 1School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ UK
| | - S B Piertney
- 1School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ UK
| | - A Zalewski
- 2Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Science, 17-230 Białowieża, Poland
| | - Y Melero
- 1School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ UK.,3Present Address: Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - X Lambin
- 1School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ UK
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13
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Fuller AK, Sutherland CS, Royle JA, Hare MP. Estimating population density and connectivity of American mink using spatial capture-recapture. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 26:1125-35. [PMID: 27509753 DOI: 10.1890/15-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Estimating the abundance or density of populations is fundamental to the conservation and management of species, and as landscapes become more fragmented, maintaining landscape connectivity has become one of the most important challenges for biodiversity conservation. Yet these two issues have never been formally integrated together in a model that simultaneously models abundance while accounting for connectivity of a landscape. We demonstrate an application of using capture-recapture to develop a model of animal density using a least-cost path model for individual encounter probability that accounts for non-Euclidean connectivity in a highly structured network. We utilized scat detection dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) as a means of collecting non-invasive genetic samples of American mink (Neovison vison) individuals and used spatial capture-recapture models (SCR) to gain inferences about mink population density and connectivity. Density of mink was not constant across the landscape, but rather increased with increasing distance from city, town, or village centers, and mink activity was associated with water. The SCR model allowed us to estimate the density and spatial distribution of individuals across a 388 km² area. The model was used to investigate patterns of space usage and to evaluate covariate effects on encounter probabilities, including differences between sexes. This study provides an application of capture-recapture models based on ecological distance, allowing us to directly estimate landscape connectivity. This approach should be widely applicable to provide simultaneous direct estimates of density, space usage, and landscape connectivity for many species.
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Medina-Vogel G, Barros M, Monsalve R, Pons DJ. Assessment of the efficiency in trapping North American mink (Neovison vison) for population control in Patagonia. REVISTA CHILENA DE HISTORIA NATURAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1186/s40693-015-0040-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Wirgin I, Maceda L, Waldman J, Mayack DT. Genetic variation and population structure of American mink Neovison vison from PCB-contaminated and non-contaminated locales in eastern North America. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2015; 24:1961-75. [PMID: 26374638 PMCID: PMC4662875 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-015-1533-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
American mink Neovison vison may be particularly vulnerable to toxicities of persistent contaminants such as PCBs because of their aquatic-based diet, position near the top of the food web, and small deme sizes. Furthermore, ranched mink are sensitive to reproductive toxicities of fish diets from PCB-polluted sites. The upper Hudson River is highly contaminated with PCBs and previous studies have shown elevated hepatic burdens of total and coplanar PCBs in mink collected near the river compared with those from more distant locales in New York and elsewhere. We hypothesized that bioaccumulation of PCBs in Hudson River mink has reduced their levels of genetic diversity or altered their genetic population structure. To address this, we conducted microsatellite DNA analysis on collections made in proximity to and from more distant locales in the Hudson River watershed, elsewhere in New York State, and at other sites in eastern North America including New Brunswick, four locales in Ontario, multiple drainages in Maine, and two ecoregions in Rhode Island. We did not find reduced genetic diversity at the individual or population levels in mink collected near (<6 km) to PCB hotspots in the Hudson River nor evidence of altered population structure. Consistent with their distribution in small localized and isolated demes, we did find significant genetic population structure among many mink collections in New York State and elsewhere. Depending on the analytical approach used, genetically distinct populations numbered between 16 when using STRUCTURE to 19-20 when using Exact G tests, F ST, or AMOVA analyses. Genetically distinct population units were found among major ecoregions and minor ecoregions in New York State, among different hydrologic subunits within the Hudson River watershed, among spatially separate locales in Ontario, and among most watersheds in Maine. However, despite this localization and potential heightened impact of stressors, genetic diversity and genetic population structure in mink does not seem to be affected by their bioaccumulation of high levels of PCBs of Hudson River origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Wirgin
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY, 10987, USA.
| | - Lorraine Maceda
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY, 10987, USA
| | - John Waldman
- Biology Department, Queens College, 65-30 Kissena Boulevard, Flushing, NY, 11367, USA
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Ahlers AA, Cotner LA, Wolff PJ, Mitchell MA, Heske EJ, Schooley RL. Summer Precipitation Predicts Spatial Distributions of Semiaquatic Mammals. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135036. [PMID: 26284916 PMCID: PMC4540445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is predicted to increase the frequency of droughts and intensity of seasonal precipitation in many regions. Semiaquatic mammals should be vulnerable to this increased variability in precipitation, especially in human-modified landscapes where dispersal to suitable habitat or temporary refugia may be limited. Using six years of presence-absence data (2007–2012) spanning years of record-breaking drought and flood conditions, we evaluated regional occupancy dynamics of American mink (Neovison vison) and muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) in a highly altered agroecosystem in Illinois, USA. We used noninvasive sign surveys and a multiseason occupancy modeling approach to estimate annual occupancy rates for both species and related these rates to summer precipitation. We also tracked radiomarked individuals to assess mortality risk for both species when moving in terrestrial areas. Annual model-averaged estimates of occupancy for mink and muskrat were correlated positively to summer precipitation. Mink and muskrats were widespread during a year (2008) with above-average precipitation. However, estimates of site occupancy declined substantially for mink (0.56) and especially muskrats (0.09) during the severe drought of 2012. Mink are generalist predators that probably use terrestrial habitat during droughts. However, mink had substantially greater risk of mortality away from streams. In comparison, muskrats are more restricted to aquatic habitats and likely suffered high mortality during the drought. Our patterns are striking, but a more mechanistic understanding is needed of how semiaquatic species in human-modified ecosystems will respond ecologically in situ to extreme weather events predicted by climate-change models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A. Ahlers
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Lisa A. Cotner
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Patrick J. Wolff
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Mitchell
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Edward J. Heske
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Schooley
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
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Soto C, Palomares F. Coexistence of sympatric carnivores in relatively homogeneous Mediterranean landscapes: functional importance of habitat segregation at the fine-scale level. Oecologia 2015; 179:223-35. [PMID: 25933639 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3311-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
One of the main objectives of community ecology is to understand the conditions allowing species to coexist. However, few studies have investigated the role of fine-scale habitat use segregation in the functioning of guild communities in relatively homogeneous landscapes where opportunities for coexistence are likely to be the most restrictive. We investigate how the process of habitat use differentiation at the home range level according to the degree of specialism/generalism of species can lead to coexistence between guild species. We examine differences in fine-scale habitat use and niche separation as potential mechanisms explaining the coexistence of five sympatric carnivore species that differ in life history traits (Iberian lynx, Eurasian badger, Egyptian mongoose, common genet and red fox) by collecting data from systematic track censuses in a relatively homogeneous Mediterranean landscape. We found that a higher degree of specialism determines the segregation of species among the fine-scale ecological niche dimensions defined using quantitative elements associated with vegetation, landscape, prey availability and human disturbance. The species with the lowest total performance over the set of variables did not exhibit segregation in the use of habitat at this level. Our study indicates that in relatively homogeneous landscapes, there exist subtle patterns of habitat partitioning over small-scale gradients of habitat determinants as a function of the degree of specialism of carnivore species within a guild. Our results also suggest that coexistence between generalist species may be permitted by fine-scale spatial-temporal segregation of activity patterns or trophic resource consumption, but not fine-scale habitat use differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Soto
- Departamento de Biología de la Conservación, Estación Biológica de Doñana CSIC, C/Américo Vespucio, s/n, 41092, Isla de la Cartuja, Seville, Spain,
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Wolff PJ, Taylor CA, Heske EJ, Schooley RL. Habitat selection by American mink during Summer is related to hotspots of crayfish prey. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.2981/wlb.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Haan DM, Halbrook RS. Resting-Site Selection of American Minks in East-Central New York. Northeast Nat (Steuben) 2014. [DOI: 10.1656/045.021.0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Understanding the inter-specific dynamics of two co-existing predators in the Tierra del Fuego Archipelago: the native southern river otter and the exotic American mink. Biol Invasions 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-012-0315-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Schooley RL, Cotner LA, Ahlers AA, Heske EJ, Levengood JM. Monitoring site occupancy for American mink in its native range. J Wildl Manage 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Melero Y, Palazon S, Revilla E, Gosalbez J. Winter activity patterns in an invading Mediterranean population of American mink (Neovison vison). FOLIA ZOOLOGICA 2011. [DOI: 10.25225/fozo.v60.i1.a8.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Melero
- Department of Animal Biology (Vertebrates), University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;,
| | - Santiago Palazon
- Department of Environment and Housing, Catalonian Goverment, Doctor Roux 80, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eloy Revilla
- Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Spanish Council for Scientific Research-CSIC, C/ Americo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Joaquim Gosalbez
- Department of Animal Biology (Vertebrates), University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;,
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García P, Arévalo V, Lizana M. Characterisation of den sites of American mink Neovison vison in central Spain. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.2981/09-025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Relative abundance of culled and not culled American mink populations in northeast Spain and their potential distribution: are culling campaigns effective? Biol Invasions 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-010-9778-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Macpherson JL, Bright PW. Movements of radio-tracked American mink (Neovison vison) in extensive wetland in the UK, and the implications for threatened prey species such as the water vole (Arvicola amphibius). EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-010-0383-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Oliver M, Luque-Larena JJ, Lambin X. Do rabbits eat voles? Apparent competition, habitat heterogeneity and large-scale coexistence under mink predation. Ecol Lett 2009; 12:1201-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Zschille J, Stier N, Roth M. Gender differences in activity patterns of American mink Neovison vison in Germany. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-009-0303-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Harrington LA, Harrington AL, Yamaguchi N, Thom MD, Ferreras P, Windham TR, Macdonald DW. The impact of native competitors on an alien invasive: temporal niche shifts to avoid interspecific aggression. Ecology 2009; 90:1207-16. [PMID: 19537542 DOI: 10.1890/08-0302.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Harrington
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Oxford OX135QL, UK.
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ZALEWSKI ANDRZEJ, PIERTNEY STUARTB, ZALEWSKA HANNA, LAMBIN XAVIER. Landscape barriers reduce gene flow in an invasive carnivore: geographical and local genetic structure of American mink in Scotland. Mol Ecol 2009; 18:1601-15. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Harrington LA, Macdonald DW. Spatial and Temporal Relationships Between Invasive American Mink and Native European Polecats in the Southern United Kingdom. J Mammal 2008. [DOI: 10.1644/07-mamm-a-292.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Melero Y, Palazón S, Revilla E, Martelo J, Gosàlbez J. Space use and habitat preferences of the invasive American mink (Mustela vison) in a Mediterranean area. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-008-0186-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zschille J, Stier N, Roth M. Radio tagging American mink (Mustela vison)—experience with collar and intraperitoneal-implanted transmitters. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-007-0139-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Melero Y, Palazón S, Gosàlbez J. Morphological adaptation of an invasive American mink population in Mediterranean areas of Spain. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.2007.00290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hays GC, Forman DW, Harrington LA, Harrington AL, MacDonald DW, Righton D. Recording the free-living behaviour of small-bodied, shallow-diving animals with data loggers. J Anim Ecol 2007; 76:183-90. [PMID: 17184367 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01181.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1. Time-depth data recorders (TDRs) have been widely used to explore the behaviour of relatively large, deep divers. However, little is known about the dive behaviour of small, shallow divers such as semi-aquatic mammals. 2. We used high-resolution TDRs to record the diving behaviour of American mink Mustela vison (weight of individuals 580-1275 g) in rivers in Oxfordshire (UK) between December 2005 and March 2006. 3. Dives to > 0.2 m were measured in all individuals (n = 6). Modal dive depth and duration were 0.3 m and 10 s, respectively, although dives up to 3 m and 60 s in duration were recorded. Dive duration increased with dive depth. 4. Temperature data recorded by TDRs covaried with diving behaviour: they were relatively cold (modal temperature 4-6 degrees C across individuals) when mink were diving and relatively warm (modal temperature 24-36 degrees C across individuals) when mink were not diving. 5. Individuals differed hugely in their use of rivers, reflecting foraging plasticity across both terrestrial and aquatic environments. For some individuals there was < 1 dive per day while for others there was > 100 dives per day. 6. We have shown it is now possible to record the diving behaviour of small free-living animals that only dive a few tens of centimetres, opening up the way for a new range of TDR studies on shallow diving species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme C Hays
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, OXON OX13 5QL, UK.
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Zabala J, Zuberogoitia I, Martínez-Climent JA. Winter habitat preferences of feral American minkMustela vison in Biscay, Northern Iberian Peninsula. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03194196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bonesi L, W. Macdonald D. Differential habitat use promotes sustainable coexistence between the specialist otter and the generalist mink. OIKOS 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.13034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bonesi L, Macdonald DW. Impact of released Eurasian otters on a population of American mink: a test using an experimental approach. OIKOS 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.13138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Thom MD, Harrington LA, Macdonald DW. Why are American mink sexually dimorphic? A role for niche separation. OIKOS 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12830.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yamaguchi N, Macdonald DW. THE BURDEN OF CO-OCCUPANCY: INTRASPECIFIC RESOURCE COMPETITION AND SPACING PATTERNS IN AMERICAN MINK, MUSTELA VISON. J Mammal 2003. [DOI: 10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084%3c1341:tbocir%3e2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Yamaguchi N, Macdonald DW. THE BURDEN OF CO-OCCUPANCY: INTRASPECIFIC RESOURCE COMPETITION AND SPACING PATTERNS IN AMERICAN MINK, MUSTELA VISON. J Mammal 2003. [DOI: 10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<1341:tbocir>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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