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Abstract
Hormesis can be explained by evolutionary adaptation to the current level of a factor present in the natural environment or to some average from the past. This pertains also to ionizing radiation as the natural background has been decreasing during the time of the life existence. DNA damage and repair are normally in a dynamic balance. The conservative nature of the DNA repair suggests that cells may have retained some capability to repair damage from higher radiation levels than that existing today. According to this concept, the harm caused by radioactive contamination would tend to zero with a dose rate tending to a wide range level of the natural radiation background. Existing evidence in favor of hormesis is substantial, experimental data being partly at variance with results of epidemiological studies. Potential bias, systematic errors, and motives to exaggerate risks from low-dose low-rate ionizing radiation are discussed here. In conclusion, current radiation safety norms are exceedingly restrictive and should be revised on the basis of scientific evidence. Elevation of the limits must be accompanied by measures guaranteeing their observance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Jargin
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation
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2
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Jargin SV. Re: The high price of public fear of low-dose radiation. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2017; 37:797-799. [PMID: 28675752 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/aa7c69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergei V Jargin
- People's Friendship University of Russia, Clementovski per 6-82, 115184 Moscow, Russia
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3
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Azizova TV, Grigoryeva ES, Hunter N, Pikulina MV, Moseeva MB. [Risk of death from circulatory diseases in a cohort of patients exposed to chronic radiation]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2017; 89:18-27. [PMID: 28252622 DOI: 10.17116/terarkh201789118-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess mortality from circulatory diseases (CD) in a cohort of workers exposed occupationally to chronic radiation in relation to external and internal exposure, by taking into account known non-radiation risk factors (RFs), such as smoking (including smoking index), alcohol consumption, hypertension, and body mass index. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Mortality from CD (ICD-10: I00 - I99) was studied in a cohort of 22,377 nuclear power plant («Mayak» Production Association) workers exposed occupationally to chronic radiation. The study was based on the individual dose estimates of external and internal exposure taken from the new Mayak workers dosimetry system 2008 (MWDS-2008). The quantitative characteristics of smoking (smoking index) were used for the first time to assess the risk for CD in the cohort of workers exposed to chronic radiation. RESULTS There was a statistically significant linear relationship between CD mortality and external gamma-dose after adjusting for the non-radiation RFs; the excess relative risk per unit dose (ERR/Gy) was 0.05 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0 to 0.11). Introducing an additional adjustment for internal alpha-dose resulted in a twofold increase in ERR/Gy=0.10 (95% CI: 0.02 to 0.21). There was a statistically significant increasing trend in CD mortality with the elevated absorbed dose from internal alpha-radiation in the liver (ERR/Gy=0.27; 95% CI: 0.12 to 0.48). However, ERR/Gy decreased and lost its statistical significance after adjusting for external gamma-dose. CONCLUSION The results of this study are in good agreement with risk estimates obtained in the Japanese cohort of atomic bomb survivors and in the cohorts of occupationally exposed workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Azizova
- South Ural Institute of Biophysics, Federal Biomedical Agency, Ozersk, Chelyabinsk Region, Russia
| | - E S Grigoryeva
- South Ural Institute of Biophysics, Federal Biomedical Agency, Ozersk, Chelyabinsk Region, Russia
| | - N Hunter
- Public Health England, Epidemiology Department, Center for Radiation Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, UK
| | - M V Pikulina
- South Ural Institute of Biophysics, Federal Biomedical Agency, Ozersk, Chelyabinsk Region, Russia
| | - M B Moseeva
- South Ural Institute of Biophysics, Federal Biomedical Agency, Ozersk, Chelyabinsk Region, Russia
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4
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Lin CM, Wang CW, Liu YC. Is ionizing radiation a risk factor to diffuse panbronchiolitis? QJM 2017; 110:179-180. [PMID: 28069906 PMCID: PMC5444672 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcw225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C.-M. Lin
- From the Division of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 199 Tun-Hwa North Road, Taipei 105, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
- Healthcare center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Dinghu Road, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - C.-W. Wang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No.5, Fuxing St, Guishan Dist, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
| | - Y.-C. Liu
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No.5, Fuxing St, Guishan Dist, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
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5
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Hall J, Jeggo PA, West C, Gomolka M, Quintens R, Badie C, Laurent O, Aerts A, Anastasov N, Azimzadeh O, Azizova T, Baatout S, Baselet B, Benotmane MA, Blanchardon E, Guéguen Y, Haghdoost S, Harms-Ringhdahl M, Hess J, Kreuzer M, Laurier D, Macaeva E, Manning G, Pernot E, Ravanat JL, Sabatier L, Tack K, Tapio S, Zitzelsberger H, Cardis E. Ionizing radiation biomarkers in epidemiological studies - An update. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2017; 771:59-84. [PMID: 28342453 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent epidemiology studies highlighted the detrimental health effects of exposure to low dose and low dose rate ionizing radiation (IR): nuclear industry workers studies have shown increased leukaemia and solid tumour risks following cumulative doses of <100mSv and dose rates of <10mGy per year; paediatric patients studies have reported increased leukaemia and brain tumours risks after doses of 30-60mGy from computed tomography scans. Questions arise, however, about the impact of even lower doses and dose rates where classical epidemiological studies have limited power but where subsets within the large cohorts are expected to have an increased risk. Further progress requires integration of biomarkers or bioassays of individual exposure, effects and susceptibility to IR. The European DoReMi (Low Dose Research towards Multidisciplinary Integration) consortium previously reviewed biomarkers for potential use in IR epidemiological studies. Given the increased mechanistic understanding of responses to low dose radiation the current review provides an update covering technical advances and recent studies. A key issue identified is deciding which biomarkers to progress. A roadmap is provided for biomarker development from discovery to implementation and used to summarise the current status of proposed biomarkers for epidemiological studies. Most potential biomarkers remain at the discovery stage and for some there is sufficient evidence that further development is not warranted. One biomarker identified in the final stages of development and as a priority for further research is radiation specific mRNA transcript profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Hall
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, Lyon, F-69424, France.
| | - Penny A Jeggo
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Catharine West
- Translational Radiobiology Group, Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Christie Hospital, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Gomolka
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Department of Radiation Protection and Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Roel Quintens
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK·CEN, B-2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Christophe Badie
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers group, Radiation Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Olivier Laurent
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - An Aerts
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK·CEN, B-2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Nataša Anastasov
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Institute of Radiation Biology, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Omid Azimzadeh
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Institute of Radiation Biology, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tamara Azizova
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Clinical Department, Ozyorsk, Russia
| | - Sarah Baatout
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK·CEN, B-2400 Mol, Belgium; Cell Systems and Imaging Research Group, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bjorn Baselet
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK·CEN, B-2400 Mol, Belgium; Pole of Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mohammed A Benotmane
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK·CEN, B-2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Eric Blanchardon
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Yann Guéguen
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Siamak Haghdoost
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Harms-Ringhdahl
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julia Hess
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Institute of Radiation Biology, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michaela Kreuzer
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Department of Radiation Protection and Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dominique Laurier
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Ellina Macaeva
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK·CEN, B-2400 Mol, Belgium; Cell Systems and Imaging Research Group, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Grainne Manning
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers group, Radiation Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Pernot
- INSERM U897, Université de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux cedex, France
| | - Jean-Luc Ravanat
- Laboratoire des Lésions des Acides Nucléiques, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INAC-SCIB, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, INAC-SyMMES, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Laure Sabatier
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, BP6, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Karine Tack
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Soile Tapio
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Institute of Radiation Biology, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Horst Zitzelsberger
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Institute of Radiation Biology, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Cardis
- Barcelona Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Radiation Programme, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (MTD formerly), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
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6
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Deltour I, Tsareva Y, Schonfeld SJ, Vostrotin VV, Okatenko P, Sokolnikov M, Schüz J. Risk of Hematologic Malignancies in the Offspring of Female Workers of the Mayak Nuclear Facility in the Southern Urals, Russian Federation. Radiat Res 2016; 186:415-421. [PMID: 27690175 DOI: 10.1667/rr14399.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Long-term effects of in utero exposure to ionizing radiation remain poorly quantified in humans. In this study, the risk of hematologic malignancies was investigated in offspring of female workers of the Mayak Production Association, a large Russian nuclear facility. Excess relative risks (ERR) for exposure to gamma radiation and plutonium were estimated in a cohort of 8,466 offspring who were born between January 1, 1948 and December 31, 1988 and followed until 2009. An unstable linear ERR of 1.12 (95% CI 0.11-3.44) per 100 mGy gamma exposure in utero was estimated based on 32 incident hematologic malignancies in 277,002 person-years under risk. The ERR was increased in the dose category 20-79 mGy gamma exposure in utero (1.75, 95% CI 0.04; 5.63), while the other dose categories showed decreased or unstable estimates. Leukemia showed an ERR of 1.76 (95% CI 0.01-8.33) per 100 mGy based on 13 cases. There was no consistent association with plutonium exposure. While an increased risk of hematologic malignancies after gamma exposure in utero was suggested, the small numbers prevented more definitive conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Deltour
- a Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France; and
| | - Y Tsareva
- b Epidemiology Laboratory and Laboratory of Radiation Safety, Southern Urals Biophysics Institute (SUBI), Ozyorsk, Russia
| | - S J Schonfeld
- a Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France; and
| | - V V Vostrotin
- b Epidemiology Laboratory and Laboratory of Radiation Safety, Southern Urals Biophysics Institute (SUBI), Ozyorsk, Russia
| | - P Okatenko
- b Epidemiology Laboratory and Laboratory of Radiation Safety, Southern Urals Biophysics Institute (SUBI), Ozyorsk, Russia
| | - M Sokolnikov
- b Epidemiology Laboratory and Laboratory of Radiation Safety, Southern Urals Biophysics Institute (SUBI), Ozyorsk, Russia
| | - J Schüz
- a Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France; and
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7
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Azizova TV, Zhuntova GV, Haylock R, Moseeva MB, Grigoryeva ES, Bannikova MV, Belyaeva ZD, Bragin EV. Chronic bronchitis incidence in the extended cohort of Mayak workers first employed during 1948-1982. Occup Environ Med 2016; 74:105-113. [PMID: 27647620 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2015-103283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This paper describes findings from the study of chronic bronchitis (CB) incidence after occupational exposure to ionising radiation among workers employed at Russian Mayak Production Association (PA) during 1948 and 1982 and followed up until 2008 based on 'Mayak Worker Dosimetry System 2008'. METHODS Analyses were based on 2135 verified cases among 21 417 workers. Rate ratios (RR) were estimated by categorical analysis for non-radiation and radiation factors. Excess rate ratios per Gy (ERR/Gy) of external or internal exposures with adjustments via stratification on other factors were calculated. RESULTS The interesting finding in relation to non-radiation factors was a sharp increase in the RR for CB incidence before 1960, which could be caused by a number of factors. Analyses restricted to the follow-up after 1960 revealed statistically significant associations of the CB incidence and external γ-ray radiation, ERR/Gy=0.14 (95% CI 0.02 to 0.28) having adjusted for sex, attained age, calendar period, plant, smoking status and lung α-particle dose, and internal α-particle radiation, ERR/Gy=1.14 (95% CI 0.41 to 2.18) having adjusted for sex, attained age, calendar period, plant, smoking status and lung γ-ray dose and ERR/Gy=1.19 (95% CI 0.32 to 2.53) having additionally adjusted for pre-employment occupational hazards and smoking index instead of smoking status. CONCLUSIONS Analyses of CB incidence in the study cohort identified positive significant association with occupational exposure to radiation: however, there are no similar studies of CB incidence in relation to radiation in other cohorts to date with which a meaningful comparison of the results could be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Azizova
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Ozyorsk, Chelyabinsk Region, Russia
| | - G V Zhuntova
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Ozyorsk, Chelyabinsk Region, Russia
| | | | - M B Moseeva
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Ozyorsk, Chelyabinsk Region, Russia
| | - E S Grigoryeva
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Ozyorsk, Chelyabinsk Region, Russia
| | - M V Bannikova
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Ozyorsk, Chelyabinsk Region, Russia
| | - Z D Belyaeva
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Ozyorsk, Chelyabinsk Region, Russia
| | - E V Bragin
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Ozyorsk, Chelyabinsk Region, Russia
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8
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Azizova TV, Bannikova MV, Grigorieva ES, Bagaeva YP, Azizova EV. Risk of lower extremity arterial disease in a cohort of workers occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation over a prolonged period. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2016; 55:147-159. [PMID: 26994996 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-016-0645-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study the incidence risk of lower extremity arterial disease (LEAD; international classification of diseases version 9 code 440.2) was assessed in a cohort of workers occupationally exposed to radiation over a prolonged period. The study cohort includes 22,377 workers of the Mayak Production Association (25% of whom are females) first employed at one of the main facilities in 1948-1982 and followed up to the end of 2008. Dose estimates used in the study are provided by Mayak Worker Dosimetry System 2008. The mean total dose from external gamma-rays is 0.54 Gy for males and 0.44 Gy for females. The mean absorbed liver dose from internal alpha-radiation due to incorporated plutonium is 0.23 Gy in males and 0.44 Gy in females. Relative risks and excess relative risks per unit dose (ERR/Gy) are calculated based on maximum likelihood. A total of 943 cases of LEAD are registered in the study cohort during the follow-up of 512,801 person-years. A significant association of LEAD incidence with total dose from external gamma-rays (based on a linear model) was revealed, and the ERR/Gy is 0.27 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.11; 0.48). It turned out that a linear-exponential model provides a better fit of the data (∆AIC = 9.957). Inclusion of an adjustment for internal alpha-radiation dose resulted in the reduction of the ERR/Gy to 0.19 (95% CI 0.05; 0.39), but the risk remains significant. No association of LEAD incidence with dose from internal alpha-radiation was found in the study worker cohort. It is concluded that this study provides evidence for an association of LEAD incidence with dose from external gamma-rays taking non-radiation factors into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara V Azizova
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Ozyorskoe Shosse 19, Ozyorsk Chelyabinsk Region, Russia, 456780.
| | - Maria V Bannikova
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Ozyorskoe Shosse 19, Ozyorsk Chelyabinsk Region, Russia, 456780
| | - Evgenia S Grigorieva
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Ozyorskoe Shosse 19, Ozyorsk Chelyabinsk Region, Russia, 456780
| | - Yaroslava P Bagaeva
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Ozyorskoe Shosse 19, Ozyorsk Chelyabinsk Region, Russia, 456780
| | - Elena V Azizova
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Ozyorskoe Shosse 19, Ozyorsk Chelyabinsk Region, Russia, 456780
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Azizova TV, Grigoryeva ES, Haylock RGE, Pikulina MV, Moseeva MB. Ischaemic heart disease incidence and mortality in an extended cohort of Mayak workers first employed in 1948-1982. Br J Radiol 2015; 88:20150169. [PMID: 26224431 PMCID: PMC4730965 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20150169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Incidence and mortality from ischaemic heart disease (IHD) was studied in an extended cohort of 22,377 workers first employed at the Mayak Production Association during 1948-82 and followed up to the end of 2008. METHODS Relative risks and excess relative risks per unit dose (ERR/Gy) were calculated based on the maximum likelihood using Epicure software (Hirosoft International Corporation, Seattle, WA). Dose estimates used in analyses were provided by an updated "Mayak Worker Dosimetry System-2008". RESULTS A significant increasing linear trend in IHD incidence with total dose from external γ-rays was observed after having adjusted for non-radiation factors and dose from internal radiation {ERR/Gy = 0.10 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.04 to 0.17]}. The pure quadratic model provided a better fit of the data than did the linear one. No significant association of IHD mortality with total dose from external γ-rays after having adjusted for non-radiation factors and dose from internal alpha radiation was observed in the study cohort [ERR/Gy = 0.06 (95% CI: <0 to 0.15)]. A significant increasing linear trend was observed in IHD mortality with total absorbed dose from internal alpha radiation to the liver after having adjusted for non-radiation factors and dose from external γ-rays in both the whole cohort [ERR/Gy = 0.21 (95% CI: 0.01 to 0.58)] and the subcohort of workers exposed at alpha dose <1.00 Gy [ERR/Gy = 1.08 (95% CI: 0.34 to 2.15)]. No association of IHD incidence with total dose from internal alpha radiation to the liver was found in the whole cohort after having adjusted for non-radiation factors and external gamma dose [ERR/Gy = 0.02 (95% CI: not available to 0.10)]. Statistically significant dose effect was revealed in the subcohort of workers exposed to internal alpha radiation at dose to the liver <1.00 Gy [ERR/Gy = 0.44 (95% CI: 0.09 to 0.85)]. CONCLUSION This study provides strong evidence of IHD incidence and mortality association with external γ-ray exposure and some evidence of IHD incidence and mortality association with internal alpha-radiation exposure. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE It is the first time the validity of internal radiation dose estimates has been shown to affect the risk of IHD incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara V Azizova
- Clinical Department, Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Ozyorsk, Russia
| | | | | | - Maria V Pikulina
- Clinical Department, Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Ozyorsk, Russia
| | - Maria B Moseeva
- Clinical Department, Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Ozyorsk, Russia
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10
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Azizova TV, Grigorieva ES, Hunter N, Pikulina MV, Moseeva MB. Risk of mortality from circulatory diseases in Mayak workers cohort following occupational radiation exposure. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2015; 35:517-38. [PMID: 26082993 DOI: 10.1088/0952-4746/35/3/517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Mortality from circulatory diseases (CD) (ICD-9 codes 390-459) was studied in an extended Mayak worker cohort, which included 22,377 workers first employed at the Mayak Production Association in 1948-1982 and followed up to the end of 2008. The enlarged cohort and extended follow-up as compared to the previous analyses provided an increased number of deaths from CD and improved statistical power of this mortality study. The analyses were based on dose estimates provided by a new Mayak Worker Dosimetry System 2008 (MWDS-2008). For the first time in the study of non-cancer effects in this cohort quantitative smoking data (smoking index) were taken into account. A significant increasing trend for CD mortality with increasing dose from external gamma-rays was found after having adjusted for non-radiation factors; the excess relative risk per unit dose (ERR/Gy) was 0.05 (95% confidence interval (CI): >0, 0.11). Inclusion of an additional adjustment for dose from internal alpha-radiation to the liver resulted in a two-fold increase of ERR/Gy = 0.10 (95% CI: 0.02, 0.21). A significant increasing trend in CD mortality with increasing dose from internal alpha-radiation to the liver was observed (ERR/Gy = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.12, 0.48). However the ERR/Gy decreased and lost its significance after adjusting for dose from external gamma-rays. Results of the current study are in good agreement with risk estimates obtained for the Japanese LSS cohort as well as other studies of cohorts of nuclear workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Azizova
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, 19 Ozyorskoe shosse, Ozyorsk, 456780, Chelyabinsk Region, Russia
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11
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Cerebrovascular Diseases in Workers at Mayak PA: The Difference in Radiation Risk between Incidence and Mortality. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125904. [PMID: 25933038 PMCID: PMC4416824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A detailed analysis of cerebrovascular diseases (CeVD) for the cohort of workers at Mayak Production Association (PA) is presented. This cohort is especially suitable for the analysis of radiation induced circulatory diseases, due to the detailed medical surveillance and information on several risk factors. The risk after external, typically protracted, gamma exposure is analysed, accounting for potential additional internal alpha exposure. Three different endpoints have been investigated: incidence and mortality from all cerebrovascular diseases and incidence of stroke. Particular emphasis was given to the form of the dose-response relationship and the time dependence of the radiation induced risk. Young attained age was observed to be an important, aggravating modifier of radiation risk for incidence of CeVD and stroke. For incidence of CeVD, our analysis supports a dose response sub-linear for low doses. Finally, the excess relative risk per dose was confirmed to be significantly higher for incidence of CeVD compared to CeVD mortality and incidence of stroke. Arguments are presented for this difference to be based on a true biological effect.
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12
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Sokolnikov M, Preston D, Gilbert E, Schonfeld S, Koshurnikova N. Radiation effects on mortality from solid cancers other than lung, liver, and bone cancer in the Mayak worker cohort: 1948-2008. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117784. [PMID: 25719381 PMCID: PMC4342229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117784;] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation effects on mortality from solid cancers other than lung, liver, and bone cancer in the Mayak worker cohort: 1948-2008. The cohort of Mayak Production Association (PA) workers in Russia offers a unique opportunity to study the effects of prolonged low dose rate external gamma exposures and exposure to plutonium in a working age population. We examined radiation effects on the risk of mortality from solid cancers excluding sites of primary plutonium deposition (lung, liver, and bone surface) among 25,757 workers who were first employed in 1948-1982. During the period 1948-2008, there were 1,825 deaths from cancers other than lung, liver and bone. Using colon dose as a representative external dose, a linear dose response model described the data well. The excess relative risk per Gray for external gamma exposure was 0.16 (95% CI: 0.07 - 0.26) when unadjusted for plutonium exposure and 0.12 (95% CI 0.03 - 0.21) when adjusted for plutonium dose and monitoring status. There was no significant effect modification by sex or attained age. Plutonium exposure was not significantly associated with the group of cancers analyzed after adjusting for monitoring status. Site-specific risks were uncertainly estimated but positive for 13 of the 15 sites evaluated with a statistically significant estimate only for esophageal cancer. Comparison with estimates based on the acute exposures in atomic bomb survivors suggests that the excess relative risk per Gray for prolonged external exposure in Mayak workers may be lower than that for acute exposure but, given the uncertainties, the possibility of equal effects cannot be dismissed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Sokolnikov
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Ozyorsk Russia
| | - Dale Preston
- Hirosoft International, Eureka, California, United States of America
| | - Ethel Gilbert
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sara Schonfeld
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon France
| | - Nina Koshurnikova
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Ozyorsk Russia
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Sokolnikov M, Preston D, Gilbert E, Schonfeld S, Koshurnikova N. Radiation effects on mortality from solid cancers other than lung, liver, and bone cancer in the Mayak worker cohort: 1948-2008. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117784. [PMID: 25719381 PMCID: PMC4342229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation effects on mortality from solid cancers other than lung, liver, and bone cancer in the Mayak worker cohort: 1948-2008. The cohort of Mayak Production Association (PA) workers in Russia offers a unique opportunity to study the effects of prolonged low dose rate external gamma exposures and exposure to plutonium in a working age population. We examined radiation effects on the risk of mortality from solid cancers excluding sites of primary plutonium deposition (lung, liver, and bone surface) among 25,757 workers who were first employed in 1948-1982. During the period 1948-2008, there were 1,825 deaths from cancers other than lung, liver and bone. Using colon dose as a representative external dose, a linear dose response model described the data well. The excess relative risk per Gray for external gamma exposure was 0.16 (95% CI: 0.07 - 0.26) when unadjusted for plutonium exposure and 0.12 (95% CI 0.03 - 0.21) when adjusted for plutonium dose and monitoring status. There was no significant effect modification by sex or attained age. Plutonium exposure was not significantly associated with the group of cancers analyzed after adjusting for monitoring status. Site-specific risks were uncertainly estimated but positive for 13 of the 15 sites evaluated with a statistically significant estimate only for esophageal cancer. Comparison with estimates based on the acute exposures in atomic bomb survivors suggests that the excess relative risk per Gray for prolonged external exposure in Mayak workers may be lower than that for acute exposure but, given the uncertainties, the possibility of equal effects cannot be dismissed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Sokolnikov
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Ozyorsk Russia
| | - Dale Preston
- Hirosoft International, Eureka, California, United States of America
| | - Ethel Gilbert
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sara Schonfeld
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon France
| | - Nina Koshurnikova
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Ozyorsk Russia
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Azizova TV, Haylock RGE, Moseeva MB, Bannikova MV, Grigoryeva ES. Cerebrovascular diseases incidence and mortality in an extended Mayak Worker Cohort 1948-1982. Radiat Res 2014; 182:529-44. [PMID: 25361397 DOI: 10.1667/rr13680.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Incidence and mortality from cerebrovascular disease (CVD) [International Classification of Diseases 9th revision (ICD-9) codes: 430-438] was studied in a cohort of 22,377 workers first employed at the Mayak Production Association (Mayak PA) in 1948-1982 and followed up to the end of 2008. The cohort size was increased by 19% and follow-up extended by 3 years over the previous analysis. Radiation doses were estimated using an updated dosimetry system: Mayak Worker Dosimetry System 2008 (MWDS-2008). For the first time, in an analysis of this cohort, quantitative smoking data were used. Workers of the study cohort were exposed occupationally to prolonged external gamma rays and internal alpha particles. The mean (±standard deviation) total dose from external gamma rays was 0.54 ± 0.76 Gy (95% percentile 2.21 Gy) for males and 0.44 ± 0.65 Gy (95% percentile 1.87 Gy) for females. The mean plutonium body burden in the 31% of workers monitored for internal exposure was 1.32 ± 4.87 kBq (95% percentile 4.71 kBq) for males and 2.21 ± 13.24 kBq (95% percentile 4.56 kBq) for females. The mean total absorbed alpha-particles dose to the liver from incorporated plutonium was 0.23 ± 0.77 Gy (95% percentile 0.89 Gy) in males and 0.44 ± 2.11 Gy (95% percentile 1.25 Gy) in females. After adjusting for nonradiation factors (gender, age, calendar period, employment period, facility, smoking, alcohol consumption), there were significantly increasing trends in CVD incidence associated with total absorbed dose from external gamma rays and total absorbed dose to the liver from internal alpha-particle radiation exposure. Excess relative risks per Gy (ERR/Gy) were 0.46 (95% CI 0.37, 0.57) and 0.28 (95% CI 0.16, 0.42), respectively, based on a linear dose-response model. Adjustments for additional factors (hypertension, body mass index, duration of employment, smoking index and total absorbed dose to the liver from internal exposure during the analysis of external exposure and vice versa) had little effect on the results. The categorical analyses showed that CVD incidence was significantly higher among workers with total absorbed external gamma-ray doses greater than 0.1 Gy compared to those exposed to lower doses and that CVD incidence was also significantly higher among workers with total absorbed internal alpha-particle doses to the liver from incorporated plutonium greater than 0.01 Gy compared to those exposed to lower doses. The results of the categorical analyses of CVD incidence were in good agreement with a linear dose response for external gamma-ray doses but for internal alpha-particle doses the picture was less clear. For the first time an excess risk of CVD mortality was seen in workers whose livers were exposed to internal alpha-particle doses greater than 0.1 Gy compared to those workers who were exposed to doses of less than 0.01 Gy. A significant increasing trend for CVD mortality with internal alpha-particle dose was revealed in the subcohort of workers exposed at doses <1.0 Gy after having adjusted for nonradiation factors, ERR/Gy = 0.84 (95% CI, 0.09, 1.92). These updated results provide good evidence for a linear trend in risk of CVD incidence with external gamma-ray dose. The trend for CVD incidence with internal alpha-particle dose is less clear due to the impact of issues concerning the use of dose estimates based on below the limit of detection bioassay measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Azizova
- a Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Ozyorsk, Chelyabinsk Region, Russia
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