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Mourad SS, Barary MA, El-Yazbi AF. Sensitive "release-on-demand" fluorescent genosensors for probing DNA damage induced by commonly used cardiovascular drugs: Comparative study. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:131821. [PMID: 38679270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular drugs (CVDs) are agents working on the heart and the vascular system to treat many cardiovascular disorders. Such disorders represent the leading cause for morbidity and mortality worldwide. The treatment regimen includes different administered drugs on chronic basis. The cumulative drugs in human body coincides with exposure to electromagnetic radiations from different sources leading to drug-radiation interaction that may lead to drug photosensitization. Such photosensitization may lead to mutagenesis, cancer, and cell death due to molecular damage to DNA. This work involves the application of two bioluminescent genosensors; Terbium chloride and EvaGreen are utilized to investigate potential DNA damage caused by frequently used CVDs following UVA irradiation. A variety of CVDs are investigated. Ten drugs; Amiloride, Atorvastatin, Captopril, Enalapril, Felodipine, Hydrochlorothiazide, Indapamide, Losartan, Triamterene and Valsartan are studied. The study's findings showed that such drugs induced DNA damage following UVA irradiation. The induced DNA damage altered the fluorescence of terbium chloride and EvaGreen genosensors, proportionally. The results are confirmed by viscosity measurements reflecting the possible intercalation of CVDs with DNA. Also, the work is applied on calf thymus DNA to mimic the actual biological variability. The demonstrated bioluminescent genosensors provide automatic, simple and low-cost methods for assessing DNA-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara S Mourad
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, 1 El Khartoum Square, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Magda A Barary
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, 1 El Khartoum Square, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Amira F El-Yazbi
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, 1 El Khartoum Square, Alexandria 21521, Egypt.
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2
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Eum DY, Jeong M, Park SY, Kim J, Jin Y, Jo J, Shim JW, Lee SR, Park SJ, Heo K, Yun H, Choi YJ. AM-18002, a derivative of natural anmindenol A, enhances radiosensitivity in mouse breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296989. [PMID: 38625901 PMCID: PMC11020960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural anmindenol A isolated from the marine-derived bacteria Streptomyces sp. caused potent inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase without any significant cytotoxicity. This compound consists of a structurally unique 3,10-dialkylbenzofulvene skeleton. We previously synthesized and screened the novel derivatives of anmindenol A and identified AM-18002, an anmindenol A derivative, as a promising anticancer agent. The combination of AM-18002 and ionizing radiation (IR) improved anticancer effects, which were exerted by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting the proliferation of FM3A mouse breast cancer cells. AM-18002 increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and was more effective in inducing DNA damage. AM-18002 treatment was found to inhibit the expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), cancer cell migration and invasion, and STAT3 phosphorylation. The AM-18002 and IR combination synergistically induced cancer cell death, and AM-18002 acted as a potent anticancer agent by increasing ROS generation and blocking MDSC-mediated STAT3 activation in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Young Eum
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Busan, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeonggyo Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Yong Park
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunho Jin
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeyun Jo
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Woong Shim
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoung Rak Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Joon Park
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Heo
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwayoung Yun
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Jin Choi
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Busan, Republic of Korea
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3
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Jiang Y, Clavaguéra C, Indrajith S, Houée-Levin C, Berden G, Oomens J, Scuderi D. OH Radical-Induced Oxidation in Nucleosides and Nucleotides Unraveled by Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Infrared Multiple Photon Dissociation Spectroscopy. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202300534. [PMID: 37713246 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
OH⋅-induced oxidation products of DNA nucleosides and nucleotides have been structurally characterized by collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (CID-MS2 ) and Infrared Multiple Photon Dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy. CID-MS2 results have shown that the addition of one oxygen atom occurs on the nucleobase moiety. The gas-phase geometries of +16 mass increment products of 2'-deoxyadenosine (dA(O)H+ ), 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-monophosphate (dAMP(O)H+ ), 2'-deoxycytidine (dC(O)H+ ), and 2'-deoxycytidine 5'-monophosphate (dCMP(O)H+ ) are extensively investigated by IRMPD spectroscopy and quantum-chemical calculations. We show that a carbonyl group is formed at the C8 position after oxidation of 2'-deoxyadenosine and its monophosphate derivative. For 2'-deoxycytidine and its monophosphate derivative, the oxygen atom is added to the C5 position to form a C-OH group. IRMPD spectroscopy has been employed for the first time to provide direct structural information on oxidative lesions in DNA model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Jiang
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Carine Clavaguéra
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Suvasthika Indrajith
- Stockholm University, Roslagstullsbacken 21 C, plan 4, Albano, Fysikum, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chantal Houée-Levin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Giel Berden
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, Nijmegen, 6525 ED, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Oomens
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, Nijmegen, 6525 ED, The Netherlands
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box, 94157, Amsterdam, 1090 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Debora Scuderi
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique, 91405, Orsay, France
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4
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Coll RP, Bright SJ, Martinus DKJ, Georgiou DK, Sawakuchi GO, Manning HC. Alpha Particle-Emitting Radiopharmaceuticals as Cancer Therapy: Biological Basis, Current Status, and Future Outlook for Therapeutics Discovery. Mol Imaging Biol 2023; 25:991-1019. [PMID: 37845582 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-023-01857-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Critical advances in radionuclide therapy have led to encouraging new options for cancer treatment through the pairing of clinically useful radiation-emitting radionuclides and innovative pharmaceutical discovery. Of the various subatomic particles used in therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals, alpha (α) particles show great promise owing to their relatively large size, delivered energy, finite pathlength, and resulting ionization density. This review discusses the therapeutic benefits of α-emitting radiopharmaceuticals and their pairing with appropriate diagnostics, resulting in innovative "theranostic" platforms. Herein, the current landscape of α particle-emitting radionuclides is described with an emphasis on their use in theranostic development for cancer treatment. Commonly studied radionuclides are introduced and recent efforts towards their production for research and clinical use are described. The growing popularity of these radionuclides is explained through summarizing the biological effects of α radiation on cancer cells, which include DNA damage, activation of discrete cell death programs, and downstream immune responses. Examples of efficient α-theranostic design are described with an emphasis on strategies that lead to cellular internalization and the targeting of proteins involved in therapeutic resistance. Historical barriers to the clinical deployment of α-theranostic radiopharmaceuticals are also discussed. Recent progress towards addressing these challenges is presented along with examples of incorporating α-particle therapy in pharmaceutical platforms that can be easily converted into diagnostic counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Coll
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Rd, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Scott J Bright
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6565 MD Anderson Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - David K J Martinus
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6565 MD Anderson Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Dimitra K Georgiou
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Rd, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Gabriel O Sawakuchi
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6565 MD Anderson Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - H Charles Manning
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Rd, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.
- Cyclotron Radiochemistry Facility, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Rd, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.
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5
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Constanzo J, Bouden Y, Godry L, Kotzki PO, Deshayes E, Pouget JP. Immunomodulatory effects of targeted radionuclide therapy. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 378:105-136. [PMID: 37438015 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
It is now clear that conventional radiation therapy can reinstate cell death immunogenicity. Recent preclinical data indicate that targeted radionuclide therapy that irradiate tumors at continuous low dose rate also can elicit immunostimulatory effects and represents a promising strategy to circumvent immune checkpoint inhibitor resistance. In this perspective, we discuss the accumulating preclinical and clinical data suggesting that activation of the immune system through the cGAS-STING axis and the release of extracellular vesicles by irradiated cells, participate to this antitumor immunity. This should need to be considered for adapting clinical practices to state of the art of the radiobiology and to increase targeted radionuclide therapy effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Constanzo
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Nuclear Medicine Department, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France.
| | - Y Bouden
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Nuclear Medicine Department, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
| | - L Godry
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Nuclear Medicine Department, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
| | - P-O Kotzki
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Nuclear Medicine Department, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
| | - E Deshayes
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Nuclear Medicine Department, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
| | - J-P Pouget
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Nuclear Medicine Department, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
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6
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Robert G, Wagner JR, Cadet J. Oxidatively generated tandem DNA modifications by pyrimidinyl and 2-deoxyribosyl peroxyl radicals. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 196:22-36. [PMID: 36603668 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.12.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Molecular oxygen sensitizes DNA to damage induced by ionizing radiation, Fenton-like reactions, and other free radical-mediated reactions. It rapidly converts carbon-centered radicals within DNA into peroxyl radicals, giving rise to a plethora of oxidized products consisting of nucleobase and 2-deoxyribose modifications, strand breaks and abasic sites. The mechanism of formation of single oxidation products has been extensively studied and reviewed. However, much evidence shows that reactive peroxyl radicals can propagate damage to vicinal components in DNA strands. These intramolecular reactions lead to the dual alteration of two adjacent nucleotides, designated as tandem or double lesions. Herein, current knowledge about the formation and biological implications of oxidatively generated DNA tandem lesions is reviewed. Thus far, most reported tandem lesions have been shown to arise from peroxyl radicals initially generated at pyrimidine bases, notably thymine, followed by reaction with 5'-flanking bases, especially guanine, although contiguous thymine lesions have also been characterized. Proper biomolecular processing is impaired by several tandem lesions making them refractory to base excision repair and potentially more mutagenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Robert
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - J Richard Wagner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Jean Cadet
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 5N4, Canada.
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7
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Giacinto O, Pelliccia F, Minati A, De Crescenzo F, Garo ML, Chello M, Lusini M. Cosmic Radiations and the Cardiovascular System: A Narrative Review. Cardiol Rev 2022; Publish Ahead of Print:00045415-990000000-00067. [PMID: 36728769 DOI: 10.1097/crd.0000000000000521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In recent times, space flights receive continued interest. Humankind's next two goals are to return to the Moon and, a few years later, to land on the surface of Mars. Although technology will improve enough to enable long voyages, there are still some unresolved questions about the effects of the space environment on human health, including the effects of such long voyages on organs. Specifically, there is no information on the effects of radiation in space on the human cardiovascular system. To better understand the adaptation of the cardiovascular system to radiation exposure, the physical properties of radiation and the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying tissue changes are essential. To this end, this article aims to provide an overview of the effects of radiation on the cardiovascular system by analyzing the physical properties of radiation and their relationship to cellular and molecular mechanisms and potential changes. Each type of radiation triggers different responses in the cardiovascular system. Radiation plays a relevant role in altering endothelial function and arterial wall stiffness by inducing vascular changes that accelerate atherosclerosis and affect endothelial adhesiveness. Clinical studies have shown that vascular changes due to radiation depend on the delayed manifestations of early radiation damage. To reduce the effects of radiation in space, some pharmacological treatments that seem to be able to counteract oxidative stress during flight are being used. At the same time, new shielding systems that can reduce or eliminate radiation exposure must be developed. Future studies should aim to replicate flights in the deep space environment to study in more detail the harmful effects of radiation on the whole cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Giacinto
- From the Università Campus Bio-medico di Roma, UOC di Cardiochirurgia
| | | | | | | | - Maria Luisa Garo
- From the Università Campus Bio-medico di Roma, UOC di Cardiochirurgia
| | - Massimo Chello
- From the Università Campus Bio-medico di Roma, UOC di Cardiochirurgia
| | - Mario Lusini
- From the Università Campus Bio-medico di Roma, UOC di Cardiochirurgia
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8
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Souli MP, Nikitaki Z, Puchalska M, Brabcová KP, Spyratou E, Kote P, Efstathopoulos EP, Hada M, Georgakilas AG, Sihver L. Clustered DNA Damage Patterns after Proton Therapy Beam Irradiation Using Plasmid DNA. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415606. [PMID: 36555249 PMCID: PMC9779025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Modeling ionizing radiation interaction with biological matter is a major scientific challenge, especially for protons that are nowadays widely used in cancer treatment. That presupposes a sound understanding of the mechanisms that take place from the early events of the induction of DNA damage. Herein, we present results of irradiation-induced complex DNA damage measurements using plasmid pBR322 along a typical Proton Treatment Plan at the MedAustron proton and carbon beam therapy facility (energy 137-198 MeV and Linear Energy Transfer (LET) range 1-9 keV/μm), by means of Agarose Gel Electrophoresis and DNA fragmentation using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The induction rate Mbp-1 Gy-1 for each type of damage, single strand breaks (SSBs), double-strand breaks (DSBs), base lesions and non-DSB clusters was measured after irradiations in solutions with varying scavenging capacity containing 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol (Tris) and coumarin-3-carboxylic acid (C3CA) as scavengers. Our combined results reveal the determining role of LET and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in DNA fragmentation. Furthermore, AFM used to measure apparent DNA lengths provided us with insights into the role of increasing LET in the induction of highly complex DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P Souli
- Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, 1020 Vienna, Austria
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Zacharenia Nikitaki
- Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, 1020 Vienna, Austria
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Ellas Spyratou
- 2nd Department of Radiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11517 Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Kote
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Efstathios P Efstathopoulos
- 2nd Department of Radiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11517 Athens, Greece
| | - Megumi Hada
- Radiation Institute for Science & Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Lembit Sihver
- Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, 1020 Vienna, Austria
- Nuclear Physics Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Truhlářce 39/64, 180 86 Prague, Czech Republic
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Zhang J, Han H, Wang L, Wang W, Yang M, Qin Y. Overcoming the therapeutic resistance of hepatomas by targeting the tumor microenvironment. Front Oncol 2022; 12:988956. [DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.988956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for the majority of primary liver cancers and is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Multifactorial drug resistance is regarded as the major cause of treatment failure in HCC. Accumulating evidence shows that the constituents of the tumor microenvironment (TME), including cancer-associated fibroblasts, tumor vasculature, immune cells, physical factors, cytokines, and exosomes may explain the therapeutic resistance mechanisms in HCC. In recent years, anti-angiogenic drugs and immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown satisfactory results in HCC patients. However, due to enhanced communication between the tumor and TME, the effect of heterogeneity of the microenvironment on therapeutic resistance is particularly complicated, which suggests a more challenging research direction. In addition, it has been reported that the three-dimensional (3D) organoid model derived from patient biopsies is more intuitive to fully understand the role of the TME in acquired resistance. Therefore, in this review, we have focused not only on the mechanisms and targets of therapeutic resistance related to the contents of the TME in HCC but also provide a comprehensive description of 3D models and how they contribute to the exploration of HCC therapies.
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10
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Danforth JM, Provencher L, Goodarzi AA. Chromatin and the Cellular Response to Particle Radiation-Induced Oxidative and Clustered DNA Damage. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:910440. [PMID: 35912116 PMCID: PMC9326100 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.910440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to environmental ionizing radiation is prevalent, with greatest lifetime doses typically from high Linear Energy Transfer (high-LET) alpha particles via the radioactive decay of radon gas in indoor air. Particle radiation is highly genotoxic, inducing DNA damage including oxidative base lesions and DNA double strand breaks. Due to the ionization density of high-LET radiation, the consequent damage is highly clustered wherein ≥2 distinct DNA lesions occur within 1–2 helical turns of one another. These multiply-damaged sites are difficult for eukaryotic cells to resolve either quickly or accurately, resulting in the persistence of DNA damage and/or the accumulation of mutations at a greater rate per absorbed dose, relative to lower LET radiation types. The proximity of the same and different types of DNA lesions to one another is challenging for DNA repair processes, with diverse pathways often confounding or interplaying with one another in complex ways. In this context, understanding the state of the higher order chromatin compaction and arrangements is essential, as it influences the density of damage produced by high-LET radiation and regulates the recruitment and activity of DNA repair factors. This review will summarize the latest research exploring the processes by which clustered DNA damage sites are induced, detected, and repaired in the context of chromatin.
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11
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Guo G, Morse RT, Wang J, Chen X, Zhang J, Wang AZ. Radiosensitivity of Breast Cancer Cells Is Dependent on the Organ Microenvironment. Front Oncol 2022; 12:833894. [PMID: 35646713 PMCID: PMC9134193 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.833894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Distant metastasis is the leading risk factor of death in breast cancer patients, with lung and liver being commonly involved sites of distant seeding. Ongoing clinical trials are studying the benefit from additional local treatment to these metastatic sites with radiation therapy. However, little is known about the tissue-specific microenvironment and the modulating response to treatments due to limitations of traditional in vitro systems. By using biomatrix scaffolds (BMSs) to recreate the complex composition of extracellular matrices in normal organs, we chose to study the radiotherapy response with engineered breast cancer “metastases” in liver and lung organ-specific tissues. Methods Liver and lung BMSs were prepared for tissue culture. Human breast cancer cell lines were passaged on normal tissue culture plates or tissue culture plates coated with Matrigel, liver BMSs, and lung BMSs. Clonogenic assays were performed to measure cell survival with varying doses of radiation. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) detection assay was used to measure ROS levels after 6 Gy irradiation to cancer cells. Results The response of breast cell lines to varying doses of radiotherapy is affected by their in vitro acellular microenvironment. Breast cancer cells grown in liver BMSs were more radiosensitive than when grown in lung BMSs. ROS levels for breast cancer cells cultured in lung and liver BMSs were higher than that in plastic or in Matrigel plate cells, before and after radiotherapy, highlighting the interaction with surrounding tissue-specific growth factors and cytokines. ROSs in both lung and liver BMSs were significantly increased after radiotherapy delivery, suggesting these sites create prime environments for radiation-induced cell death. Conclusions The therapeutic response of breast cancer metastases is dependent on the organ-specific microenvironment. The interaction between tissue microenvironment in these organs may identify sensitivity of therapeutic drug targets and radiation delivery for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genyan Guo
- Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Carolina Institute of Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ryan T. Morse
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jie Wang
- Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Carolina Institute of Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Carolina Institute of Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiajie Zhang
- Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Carolina Institute of Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Andrew Z. Wang
- Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Carolina Institute of Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Andrew Z. Wang,
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12
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Cadet J, Angelov D, Wagner JR. Hydroxyl radical is predominantly involved in oxidatively generated base damage to cellular DNA exposed to ionizing radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2022; 98:1-7. [PMID: 35475423 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2067363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Cadet
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Dimitar Angelov
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Modélisation de la Cellule LBMC, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center IBG, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Balçova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - J Richard Wagner
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
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13
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Abstract
Mitochondria are the main source of energy used to maintain cellular homeostasis. This aspect of mitochondrial biology underlies their putative role in age-associated tissue dysfunction. Proper functioning of the electron transport chain (ETC), which is partially encoded by the extra-nuclear mitochondrial genome (mtDNA), is key to maintaining this energy production. The acquisition of de novo somatic mutations that interrupt the function of the ETC have long been associated with aging and common diseases of the elderly. Yet, despite over 30 years of study, the exact role(s) mtDNA mutations play in driving aging and its associated pathologies remains under considerable debate. Furthermore, even fundamental aspects of age-related mtDNA mutagenesis, such as when mutations arise during aging, where and how often they occur across tissues, and the specific mechanisms that give rise to them, remain poorly understood. In this review, we address the current understanding of the somatic mtDNA mutations, with an emphasis of when, where, and how these mutations arise during aging. Additionally, we highlight current limitations in our knowledge and critically evaluate the controversies stemming from these limitations. Lastly, we highlight new and emerging technologies that offer potential ways forward in increasing our understanding of somatic mtDNA mutagenesis in the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Sanchez-Contreras
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Scott R Kennedy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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14
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Pouget JP. Basics of radiobiology. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822960-6.00137-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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15
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Radiobiology of Targeted Alpha Therapy. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822960-6.00093-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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16
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Rosenstein AH, Walker VK. Fidelity of a Bacterial DNA Polymerase in Microgravity, a Model for Human Health in Space. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:702849. [PMID: 34912795 PMCID: PMC8666419 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.702849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term space missions will expose crew members, their cells as well as their microbiomes to prolonged periods of microgravity and ionizing radiation, environmental stressors for which almost no earth-based organisms have evolved to survive. Despite the importance of maintaining genomic integrity, the impact of these stresses on DNA polymerase-mediated replication and repair has not been fully explored. DNA polymerase fidelity and replication rates were assayed under conditions of microgravity generated by parabolic flight and compared to earth-like gravity. Upon commencement of a parabolic arc, primed synthetic single-stranded DNA was used as a template for one of two enzymes (Klenow fragment exonuclease+/-; with and without proofreading exonuclease activity, respectively) and were quenched immediately following the 20 s microgravitational period. DNA polymerase error rates were determined with an algorithm developed to identify experimental mutations. In microgravity Klenow exonuclease+ showed a median 1.1-fold per-base decrease in polymerization fidelity for base substitutions when compared to earth-like gravity (p = 0.02), but in the absence of proofreading activity, a 2.4-fold decrease was observed (p = 1.98 × 10-11). Similarly, 1.1-fold and 1.5-fold increases in deletion frequencies in the presence or absence of exonuclease activity (p = 1.51 × 10-7 and p = 8.74 × 10-13), respectively, were observed in microgravity compared to controls. The development of this flexible semi-autonomous payload system coupled with genetic and bioinformatic approaches serves as a proof-of-concept for future space health research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron H Rosenstein
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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17
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de Mey S, Dufait I, De Ridder M. Radioresistance of Human Cancers: Clinical Implications of Genetic Expression Signatures. Front Oncol 2021; 11:761901. [PMID: 34778082 PMCID: PMC8579106 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.761901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although radiotherapy is given to more than 50% of cancer patients, little progress has been made in identifying optimal radiotherapy - drug combinations to improve treatment efficacy. Using molecular data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we extracted a total of 1016 cancer patients that received radiotherapy. The patients were diagnosed with head-and-neck (HNSC - 294 patients), cervical (CESC - 166 patients) and breast (BRCA - 549 patients) cancer. We analyzed mRNA expression patterns of 50 hallmark gene sets of the MSigDB collection, which we divided in eight categories based on a shared biological or functional process. Tumor samples were split into upregulated, neutral or downregulated mRNA expression for all gene sets using a gene set analysis (GSEA) pre-ranked analysis and assessed for their clinical relevance. We found a prognostic association between three of the eight gene set categories (Radiobiological, Metabolism and Proliferation) and overall survival in all three cancer types. Furthermore, multiple single associations were revealed in the other categories considered. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first report suggesting clinical relevance of molecular characterization based on hallmark gene sets to refine radiation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven de Mey
- Department of Radiotherapy, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Inès Dufait
- Department of Radiotherapy, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mark De Ridder
- Department of Radiotherapy, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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18
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Bouleftour W, Rowinski E, Louati S, Sotton S, Wozny AS, Moreno-Acosta P, Mery B, Rodriguez-Lafrasse C, Magne N. A Review of the Role of Hypoxia in Radioresistance in Cancer Therapy. Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e934116. [PMID: 34728593 PMCID: PMC8573967 DOI: 10.12659/msm.934116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia involves neoplastic cells. Unlike normal tissue, solid tumors are composed of aberrant vasculature, leading to a hypoxic microenvironment. Hypoxia is also known to be involved in both metastasis initiation and therapy resistance. Radiotherapy is the appropriate treatment in about half of all cancers, but loco-regional control failure and a disease recurrence often occur due to clinical radioresistance. Hypoxia induces radioresistance through a number of molecular pathways, and numerous strategies have been developed to overcome this. Nevertheless, these strategies have resulted in disappointing results, including adverse effects and limited efficacy. Additional clinical studies are needed to achieve a better understanding of the complex hypoxia pathways. This review presents an update on the mechanisms of hypoxia in radioresistance in solid tumors and the potential therapeutic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Bouleftour
- Radiotherapy Department, Lucien Neuwirth Cancerology Institute, Saint Priest en Jarez, France
| | - Elise Rowinski
- Radiotherapy Department, Lucien Neuwirth Cancerology Institute, Saint Priest en Jarez, France
| | - Safa Louati
- Université Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine-Lyon-Sud, Oullins, France.,Laboratoire de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 5822, Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon, IPNL, Villeurbanne, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sandrine Sotton
- Radiotherapy Department, Lucien Neuwirth Cancerology Institute, Saint Priest en Jarez, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Wozny
- Université Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine-Lyon-Sud, Oullins, France.,Laboratoire de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 5822, Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon, IPNL, Villeurbanne, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Pablo Moreno-Acosta
- Research Group in Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Benoite Mery
- Radiotherapy Department, Lucien Neuwirth Cancerology Institute, Saint Priest en Jarez, France
| | - Claire Rodriguez-Lafrasse
- Université Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine-Lyon-Sud, Oullins, France.,Laboratoire de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 5822, Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon, IPNL, Villeurbanne, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Magne
- Radiotherapy Department, Lucien Neuwirth Cancerology Institute, Saint Priest en Jarez, France.,Université Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine-Lyon-Sud, Oullins, France.,Laboratoire de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 5822, Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon, IPNL, Villeurbanne, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
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19
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Runtsch LS, Stadlmeier M, Schön A, Müller M, Carell T. Comparative Nucleosomal Reactivity of 5-Formyl-Uridine and 5-Formyl-Cytidine. Chemistry 2021; 27:12747-12752. [PMID: 34152627 PMCID: PMC8518870 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
5‐Formyl‐deoxyuridine (fdU) and 5‐formyl‐deoxycytidine (fdC) are formyl‐containing nucleosides that are created by oxidative stress in differentiated cells. While fdU is almost exclusively an oxidative stress lesion formed from deoxythymidine (T), the situation for fdC is more complex. Next to formation as an oxidative lesion, it is particularly abundant in stem cells, where it is more frequently formed in an epigenetically important oxidation reaction performed by α‐ketoglutarate dependent TET enzymes from 5‐methyl‐deoxycytidine (mdC). Recently, it was shown that genomic fdC and fdU can react with the ϵ‐aminogroups of nucleosomal lysines to give Schiff base adducts that covalently link nucleosomes to genomic DNA. Here, we show that fdU features a significantly higher reactivity towards lysine side chains compared with fdC. This result shows that depending on the amounts of fdC and fdU, oxidative stress may have a bigger impact on nucleosome binding than epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leander Simon Runtsch
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Stadlmeier
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Schön
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Müller
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Carell
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
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20
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Pouget JP, Constanzo J. Revisiting the Radiobiology of Targeted Alpha Therapy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:692436. [PMID: 34386508 PMCID: PMC8353448 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.692436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted alpha therapy (TAT) using alpha particle-emitting radionuclides is in the spotlight after the approval of 223RaCl2 for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and the development of several alpha emitter-based radiopharmaceuticals. It is acknowledged that alpha particles are highly cytotoxic because they produce complex DNA lesions. Hence, the nucleus is considered their critical target, and many studies did not report any effect in other subcellular compartments. Moreover, their physical features, including their range in tissues (<100 μm) and their linear energy transfer (50–230 keV/μm), are well-characterized. Theoretically, TAT is indicated for very small-volume, disseminated tumors (e.g., micrometastases, circulating tumor cells). Moreover, due to their high cytotoxicity, alpha particles should be preferred to beta particles and X-rays to overcome radiation resistance. However, clinical studies showed that TAT might be efficient also in quite large tumors, and biological effects have been observed also away from irradiated cells. These distant effects are called bystander effects when occurring at short distance (<1 mm), and systemic effects when occurring at much longer distance. Systemic effects implicate the immune system. These findings showed that cells can die without receiving any radiation dose, and that a more complex and integrated view of radiobiology is required. This includes the notion that the direct, bystander and systemic responses cannot be dissociated because DNA damage is intimately linked to bystander effects and immune response. Here, we provide a brief overview of the paradigms that need to be revisited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Pouget
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
| | - Julie Constanzo
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
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21
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Gao Y, Zheng Y, Sanche L. Low-Energy Electron Damage to Condensed-Phase DNA and Its Constituents. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7879. [PMID: 34360644 PMCID: PMC8345953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex physical and chemical reactions between the large number of low-energy (0-30 eV) electrons (LEEs) released by high energy radiation interacting with genetic material can lead to the formation of various DNA lesions such as crosslinks, single strand breaks, base modifications, and cleavage, as well as double strand breaks and other cluster damages. When crosslinks and cluster damages cannot be repaired by the cell, they can cause genetic loss of information, mutations, apoptosis, and promote genomic instability. Through the efforts of many research groups in the past two decades, the study of the interaction between LEEs and DNA under different experimental conditions has unveiled some of the main mechanisms responsible for these damages. In the present review, we focus on experimental investigations in the condensed phase that range from fundamental DNA constituents to oligonucleotides, synthetic duplex DNA, and bacterial (i.e., plasmid) DNA. These targets were irradiated either with LEEs from a monoenergetic-electron or photoelectron source, as sub-monolayer, monolayer, or multilayer films and within clusters or water solutions. Each type of experiment is briefly described, and the observed DNA damages are reported, along with the proposed mechanisms. Defining the role of LEEs within the sequence of events leading to radiobiological lesions contributes to our understanding of the action of radiation on living organisms, over a wide range of initial radiation energies. Applications of the interaction of LEEs with DNA to radiotherapy are briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxia Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China;
| | - Yi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China;
| | - Léon Sanche
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie et Centre de Recherche Clinique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada;
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22
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Significance of base excision repair to human health. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 364:163-193. [PMID: 34507783 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative and alkylating DNA damage occurs under normal physiological conditions and exogenous exposure to DNA damaging agents. To counteract DNA base damage, cells have evolved several defense mechanisms that act at different levels to prevent or repair DNA base damage. Cells combat genomic lesions like these including base modifications, abasic sites, as well as single-strand breaks, via the base excision repair (BER) pathway. In general, the core BER process involves well-coordinated five-step reactions to correct DNA base damage. In this review, we will uncover the current understanding of BER mechanisms to maintain genomic stability and the biological consequences of its failure due to repair gene mutations. The malfunction of BER can often lead to BER intermediate accumulation, which is genotoxic and can lead to different types of human disease. Finally, we will address the use of BER intermediates for targeted cancer therapy.
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23
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Karwowski BT. (5' S) 5',8-Cyclo-2'-Deoxyadenosine Cannot Stop BER. Clustered DNA Lesion Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115934. [PMID: 34072994 PMCID: PMC8199134 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As a result of external and endocellular physical-chemical factors, every day approximately ~105 DNA lesions might be formed in each human cell. During evolution, living organisms have developed numerous repair systems, of which Base Excision Repair (BER) is the most common. 5′,8-cyclo-2′-deoxyadenosine (cdA) is a tandem lesion that is removed by the Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) mechanism. Previously, it was assumed that BER machinery was not able to remove (5′S)cdA from the genome. In this study; however, it has been demonstrated that, if (5′S)cdA is a part of a single-stranded clustered DNA lesion, it can be removed from ds-DNA by BER. The above is theoretically possible in two cases: (A) When, during repair, clustered lesions form Okazaki-like fragments; or (B) when the (5′S)cdA moiety is located in the oligonucleotide strand on the 3′-end side of the adjacent DNA damage site, but not when it appears at the opposite 5′-end side. To explain this phenomenon, pure enzymes involved in BER were used (polymerase β (Polβ), a Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA), and the X-Ray Repair Cross-Complementing Protein 1 (XRCC1)), as well as the Nuclear Extract (NE) from xrs5 cells. It has been found that Polβ can effectively elongate the primer strand in the presence of XRCC1 or PCNA. Moreover, supplementation of the NE from xrs5 cells with Polβ (artificial Polβ overexpression) forced oligonucleotide repair via BER in all the discussed cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boleslaw T Karwowski
- DNA Damage Laboratory of Food Science Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
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24
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Liu J, Bi K, Yang R, Li H, Nikitaki Z, Chang L. Role of DNA damage and repair in radiation cancer therapy: a current update and a look to the future. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 96:1329-1338. [PMID: 32776818 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1807641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Radiation Therapy (RT), a widely used modality against cancer, depends its effectiveness on three pillars: tumor targeting precision, minimum dose determination and co-administrated agents. The underlying biological processes of the latter two pillars are DNA damage and repair. Hopefully, Radiation treatment has nowadays been improved a lot, in terms of tumor targeting precision as well as in minimization of side effects, by reducing normal tissue radiation exposure and therefore its occurred toxicity. Normal tissue toxicity is a major risk factor for induction of genomic instability which may lead to secondary cancer development, due to the radiation therapy itself. We discuss, in this review, the biological significance of IR-induced complex DNA damage, which is currently accepted as the definite regulator of biological response to radiation, as well as the regulator of the implications of this IR signature in radiation therapy. We unite accumulating evidence and knowledge over the last 20 years or so on the importance of radiation treatment of cancer. This radiation-based therapy comes unfortunately with a deficit and this is the radiation-induced genetic instability which can fuel radiation toxicity, even several years after the initial treatment on patients through the activation of DNA damage response (DDR) and the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingya Liu
- Department of Community Medicine, Tangshan Workers' Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Kun Bi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Workers' Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Run Yang
- Department of Preventive Healthcare, Qishan Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Hongxia Li
- Department of Interventional Medicine, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Zacharenia Nikitaki
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Athens, Greece
| | - Li Chang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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25
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Kinoshita K, Zabarmawi Y. Ionization clustering on charged particle tracks as a seed for biologically relevant radiation effects. Phys Rev E 2020; 101:062411. [PMID: 32688536 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.101.062411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We construct a statistical framework for investigating the physical origins of radiation effects on biological materials and report the fit of an analytical statistical model to rates of simple lesions in DNA. Modeling primary ionization damage as trails of electron vacancies left on the trajectories of fast charged particles, we derive the dependence of rates of spatial clustering on ionization density [linear energy transfer (LET)]; a clustering scale parameter, r_{0}; and number per cluster. Published experimental results on rates of single strand breaks and base lesions in dry DNA over a range of LET are fitted with the derived functions, assuming clusters of 1 or ≥1. The fits yield reasonable goodness of fit and values of r_{0} that are consistent with expectations. Limitations of the model and future developments are discussed. This framework may ultimately contribute to an improved understanding of the physical origins of biological radiation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kinoshita
- Department of Physics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
| | - Y Zabarmawi
- Department of Physics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
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26
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Helm JS, Rudel RA. Adverse outcome pathways for ionizing radiation and breast cancer involve direct and indirect DNA damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, genomic instability, and interaction with hormonal regulation of the breast. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1511-1549. [PMID: 32399610 PMCID: PMC7261741 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02752-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge about established breast carcinogens can support improved and modernized toxicological testing methods by identifying key mechanistic events. Ionizing radiation (IR) increases the risk of breast cancer, especially for women and for exposure at younger ages, and evidence overall supports a linear dose-response relationship. We used the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework to outline and evaluate the evidence linking ionizing radiation with breast cancer from molecular initiating events to the adverse outcome through intermediate key events, creating a qualitative AOP. We identified key events based on review articles, searched PubMed for recent literature on key events and IR, and identified additional papers using references. We manually curated publications and evaluated data quality. Ionizing radiation directly and indirectly causes DNA damage and increases production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). RONS lead to DNA damage and epigenetic changes leading to mutations and genomic instability (GI). Proliferation amplifies the effects of DNA damage and mutations leading to the AO of breast cancer. Separately, RONS and DNA damage also increase inflammation. Inflammation contributes to direct and indirect effects (effects in cells not directly reached by IR) via positive feedback to RONS and DNA damage, and separately increases proliferation and breast cancer through pro-carcinogenic effects on cells and tissue. For example, gene expression changes alter inflammatory mediators, resulting in improved survival and growth of cancer cells and a more hospitable tissue environment. All of these events overlap at multiple points with events characteristic of "background" induction of breast carcinogenesis, including hormone-responsive proliferation, oxidative activity, and DNA damage. These overlaps make the breast particularly susceptible to ionizing radiation and reinforce that these biological activities are important characteristics of carcinogens. Agents that increase these biological processes should be considered potential breast carcinogens, and predictive methods are needed to identify chemicals that increase these processes. Techniques are available to measure RONS, DNA damage and mutation, cell proliferation, and some inflammatory proteins or processes. Improved assays are needed to measure GI and chronic inflammation, as well as the interaction with hormonally driven development and proliferation. Several methods measure diverse epigenetic changes, but it is not clear which changes are relevant to breast cancer. In addition, most toxicological assays are not conducted in mammary tissue, and so it is a priority to evaluate if results from other tissues are generalizable to breast, or to conduct assays in breast tissue. Developing and applying these assays to identify exposures of concern will facilitate efforts to reduce subsequent breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Helm
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Suite 302, Newton, MA, 02460, USA
| | - Ruthann A Rudel
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Suite 302, Newton, MA, 02460, USA.
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27
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Yang H, Tang JA, Greenberg MM. Synthesis of Oligonucleotides Containing the N 6 -(2-Deoxy-α,β-d-erythropentofuranosyl)-2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-formamidopyrimidine (Fapy⋅dG) Oxidative Damage Product Derived from 2'-Deoxyguanosine. Chemistry 2020; 26:5441-5448. [PMID: 32271495 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
N6 -(2-Deoxy-α,β-d-erythropentofuranosyl)-2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-formamidopyrimidine (Fapy⋅dG) is a major DNA lesion produced from 2'-deoxyguanosine under oxidizing conditions. Fapy⋅dG is produced from a common intermediate that leads to 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OxodGuo), and in greater quantities in cells. The impact of Fapy⋅dG on DNA structure and function is much less well understood than that of 8-OxodGuo. This is largely due to the significantly greater difficulty in synthesizing oligonucleotides containing Fapy⋅dG than 8-OxodGuo. We describe a synthetic approach for preparing oligonucleotides containing Fapy⋅dG that will facilitate intensive studies of this lesion in DNA. A variety of oligonucleotides as long as 30 nucleotides are synthesized. We anticipate that the chemistry described herein will provide an impetus for a wide range of studies involving Fapy⋅dG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozhe Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Joel A Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Marc M Greenberg
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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28
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Xu X, Nakano T, Tsuda M, Kanamoto R, Hirayama R, Uzawa A, Ide H. Direct observation of damage clustering in irradiated DNA with atomic force microscopy. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:e18. [PMID: 31840169 PMCID: PMC7026632 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz1159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation produces clustered DNA damage that contains two or more lesions in 10–20 bp. It is believed that the complexity of clustered damage (i.e., the number of lesions per damage site) is related to the biological severity of ionizing radiation. However, only simple clustered damage containing two vicinal lesions has been demonstrated experimentally. Here we developed a novel method to analyze the complexity of clustered DNA damage. Plasmid DNA was irradiated with densely and sparsely ionizing Fe-ion beams and X-rays, respectively. Then, the resulting DNA lesions were labeled with biotin/streptavidin and observed with atomic force microscopy. Fe-ion beams produced complex clustered damage containing 2–4 lesions. Furthermore, they generated two or three clustered damage sites in a single plasmid molecule that resulted from the hit of a single track of Fe-ion beams. Conversely, X-rays produced relatively simple clustered damage. The present results provide the first experimental evidence for complex cluster damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Xu
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Nakano
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Masataka Tsuda
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Ryota Kanamoto
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Hirayama
- Department of Charged Particle Therapy Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Akiko Uzawa
- Department of Charged Particle Therapy Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ide
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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Tudek A, Czerwińska J, Kosicki K, Zdżalik-Bielecka D, Shahmoradi Ghahe S, Bażlekowa-Karaban M, Borsuk EM, Speina E. DNA damage, repair and the improvement of cancer therapy - A tribute to the life and research of Barbara Tudek. Mutat Res 2020; 852:503160. [PMID: 32265045 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2020.503160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Professor Barbara Tudek received the Frits Sobels Award in 2019 from the European Environmental Mutagenesis and Genomics Society (EEMGS). This article presents her outstanding character and most important lines of research. The focus of her studies covered alkylative and oxidative damage to DNA bases, in particular mutagenic and carcinogenic properties of purines with an open imidazole ring and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoGua). They also included analysis of mutagenic properties and pathways for the repair of DNA adducts of lipid peroxidation (LPO) products arising in large quantities during inflammation. Professor Tudek did all of this in the hope of deciphering the mechanisms of DNA damage removal, in particular by the base excision repair (BER) pathway. Some lines of research aimed at discovering factors that can modulate the activity of DNA damage repair in hope to enhance existing anti-cancer therapies. The group's ongoing research aims at deciphering the resistance mechanisms of cancer cell lines acquired following prolonged exposure to photodynamic therapy (PDT) and the possibility of re-sensitizing cells to PDT in order to increase the application of this minimally invasive therapeutic method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Tudek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jolanta Czerwińska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Konrad Kosicki
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daria Zdżalik-Bielecka
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Księcia Trojdena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Somayeh Shahmoradi Ghahe
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Milena Bażlekowa-Karaban
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; UMR 8200 C.N.R.S., Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, F-94805 Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Ewelina M Borsuk
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Księcia Trojdena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Speina
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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Karwowski BT. Clustered DNA Damage: Electronic Properties and Their Influence on Charge Transfer. 7,8-Dihydro-8-Oxo-2'-Deoxyguaosine Versus 5',8-Cyclo-2'-Deoxyadenosines: A Theoretical Approach. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020424. [PMID: 32059490 PMCID: PMC7072346 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 3 × 1017 DNA damage events take place per hour in the human body. Within clustered DNA lesions, they pose a serious problem for repair proteins, especially for iron–sulfur glycosylases (MutyH), which can recognize them by the electron-transfer process. It has been found that the presence of both 5′,8-cyclo-2′-deoxyadenosine (cdA) diastereomers in the ds-DNA structure, as part of a clustered lesion, can influence vertical radical cation distribution within the proximal part of the double helix, i.e., d[~oxoGcAoxoG~] (7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2′-deoxyguaosine - oxodG). Here, the influence of cdA, “the simplest tandem lesion”, on the charge transfer through ds-DNA was taken into theoretical consideration at the M062x/6-31+G** level of theory in the aqueous phase. It was shown that the presence of (5′S)- or (5′R)-cdA leads to a slowdown in the hole transfer by one order of magnitude between the neighboring dG→oxodG in comparison to “native” ds-DNA. Therefore, it can be concluded that such clustered lesions can lead to defective damage recognition with a subsequent slowing down of the DNA repair process, giving rise to an increase in mutations. As a result, the unrepaired, oxodG: dA base pair prior to genetic information replication can finally result in GC → TA or AT→CG transversion. This type of mutation is commonly observed in human cancer cells. Moreover, because local multiple damage sites (LMSD) are effectively produced as a result of ionization factors, the presented data in this article might be useful in developing a new scheme of radiotherapy treatment against the background of DNA repair efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boleslaw T Karwowski
- DNA Damage Laboratory of Food Science Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
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31
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Hamad AM, Fahmy HM, Elshemey WM. FT-IR spectral features of DNA as markers for the detection of liver preservation using irradiation. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.108522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Murray V, Hardie ME, Gautam SD. Comparison of Different Methods to Determine the DNA Sequence Preference of Ionising Radiation-Induced DNA Damage. Genes (Basel) 2019; 11:genes11010008. [PMID: 31861886 PMCID: PMC7016695 DOI: 10.3390/genes11010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionising radiation (IR) is known to induce a wide variety of lesions in DNA. In this review, we compared three different techniques that examined the DNA sequence preference of IR-induced DNA damage at nucleotide resolution. These three techniques were: the linear amplification/polymerase stop assay, the end-labelling procedure, and Illumina next-generation genome-wide sequencing. The DNA sequence preference of IR-induced DNA damage was compared in purified DNA sequences including human genomic DNA. It was found that the DNA sequence preference of IR-induced DNA damage identified by the end-labelling procedure (that mainly detected single-strand breaks) and Illumina next-generation genome-wide sequencing (that mainly detected double-strand breaks) was at C nucleotides, while the linear amplification/polymerase stop assay (that mainly detected base damage) was at G nucleotides. A consensus sequence at the IR-induced DNA damage was found to be 5′-AGGC*C for the end-labelling technique, 5′-GGC*MH (where * is the cleavage site, M is A or C, H is any nucleotide except G) for the genome-wide technique, and 5′-GG* for the linear amplification/polymerase stop procedure. These three different approaches are important because they provide a deeper insight into the mechanism of action of IR-induced DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Murray
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-9385-2028; Fax: +61-2-9385-1483
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Dichloroacetate (DCA) and Cancer: An Overview towards Clinical Applications. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:8201079. [PMID: 31827705 PMCID: PMC6885244 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8201079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An extensive body of literature describes anticancer property of dichloroacetate (DCA), but its effective clinical administration in cancer therapy is still limited to clinical trials. The occurrence of side effects such as neurotoxicity as well as the suspicion of DCA carcinogenicity still restricts the clinical use of DCA. However, in the last years, the number of reports supporting DCA employment against cancer increased also because of the great interest in targeting metabolism of tumour cells. Dissecting DCA mechanism of action helped to understand the bases of its selective efficacy against cancer cells. A successful coadministration of DCA with conventional chemotherapy, radiotherapy, other drugs, or natural compounds has been tested in several cancer models. New drug delivery systems and multiaction compounds containing DCA and other drugs seem to ameliorate bioavailability and appear more efficient thanks to a synergistic action of multiple agents. The spread of reports supporting the efficiency of DCA in cancer therapy has prompted additional studies that let to find other potential molecular targets of DCA. Interestingly, DCA could significantly affect cancer stem cell fraction and contribute to cancer eradication. Collectively, these findings provide a strong rationale towards novel clinical translational studies of DCA in cancer therapy.
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G-quadruplex Structures Contribute to Differential Radiosensitivity of the Human Genome. iScience 2019; 21:288-307. [PMID: 31678912 PMCID: PMC6838516 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA, the fundamental unit of human cell, generally exists in Watson-Crick base-paired B-DNA form. Often, DNA folds into non-B forms, such as four-stranded G-quadruplexes. It is generally believed that ionizing radiation (IR) induces DNA strand-breaks in a random manner. Here, we show that regions of DNA enriched in G-quadruplex structures are less sensitive to IR compared with B-DNA in vitro and inside cells. Planar G-quartet of G4-DNA is shielded from IR-induced free radicals, unlike single- and double-stranded DNA. Whole-genome sequence analysis and real-time PCR reveal that genomic regions abundant in G4-DNA are protected from radiation-induced breaks and can be modulated by G4 stabilizers. Thus, our results reveal that formation of G4 structures contribute toward differential radiosensitivity of the human genome. G4 DNA contributes to genome-wide radioprotection and is modulated by G4 resolvases Radiation causes minimal damage at the G4 structures at telomeres Formation of G4 DNA contributes toward differential radiosensitivity of human genome Planar quartet of G4 DNA is shielded from IR-induced free radicals and thus DNA breaks
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Cadet J, Di Mascio P, Wagner JR. (5' R)-and (5' S)-purine 5',8-cyclo-2'-deoxyribonucleosides: reality or artifactual measurements? A reply to Chatgilialoglu's comments (this issue). Free Radic Res 2019; 53:1014-1018. [PMID: 31514561 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2019.1667992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This rebuttal letter is aimed at refuting the poor and false arguments elaborated by Chatgilialoglu (preceding article) in his response to the position article (Cadet et al. Free Radic Res 2019;53:574-577) that focussed on the putative reliability of the HPLC-MS/MS measurements of five radiation-induced damage to cellular DNA, which included 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyadenosine and the (5'R) and (5'S) diastereomers of 5',8-cyclo-2'-deoxyadenosine and 5',8-cyclo-2'-deoxyadenosine (Krokidis et al. Free Radic Res 2017;51:470-482). Unfortunately, none of the main issues we raised on the suitability of the analytical approach and the shortcomings associated with DNA extraction in HPLC based measurement methods of oxidatively generated damage in cells were properly considered in Chatigilialolu's letter. The main questionable issues include the lack of information on the sensitivity of HPLC-MS/MS analysis, the absence of a dose curve that is essential in the formation of damage and the nonconsideration of artifactual oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Cadet
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke , Canada
| | - Paolo Di Mascio
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - J Richard Wagner
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke , Canada
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36
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Hardie ME, Murray V. The sequence preference of gamma radiation-induced DNA damage as determined by a polymerase stop assay. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:1613-1626. [PMID: 31498026 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1665216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this paper was to investigate the sequence preference of ionizing radiation (IR)-induced DNA damage as assessed by a linear amplification/polymerase stop (LA/PS) assay. The LA/PS assay is able to detect a wide range of IR-induced DNA lesions and this technique was utilized to quantitatively determine the preferential sites of gamma irradiation-induced DNA lesions in three different DNA sequences.Materials and methods: This analysis was performed on an automated DNA sequencer with capillary electrophoresis and laser-induced fluorescence detection.Results: The main outcome of this study was that G nucleotides were preferentially found at IR-induced polymerase stop sites. The individual nucleotides at the IR-induced DNA damage sites were analyzed and a consensus sequence of 5'-GG* (where * indicates the damaged nucleotide) was observed. In a separate method of analysis, the dinucleotides and trinucleotides at the IR-induced DNA damage sites were examined and 5'-GG* and 5'-G*G dinucleotides and 5'-GG*G trinucleotides were found to be the most prevalent. The use of the LA/PS assay permits a large number of IR-induced DNA lesions to be detected in the one procedure including: double- and single-strand breaks, apurinic/apyrimidinic sites and base damage.Conclusions: It was concluded that 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-formamidopyrimidine (Fapy-G) and the degradation products of 8-oxoG were possibly the main lesions detected. To our knowledge, this is the first occasion that the DNA sequence preference of IR-induced DNA damage as detected by a LA/PS assay has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Hardie
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vincent Murray
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Novel treatment planning approaches to enhance the therapeutic ratio: targeting the molecular mechanisms of radiation therapy. Clin Transl Oncol 2019; 22:447-456. [PMID: 31254253 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-019-02165-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Radiation acts not only through cell death but has also angiogenic, immunomodulatory and bystander effects. The realization of its systemic implications has led to extensive research on the combination of radiotherapy with systemic treatments, including immunotherapy and antiangiogenic agents. Parameters such as dose, fractionation and sequencing of treatments are key determinants of the outcome. However, recent high-quality research indicates that these are not the only radiation therapy parameters that influence its systemic effect. To effectively integrate systemic agents with radiation therapy, these new aspects of radiation therapy planning will have to be taken into consideration in future clinical trials. Our aim is to review these new treatment planning parameters that can influence the balance between contradicting effects of radiation therapy so as to enhance the therapeutic ratio.
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38
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Belmouaddine H, Madugundu GS, Wagner JR, Couairon A, Houde D, Sanche L. DNA Base Modifications Mediated by Femtosecond Laser-Induced Cold Low-Density Plasma in Aqueous Solutions. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:2753-2760. [PMID: 31039309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Applications based on near-infrared femtosecond laser-induced plasma in biological materials involve numerous ionization events that inevitably mediate physicochemical effects. Here, the physical chemistry underlying the action of such plasma is characterized in a system of biological interest. We have implemented wavefront shaping techniques to control the generation of laser-induced low electron density plasma channels in DNA aqueous solutions, which minimize the unwanted thermo-mechanical effects associated with plasma of higher density. The number of DNA base modifications per unit of absolute energy deposited by such cold plasma is compared to those induced by either ultraviolet or standard ionizing radiation (γ-rays). Analyses of various photoinduced, oxidative, and reductive DNA base products show that the effects of laser-induced cold plasma are mainly mediated by reactive radical species produced upon the ionization of water, rather than by the direct interaction of the strong laser field with DNA. In the plasma environment, reactions among densely produced primary radicals result in a dramatic decrease in the yields of DNA damages relative to sparse ionizing radiation. This intense radical production also drives the local depletion of oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakim Belmouaddine
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology , Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke , Quebec J1H 5N4 , Canada
| | - Guru S Madugundu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology , Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke , Quebec J1H 5N4 , Canada
| | - J Richard Wagner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology , Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke , Quebec J1H 5N4 , Canada
| | - Arnaud Couairon
- CPHT, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, IP Paris , F-91128 Palaiseau , France
| | - Daniel Houde
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology , Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke , Quebec J1H 5N4 , Canada
| | - Léon Sanche
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology , Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke , Quebec J1H 5N4 , Canada
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39
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Cadet J, Di Mascio P, Wagner JR. Radiation-induced (5' R)-and (5' S)-purine 5',8-cyclo-2'-deoxyribonucleosides in human cells: a revisited analysis of HPLC-MS/MS measurements. Free Radic Res 2019; 53:574-577. [PMID: 30961398 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2019.1605169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Cadet
- a Département de Médecine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé , Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke , Canada
| | - Paolo Di Mascio
- b Departamento de Bioquimica, Instituto de Quimica , Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - J Richard Wagner
- a Département de Médecine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé , Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke , Canada
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40
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Smith MR, Shock DD, Beard WA, Greenberg MM, Freudenthal BD, Wilson SH. A guardian residue hinders insertion of a Fapy•dGTP analog by modulating the open-closed DNA polymerase transition. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:3197-3207. [PMID: 30649431 PMCID: PMC6451102 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
4,6-Diamino-5-formamidopyrimidine (Fapy•dG) is an abundant form of oxidative DNA damage that is mutagenic and contributes to the pathogenesis of human disease. When Fapy•dG is in its nucleotide triphosphate form, Fapy•dGTP, it is inefficiently cleansed from the nucleotide pool by the responsible enzyme in Escherichia coli MutT and its mammalian homolog MTH1. Therefore, under oxidative stress conditions, Fapy•dGTP could become a pro-mutagenic substrate for insertion into the genome by DNA polymerases. Here, we evaluated insertion kinetics and high-resolution ternary complex crystal structures of a configurationally stable Fapy•dGTP analog, β-C-Fapy•dGTP, with DNA polymerase β. The crystallographic snapshots and kinetic data indicate that binding of β-C-Fapy•dGTP impedes enzyme closure, thus hindering insertion. The structures reveal that an active site residue, Asp276, positions β-C-Fapy•dGTP so that it distorts the geometry of critical catalytic atoms. Removal of this guardian side chain permits enzyme closure and increases the efficiency of β-C-Fapy•dG insertion opposite dC. These results highlight the stringent requirements necessary to achieve a closed DNA polymerase active site poised for efficient nucleotide incorporation and illustrate how DNA polymerase β has evolved to hinder Fapy•dGTP insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory R Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd Mail Stop #3030, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - David D Shock
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2233, USA
| | - William A Beard
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2233, USA
| | - Marc M Greenberg
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Bret D Freudenthal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd Mail Stop #3030, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA,Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2233, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 913 588 5560;
| | - Samuel H Wilson
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2233, USA,Correspondence may also be addressed to Samuel H. Wilson. Tel: +1 984 287 3451;
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41
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Petković VD, Keta OD, Vidosavljević MZ, Incerti S, Ristić Fira AM, Petrović IM. Biological outcomes of γ-radiation induced DNA damages in breast and lung cancer cells pretreated with free radical scavengers. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:274-285. [PMID: 30451568 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1549753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Investigation of effects on DNA of γ-irradiated human cancer cells pretreated with free radical scavengers is aimed to create reference data which would enable assessment of the relative efficiency of high linear energy transfer (LET) radiations used in hadron therapy, i.e. protons and carbon ions. MATERIALS AND METHODS MCF-7 breast and HTB177 lung cancer cells are irradiated with γ-rays. To minimize indirect effects of irradiation, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or glycerol are applied as free radical scavengers. Biological response to irradiation is evaluated through clonogenic cell survival, immunocytochemical and cell cycle analysis, as well as expression of proteins involved in DNA damage response. RESULTS Examined cell lines reveal similar level of radioresistance. Application of scavengers leads to the rise of cell survival and decreases the number of DNA double strand breaks in irradiated cells. Differences in cell cycle and protein expression between the two cell lines are probably caused by different DNA damage repair mechanisms that are activated. CONCLUSION The obtained results show that DMSO and glycerol have good scavenging capacity, and may be used to minimize DNA damage induced by free radicals. Therefore, they will be used as the reference for comparison with high LET irradiations, as well as good experimental data suitable for validation of numerical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladana D Petković
- a Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences , University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Otilija D Keta
- a Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences , University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | | | | | | | - Ivan M Petrović
- a Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences , University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
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42
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Wang H, Jiang H, Van De Gucht M, De Ridder M. Hypoxic Radioresistance: Can ROS Be the Key to Overcome It? Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11010112. [PMID: 30669417 PMCID: PMC6357097 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a mainstay treatment for many types of cancer and kills cancer cells via generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Incorporating radiation with pharmacological ROS inducers, therefore, has been widely investigated as an approach to enhance aerobic radiosensitization. However, this strategy was overlooked in hypoxic counterpart, one of the most important causes of radiotherapy failure, due to the notion that hypoxic cells are immune to ROS insults because of the shortage of ROS substrate oxygen. Paradoxically, evidence reveals that ROS are produced more in hypoxic than normoxic cells and serve as signaling molecules that render cells adaptive to hypoxia. As a result, hypoxic tumor cells heavily rely on antioxidant systems to sustain the ROS homeostasis. Thereby, they become sensitive to insults that impair the ROS detoxification network, which has been verified in diverse models with or without radiation. Of note, hypoxic radioresistance has been overviewed in different contexts. To the best of our knowledge, this review is the first to systemically summarize the interplay among radiation, hypoxia, and ROS, and to discuss whether perturbation of ROS homeostasis could provide a new avenue to tackle hypoxic radioresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Heng Jiang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Melissa Van De Gucht
- Department of Radiotherapy, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Mark De Ridder
- Department of Radiotherapy, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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Pouget JP, Georgakilas AG, Ravanat JL. Targeted and Off-Target (Bystander and Abscopal) Effects of Radiation Therapy: Redox Mechanisms and Risk/Benefit Analysis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:1447-1487. [PMID: 29350049 PMCID: PMC6199630 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Radiation therapy (from external beams to unsealed and sealed radionuclide sources) takes advantage of the detrimental effects of the clustered production of radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Research has mainly focused on the interaction of radiation with water, which is the major constituent of living beings, and with nuclear DNA, which contains the genetic information. This led to the so-called target theory according to which cells have to be hit by ionizing particles to elicit an important biological response, including cell death. In cancer therapy, the Poisson law and linear quadratic mathematical models have been used to describe the probability of hits per cell as a function of the radiation dose. Recent Advances: However, in the last 20 years, many studies have shown that radiation generates "danger" signals that propagate from irradiated to nonirradiated cells, leading to bystander and other off-target effects. CRITICAL ISSUES Like for targeted effects, redox mechanisms play a key role also in off-target effects through transmission of ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and also of cytokines, ATP, and extracellular DNA. Particularly, nuclear factor kappa B is essential for triggering self-sustained production of ROS and RNS, thus making the bystander response similar to inflammation. In some therapeutic cases, this phenomenon is associated with recruitment of immune cells that are involved in distant irradiation effects (called "away-from-target" i.e., abscopal effects). FUTURE DIRECTIONS Determining the contribution of targeted and off-target effects in the clinic is still challenging. This has important consequences not only in radiotherapy but also possibly in diagnostic procedures and in radiation protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Pouget
- 1 Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM) , INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- 2 DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens , Athens, Greece
| | - Jean-Luc Ravanat
- 3 Univ. Grenoble Alpes , CEA, CNRS INAC SyMMES UMR 5819, Grenoble, France
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Jiang H, Wang H, De Ridder M. Targeting antioxidant enzymes as a radiosensitizing strategy. Cancer Lett 2018; 438:154-164. [PMID: 30223069 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy represents a major anti-cancer modality and effectively kills cancer cells through generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, cancer cells are commonly characterized by increased activity of ROS-scavenging enzymes in adaptation to intrinsic oxidative stress, leading to radioresistance. Abrogation of this defense network by pharmacological ROS insults therefore is shown to improve radioresponse in preclinical models; some of them are then tested in clinical trials. In this review, we address (1) the importance of ROS in radioresponse, (2) the main systems regulating redox homeostasis with a special focus on their prognostic effect and predictive role in radiotherapy, and (3) the potential radiosensitizers acting through inhibition of antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Jiang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mark De Ridder
- Department of Radiotherapy, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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Wennerberg E, Vanpouille-Box C, Bornstein S, Yamazaki T, Demaria S, Galluzzi L. Immune recognition of irradiated cancer cells. Immunol Rev 2018; 280:220-230. [PMID: 29027232 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing irradiation has been extensively employed for the clinical management of solid tumors, with therapeutic or palliative intents, for decades. Until recently, radiation therapy (RT) was believed to mediate antineoplastic activity mostly (if not only) as a consequence of cancer cell-intrinsic effects. Indeed, the macromolecular damage imposed to malignant cells by RT initiates one or multiple signal transduction cascades that drive a permanent proliferative arrest (cellular senescence) or regulated cell death. Both these phenomena show a rather linear dose-response correlation. However, RT also mediates consistent immunological activity, not only as an "on-target effect" originating within irradiated cancer cells, but also as an "off-target effect" depending on the interaction between RT and stromal, endothelial, and immune components of the tumor microenvironment. Interestingly, the immunological activity of RT does not exhibit linear dose-response correlation. Here, we discuss the mechanisms whereby RT alters the capacity of the immune system to recognize and eliminate irradiated cancer cells, either as an "on-target" or as on "off-target" effect. In particular, we discuss the antagonism between the immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive effects of RT as we delineate combinatorial strategies to boost the former at the expenses of the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Wennerberg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Sophia Bornstein
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Takahiro Yamazaki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sandra Demaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France
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Sylvester CB, Abe JI, Patel ZS, Grande-Allen KJ. Radiation-Induced Cardiovascular Disease: Mechanisms and Importance of Linear Energy Transfer. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:5. [PMID: 29445728 PMCID: PMC5797745 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) in the form of photons and protons is a well-established treatment for cancer. More recently, heavy charged particles have been used to treat radioresistant and high-risk cancers. Radiation treatment is known to cause cardiovascular disease (CVD) which can occur acutely during treatment or years afterward in the form of accelerated atherosclerosis. Radiation-induced cardiovascular disease (RICVD) can be a limiting factor in treatment as well as a cause of morbidity and mortality in successfully treated patients. Inflammation plays a key role in both acute and chronic RICVD, but the underling pathophysiology is complex, involving DNA damage, reactive oxygen species, and chronic inflammation. While understanding of the molecular mechanisms of RICVD has increased, the growing number of patients receiving RT warrants further research to identify individuals at risk, plans for prevention, and targets for the treatment of RICVD. Research on RICVD is also relevant to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) due to the prevalent space radiation environment encountered by astronauts. NASA's current research on RICVD can both contribute to and benefit from concurrent work with cell and animal studies informing radiotoxicities resulting from cancer therapy. This review summarizes the types of radiation currently in clinical use, models of RICVD, current knowledge of the mechanisms by which they cause CVD, and how this knowledge might apply to those exposed to various types of radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Sylvester
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jun-Ichi Abe
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Zarana S Patel
- Science and Space Operations, KBRwyle, Houston, TX, United States
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Zhou Q, Li K, Liu YH, Li LL, Yu KK, Zhang H, Yu XQ. Fluorescent Wittig reagent as a novel ratiometric probe for the quantification of 5-formyluracil and its application in cell imaging. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:13722-13725. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc07541g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For the first time a Wittig reagent was introduced into the design of a fluorescent probe for the quantification of 5-formyluracil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- P. R. China
| | - Kun Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- P. R. China
| | - Yan-Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- P. R. China
| | - Ling-Ling Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- P. R. China
| | - Kang-Kang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Qi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- P. R. China
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Shafirovich V, Geacintov NE. Removal of oxidatively generated DNA damage by overlapping repair pathways. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 107:53-61. [PMID: 27818219 PMCID: PMC5418118 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.10.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It is generally believed that the mammalian nucleotide excision repair pathway removes DNA helix-distorting bulky DNA lesions, while small non-bulky lesions are repaired by base excision repair (BER). However, recent work demonstrates that the oxidativly generated guanine oxidation products, spiroimininodihydantoin (Sp), 5-guanidinohydantoin (Gh), and certain intrastrand cross-linked lesions, are good substrates of NER and BER pathways that compete with one another in human cell extracts. The oxidation of guanine by peroxynitrite is known to generate 5-guanidino-4-nitroimidazole (NIm) which is structurally similar to Gh, except that the 4-nitro group in NIm is replaced by a keto group in Gh. However, unlike Gh, NIm is an excellent substrate of BER, but not of NER. These and other related results are reviewed and discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Shafirovich
- Chemistry Department, New York University, 31 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003-5180, USA.
| | - Nicholas E Geacintov
- Chemistry Department, New York University, 31 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003-5180, USA
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Cadet J, Davies KJA, Medeiros MH, Di Mascio P, Wagner JR. Formation and repair of oxidatively generated damage in cellular DNA. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 107:13-34. [PMID: 28057600 PMCID: PMC5457722 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this review article, emphasis is placed on the critical survey of available data concerning modified nucleobase and 2-deoxyribose products that have been identified in cellular DNA following exposure to a wide variety of oxidizing species and agents including, hydroxyl radical, one-electron oxidants, singlet oxygen, hypochlorous acid and ten-eleven translocation enzymes. In addition, information is provided about the generation of secondary oxidation products of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine and nucleobase addition products with reactive aldehydes arising from the decomposition of lipid peroxides. It is worth noting that the different classes of oxidatively generated DNA damage that consist of single lesions, intra- and interstrand cross-links were unambiguously assigned and quantitatively detected on the basis of accurate measurements involving in most cases high performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The reported data clearly show that the frequency of DNA lesions generated upon severe oxidizing conditions, including exposure to ionizing radiation is low, at best a few modifications per 106 normal bases. Application of accurate analytical measurement methods has also allowed the determination of repair kinetics of several well-defined lesions in cellular DNA that however concerns so far only a restricted number of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Cadet
- Département de médecine nucléaire et radiobiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1H 5N4.
| | - Kelvin J A Davies
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, United States; Division of Molecular & Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences of the Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, United States
| | - Marisa Hg Medeiros
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 26077, CEP 05508 000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paolo Di Mascio
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 26077, CEP 05508 000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - J Richard Wagner
- Département de médecine nucléaire et radiobiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1H 5N4
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Fleming AM, Burrows CJ. Formation and processing of DNA damage substrates for the hNEIL enzymes. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 107:35-52. [PMID: 27880870 PMCID: PMC5438787 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are harnessed by the cell for signaling at the same time as being detrimental to cellular components such as DNA. The genome and transcriptome contain instructions that can alter cellular processes when oxidized. The guanine (G) heterocycle in the nucleotide pool, DNA, or RNA is the base most prone to oxidation. The oxidatively-derived products of G consistently observed in high yields from hydroxyl radical, carbonate radical, or singlet oxygen oxidations under conditions modeling the cellular reducing environment are discussed. The major G base oxidation products are 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (OG), 5-carboxamido-5-formamido-2-iminohydantoin (2Ih), spiroiminodihydantoin (Sp), and 5-guanidinohydantoin (Gh). The yields of these products show dependency on the oxidant and the reaction context that includes nucleoside, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), and G-quadruplex DNA (G4-DNA) structures. Upon formation of these products in cells, they are recognized by the DNA glycosylases in the base excision repair (BER) pathway. This review focuses on initiation of BER by the mammalian Nei-like1-3 (NEIL1-3) glycosylases for removal of 2Ih, Sp, and Gh. The unique ability of the human NEILs to initiate removal of the hydantoins in ssDNA, bulge-DNA, bubble-DNA, dsDNA, and G4-DNA is outlined. Additionally, when Gh exists in a G4 DNA found in a gene promoter, NEIL-mediated repair is modulated by the plasticity of the G4-DNA structure provided by additional G-runs flanking the sequence. On the basis of these observations and cellular studies from the literature, the interplay between DNA oxidation and BER to alter gene expression is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0850, United States
| | - Cynthia J Burrows
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0850, United States.
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