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Stephens J, Moorhouse AJ, Craenen K, Schroeder E, Drenos F, Anderson R. A systematic review of human evidence for the intergenerational effects of exposure to ionizing radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2024:1-34. [PMID: 38335529 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2024.2306328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide a synthesis of the published evidence pertaining to the intergenerational health effects of parental preconceptional exposure to ionizing radiation in humans. METHODS The study populations are the descendants of those who were exposed to ionizing radiation prior to conception. A Boolean search identified publications for review in accordance with Office of Health Assessment and Translation guidelines. Initially, a risk of bias assessment was conducted for each published study and relevant data extracted. Information was organized into adverse health outcome groups and exposure situations. To make an assessment from the body of evidence within each group, an initial confidence rating was assigned, before factors including inconsistencies between studies, magnitude of effect, dose response and confounders were considered. From this, 'an effect', 'no effect' or whether the evidence remained 'inadequate' to determine either effect or no effect, was ascertained. This assessment was based primarily upon the author's conclusions within that evidence-base and, by binomial probability testing of the direction of effect reported. RESULTS 2441 publications were identified for review which after screening was reduced to 127. For the majority of the adverse health groups, we find there to be inadequate evidence from which to determine whether the health effect was, or was not, associated with parental preconceptional radiation exposure. This was largely due to heterogeneity between individual study's findings and conclusions within each group and, the limited number of studies within each group. We did observe one health grouping (congenital abnormalities) in occupationally exposed populations, where an increase in effect relative to their controls or large magnitude of effects, were reported, although it is noted that the authors of these studies interpreted their findings as most likely not to be associated with parental radiation exposure. CONCLUSIONS We find there to be a lack of evidence to enable the formal assessment of radiation-related adverse effects in offspring of exposed humans. This is not the same as there being no clear evidence that effects may occur but does infer that if adverse health effects do arise in children of exposed parents, then these effects are small and difficult to reproducibly measure. Inconsistencies in designing studies are unavoidable, however we highlight the need for an element of standardization and, more sharing of primary datasets as part of open access initiatives, in order for future reviews to make reasonable conclusions. Overall, there is a need for future work to ensure comparable measures between studies where possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Stephens
- Centre for Health Effects of Radiological and Chemical Agents, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Alexander J Moorhouse
- Centre for Health Effects of Radiological and Chemical Agents, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Kai Craenen
- Centre for Health Effects of Radiological and Chemical Agents, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Ewald Schroeder
- Centre for Health Effects of Radiological and Chemical Agents, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Fotios Drenos
- Centre for Health Effects of Radiological and Chemical Agents, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Rhona Anderson
- Centre for Health Effects of Radiological and Chemical Agents, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
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2
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Brooks AL, Conca J, Glines WM, Waltar AE. How the Science of Radiation Biology Can Help Reduce the Crippling Fear of Low-level Radiation. HEALTH PHYSICS 2023; 124:407-424. [PMID: 36989223 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The fear of radiation has been present almost since the discovery of radiation, but has intensified since the "dawn of the atomic age" over 75 y ago. This fear has often served as an impediment to the safe and beneficial uses of radiation and radioactive material. The underlying causes of such fear are varied, can be complex, and are often not associated with any scientific knowledge or understanding. The authors believe that a clear understanding of the current scientific knowledge and understanding of the effects of radiation exposure may be useful in helping to allay some of the fear of radiation. This manuscript attempts to (1) address several scientific questions that we believe have contributed to the fear of radiation, (2) review the data derived from research that can be used to address these questions, and (3) summarize how the results of such scientific research can be used to help address the fear of low-dose and low-dose-rate radiation. Several examples of how fear of radiation has affected public perception of radiological events are discussed, as well as a brief history of the etiology of radiation fear. Actions needed to reduce the public fear of radiation and help fulfill the full societal benefits of radiation and radioactive materials are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antone L Brooks
- Research Professor Emeritus, Washington State University, Chief Scientist, DOE Low Dose Program, 6802 W. 13th Avenue, Kennewick, WA 99338
| | - James Conca
- President UFA Ventures, Inc., Richland, WA, Science writer for Forbes
| | - Wayne M Glines
- Senior Technical Advisor (retired), Department of Energy, 2315 Camas Avenue, Richland, WA 99354
| | - Alan E Waltar
- Professor and Head (retired), Department of Nuclear Engineering, Texas A&M University, Past President, American Nuclear Society, 12449 Ingalls Creek Road, Peshastin, WA 98847
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3
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Cutler R, Vijg J. A mechanism for inheriting radiation-induced DNA damage. Nature 2023; 613:249-250. [PMID: 36544004 PMCID: PMC10262177 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-022-04449-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Radiation-damaged paternal DNA has been found to cause embryos of the second generation of nematode worms, but not the first, to die. The proposed mechanisms help to explain the observed lack of such an effect in humans.
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4
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Wang S, Meyer DH, Schumacher B. Inheritance of paternal DNA damage by histone-mediated repair restriction. Nature 2023; 613:365-374. [PMID: 36544019 PMCID: PMC9834056 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05544-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
How paternal exposure to ionizing radiation affects genetic inheritance and disease risk in the offspring has been a long-standing question in radiation biology. In humans, nearly 80% of transmitted mutations arise in the paternal germline1, but the transgenerational effects of ionizing radiation exposure has remained controversial and the mechanisms are unknown. Here we show that in sex-separated Caenorhabditis elegans strains, paternal, but not maternal, exposure to ionizing radiation leads to transgenerational embryonic lethality. The offspring of irradiated males displayed various genome instability phenotypes, including DNA fragmentation, chromosomal rearrangement and aneuploidy. Paternal DNA double strand breaks were repaired by maternally provided error-prone polymerase theta-mediated end joining. Mechanistically, we show that depletion of an orthologue of human histone H1.0, HIS-24, or the heterochromatin protein HPL-1, could significantly reverse the transgenerational embryonic lethality. Removal of HIS-24 or HPL-1 reduced histone 3 lysine 9 dimethylation and enabled error-free homologous recombination repair in the germline of the F1 generation from ionizing radiation-treated P0 males, consequently improving the viability of the F2 generation. This work establishes the mechanistic underpinnings of the heritable consequences of paternal radiation exposure on the health of offspring, which may lead to congenital disorders and cancer in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyao Wang
- Institute for Genome Stability in Aging and Disease, Medical Faculty, University Hospital and University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - David H Meyer
- Institute for Genome Stability in Aging and Disease, Medical Faculty, University Hospital and University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Björn Schumacher
- Institute for Genome Stability in Aging and Disease, Medical Faculty, University Hospital and University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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Rake C, Gilham C, Scholze M, Bukasa L, Stephens J, Simpson J, Peto J, Anderson R. British nuclear test veteran family trios for the study of genetic risk. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2022; 42:021528. [PMID: 35726547 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ac6e10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The risk of radiation effects in children of individuals exposed to ionising radiation remains an ongoing concern for aged veterans of the British nuclear testing programme. The genetic and cytogenetic family trio (GCFT) study is the first study to obtain blood samples from a group of British nuclear test veterans and their families for the purposes of identifying genetic alterations in offspring as a consequence of historical paternal exposure to ionising radiation. In this report, we describe the processes for recruitment and sampling, and provide a general description of the study population recruited. In total, blood samples were received from 91 (49 test and 42 control) families representing veteran servicemen from the army, Royal Air Force and Royal Navy. This translated to an overall response rate of 14% (49/353) for test veterans and 4% (42/992) for control veterans (excluding responders known to be ineligible). Due to the lack of dose information available, test veterans were allocated to a three-point exposure rank. Thirty (61%) test veterans were ranked in the lower group. Nineteen (39%) of the 49 test veterans were classified in the mid (5 veterans; 10%)/high (14 veterans; 29%) exposure ranks and included 12 veterans previously identified as belonging to the special groups or listed in health physics documents. An increased number of test veteran families (20%), compared with control families (5%), self-reported offspring with congenital abnormalities (p= 0.03). Whether this observation in this small group is reflective of the entire UK test veteran cohort or whether it is selection bias requires further work. The cohort described here represent an important and unique family trio grouping whose participation is enabling genetic studies, as part of the GCFT study, to be carried out. The outcomes of these studies will be published elsewhere. ISRCTN Registry: 17461668.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Rake
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Gilham
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Scholze
- Centre for Health Effects of Radiological and Chemical Agents, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Laurette Bukasa
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Jade Stephens
- Centre for Health Effects of Radiological and Chemical Agents, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Jayne Simpson
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Peto
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Rhona Anderson
- Centre for Health Effects of Radiological and Chemical Agents, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
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6
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Wakeford R, Hauptmann M. The risk of cancer following high, and very high, doses of ionising radiation. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2022; 42:020518. [PMID: 35671754 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ac767b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
It is established that moderate-to-high doses of ionising radiation increase the risk of subsequent cancer in the exposed individual, but the question arises as to the risk of cancer from higher doses, such as those delivered during radiotherapy, accidents, or deliberate acts of malice. In general, the cumulative dose received during a course of radiation treatment is sufficiently high that it would kill a person if delivered as a single dose to the whole body, but therapeutic doses are carefully fractionated and high/very high doses are generally limited to a small tissue volume under controlled conditions. The very high cumulative doses delivered as fractions during radiation treatment are designed to inactivate diseased cells, but inevitably some healthy cells will also receive high/very high doses. How the doses (ranging from <1 Gy to tens of Gy) received by healthy tissues during radiotherapy affect the risk of second primary cancer is an increasingly important issue to address as more cancer patients survive the disease. Studies show that, except for a turndown for thyroid cancer, a linear dose-response for second primary solid cancers seems to exist over a cumulative gamma radiation dose range of tens of gray, but with a gradient of excess relative risk per Gy that varies with the type of second cancer, and which is notably shallower than that found in the Japanese atomic bomb survivors receiving a single moderate-to-high acute dose. The risk of second primary cancer consequent to high/very high doses of radiation is likely to be due to repopulation of heavily irradiated tissues by surviving stem cells, some of which will have been malignantly transformed by radiation exposure, although the exact mechanism is not known, and various models have been proposed. It is important to understand the mechanisms that lead to the raised risk of second primary cancers consequent to the receipt of high/very high doses, in particular so that the risks associated with novel radiation treatment regimens-for example, intensity modulated radiotherapy and volumetric modulated arc therapy that deliver high doses to the target volume while exposing relatively large volumes of healthy tissue to low/moderate doses, and treatments using protons or heavy ions rather than photons-may be properly assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Wakeford
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Hauptmann
- Institute of Biostatistics and Registry Research, Brandenburg Medical School, Fehrbelliner Strasse 38, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany
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7
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Lindberg JCH. 'J'accuse.!': the continuous failure to address radiophobia and placing radiation in perspective. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2021; 41:459-469. [PMID: 34075897 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/abf9e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As far as carcinogens are concerned, radiation is one of the best studied, having been researched for more than 100 years. Yet, radiation remains feared in many contexts as a result of its invisibility, its relationship with cancers and congenital disorders, aided by a variety of heuristics and reinforced by negative imagery. The strong socio-psychological response relating to nuclear energy has made radiation a classical case in the risk literature. This is reflected clearly following the nuclear accidents that have taken place, where the socio-psychological impacts of the clear dissonance between real and perceived health effects due to radiation exposure have caused considerable health detriment, outweighing the actual radiological impacts. Despite considerable efforts to normalise humankind's relationship with radiation, there has been little shift away from the perceived uniqueness of the health risks of radiation. One consistent issue is the failure to place radiation within its proper perspective and context, which has ensured that radiophobia has persisted. The radiation protection community must get better at placing its research within the appropriate perspective and context, something that is far too rarely the case in discussions on radiation matters outside of the scientific community. Each member of the radiation protection community has an ethical, professional and moral obligation to set the record straight, to challenge the misconceptions and factual errors that surround radiation, as well as putting it into the proper perspective and context. Failing to do so, the well-established harms of radiophobia will remain, and the many benefits of nuclear technology risk being withheld.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C H Lindberg
- Department of Geography, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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8
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Yeager M, Machiela MJ, Kothiyal P, Dean M, Bodelon C, Suman S, Wang M, Mirabello L, Nelson CW, Zhou W, Palmer C, Ballew B, Colli LM, Freedman ND, Dagnall C, Hutchinson A, Vij V, Maruvka Y, Hatch M, Illienko I, Belayev Y, Nakamura N, Chumak V, Bakhanova E, Belyi D, Kryuchkov V, Golovanov I, Gudzenko N, Cahoon EK, Albert P, Drozdovitch V, Little MP, Mabuchi K, Stewart C, Getz G, Bazyka D, Berrington de Gonzalez A, Chanock SJ. Lack of transgenerational effects of ionizing radiation exposure from the Chernobyl accident. Science 2021; 372:725-729. [PMID: 33888597 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg2365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Effects of radiation exposure from the Chernobyl nuclear accident remain a topic of interest. We investigated germline de novo mutations (DNMs) in children born to parents employed as cleanup workers or exposed to occupational and environmental ionizing radiation after the accident. Whole-genome sequencing of 130 children (born 1987-2002) and their parents did not reveal an increase in the rates, distributions, or types of DNMs relative to the results of previous studies. We find no elevation in total DNMs, regardless of cumulative preconception gonadal paternal [mean = 365 milligrays (mGy), range = 0 to 4080 mGy] or maternal (mean = 19 mGy, range = 0 to 550 mGy) exposure to ionizing radiation. Thus, we conclude that, over this exposure range, evidence is lacking for a substantial effect on germline DNMs in humans, suggesting minimal impact from transgenerational genetic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Yeager
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20892, USA. .,Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Mitchell J Machiela
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Prachi Kothiyal
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20892, USA.,SymbioSeq LLC, Arlington, VA 20148, USA
| | - Michael Dean
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20892, USA.,Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Clara Bodelon
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shalabh Suman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20892, USA.,Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Mingyi Wang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20892, USA.,Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Lisa Mirabello
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chase W Nelson
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Weiyin Zhou
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20892, USA.,Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Cameron Palmer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20892, USA.,Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Bari Ballew
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20892, USA.,Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Leandro M Colli
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20892, USA.,Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology, and Oncology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Neal D Freedman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Casey Dagnall
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20892, USA.,Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Amy Hutchinson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20892, USA.,Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Vibha Vij
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yosi Maruvka
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Maureen Hatch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Iryna Illienko
- National Research Centre for Radiation Medicine, 53 Yu. Illienka Street, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - Yuri Belayev
- National Research Centre for Radiation Medicine, 53 Yu. Illienka Street, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - Nori Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, 5-2 Hijiyama Park, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 732-0815, Japan
| | - Vadim Chumak
- National Research Centre for Radiation Medicine, 53 Yu. Illienka Street, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - Elena Bakhanova
- National Research Centre for Radiation Medicine, 53 Yu. Illienka Street, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - David Belyi
- National Research Centre for Radiation Medicine, 53 Yu. Illienka Street, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - Victor Kryuchkov
- Burnasyan Federal Medical and Biophysical Centre, 46 Zhivopisnaya Street, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - Ivan Golovanov
- Burnasyan Federal Medical and Biophysical Centre, 46 Zhivopisnaya Street, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - Natalia Gudzenko
- National Research Centre for Radiation Medicine, 53 Yu. Illienka Street, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - Elizabeth K Cahoon
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Paul Albert
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vladimir Drozdovitch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark P Little
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kiyohiko Mabuchi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chip Stewart
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gad Getz
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dimitry Bazyka
- National Research Centre for Radiation Medicine, 53 Yu. Illienka Street, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | | | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20892, USA.
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Bazyka D, Hatch M, Gudzenko N, Cahoon EK, Drozdovitch V, Little MP, Chumak V, Bakhanova E, Belyi D, Kryuchkov V, Golovanov I, Mabuchi K, Illienko I, Belayev Y, Bodelon C, Machiela MJ, Hutchinson A, Yeager M, Berrington de González A, Chanock SJ. Field Study of the Possible Effect of Parental Irradiation on the Germline of Children Born to Cleanup Workers and Evacuees of the Chornobyl Nuclear Accident. Am J Epidemiol 2020; 189:1451-1460. [PMID: 32613232 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwaa095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although transgenerational effects of exposure to ionizing radiation have long been a concern, human research to date has been confined to studies of disease phenotypes in groups exposed to high doses and high dose rates, such as the Japanese atomic bomb survivors. Transgenerational effects of parental irradiation can be addressed using powerful new genomic technologies. In collaboration with the Ukrainian National Research Center for Radiation Medicine, the US National Cancer Institute, in 2014-2018, initiated a genomic alterations study among children born in selected regions of Ukraine to cleanup workers and/or evacuees exposed to low-dose-rate radiation after the 1986 Chornobyl (Chernobyl) nuclear accident. To investigate whether parental radiation exposure is associated with germline mutations and genomic alterations in the offspring, we are collecting biospecimens from father-mother-offspring constellations to study de novo mutations, minisatellite mutations, copy-number changes, structural variants, genomic insertions and deletions, methylation profiles, and telomere length. Genomic alterations are being examined in relation to parental gonadal dose, reconstructed using questionnaire and measurement data. Subjects are being recruited in exposure categories that will allow examination of parental origin, duration, and timing of exposure in relation to conception. Here we describe the study methodology and recruitment results and provide descriptive information on the first 150 families (mother-father-child(ren)) enrolled.
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Nori Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, RERF, Hiroshima, Japan
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Qiu GH, Huang C, Zheng X, Yang X. The protective function of noncoding DNA in genome defense of eukaryotic male germ cells. Epigenomics 2018; 10:499-517. [PMID: 29616594 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2017-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral and abundant noncoding DNA has been hypothesized to protect the genome and the central protein-coding sequences against DNA damage in somatic genome. In the cytosol, invading exogenous nucleic acids may first be deactivated by small RNAs encoded by noncoding DNA via mechanisms similar to the prokaryotic CRISPR-Cas system. In the nucleus, the radicals generated by radiation in the cytosol, radiation energy and invading exogenous nucleic acids are absorbed, blocked and/or reduced by peripheral heterochromatin, and damaged DNA in heterochromatin is removed and excluded from the nucleus to the cytoplasm through nuclear pore complexes. To further strengthen the hypothesis, this review summarizes the experimental evidence supporting the protective function of noncoding DNA in the genome of male germ cells. Based on these data, this review provides evidence supporting the protective role of noncoding DNA in the genome defense of sperm genome through similar mechanisms to those of the somatic genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Hua Qiu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention & Control of Animal Infectious Diseases & Biotechnology; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Fujian Province University; College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan 364012, Fujian, PR China
| | - Cuiqin Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention & Control of Animal Infectious Diseases & Biotechnology; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Fujian Province University; College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan 364012, Fujian, PR China
| | - Xintian Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention & Control of Animal Infectious Diseases & Biotechnology; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Fujian Province University; College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan 364012, Fujian, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention & Control of Animal Infectious Diseases & Biotechnology; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Fujian Province University; College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan 364012, Fujian, PR China
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12
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Detection of de novo single nucleotide variants in offspring of atomic-bomb survivors close to the hypocenter by whole-genome sequencing. J Hum Genet 2017; 63:357-363. [DOI: 10.1038/s10038-017-0392-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Ionizing radiation released by the atomic bombs at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, in 1945 caused many long-term illnesses, including increased risks of malignancies such as leukemia and solid tumours. Radiation has demonstrated genetic effects in animal models, leading to concerns over the potential hereditary effects of atomic bomb-related radiation. However, no direct analyses of whole DNA have yet been reported. We therefore investigated de novo variants in offspring of atomic-bomb survivors by whole-genome sequencing (WGS). We collected peripheral blood from three trios, each comprising a father (atomic-bomb survivor with acute radiation symptoms), a non-exposed mother, and their child, none of whom had any past history of haematological disorders. One trio of non-exposed individuals was included as a control. DNA was extracted and the numbers of de novo single nucleotide variants in the children were counted by WGS with sequencing confirmation. Gross structural variants were also analysed. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to the study. There were 62, 81, and 42 de novo single nucleotide variants in the children of atomic-bomb survivors, compared with 48 in the control trio. There were no gross structural variants in any trio. These findings are in accord with previously published results that also showed no significant genetic effects of atomic-bomb radiation on second-generation survivors.
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Nakamura N. Why Genetic Effects of Radiation are Observed in Mice but not in Humans. Radiat Res 2017; 189:117-127. [PMID: 29261411 DOI: 10.1667/rr14947.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Genetic effects from radiation have been observed in a number of species to date. However, observations in humans are nearly nonexistent. In this review, possible reasons for the paucity of positive observations in humans are discussed. Briefly, it appears likely that radiation sensitivity for the induction of mutations varies among different genes, and that the specific genes that were used in the past with the specific locus test utilizing millions of mice may have simply been very responsive to radiation. In support of this notion, recent studies targeting the whole genome to detect copy number variations (deletions and duplications) in offspring derived from irradiated spermatogonia indicated that the mutation induction rate per genome is surprisingly lower than what would have been expected from previous results with specific locus tests, even in the mouse. This finding leads us to speculate that the lack of evidence for the induction of germline mutations in humans is not due to any kind of species differences between humans and mice, but rather to the lack of highly responsive genes in humans, which could be used for effective mutation screening purposes. Examples of such responsive genes are the mouse coat color genes, but in human studies many more genes with higher response rates are required because the number of offspring examined and the radiation doses received are smaller than in mouse studies. Unfortunately, such genes have not yet been found in humans. These results suggest that radiation probably induces germline mutations in humans but that the mutation induction rate is likely to be much lower than has been estimated from past specific locus studies in mice. Whole genome sequencing studies will likely shed light on this point in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nori Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, 5-2 Hijiyama Park, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 732-0815 Japan
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The Hiroshima/Nagasaki Survivor Studies: Discrepancies Between Results and General Perception. Genetics 2017; 203:1505-12. [PMID: 27516613 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.191759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The explosion of atom bombs over the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 resulted in very high casualties, both immediate and delayed but also left a large number of survivors who had been exposed to radiation, at levels that could be fairly precisely ascertained. Extensive follow-up of a large cohort of survivors (120,000) and of their offspring (77,000) was initiated in 1947 and continues to this day. In essence, survivors having received 1 Gy irradiation (∼1000 mSV) have a significantly elevated rate of cancer (42% increase) but a limited decrease of longevity (∼1 year), while their offspring show no increased frequency of abnormalities and, so far, no detectable elevation of the mutation rate. Current acceptable exposure levels for the general population and for workers in the nuclear industry have largely been derived from these studies, which have been reported in more than 100 publications. Yet the general public, and indeed most scientists, are unaware of these data: it is widely believed that irradiated survivors suffered a very high cancer burden and dramatically shortened life span, and that their progeny were affected by elevated mutation rates and frequent abnormalities. In this article, I summarize the results and discuss possible reasons for this very striking discrepancy between the facts and general beliefs about this situation.
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Kodaira M, Asakawa JI, Nakamura N. Radiation-Induced Deletions in Mouse Spermatogonia are Usually Large (over 200 kb) and Contain Little Sequence Similarity at the Junctions. Radiat Res 2017; 187:722-731. [DOI: 10.1667/rr14660.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mieko Kodaira
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, 5-2 Hijiyama Park, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 732-0815, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Asakawa
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, 5-2 Hijiyama Park, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 732-0815, Japan
| | - Nori Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, 5-2 Hijiyama Park, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 732-0815, Japan
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Milder C, Sakata R, Sugiyama H, Sadakane A, Utada M, Cordova K, Hida A, Ohishi W, Ozasa K, Grant E. Initial Report for the Radiation Effects Research Foundation F1 Mail Survey. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 17:1313-23. [PMID: 27039765 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2016.17.3.1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the full health effects of parental radiation exposure on the children of the atomic bomb survivors, the Radiation Effects Research Foundation developed a cohort of 76,814 children born to atomic bomb survivors (F1 generation) to assess cancer incidence and mortality from common adult diseases. In analyzing radiationassociated health information, it is important to be able to adjust for sociodemographic and lifestyle variations that may affect health. In order to gain this and other background information on the F1 cohort and to determine willingness to participate in a related clinical study, the F1 Mail Survey Questionnaire was designed with questions corresponding to relevant health, sociodemographic, and lifestyle indicators. Between the years 2000 and 2006, the survey was sent to a subset of the F1 Mortality Cohort. A total of 16,183 surveys were completed and returned: 10,980 surveys from Hiroshima residents and 5,203 from Nagasaki residents. The response rate was 65.6%, varying somewhat across parental exposure category, city, gender, and year of birth. Differences in health and lifestyle were noted in several variables on comparison across city and gender. No major differences in health, lifestyle, sociodemographics, or disease were seen across parental exposure categories, though statistically significant tests for heterogeneity and linear trend revealed some possible changes with dose. The data described herein provide a foundation for studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cm Milder
- Department of Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan E-mail :
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Nakajima H, Yamaguchi Y, Yoshimura T, Fukumoto M, Todo T. Fukushima simulation experiment: assessing the effects of chronic low-dose-rate internal 137Cs radiation exposure on litter size, sex ratio, and biokinetics in mice. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2015; 56 Suppl 1:i29-i35. [PMID: 26825299 PMCID: PMC4732536 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrv079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the transgenerational effects of chronic low-dose-rate internal radiation exposure after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident in Japan, 18 generations of mice were maintained in a radioisotope facility, with free access to drinking water containing (137)CsCl (0 and 100 Bq/ml). The (137)Cs distribution in the organs of the mice was measured after long-term ad libitum intake of the (137)CsCl water. The litter size and the sex ratio of the group ingesting the (137)Cs water were compared with those of the control group, for all 18 generations of mice. No significant difference was noted in the litter size or the sex ratio between the mice in the control group and those in the group ingesting the (137)Cs water. The fixed internal exposure doses were ∼160 Bq/g and 80 Bq/g in the muscles and other organs, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroo Nakajima
- Department of Radiation Biology and Medical Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, B4, Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yamaguchi
- Radioisotope Research Center, Osaka University, 2-4, B4, Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshimura
- Radioisotope Research Center, Osaka University, 2-4, B4, Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Manabu Fukumoto
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University
| | - Takeshi Todo
- Department of Radiation Biology and Medical Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, B4, Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Grant EJ, Furukawa K, Sakata R, Sugiyama H, Sadakane A, Takahashi I, Utada M, Shimizu Y, Ozasa K. Risk of death among children of atomic bomb survivors after 62 years of follow-up: a cohort study. Lancet Oncol 2015; 16:1316-23. [PMID: 26384241 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(15)00209-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No clear epidemiological hereditary effects of radiation exposure in human beings have been reported. However, no previous studies have investigated mortality into middle age in a population whose parents were exposed to substantial amounts of radiation before conception. We assessed mortality in children of the atomic bomb survivors after 62 years of follow-up. METHODS In this prospective cohort study, we assessed 75 327 singleton children of atomic bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki and unexposed controls, born between 1946 and 1984, and followed up to Dec 31, 2009. Parental gonadal doses of radiation from the atomic bombings were the primary exposures. The primary endpoint was death due to cancer or non-cancer disease, based on death certificates. FINDINGS Median follow-up was 54·3 years (IQR 45·4-59·3). 5183 participants died from disease. The mean age of the 68 689 surviving children at the end of follow-up was 53·1 years (SD 7·9) with 15 623 (23%) older than age 60 years. For parents who were exposed to a non-zero gonadal dose of radiation, the mean dose was 264 mGy (SD 463). We detected no association between maternal gonadal radiation exposure and risk of death caused by cancer (hazard ratio [HR] for 1 Gy change in exposure 0·891 [95% CI 0·693-1·145]; p=0·36) or risk of death caused by non-cancer diseases (0·973 [0·849-1·115]; p=0·69). Likewise, paternal exposure had no effect on deaths caused by cancer (0·815 [0·614-1·083]; p=0·14) or deaths caused by non-cancer disease (1·103 [0·979-1·241]; p=0·12). Age or time between parental exposure and delivery had no effect on risk of death. INTERPRETATION Late effects of ionising radiation exposure include increased mortality risks, and models of the transgenerational effects of radiation exposure predict more genetic disease in the children of people exposed to radiation. However, children of people exposed to the atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki had no indications of deleterious health effects after 62 years. Epidemiological studies complemented by sensitive molecular techniques are needed to understand the overall effects of preconception exposure to ionising radiation on human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Grant
- The Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Minamiku, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Kyoji Furukawa
- The Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Minamiku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ritsu Sakata
- The Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Minamiku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sugiyama
- The Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Minamiku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Atsuko Sadakane
- The Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Minamiku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ikuno Takahashi
- The Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Minamiku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mai Utada
- The Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Minamiku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yukiko Shimizu
- The Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Minamiku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kotaro Ozasa
- The Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Minamiku, Hiroshima, Japan
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Kamiya K, Ozasa K, Akiba S, Niwa O, Kodama K, Takamura N, Zaharieva EK, Kimura Y, Wakeford R. Long-term effects of radiation exposure on health. Lancet 2015; 386:469-78. [PMID: 26251392 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(15)61167-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Late-onset effects of exposure to ionising radiation on the human body have been identified by long-term, large-scale epidemiological studies. The cohort study of Japanese survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (the Life Span Study) is thought to be the most reliable source of information about these health effects because of the size of the cohort, the exposure of a general population of both sexes and all ages, and the wide range of individually assessed doses. For this reason, the Life Span Study has become fundamental to risk assessment in the radiation protection system of the International Commission on Radiological Protection and other authorities. Radiation exposure increases the risk of cancer throughout life, so continued follow-up of survivors is essential. Overall, survivors have a clear radiation-related excess risk of cancer, and people exposed as children have a higher risk of radiation-induced cancer than those exposed at older ages. At high doses, and possibly at low doses, radiation might increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and some other non-cancer diseases. Hereditary effects in the children of atomic bomb survivors have not been detected. The dose-response relation for cancer at low doses is assumed, for purposes of radiological protection, to be linear without a threshold, but has not been shown definitively. This outstanding issue is not only a problem when dealing appropriately with potential health effects of nuclear accidents, such as at Fukushima and Chernobyl, but is of growing concern in occupational and medical exposure. Therefore, the appropriate dose-response relation for effects of low doses of radiation needs to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kamiya
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | | | - Suminori Akiba
- Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ohstura Niwa
- Fukushima Global Medical Science Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | | | - Noboru Takamura
- Department of Global Health, Medicine and Welfare, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Elena K Zaharieva
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuko Kimura
- Department of Global Health, Medicine and Welfare, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Richard Wakeford
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Institute of Population Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Little MP. Germline minisatellite mutations in the offspring of irradiated parents. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2015; 35:E1-E4. [PMID: 25485602 DOI: 10.1088/0952-4746/35/1/e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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Tawn EJ, Curwen GB, Rees GS, Jonas P. Germline minisatellite mutations in workers occupationally exposed to radiation at the Sellafield nuclear facility. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2015; 35:21-36. [PMID: 25485533 DOI: 10.1088/0952-4746/35/1/21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Germline minisatellite mutation rates were investigated in male workers occupationally exposed to radiation at the Sellafield nuclear facility. DNA samples from 160 families with 255 offspring were analysed for mutations at eight hypervariable minisatellite loci (B6.7, CEB1, CEB15, CEB25, CEB36, MS1, MS31, MS32) by Southern hybridisation. No significant difference was observed between the paternal mutation rate of 5.0% (37 mutations in 736 alleles) for control fathers with a mean preconceptional testicular dose of 9 mSv and that of 5.8% (66 in 1137 alleles) for exposed fathers with a mean preconceptional testicular dose of 194 mSv. Subgrouping the exposed fathers into two dose groups with means of 111 mSv and 274 mSv revealed paternal mutation rates of 6.0% (32 mutations in 536 alleles) and 5.7% (34 mutations in 601 alleles), respectively, neither of which was significantly different in comparisons with the rate for the control fathers. Maternal mutation rates of 1.6% (12 mutations in 742 alleles) for the partners of control fathers and 1.7% (19 mutations in 1133 alleles) for partners of exposed fathers were not significantly different. This study provides evidence that paternal preconceptional occupational radiation exposure does not increase the germline minisatellite mutation rate and therefore refutes suggestions that such exposure could result in a destabilisation of the germline that can be passed on to future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Janet Tawn
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research (CIGMR), Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Population Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK. Formerly of Westlakes Research Institute4Westlakes Research Institute closed in 2010., Westlakes Science and Technology Park, Moor Row, Cumbria, CA24 3LN, UK
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Asakawa JI, Kamiguchi Y, Kamiya K, Nakamura N. Mutagenic Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Immature Rat Oocytes. Radiat Res 2014; 182:430-4. [DOI: 10.1667/rr13776.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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24
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Otozai S, Ishikawa-Fujiwara T, Oda S, Kamei Y, Ryo H, Sato A, Nomura T, Mitani H, Tsujimura T, Inohara H, Todo T. p53-Dependent suppression of genome instability in germ cells. Mutat Res 2014; 760:24-32. [PMID: 24406868 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Radiation increases mutation frequencies at tandem repeat loci. Germline mutations in γ-ray-irradiated medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) were studied, focusing on the microsatellite loci. Mismatch-repair genes suppress microsatellite mutation by directly removing altered sequences at the nucleotide level, whereas the p53 gene suppresses genetic alterations by eliminating damaged cells. The contribution of these two defense mechanisms to radiation-induced microsatellite instability was addressed. The spontaneous mutation frequency was significantly higher in msh2(-/-) males than in wild-type fish, whereas there was no difference in the frequency of radiation-induced mutations between msh2(-/-) and wild-type fish. By contrast, irradiated p53(-/-) fish exhibited markedly increased mutation frequencies, whereas their spontaneous mutation frequency was the same as that of wild-type fish. In the spermatogonia of the testis, radiation induced a high level of apoptosis both in wild-type and msh2(-/-) fish, but negligible levels in p53(-/-) fish. The results demonstrate that the msh2 and p53 genes protect genome integrity against spontaneous and radiation-induced mutation by two different pathways: direct removal of mismatches and elimination of damaged cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Otozai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Osaka University School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ishikawa-Fujiwara
- Department of Radiation Biology and Medical Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, B4, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shoji Oda
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kamei
- Department of Radiation Biology and Medical Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, B4, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Haruko Ryo
- Nomura Project, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka 565-0085, Japan
| | - Ayuko Sato
- Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Taisei Nomura
- Nomura Project, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka 565-0085, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mitani
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Tohru Tsujimura
- Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Hidenori Inohara
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Osaka University School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takeshi Todo
- Department of Radiation Biology and Medical Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, B4, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Trundle C, Scott BI. Elusive Genes: Nuclear Test Veterans’ Experiences of Genetic Citizenship and Biomedical Refusal. Med Anthropol 2013; 32:501-17. [DOI: 10.1080/01459740.2012.757606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Little MP, Goodhead DT, Bridges BA, Bouffler SD. Evidence relevant to untargeted and transgenerational effects in the offspring of irradiated parents. Mutat Res 2013; 753:50-67. [PMID: 23648355 PMCID: PMC3737396 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this article we review health effects in offspring of human populations exposed as a result of radiotherapy and some groups exposed to chemotherapy. We also assess risks in offspring of other radiation-exposed groups, in particular those of the Japanese atomic bomb survivors and occupationally and environmentally exposed groups. Experimental findings are also briefly surveyed. Animal and cellular studies tend to suggest that the irradiation of males, at least at high doses (mostly 1Gy and above), can lead to observable effects (including both genetic and epigenetic) in the somatic cells of their offspring over several generations that are not attributable to the inheritance of a simple mutation through the parental germline. However, studies of disease in the offspring of irradiated humans have not identified any effects on health. The available evidence therefore suggests that human health has not been significantly affected by transgenerational effects of radiation. It is possible that transgenerational effects are restricted to relatively short times post-exposure and in humans conception at short times after exposure is likely to be rare. Further research that may help resolve the apparent discrepancies between cellular/animal studies and studies of human health are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Little
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, MSC 9778, Bethesda, MD 20892-9778, USA.
| | | | - Bryn A Bridges
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
| | - Simon D Bouffler
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0RQ, UK.
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Tatsukawa Y, Cologne JB, Hsu WL, Yamada M, Ohishi W, Hida A, Furukawa K, Takahashi N, Nakamura N, Suyama A, Ozasa K, Akahoshi M, Fujiwara S, Shore R. Radiation risk of individual multifactorial diseases in offspring of the atomic-bomb survivors: a clinical health study. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2013; 33:281-293. [PMID: 23482396 DOI: 10.1088/0952-4746/33/2/281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
There is no convincing evidence regarding radiation-induced heritable risks of adult-onset multifactorial diseases in humans, although it is important from the standpoint of protection and management of populations exposed to radiation. The objective of the present study was to examine whether parental exposure to atomic-bomb (A-bomb) radiation led to an increased risk of common polygenic, multifactorial diseases-hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes mellitus, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction or stroke-in the first-generation (F1) offspring of A-bomb survivors. A total of 11,951 F1 offspring of survivors in Hiroshima or Nagasaki, conceived after the bombing, underwent health examinations to assess disease prevalence. We found no evidence that paternal or maternal A-bomb radiation dose, or the sum of their doses, was associated with an increased risk of any multifactorial diseases in either male or female offspring. None of the 18 radiation dose-response slopes, adjusted for other risk factors for the diseases, was statistically significantly elevated. However, the study population is still in mid-life (mean age 48.6 years), and will express much of its multifactorial disease incidence in the future, so ongoing longitudinal follow-up will provide increasingly informative risk estimates regarding hereditary genetic effects for incidence of adult-onset multifactorial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Tatsukawa
- Department of Clinical Studies, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan
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Kadhim M, Salomaa S, Wright E, Hildebrandt G, Belyakov OV, Prise KM, Little MP. Non-targeted effects of ionising radiation--implications for low dose risk. Mutat Res 2013; 752:84-98. [PMID: 23262375 PMCID: PMC4091999 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Non-DNA targeted effects of ionising radiation, which include genomic instability, and a variety of bystander effects including abscopal effects and bystander mediated adaptive response, have raised concerns about the magnitude of low-dose radiation risk. Genomic instability, bystander effects and adaptive responses are powered by fundamental, but not clearly understood systems that maintain tissue homeostasis. Despite excellent research in this field by various groups, there are still gaps in our understanding of the likely mechanisms associated with non-DNA targeted effects, particularly with respect to systemic (human health) consequences at low and intermediate doses of ionising radiation. Other outstanding questions include links between the different non-targeted responses and the variations in response observed between individuals and cell lines, possibly a function of genetic background. Furthermore, it is still not known what the initial target and early interactions in cells are that give rise to non-targeted responses in neighbouring or descendant cells. This paper provides a commentary on the current state of the field as a result of the non-targeted effects of ionising radiation (NOTE) Integrated Project funded by the European Union. Here we critically examine the evidence for non-targeted effects, discuss apparently contradictory results and consider implications for low-dose radiation health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munira Kadhim
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.
| | - Sisko Salomaa
- STUK - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, P.O. Box 14, 00881 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eric Wright
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Dundee, Nethergate, Dundee, DD1 4HN, Scotland, UK
| | - Guido Hildebrandt
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University of Rostock, Südring 75, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Oleg V Belyakov
- Hevesy Laboratory, Center for Nuclear Technologies, Technical University of Denmark, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Mark P Little
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, 6120 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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Beal MA, Glenn TC, Lance SL, Somers CM. Characterization of unstable microsatellites in mice: no evidence for germline mutation induction following gamma-radiation exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2012; 53:599-607. [PMID: 22930577 DOI: 10.1002/em.21726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Large tandem repeat DNA loci such as expanded simple tandem repeats and minisatellites are efficient markers for detecting germline mutations; however, mutation detection using these loci can be imprecise and difficult to standardize across labs. Short-tandem repeats, such as microsatellites, offer more precise and high-throughput mutation detection, but germline mutation induction at these loci has not yet been studied in model organisms such as mice. In this study, we used microsatellite enrichment and large-scale DNA sequencing of several closely related inbred mouse lines to identify a panel of 19 polymorphic microsatellites with potentially high spontaneous mutation frequencies. We used this panel and four additional loci from other sources to quantify spontaneous mutation frequency in pedigrees of outbred Swiss-Webster mice. In addition, we also examined mutation induction in families in which sires were treated with acute doses of either 0.5 Gy or 1.0 Gy gamma-irradiation to spermatogonial stem cells. Per locus mutation frequencies ranged from 0 to 5.03 × 10(-3). Considering only the 11 loci with mutations, the mutation frequencies were: control 2.78 × 10(-3), 0.5 Gy 4.09 × 10(-3), and 1.0 Gy 1.82 × 10(-3). There were no statistically significant changes in mutation frequencies among treatment groups. Our study provides the first direct quantification of microsatellite mutation frequency in the mouse germline, but shows no evidence for mutation induction at pre-meiotic male germ cells following acute gamma-irradiation. Further work using the panel is needed to examine mutation induction at different doses of radiation, exposure durations, and stages during spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Beal
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada S4S 0A2
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Costa EOA, de Melo e Silva D, de Melo AV, Godoy FR, Nunes HF, Pedrosa ER, Flores BC, Rodovalho RG, da Silva CC, da Cruz AD. The effect of low-dose exposure on germline microsatellite mutation rates in humans accidentally exposed to caesium-137 in Goiânia. Mutagenesis 2011; 26:651-5. [PMID: 21712431 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/ger028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A serious radiological accident occurred in 1987 in Goiânia, Brazil, which lead to extensive human and environmental contamination as a result of ionising radiation (IR) from caesium-137. Among the exposed were those in direct contact with caesium-137, their relatives, neighbours, liquidators and health personnel involved in the handling of the radioactive material and the clean-up of the radioactive sites. The exposed group consisted of 10 two-generation families, totalling 34 people. For each exposed family, at least one of the progenitors was directly exposed to very low doses of γ-IR. The control group consisted of 215 non-irradiated families, composed of a father, mother and child, all of them from Goiânia, Brazil. Genomic DNA was purified using 100 μl of whole blood. The amplification reactions were prepared according to PowerPlex® 16, following the manufacturer's instructions. Genetic profiles were obtained from a single polymerase chain reaction amplification. The exposed group had only one germline mutation of a paternal origin in the 'locus' D8S1179 and the observed mutation presented a gain of only one repeat unit. In the control group, 11 mutations were observed and the mutational events were distributed in five loci D16S539, D3S1358, FGA, Penta E and D21S11. The mutation rates for the exposed and control groups were 0.006 and 0.002, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference (P = 0.09) between the mutation rate of the exposed and control groups. In conclusion, the quantification of mutational events in short tandem repeats can provide a useful system for detecting induced mutations in a relatively small population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emília Oliveira Alves Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu, Mestrado em Genética, Universidade Católica de Goiás, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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Nomura T. Biological consequences and health concerns from low-dose and low-dose-rate radiation in mice and humans. HEALTH PHYSICS 2011; 100:266-268. [PMID: 21595064 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0b013e3181e9b10d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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Baverstock K, Karotki AV. Towards a unifying theory of late stochastic effects of ionizing radiation. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2011; 718:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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