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Drozdovitch V, Kukhta T, Minenko V, Trofimik S, Veyalkin I, Yauseyenka V, Mabuchi K, Rozhko A. Recall of residential history and dietary habits during pregnancy and lactation in the distant past: reliability of questionnaire-based radiation doses for persons exposed in utero and early life. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2023; 62:465-481. [PMID: 37541986 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-023-01040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the reliability of information obtained by standardized questionnaires used in by personal interviews for estimation of radiation thyroid doses of 1065 individuals in the Belarusian cohort of individuals who were exposed in utero and early life following the Chernobyl accident in April 1986. Data from two interviews conducted in 2012-2017 and in 2018-2022 with mothers, who were pregnant or gave birth shortly after the Chernobyl accident, were analysed. The most reliable answers dealt with various attributes related to residential history. In contrast, the reliability of answers regarding consumption rates of milk from privately owned cows or trade network was moderate, while the agreement in responses for consumption of milk products and leafy vegetables was fair. Information from the two interviews was used to calculate thyroid doses received by the cohort members. Specifically, 'model-based' thyroid doses due to 131I were estimated using input data on individual residential history and food consumption reported during the personal interviews and ecological data (131I ground deposition in the corresponding settlements). In addition, for a subset of cohort subjects (n = 205) whose mothers were measured for 131I thyroid activity, 'measurement-based' thyroid doses were calculated by adjusting the model-based dose using a scaling factor that is defined as the ratio of measured 131I thyroid activity to model-based 131I thyroid activity calculated for the date of measurement. A moderate agreement was observed for total (prenatal and postnatal) model-based thyroid doses due to 131I intake, the arithmetic mean ± standard deviation for the Jaccard similarity coefficient ([Formula: see text]) was 0.45 ± 0.34 (median = 0.39), while measurement-based doses showed a much better agreement with a [Formula: see text] of 0.78 ± 0.29 (median = 0.93). For model-based thyroid doses from external irradiation and from ingestion of 134Cs and 137Cs, [Formula: see text] was 0.82 ± 0.23 (median = 0.90) and 0.84 ± 0.24 (median = 0.96), respectively. Measurement-based doses due to ingestion of radiocaesium isotopes resulted in an almost perfect agreement, [Formula: see text] was 0.91 ± 0.19 (median = 1.0). The present findings suggest that long-term memory recall can be reliable, if a person is asked about unique or important life events, such as pregnancy and childbirth occurring around the time of a nuclear reactor accident. However, the substantial difference (more than 10 times) observed for model-bases doses calculated using the two questionnaires represents an important source of human factor uncertainties that needs to be considered in any dose response analyses. Other lessons learned from this study are that (i) individual measurements of radionuclides in the human body are the most valuable source of information for estimating radiation doses, and (ii) whenever a radiation accident occurs, a sample of affected people should be asked to keep a diary, if at all possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Drozdovitch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 7E548 MSC 9778, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9778, USA.
| | - Tatiana Kukhta
- United Institute of Informatics Problems of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Victor Minenko
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Sergey Trofimik
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Ilya Veyalkin
- Republican Research Center for Radiation Medicine and Human Ecology, Gomel, Belarus
| | - Vasilina Yauseyenka
- Republican Research Center for Radiation Medicine and Human Ecology, Gomel, Belarus
| | - Kiyohiko Mabuchi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 7E548 MSC 9778, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9778, USA
| | - Alexander Rozhko
- Republican Research Center for Radiation Medicine and Human Ecology, Gomel, Belarus
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Minenko V, Kukhta T, Trofimik S, Zhukova O, Podgaiskaya M, Viarenich K, Bouville A, Drozdovitch V. Evaluation of 131I transfer in the environment based on the available measurements made in Belarus after the Chernobyl accident. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2022; 250:106928. [PMID: 35660203 PMCID: PMC9177796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2022.106928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the 131I transfer from ground deposition to the human thyroid gland after the Chernobyl accident using measurements of 131I concentrations in 1,252 soil, 124 grass, and 136 cow's milk samples as well as 131I thyroid activity measured in 3,100 individuals included in the Belarusian-American cohort. The following parameters of an 131I environmental transfer model used to calculate thyroid doses were evaluated in this study: (i) the interception factor of 131I by pasture grass, which was described by a purely empirical equation, (ii) the removal rate of 131I from pasture grass due to weathering and growth dilution, estimated to be 0.0676 d-1 (half-life of 10.3 d), (iii) the removal rate of 131I from cow's milk, estimated to be 0.0686 d-1 (half-life of 10.1 d), and (iv) the transfer coefficient of 131I from feed to cow's milk, arithmetic mean ± standard deviation of (6.7 ± 8.7) × 10-3 d L-1 (median = 4.0 × 10-3 d L-1). The individual model-based and measurement-based 131I thyroid activities for the Belarusian-American cohort members were calculated using different starting points of 131I transfer in the chain 'ground deposition' → 'vegetation' → 'cow's milk' → 'human thyroid', i.e., the measured 131I concentrations in soil, grass, and cow's milk. De novo thyroid doses from 131I for the 3,100 cohort members were calculated in this study using measured 131I activity concentrations in soil, grass, and cow's milk and were compared with those estimated previously for the same individuals using model-based 131I activity concentrations. It was shown that the use of measured instead of model-based 131I concentrations, in general, did not improve the measurement-based thyroid dose estimates. This is likely to be because there was already a good generic data base for the parameters used in this assessment. This finding indicates that, although the measurements of environmental samples are essential to estimate the parameter values of the 131I transfer model, the individual measurements of 131I thyroid activity are the most valuable information for estimating individual thyroid doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Minenko
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, 11 Bobruiskaya Street, Minsk, 220006, Belarus
| | - Tatiana Kukhta
- United Institute of Informatics Problems of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 6 Surganova Street, Minsk, 220012, Belarus
| | - Sergey Trofimik
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, 11 Bobruiskaya Street, Minsk, 220006, Belarus
| | - Olga Zhukova
- Republican Scientific and Practical Center of Hygiene, 8 Academic Street, Minsk, 220072, Belarus
| | - Marina Podgaiskaya
- Republican Center of Radiation Control and Environmental Monitoring, 110A Nezalezhnosti Avenue, Minsk, 220023, Belarus
| | - Kiryl Viarenich
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, 11 Bobruiskaya Street, Minsk, 220006, Belarus
| | | | - Vladimir Drozdovitch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, MSC 9778, Bethesda, MD 20892, 9778, USA.
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Chirikova E, McConnell RJ, O'Kane P, Yauseyenka V, Little MP, Minenko V, Drozdovitch V, Veyalkin I, Hatch M, Chan JM, Huang CY, Mabuchi K, Cahoon EK, Rozhko A, Zablotska LB. Association between exposure to radioactive iodine after the Chernobyl accident and thyroid volume in Belarus 10-15 years later. Environ Health 2022; 21:5. [PMID: 34996456 PMCID: PMC8742457 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-021-00820-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While there is a robust literature on environmental exposure to iodine-131 (131I) in childhood and adolescence and the risk of thyroid cancer and benign nodules, little is known about its effects on thyroid volume. METHODS To assess the effect of 131I dose to the thyroid on the volume of the thyroid gland, we examined the data from the baseline screening of the Belarusian-American Cohort Study of residents of Belarus who were exposed to the Chernobyl fallout at ages ≤18 years. Thyroid dose estimates were based on individual thyroid activity measurements made shortly after the accident and dosimetric data from questionnaires obtained 10-15 years later at baseline screening. During baseline screening, thyroid gland volume was assessed from thyroid ultrasound measurements. The association between radiation dose and thyroid volume was modeled using linear regression where radiation dose was expressed with power terms to address non-linearity. The model was adjusted for attained age, sex, and place of residence, and their modifying effects were examined. RESULTS The analysis was based on 10,703 subjects. We found a statistically significant positive association between radiation dose and thyroid volume (P < 0.001). Heterogeneity of association was observed by attained age (P < 0.001) with statistically significant association remaining only in the subgroup of ≥18 years at screening (P < 0.001). For this group, increase in dose from 0.0005 to 0.15 Gy was associated with a 1.27 ml (95% CI: 0.46, 2.07) increase in thyroid volume. The estimated effect did not change with increasing doses above 0.15 Gy. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to examine the association between 131I dose to the thyroid gland and thyroid volume in a population of individuals exposed during childhood and systematically screened 10-15 years later. It provides evidence for a moderate statistically significant increase in thyroid volume among those who were ≥ 18 years at screening. Given that this effect was observed at very low doses and was restricted to a narrow dose range, further studies are necessary to better understand the effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Chirikova
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | | | - Patrick O'Kane
- Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vasilina Yauseyenka
- Republican Research Center for Radiation Medicine and Human Ecology, Gomel, Belarus
| | - Mark P Little
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Victor Minenko
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Vladimir Drozdovitch
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ilya Veyalkin
- Republican Research Center for Radiation Medicine and Human Ecology, Gomel, Belarus
| | - Maureen Hatch
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - June M Chan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Chiung-Yu Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Kiyohiko Mabuchi
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Cahoon
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexander Rozhko
- Republican Research Center for Radiation Medicine and Human Ecology, Gomel, Belarus
| | - Lydia B Zablotska
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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Fridman M, Krasko O, Levin L, Veyalkin I, Lam AKY. Comparative pathological characteristics of papillary thyroid carcinoma with second primary non-thyroid malignancies in the region affected by the Chernobyl accident. Pathol Res Pract 2021; 228:153658. [PMID: 34749211 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2021.153658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to study the pathological features of papillary thyroid carcinoma diagnosed with or before second primary malignancy in patients exposed to post-Chernobyl exposure. The patients selected (n = 6559) were those exposed to radiation at the age of ≤ 18 years old and developed papillary thyroid carcinoma during the years 1990-2020. Of these, 2.1% (n = 140) had second primary malignancies. To compare the histopathological characteristics of papillary thyroid carcinoma in the group under analysis, 91% (n = 128) with sufficient data were included in further analysis. The control group was formed by matching patients with age at exposure to radiation, age at surgery, gender, and place of residence. Median age at exposure was 14 years old for both groups. Besides, no difference in tumour extension and histological features of papillary thyroid carcinoma was noted between patients with synchronous or metachronous primary malignant tumours. Nevertheless, the time lag to the diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma was shortened in the group with metachronous when compared to patients with synchronous second primaries (p < 0.001). Independent differences between patients with second primaries and their matched peers included tumour size {OR (95%CI) = 0.89 (0.45; 1.04)}, multiple tumours {OR (95% CI) = 1.46 (0.86; 2.42)}, lymphatic vessel invasion (OR (95%CI) 0.92 (0.61; 1.53)), blood vessel invasion (OR (95%CI) 0.41 (0.10; 1.23) and presence of numerous psammomas (OR (95%CI) 0.73 (0.39; 1.31)). The possible influence of radiative iodine treatment for development of second primaries was analysed for the group of patients with metachronous malignancies using the same approach (84 patients were compared to 252 matched patients). Independent differences also included tumour size {OR (95% CI) 0.77 (0.45; 1.30)}, lymphatic vessel invasion {OR (95%CI) 0.75(0.43; 1.28)}, blood vessel invasion {OR (95%CI) 0.17 (0.01; 0.87)}. Besides, multiple tumours were revealed more frequently in patients with metachronous primaries (OR (95%CI) 1.92 (1.0; 3.62)). To conclude, patients exposed to Chernobyl irradiation with the development of papillary thyroid carcinoma and second primary malignancy have less biological aggressive pathological characteristics of their thyroid cancers. Accordingly, these patients were less frequently treated with post-surgical radioactive iodine. Thus, 131I-irradiation may have negligible impact on the development of second primaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Fridman
- Republican Centre for Thyroid Tumours, Department of Pathology, Nezavisimosty Av., 64, 220013 Minsk, Belarus.
| | - Olga Krasko
- United Institute of Informatics Problems, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Surganova St. 6, 220012 Minsk, Belarus.
| | - Leonid Levin
- N.N. Alexandrov National Cancer Centre of Belarus, 223040 Lesnoy, Belarus.
| | - Ilya Veyalkin
- Republican Scientific Centre for Radiation Medicine and Human Ecology, Illich, 290, Gomel 246040, Belarus.
| | - Alfred King-Yin Lam
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; Pathology Queensland, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, QLD 4215, Australia.
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5
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Drozdovitch V, Minenko V, Kukhta T, Viarenich K, Trofimik S, Rogounovitch T, Nakayama T, Drozd V, Veyalkin I, Mitsutake N, Ostroumova E, Saenko V. Thyroid dose estimates for the genome-wide association study of thyroid cancer in persons exposed in Belarus to 131I after the Chernobyl accident. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2021:rrab082. [PMID: 34536956 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrab082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Chernobyl accident on 26 April 1986 led to a sharp increase in thyroid cancer (TC) incidence in the individuals exposed to radiation in childhood. The major risk factor for TC was exposure to Iodine-131 (131I). Here, we estimated the thyroid doses due to 131I intake for 2041 participants of the genome-wide association study of TC in Belarusian people exposed to radioactive fallout from the Chernobyl accident. The following parameter-values specially developed in this study were used to estimate individual thyroid doses: (i) scaling factors for adjustment of the model-based doses, (ii) age and gender diet to characterize 131I intake, and (iii) area-, age- and gender-specific S-values for the thyroid gland per 131I decay in the thyroid. The most reliable doses were calculated for 103 people with measured 131I thyroid activity (the arithmetic mean of 1.2 Gy, median 0.52 Gy), and 275 individuals with detailed residential history and dietary data (the arithmetic mean of 0.41 Gy, median 0.24 Gy). The arithmetic mean of thyroid doses among all study participants was 0.23 Gy (median 0.082 Gy); the highest individual dose was 9.0 Gy. Special attention was paid to the reliability and validity of the obtained estimates, in particular for the individuals without 131I thyroid activity measurements and individual data on residential history and diet, by comparing those with the doses from other post-Chernobyl epidemiological studies. Overall, the doses estimated in the current study were in reasonable agreement with previously reported thyroid doses. These doses will be used in the genome-wide association study of TC in people exposed in Belarus to 131I after the Chernobyl accident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Drozdovitch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Victor Minenko
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk, 220030, Belarus
| | - Tatiana Kukhta
- United Institute of Informatics Problems, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, 220012, Belarus
| | - Kiryl Viarenich
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk, 220030, Belarus
| | - Sergey Trofimik
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk, 220030, Belarus
| | - Tatiana Rogounovitch
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Takafumi Nakayama
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Valentina Drozd
- The International Fund "Help for Patients with Radiation-Induced Thyroid Cancer 'Arnica'", Minsk, 220005, Belarus
| | - Ilya Veyalkin
- Republican Research Center for Radiation Medicine and Human Ecology, Gomel, 246040, Belarus
| | - Norisato Mitsutake
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Evgenia Ostroumova
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, WHO, 69372, Lyon CEDEX 08, France
| | - Vladimir Saenko
- Department of Radiation Molecular Epidemiology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
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Kukhta T, Minenko V, Trofimik S, Drozdovitch V. Reliability of thyroid doses due to 131I intake exceeding 5 Gy in a cohort of Belarusian children exposed to Chernobyl fallout. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2021; 60:179-191. [PMID: 33392786 PMCID: PMC7904619 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-020-00882-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
High thyroid doses due to Iodine-131 (131I) intake among individuals exposed in childhood and adolescence to Chernobyl fallout raise questions about their reliability and their impact on the analysis of the radiation-related risk of thyroid cancer and other thyroid diseases in the exposed population. In the present study, an in-depth examination was conducted of thyroid doses from 131I intake over 5 Gy calculated for 131 subjects of the Belarusian-American cohort of individuals exposed after the Chernobyl accident. Thyroid doses in this cohort study were estimated based on individual radiation measurements of 131I thyroidal activity and detailed questionnaire data on individual behavior and consumptions of locally produced foodstuffs. Therefore, these doses provide the best basis for assessing reliability. The analysis showed that the result of direct thyroid measurement was mistakenly assigned to three out of 131 study subjects (2.3% of the total), and, therefore, the instrumental thyroid dose for these individuals cannot be correctly estimated. This study confirmed with a high degree of confidence the reliability of thyroid doses due to 131I intake exceeding 5 Gy that were calculated for the Belarusian-American cohort members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Kukhta
- United Institute of Informatics Problems of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Victor Minenko
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Sergey Trofimik
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Vladimir Drozdovitch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 7E548 MSC 9778, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9778, USA.
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Namin S, Zhou Y, Neuner J, Beyer K. The role of residential history in cancer research: A scoping review. Soc Sci Med 2021; 270:113657. [PMID: 33388619 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of residential history in cancer prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and survivorship is garnering increasing attention in cancer research. To our knowledge, there is no comprehensive synthesis of the current state of knowledge in the field. We reviewed the extant literature on this topic and conducted a scoping analysis to examine two main research questions: (a) To what degree, and how, have researchers accounted for residential history/mobility in cancer research? and (b) What are the gaps in the literature based on a knowledge synthesis using scoping review and concept mapping? To answer these questions, this scoping analysis focuses on how researchers compile, analyze and discuss residential history/mobility in studies on cancer. The study is focused on peer-reviewed articles from 6 different datasets (PubMed, Cinahl, Scopus, Web of Science and JSTOR, ERIC) from 1990 to August 2020. The review captured 1951 results in total, which was scoped to 281 relevant peer-reviewed journal articles. First, we examined these articles based on cancer continuum, cancer type and the main theme. Second, we identified 21 main themes and an additional 16 sub-themes in the pool of the selected articles. We utilized concept mapping to provide a conceptual framework and to highlight the underlying socioecological assumptions and paradigms. Results show that cancer research incorporating residential histories is primarily focused on incidence and estimating cumulative exposure, with little consideration across the cancer continuum. Additionally, our review suggests that although the social environment plays an important role across the cancer continuum, a small number of articles were focused on such factors and this area remains relatively unexplored. Additionally, the expansion of interdisciplinary research on residential mobility before and after cancer diagnosis will enhance understanding of the role of environmental and socioeconomic characteristics and exposures on cancer continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Namin
- Institute for Health & Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| | - Y Zhou
- Institute for Health & Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - J Neuner
- General Internal Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - K Beyer
- Institute for Health & Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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8
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Fridman M, Krasko O, Levin L, Veyalkin I, Lam AK. Second primary malignancies in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma after effect of post-chernobyl irradiation: A risk analysis of more than two decades of observations. Cancer Epidemiol 2020; 70:101860. [PMID: 33260097 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2020.101860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Second primary malignancy in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma after Chernobyl accident is an emerging problem. The aims of the study are to investigate the rates and distribution of second primary malignant tumours in Belarus survivors of post-Chernobyl papillary thyroid carcinoma and the cumulative rate of developing a second primary malignancy in a group of patients with metachronous second primaries. METHODS Patients aged 18 or younger at the time of Chernobyl accident who were diagnosed with papillary thyroid carcinoma after 1986 were identified from the Belarus Cancer Registry. The clinical and demographic of these patients were analysed to correlate with the factors for the development of secondary primary cancer. RESULTS Secondary primary cancer was detected in 1.8 % (119 of 6559) of the patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. The cumulative incidence tended to rise with increasing age of the cohort and varied depending on the sex of patients. In female patients, breast carcinoma and genital tract carcinomas prevailed, in men patients - lymphoma/ leukaemia and the alimentary tract malignancies predominated. A significant excess risk was revealed for breast carcinoma in females, colon carcinoma in males, and the urinary system carcinomas in males (absolute excess risk [AER] = 3.23, 3.01 and 2.17 correspondingly). Overall, our results pointed to the increased risk of new solid primaries in females, males and both genders (AER = 3.31, 7.19, 4.28 correspondingly) as well as increase risk of lymphoid/hematopoietic malignancies in females and both genders (AER = 1.24) and leukaemia in male patients (AER = 1.45). CONCLUSION Patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma after Chernobyl accident are at risk of secondary primary malignancy. Awareness and screening of secondary cancer is needed for patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma after Chernobyl accident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Fridman
- Republican Centre for Thyroid Tumours, Department of Pathology, 220013, Nezavisimosty Av., 64, Minsk, Belarus.
| | - Olga Krasko
- United Institute of Informatics Problems, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 220012, Surganova St. 6, Minsk, Belarus.
| | - Leonid Levin
- N.N. Alexandrov National Cancer Centre of Belarus, 223040, Lesnoy, Belarus.
| | - Ilya Veyalkin
- Republican Scientific Center for Radiation Medicine and Human Ecology, 246040, Illich, 290, Gomel, Belarus.
| | - Alfred K Lam
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia.
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Minenko V, Viarenich K, Zhukova O, Kukhta T, Podgaiskaya M, Khrutchinsky A, Kutsen S, Bouville A, Drozdovitch V. Activity concentrations of 131I and other radionuclides in cow's milk in Belarus during the first month following the Chernobyl accident. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2020; 220-221:106264. [PMID: 32658640 PMCID: PMC9443672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2020.106264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant (NPP) in Ukraine on April 26, 1986 led to a considerable release of radioactive material resulting in environmental contamination over vast areas of Belarus, Ukraine and western Russian Federation. The major health effect of the Chernobyl accident was an increase in thyroid cancer incidence in people exposed as children and adolescents, so much attention was paid to the thyroid doses resulting from intakes of 131I. Because cow's milk consumption was the main source of 131I intake by people, it was important to measure the 131I activity concentrations in cow's milk to calculate, or to validate, the thyroid doses to the exposed population. Almost 11,000 measurements of total beta-activity in cow's milk were performed using a DP-100 device during the first month after the Chernobyl accident in the most contaminated regions of Belarus. Using an ecological model and calibration coefficients for the DP-100 device the activity concentration of 131I in cow's milk was derived as well as the activity concentrations of the other radiologically important radionuclides, namely 134Cs, 137Cs, 89Sr and 90Sr. The activity concentrations of other radionuclides, such as 90Y, 132Te, 132I, 133I, 136Cs, 140Ba, 140La, 141Ce and 144Ce, in cow's milk were also estimated and were shown to be of minor importance. The concentrations of 95Zr, 95Nb, 103Ru and 106Ru in cow's milk were negligible. The data obtained in this study were validated by comparing derived 131I and 137Cs concentrations in cow's milk with gamma-spectrometry measurements performed in milk produced in the same location close to the same date. The results of this study were essential to assess and validate the radiation doses received by the subjects of epidemiological studies related to the health consequences of the Chernobyl accident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Minenko
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, 11 Bobruiskaya Street, Minsk, 220006, Belarus
| | - Kiryl Viarenich
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, 11 Bobruiskaya Street, Minsk, 220006, Belarus
| | - Olga Zhukova
- Republican Center of Radiation Control and Environmental Monitoring, 110A Nezalezhnasti Avenue, Minsk, 220023, Belarus
| | - Tatiana Kukhta
- United Institute of Informatics Problems of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 6 Surganova Street, Minsk, 220012, Belarus
| | - Marina Podgaiskaya
- Republican Center of Radiation Control and Environmental Monitoring, 110A Nezalezhnasti Avenue, Minsk, 220023, Belarus
| | - Arkady Khrutchinsky
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, 11 Bobruiskaya Street, Minsk, 220006, Belarus
| | - Semion Kutsen
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, 11 Bobruiskaya Street, Minsk, 220006, Belarus
| | | | - Vladimir Drozdovitch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, MSC 9778, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9778, USA.
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Drozdovitch V, Minenko V, Kukhta T, Trofimik S, Grakovitch R, Hatch M, Cahoon E, Veyalkin I, Polyanskaya O, Yauseyenka V, Ostroumova E, Mabuchi K, Rozhko A. Thyroid Dose Estimates for a Cohort of Belarusian Persons Exposed in Utero and During Early Life to Chernobyl Fallout. HEALTH PHYSICS 2020; 118:170-184. [PMID: 31869316 PMCID: PMC6931907 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid radiation doses were estimated for a cohort of 2,965 Belarusian persons who were exposed in utero and during early life to fallout from the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident. Prenatal and postnatal doses to the thyroid due to intake of I, external irradiation from radionuclides deposited on the ground, and ingestion of cesium isotopes (Cs and Cs) were calculated for all cohort members. Dose estimation was based on personal interviews with subjects' mothers; the interviews collected data on subjects' residential history, consumption by mothers during time of pregnancy and breast-feeding, as well as consumption by subjects after birth. Direct instrumental measurements of radioactivity in mothers and the study subjects, if available, were also used for calculation of doses. Intake of I by mothers was found to be the predominant pathway for thyroid exposure for the study subjects. The average thyroid dose due to all exposure pathways was estimated to be 137 mGy (median dose of 25 mGy, maximal dose of 14.8 Gy), including 130 mGy (median dose of 17 mGy, maximal dose of 14.8 Gy) from I intake, 4.9 mGy (median dose of 3.0 mGy, maximal dose of 102 mGy) due to external irradiation, and 2.5 mGy (median dose of 1.7 mGy, maximal dose of 47 mGy) due to ingestion of Cs. The dose estimates will be used to evaluate the radiation-related risk of thyroid cancer and other thyroid diseases in this unique cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Drozdovitch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Victor Minenko
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Tatiana Kukhta
- United Institute of Informatics Problems, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Sergey Trofimik
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Rimma Grakovitch
- Republican Research Center for Radiation Medicine and Human Ecology, Gomel, Belarus
| | - Maureen Hatch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elizabeth Cahoon
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Iliya Veyalkin
- Republican Research Center for Radiation Medicine and Human Ecology, Gomel, Belarus
| | - Olga Polyanskaya
- Republican Research Center for Radiation Medicine and Human Ecology, Gomel, Belarus
| | - Vasilina Yauseyenka
- Republican Research Center for Radiation Medicine and Human Ecology, Gomel, Belarus
| | - Evgenia Ostroumova
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Current affiliation is: International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Kiyohiko Mabuchi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexander Rozhko
- Republican Research Center for Radiation Medicine and Human Ecology, Gomel, Belarus
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Drozdovitch V, Kryuchkov V, Bakhanova E, Golovanov I, Bazyka D, Gudzenko N, Trotsyuk N, Hatch M, Cahoon EK, Mabuchi K, Bouville A, Chumak V. Estimation of Radiation Doses for a Case-control Study of Thyroid Cancer Among Ukrainian Chernobyl Cleanup Workers. HEALTH PHYSICS 2020; 118:18-35. [PMID: 31764419 PMCID: PMC6880802 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid doses were estimated for 607 subjects of a case-control study of thyroid cancer nested in the cohort of 150,813 male Ukrainian cleanup workers who were exposed to radiation as a result of the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident. Individual thyroid doses due to external irradiation, inhalation of I and short-lived radioiodine and radiotellurium isotopes (I, I, I, Te, and Te) during the cleanup mission, and intake of I during residence in contaminated settlements were calculated for all study subjects, along with associated uncertainty distributions. The average thyroid dose due to all exposure pathways combined was estimated to be 199 mGy (median: 47 mGy; range: 0.15 mGy to 9.0 Gy), with averages of 140 mGy (median: 20 mGy; range: 0.015 mGy to 3.6 Gy) from external irradiation during the cleanup mission, 44 mGy (median: 12 mGy; range: ~0 mGy to 1.7 Gy) due to I inhalation, 42 mGy (median: 7.3 mGy; range: 0.001 mGy to 3.4 Gy) due to I intake during residence, and 11 mGy (median: 1.6 mGy; range: ~0 mGy to 0.38 Gy) due to inhalation of short-lived radionuclides. Internal exposure of the thyroid gland to I contributed more than 50% of the total thyroid dose in 45% of the study subjects. The uncertainties in the individual stochastic doses were characterized by a mean geometric standard deviation of 2.0, 1.8, 2.0, and 2.6 for external irradiation, inhalation of I, inhalation of short-lived radionuclides, and residential exposure, respectively. The models used for dose calculations were validated against instrument measurements done shortly after the accident. Results of the validation showed that thyroid doses could be estimated retrospectively for Chernobyl cleanup workers two to three decades after the accident with a reasonable degree of reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Drozdovitch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Victor Kryuchkov
- Burnasyan Federal Medical and Biophysical Centre, 46 Zhivopisnaya Street, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - Elena Bakhanova
- National Research Centre for Radiation Medicine, 53 Melnikova Street, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - Ivan Golovanov
- Burnasyan Federal Medical and Biophysical Centre, 46 Zhivopisnaya Street, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - Dimitry Bazyka
- National Research Centre for Radiation Medicine, 53 Melnikova Street, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - Natalia Gudzenko
- National Research Centre for Radiation Medicine, 53 Melnikova Street, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - Natalia Trotsyuk
- National Research Centre for Radiation Medicine, 53 Melnikova Street, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - Maureen Hatch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elizabeth K. Cahoon
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kiyohiko Mabuchi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - André Bouville
- U. S. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA (retired)
| | - Vadim Chumak
- National Research Centre for Radiation Medicine, 53 Melnikova Street, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
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Drozdovitch V. Radiation Exposure to the Thyroid After the Chernobyl Accident. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:569041. [PMID: 33469445 PMCID: PMC7813882 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.569041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Chernobyl accident resulted in a considerable release of radioactivity to the atmosphere, particularly of Iodine-131 (131I), with the greatest contamination occurring in Belarus, Ukraine, and western part of Russia. MATERIAL AND METHODS Increase in thyroid cancer and other thyroid diseases incidence in population exposed to Chernobyl fallout in these counties was the major health effect of the accident. Therefore, a lot of attention was paid to the thyroid doses, mainly, the 131I intake during two months after the accident. This paper reviews thyroid doses, both the individual for the subjects of radiation epidemiological studies and population-average doses. Exposure to 131I intake and other exposure pathways to population of affected regions and the Chernobyl cleanup workers (liquidators) are considered. RESULTS Individual thyroid doses due to 131I intake varied up to 42 Gy and depended on the age of the person, the region where a person was exposed, and their cow's milk consumption habits. Population-average thyroid doses among children of youngest age reached up to 0.75 Gy in the most contaminated area, the Gomel Oblast, in Belarus. Intake of 131I was the main pathway of exposure to the thyroid gland; its mean contribution to the thyroid dose in affected regions was more than 90%. The mean thyroid dose from inhalation of 131I for early Chernobyl cleanup workers was estimated to be 0.18 Gy. Individual thyroid doses due to different exposure pathways varied among 1,137 cleanup workers included in the epidemiological studies up to 9 Gy. Uncertainties associated with dose estimates, in terms of mean geometric standard deviation of individual stochastic doses, varied in range from 1.6 for doses based on individual-radiation measurements to 2.6 for "modelled" doses. CONCLUSION The 131I was the most radiologically important radionuclide that resulted in radiation exposure to the thyroid gland and cause an increase in the of rate of thyroid cancer and other thyroid diseases in population exposed after the Chernobyl accident.
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Drozdovitch V, Kryuchkov V, Chumak V, Kutsen S, Golovanov I, Bouville A. Thyroid doses due to Iodine-131 inhalation among Chernobyl cleanup workers. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2019; 58:183-194. [PMID: 30847555 PMCID: PMC6508997 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-019-00781-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Several hundred thousand individuals, called 'cleanup workers' or 'liquidators', who took part in decontamination and recovery activities between 1986 and 1990 within the 30-km zone around the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine, were mainly exposed to external irradiation. However, those who were involved in cleanup activities during the 10-day period of atmospheric releases also received doses to the thyroid gland due to internal irradiation resulting essentially from inhalation of 131I. The paper presents the methodology and results of the calculation of individual thyroid doses for cleanup workers. The model that was used considers several factors, including the ground-level outdoor air concentrations of 131I at the locations of residence and work of the cleanup workers, the reduction of 131I activity in inhaled air associated with indoor occupancy, the time spent indoors, the breathing rate, which depends on the type of physical activity, and the possible intake of potassium iodine (KI) for iodine prophylaxis. Thyroid doses were calculated for a group of 594 cleanup workers with individual measurements of exposure rate against the neck, called 'direct thyroid measurements', that were performed from 30 April to 5 May 1986. The measured values of exposure rate were corrected to subtract the contribution of short-lived radioiodine isotopes in the thyroid to the detector response. The average thyroid dose due to 131I inhalation by the cleanup workers was estimated to be 180 mGy, while the median was 110 mGy. Most of the cleanup workers (73%) received thyroid doses ranging from 50 to 500 mGy. The highest individual dose from 131I inhalation among the cleanup workers with direct thyroid measurements was 4.5 Gy. To validate the model, the 131I activities in the thyroids that were calculated using the model were compared with those derived from the direct thyroid measurements. The mean of the ratios of measured-to-calculated activities of 131I in the thyroid was found to be 1.6 while the median of those ratios was 0.8. For 60 cleanup workers with direct thyroid measurements, a detailed description of hour-by-hour whereabouts and work history was available. For these cleanup workers the mean of the ratios of measured-to-calculated activities was found to be 1.2 and the median of those ratios was 1.0. These encouraging results suggest that the thyroid dose due to 131I inhalation could be estimated for Chernobyl cleanup workers with a reasonable degree of reliability even in the absence of direct thyroid measurements. However, this conclusion assumes that detailed information on whereabouts and work history could be obtained for those cleanup workers who were not measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Drozdovitch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 7E548 MSC 9778, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9778, USA.
| | - Victor Kryuchkov
- Burnasyan Federal Medical and Biophysical Centre, 46 Zhivopisnaya Street, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - Vadim Chumak
- National Research Centre for Radiation Medicine, 53 Melnikova Street, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - Semion Kutsen
- Research Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, 11 Bobruiskaya Street, 220050, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Ivan Golovanov
- Burnasyan Federal Medical and Biophysical Centre, 46 Zhivopisnaya Street, Moscow, 123182, Russia
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Kutsen S, Khrutchinsky A, Minenko V, Voillequé P, Bouville A, Drozdovitch V. Influence of the external and internal radioactive contamination of the body and the clothes on the results of the thyroidal 131I measurements conducted in Belarus after the Chernobyl accident-Part 2: Monte Carlo simulation of response of detectors near the thyroid. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2019; 58:215-226. [PMID: 31053911 PMCID: PMC6519107 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-019-00785-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the calculation of the response of the most common types of radiation detectors that were used within the first few weeks after the Chernobyl accident to determine the activity of 131I in the thyroids of Belarusian subjects of an epidemiologic study of thyroid cancer. The radiation detectors, which were placed against the necks of the subjects, measured the exposure rates due to the emission of gamma rays resulting from the radioactive decay of 131I in their thyroids. Because of the external and internal radioactive contamination of the monitored subjects, gamma radiation from many radionuclides in various locations contributed to the exposure rates recorded by the detectors. To estimate accurately the contribution from gamma rays emitted from various internal and external parts of the body, the calibration factors of the radiation detectors, expressed in kBq per µR h- 1, were calculated, by means of Monte Carlo simulation, for external irradiation from unit activities of 17 radionuclides located on 19 parts of the body, as well as for internal irradiation from the same 17 radionuclides in the lungs, from caesium radionuclides distributed uniformly in the whole body, and from 131I in the thyroid. The calculations were performed for six body sizes, representative of the age range of the subjects. In a companion paper, the levels of external and internal contamination of the body were estimated for a variety of exposure conditions. The results presented in the two papers were combined to calculate the 131I activities in the thyroids of all 11,732 Belarusian study subjects of an epidemiologic study of thyroid cancer and, in turn, their thyroid doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semion Kutsen
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | | | - Victor Minenko
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | | | - André Bouville
- U.S. National Cancer Institute (retired), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vladimir Drozdovitch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 7E548 MSC 9778, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9778, USA.
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Drozdovitch V, Khrouch V, Minenko V, Konstantinov Y, Khrutchinsky A, Kutsen S, Kukhta T, Shinkarev S, Gavrilin Y, Luckyanov N, Voillequé P, Bouville A. Influence of the external and internal radioactive contamination of the body and the clothes on the results of the thyroidal 131I measurements conducted in Belarus after the Chernobyl accident. Part 1: Estimation of the external and internal radioactive contamination. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2019; 58:195-214. [PMID: 31049661 PMCID: PMC6597175 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-019-00784-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The estimation of the thyroid doses received in Belarus after the Chernobyl accident is based on the analysis of exposure-rate measurements performed with radiation detectors placed against the necks of about 130,000 residents. The purpose of these measurements was to estimate the 131I activity contents of the thyroids of the subjects. However, because the radiation detectors were not equipped with collimators and because the subjects usually wore contaminated clothes, among other factors, the radiation signal included, in addition to the gamma rays emitted during the decay of the 131I activity present in the thyroid, contributions from external contamination of the skin and clothes and internal contamination of organs other than the thyroid by various radionuclides. The assessment of the contributions of the external and internal contamination of the body to the radiation signal is divided into two parts: (1) the estimation of the radionuclide activities deposited on, and incorporated in, various parts of the body, and (2) the responses of the radiation detectors to the gamma rays emitted by the radionuclides deposited on, and incorporated in, various parts of the body. The first part, which is presented in this paper, includes a variety of exposure scenarios, models, and calculations for 17 of the most abundant gamma-emitting radionuclides contributing to the thyroid detector signal, while the second part is presented in a companion paper. The results presented in the two papers were combined to calculate the contributions of the external and internal contamination of the body to the radiation signal, and, in turn, the 131I activities in the thyroids of all subjects of an epidemiologic study of thyroid cancer and other thyroid diseases among 11,732 Belarusian-American cohort members who were exposed in childhood and adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Drozdovitch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 7E548 MSC 9778, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9778, USA.
| | - Valeri Khrouch
- State Research Center, Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor Minenko
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | | | | | - Semion Kutsen
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Tatiana Kukhta
- United Institute of Informatics Problems, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Sergey Shinkarev
- State Research Center, Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri Gavrilin
- State Research Center, Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - André Bouville
- U.S. National Cancer Institute (retired), Bethesda, MD, USA
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Rääf CL, Tondel M, Isaksson M. A model for estimating the total absorbed dose to the thyroid in Swedish inhabitants following the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident: implications for existing international estimates and future model applications. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2019; 39:522-547. [PMID: 30736018 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ab0577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The time-integrated absorbed dose to the thyroid gland in the years after a fallout event can indicate the potential excess number of thyroid cancers among young individuals after a radionuclide release. Typical mean values of the absorbed dose to the thyroid have been calculated previously using reported data on radioiodine obtained from air sampling and dairy milk surveys in Sweden after the Chernobyl fallout, not including the contribution from 134Cs and 137Cs. We have developed a model for Swedish conditions taking these additional dose contributions into account. Our estimate of the average time-integrated absorbed dose to the thyroid, D th,tot, during the first 5 years after fallout ranged from 0.5-4.1 mGy for infants and from 0.3-3.3 mGy for adults. The contribution to D th,tot from 131I through inhalation and milk consumption varied considerably among different regions of Sweden, ranging from 9%-79% in infants, and from 4%-58% in adults. The external irradiation and exposure from the ingestion of 134,137Cs in foodstuffs accounted for the remaining contributions to D th,tot (i.e. up to 96% for adults). These large variations can be explained by the highly diverse conditions in the regions studied, such as different degrees of fractionation between wet and dry deposition, different grazing restrictions on dairy cattle, and differences in 134,137Cs transfers through food resulting from differences in the local fallout. It is our conclusion that the main contribution to D th,tot from nuclear power plant fallout in areas subjected to predominantly wet deposition will be from external exposure from ground deposition, followed by internal exposure from contaminated food containing the long-lived fission product 137Cs and the neutron-activated fission product 134Cs. The contribution from 134,137Cs to the thyroid absorbed dose should thus be taken into account in future epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Rääf
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Translational Medicine (ITM), Lund University, Sweden
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17
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Aneheim E, Bernin D, Foreman MRS. Affinity of charcoals for different forms of radioactive organic iodine. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Xhaard C, Rubino C, Souchard V, Maillard S, Ren Y, Borson-Chazot F, Sassolas G, Schvartz C, Colonna M, Lacour B, Woronoff AS, Velten M, Marrer E, Bailly L, Mariné Barjoan E, Schlumberger M, Drozdovitch V, Bouville A, Orgiazzi J, Adjadj E, de Vathaire F. Dietary habits during the 2 months following the Chernobyl accident and differentiated thyroid cancer risk in a population-based case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol 2018; 52:142-147. [PMID: 29324353 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident occurred in Ukraine on April 26th 1986. In France, the radioactive fallout and thyroid radiation doses were much lower than in highly contaminated areas. However, a number of risk projections have suggested that a small excess in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) might occur in eastern France due to this low-level fallout. In order to investigate this potential impact, a case-control study on DTC risk factors was started in 2005, focusing on cases who were less than 15 years old at the time of the Chernobyl accident. Here, we aim to evaluate the relationship between some specific reports of potentially contaminated food between April and June 1986 - in particular fresh dairy products and leafy vegetables - and DTC risk. METHODS After excluding subjects who were not born before the Chernobyl accident, the study included 747 cases of DTC matched with 815 controls. Odds ratios were calculated using conditional logistic regression models and were reported for all participants, for women only, for papillary cancer only, and excluding microcarcinomas. RESULTS The DTC risk was slightly higher for participants who had consumed locally produced leafy vegetables. However, this association was not stronger in the more contaminated areas than in the others. Conversely, the reported consumption of fresh dairy products was not statistically associated with DTC risk. CONCLUSION Because the increase in DTC risk associated with a higher consumption of locally produced vegetables was not more important in the most contaminated areas, our study lacked power to provide evidence for a strong association between consumption of potentially contaminated food and DTC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Xhaard
- Inserm, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Radiation Epidemiology Group, Villejuif, F-94805, France; Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, F-94805, France; University of Paris-Sud, Villejuif, F-94800, France
| | - Carole Rubino
- Inserm, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Radiation Epidemiology Group, Villejuif, F-94805, France; Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, F-94805, France; University of Paris-Sud, Villejuif, F-94800, France
| | - Vincent Souchard
- Inserm, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Radiation Epidemiology Group, Villejuif, F-94805, France; Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, F-94805, France; University of Paris-Sud, Villejuif, F-94800, France
| | - Stéphane Maillard
- Inserm, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Radiation Epidemiology Group, Villejuif, F-94805, France; Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, F-94805, France; University of Paris-Sud, Villejuif, F-94800, France
| | - Yan Ren
- Inserm, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Radiation Epidemiology Group, Villejuif, F-94805, France; Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, F-94805, France; University of Paris-Sud, Villejuif, F-94800, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Brigitte Lacour
- French National Childhood Solid Cancer Registry, CHU Nancy, France
| | | | | | | | - Laurent Bailly
- Public Health Department, University Hospital Nice, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Elisabeth Adjadj
- Inserm, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Radiation Epidemiology Group, Villejuif, F-94805, France; Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, F-94805, France; University of Paris-Sud, Villejuif, F-94800, France
| | - Florent de Vathaire
- Inserm, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Radiation Epidemiology Group, Villejuif, F-94805, France; Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, F-94805, France; University of Paris-Sud, Villejuif, F-94800, France.
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Lam AKY, Fridman M. Characteristics of cribriform morular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma in post-Chernobyl affected region. Hum Pathol 2018; 74:170-177. [PMID: 29320754 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim is to study the characteristics of cribriform morular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (CMV-PTC) in patients living in the radiation-affected area of Belarus. The clinical and pathological features of 35 patients with CMV-PTC from Belarus were studied and compared with those of conventional papillary thyroid carcinoma diagnosed in the same period. The patients with CMV-PTC were all females and were younger at presentation (mean age = 24) than those with conventional papillary thyroid carcinoma. Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) was identified in 20% of the patients with CMV-PTC. The majority of the CMV-PTCs (29/35; 83%) were staged as pT1 and were less advanced than conventional papillary thyroid carcinoma. There was no evidence of lymph node metastases or distant metastases. CMV-PTCs were positive for β-catenin, APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) and p53 proteins. No psammoma bodies were identified on microscopic examination. Over a median follow-up of 9 years, all the patients were alive, and there was no cancer recurrence or mortality related to the thyroid cancer. To conclude, CMV-PTC in patients in the radiation-affected region behaves in an indolent fashion. They had distinctive features that are different from patients with conventional papillary thyroid carcinoma living in the same region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred King-Yin Lam
- Discipline of Pathology, School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Australia.
| | - Mikhail Fridman
- Republican Centre for Thyroid Tumors, Nezavisimosty Av., 64, 220013 Minsk, Belarus
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Till JE, Beck HL, Grogan HA, Caffrey EA. A review of dosimetry used in epidemiological studies considered to evaluate the linear no-threshold (LNT) dose-response model for radiation protection. Int J Radiat Biol 2017; 93:1128-1144. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2017.1337280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Cahoon EK, Nadyrov EA, Polyanskaya ON, Yauseyenka VV, Veyalkin IV, Yeudachkova TI, Maskvicheva TI, Minenko VF, Liu W, Drozdovitch V, Mabuchi K, Little MP, Zablotska LB, McConnell RJ, Hatch M, Peters KO, Rozhko AV, Brenner AV. Risk of Thyroid Nodules in Residents of Belarus Exposed to Chernobyl Fallout as Children and Adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:2207-2217. [PMID: 28368520 PMCID: PMC5505199 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-3842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Although radiation exposure is an important predictor of thyroid cancer on diagnosis of a thyroid nodule, the relationship between childhood radiation exposure and thyroid nodules has not been comprehensively evaluated. OBJECTIVE To examine the association between internal I-131 thyroid dose and thyroid nodules in young adults exposed during childhood. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this cross-sectional study, we screened residents of Belarus aged ≤18 years at the time of the Chernobyl nuclear accident for thyroid disease (median age, 21 years) with thyroid palpation, ultrasonography, blood/urine analysis, and medical follow-up when appropriate. Eligible participants (N = 11,421) had intact thyroid glands and doses based on direct individual thyroid activity measurements. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Excess odds ratios per Gray (EOR/Gy, scaled at age 5 years at exposure) for any thyroid nodule and for nodules grouped by cytology/histology, diameter size, and singularity. RESULTS Risk of any thyroid nodule increased significantly with I-131 dose and, for a given dose, with younger age at exposure. The EOR/Gy (95% confidence intervals) for neoplastic nodules (3.82; 0.87 to 15.52) was significantly higher than for nonneoplastic nodules (0.32; <0.03 to 0.70) and did not vary by size; whereas the EOR/Gy for nonneoplastic nodules did vary by size (P = 0.02) and was 1.55 (0.36 to 5.46) for nodules ≥10 mm and 0.02 (<-0.02 to 0.70) for nodules <10 mm. EORs/Gy for single and multiple nodules were comparable. CONCLUSIONS Childhood exposure to internal I-131 is associated with increased risk of neoplastic thyroid nodules of any size and nonneoplastic nodules ≥10 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K. Cahoon
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9778
| | - Eldar A. Nadyrov
- The Republican Research Center for Radiation Medicine and Human Ecology, Gomel 246040, Belarus
| | - Olga N. Polyanskaya
- The Republican Research Center for Radiation Medicine and Human Ecology, Gomel 246040, Belarus
| | - Vasilina V. Yauseyenka
- The Republican Research Center for Radiation Medicine and Human Ecology, Gomel 246040, Belarus
| | - Ilya V. Veyalkin
- The Republican Research Center for Radiation Medicine and Human Ecology, Gomel 246040, Belarus
| | - Tamara I. Yeudachkova
- The Republican Research Center for Radiation Medicine and Human Ecology, Gomel 246040, Belarus
| | - Tamara I. Maskvicheva
- The Republican Research Center for Radiation Medicine and Human Ecology, Gomel 246040, Belarus
| | - Victor F. Minenko
- Belarusian Medical Academy of Post-Graduate Education, Minsk 220714, Belarus
| | - Wayne Liu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9778
| | - Vladimir Drozdovitch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9778
| | - Kiyohiko Mabuchi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9778
| | - Mark P. Little
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9778
| | - Lydia B. Zablotska
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94118
| | | | - Maureen Hatch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9778
| | - Kamau O. Peters
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9778
| | - Alexander V. Rozhko
- The Republican Research Center for Radiation Medicine and Human Ecology, Gomel 246040, Belarus
| | - Alina V. Brenner
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9778
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Beck HL, Till JE, Grogan HA, Aanenson JW, Mohler HJ, Mohler SS, Voillequé PG. Red Bone Marrow and Male Breast Doses for a Cohort of Atomic Veterans. Radiat Res 2017; 187:221-228. [DOI: 10.1667/rr14458.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Drozdovitch V, Chumak V, Kesminiene A, Ostroumova E, Bouville A. Doses for post-Chernobyl epidemiological studies: are they reliable? JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2016; 36:R36-R73. [PMID: 27355439 PMCID: PMC9426290 DOI: 10.1088/0952-4746/36/3/r36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
On 26 April 2016, thirty years will have elapsed since the occurrence of the Chernobyl accident, which has so far been the most severe in the history of the nuclear reactor industry. Numerous epidemiological studies were conducted to evaluate the possible health consequences of the accident. Since the credibility of the association between the radiation exposure and health outcome is highly dependent on the adequacy of the dosimetric quantities used in these studies, this paper makes an effort to overview the methods used to estimate individual doses and the associated uncertainties in the main analytical epidemiological studies (i.e. cohort or case-control) related to the Chernobyl accident. Based on the thorough analysis and comparison with other radiation studies, the authors conclude that individual doses for the Chernobyl analytical epidemiological studies have been calculated with a relatively high degree of reliability and well-characterized uncertainties, and that they compare favorably with many other non-Chernobyl studies. The major strengths of the Chernobyl studies are: (1) they are grounded on a large number of measurements, either performed on humans or made in the environment; and (2) extensive effort has been invested to evaluate the uncertainties associated with the dose estimates. Nevertheless, gaps in the methodology are identified and suggestions for the possible improvement of the current dose estimates are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Drozdovitch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vadim Chumak
- National Research Centre for Radiation Medicine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | | | - André Bouville
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Retired
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Ostroumova E, Hatch M, Brenner A, Nadyrov E, Veyalkin I, Polyanskaya O, Yauseyenka V, Polyakov S, Levin L, Zablotska L, Rozhko A, Mabuchi K. Non-thyroid cancer incidence in Belarusian residents exposed to Chernobyl fallout in childhood and adolescence: Standardized Incidence Ratio analysis, 1997-2011. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 147:44-49. [PMID: 26851723 PMCID: PMC4821667 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While an increased risk of thyroid cancer from post-Chernobyl exposure to Iodine-131 (I-131) in children and adolescents has been well-documented, risks of other cancers or leukemia as a result of residence in radioactively contaminated areas remain uncertain. METHODS We studied non-thyroid cancer incidence in a cohort of about 12,000 individuals from Belarus exposed under age of 18 years to Chernobyl fallout (median age at the time of Chernobyl accident of 7.9 years). During 15 years of follow-up from1997 through 2011, 54 incident cancers excluding thyroid were identified in the study cohort with 142,968 person-years at risk. We performed Standardized Incidence Ratio (SIR) analysis of all solid cancers excluding thyroid (n=42), of leukemia (n=6) and of lymphoma (n=6). RESULTS We found no significant increase in the incidence of non-thyroid solid cancer (SIR=0.83, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.61; 1.11), lymphoma (SIR=0.66, 95% CI: 0.26; 1.33) or leukemia (SIR=1.78, 95% CI: 0.71; 3.61) in the study cohort as compared with the sex-, age- and calendar-time-specific national rates. These findings may in part reflect the relatively young age of study subjects (median attained age of 33.4 years), and long latency for some radiation-related solid cancers. CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence of statistically significant increases in solid cancer, lymphoma and leukemia incidence 25 years after childhood exposure in the study cohort; however, it is important to continue follow-up non-thyroid cancers in individuals exposed to low-level radiation at radiosensitive ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia Ostroumova
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9609 Medical Center Drive, MSC 9776, Bethesda, 20892 MD, USA.
| | - Maureen Hatch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9609 Medical Center Drive, MSC 9776, Bethesda, 20892 MD, USA.
| | - Alina Brenner
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9609 Medical Center Drive, MSC 9776, Bethesda, 20892 MD, USA.
| | - Eldar Nadyrov
- The Republican Research Center for Radiation Medicine and Human Ecology, 290 Ilyicha Street, Gomel 246040, Belarus.
| | - Ilya Veyalkin
- The Republican Research Center for Radiation Medicine and Human Ecology, 290 Ilyicha Street, Gomel 246040, Belarus.
| | - Olga Polyanskaya
- The Republican Research Center for Radiation Medicine and Human Ecology, 290 Ilyicha Street, Gomel 246040, Belarus.
| | - Vasilina Yauseyenka
- The Republican Research Center for Radiation Medicine and Human Ecology, 290 Ilyicha Street, Gomel 246040, Belarus.
| | - Semion Polyakov
- State Institution "Republican Scientific and Practical Center for Medical Technologies, Informatization, Administration and Management of Health", 7-a Petrus Brovka Street, Minsk 220600, Belarus.
| | - Leonid Levin
- Cancer Registry, State Establishment "N.N.Alexandrov National Cancer Center of Belarus for Oncology and Medical Radiology", P.O., Lesnoy 223040, Belarus.
| | - Lydia Zablotska
- University of California, San Francisco, 3333 California Street, Laurel Heights, San Francisco, 94118 CA, USA.
| | - Alexander Rozhko
- The Republican Research Center for Radiation Medicine and Human Ecology, 290 Ilyicha Street, Gomel 246040, Belarus.
| | - Kiyohiko Mabuchi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9609 Medical Center Drive, MSC 9776, Bethesda, 20892 MD, USA.
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Drozdovitch V, Kukhta T, Minenko V, Trofimik S, Bouville A, Potischman N. Reliability of Questionnaire Data in the Distant Past: Relevance for Radiation Exposure Assessment. HEALTH PHYSICS 2016; 110:74-92. [PMID: 26606068 PMCID: PMC4662084 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000000406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Interviews with questionnaires are often employed to provide information that may be used for exposure assessment, although the reliability of such information is largely unknown. In this work, the consistency of individual behavior and dietary data collected by means of personal interviews during two study screenings was evaluated. Data were collected for a cohort of about 11,000 persons exposed to 131I in childhood and adolescence shortly after the Chernobyl accident. The best recollection was found for residential history, milk consumption patterns, and, to a lesser degree, stable iodine administration, while reproducibility of responses about consumption of milk products and leafy vegetables was poor. Consistency of information reported during the personal interviews by the study subjects younger than 10 y at the time of the accident was somewhat lower than for the subjects aged 10-18 y. The authors found slightly better reproducibility of responses for female study subjects than for male subjects and when the time span between two interviews was shorter. In the majority of instances, the best consistency in responses was observed when the mother was interviewed during both screenings rather than the subject. Information that was collected during two personal interviews was used to calculate two sets of thyroid doses due to 131I intakes. This study shows that, because dose-related measurements are available for all study subjects, the quality of individual behavior and dietary data has, in general, a small influence on the results of the retrospective dose assessment. For studies in which dose-related measurements are not available for all study subjects and only modeling is used for dose reconstruction, high quality individual behavior and dietary data for the study subjects are required to provide realistic and reliable dose estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Drozdovitch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tatiana Kukhta
- United Institute of Informatics Problems, Minsk, Belarus
| | | | | | | | - Nancy Potischman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Zablotska LB, Nadyrov EA, Polyanskaya ON, McConnell RJ, O'Kane P, Lubin J, Hatch M, Little MP, Brenner AV, Veyalkin IV, Yauseyenka VV, Bouville A, Drozdovitch VV, Minenko VF, Demidchik YE, Mabuchi K, Rozhko AV. Risk of thyroid follicular adenoma among children and adolescents in Belarus exposed to iodine-131 after the Chornobyl accident. Am J Epidemiol 2015; 182:781-90. [PMID: 26443421 PMCID: PMC4751233 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwv127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies reported an increased risk of thyroid cancer in children and adolescents exposed to radioactive iodines, chiefly iodine-131 ((131)I), after the 1986 Chornobyl (Ukrainian spelling) nuclear power plant accident. The risk of benign thyroid tumors following such radiation exposure is much less well known. We have previously reported a novel finding of significantly increased risk of thyroid follicular adenoma in a screening study of children and adolescents exposed to the Chornobyl fallout in Ukraine. To verify this finding, we analyzed baseline screening data from a cohort of 11,613 individuals aged ≤18 years at the time of the accident in Belarus (mean age at screening = 21 years). All participants had individual (131)I doses estimated from thyroid radioactivity measurements and were screened according to a standardized protocol. We found a significant linear dose response for 38 pathologically confirmed follicular adenoma cases. The excess odds ratio per gray of 2.22 (95% confidence interval: 0.41, 13.1) was similar in males and females but decreased significantly with increasing age at exposure (P < 0.01), with the highest radiation risks estimated for those exposed at <2 years of age. Follicular adenoma radiation risks were not significantly modified by most indicators of past and current iodine deficiency. The present study confirms the (131)I-associated increases in risk of follicular adenoma in the Ukrainian population and adds new evidence on the risk increasing with decreasing age at exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia B. Zablotska
- Correspondence to Dr. Lydia B. Zablotska, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 3333 California Street, Suite 280, San Francisco, CA 94118-1944 (e-mail: )
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Little MP, Kwon D, Zablotska LB, Brenner AV, Cahoon EK, Rozhko AV, Polyanskaya ON, Minenko VF, Golovanov I, Bouville A, Drozdovitch V. Impact of Uncertainties in Exposure Assessment on Thyroid Cancer Risk among Persons in Belarus Exposed as Children or Adolescents Due to the Chernobyl Accident. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139826. [PMID: 26465339 PMCID: PMC4605727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The excess incidence of thyroid cancer in Ukraine and Belarus observed a few years after the Chernobyl accident is considered to be largely the result of 131I released from the reactor. Although the Belarus thyroid cancer prevalence data has been previously analyzed, no account was taken of dose measurement error. Methods We examined dose-response patterns in a thyroid screening prevalence cohort of 11,732 persons aged under 18 at the time of the accident, diagnosed during 1996–2004, who had direct thyroid 131I activity measurement, and were resident in the most radio-actively contaminated regions of Belarus. Three methods of dose-error correction (regression calibration, Monte Carlo maximum likelihood, Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo) were applied. Results There was a statistically significant (p<0.001) increasing dose-response for prevalent thyroid cancer, irrespective of regression-adjustment method used. Without adjustment for dose errors the excess odds ratio was 1.51 Gy− (95% CI 0.53, 3.86), which was reduced by 13% when regression-calibration adjustment was used, 1.31 Gy− (95% CI 0.47, 3.31). A Monte Carlo maximum likelihood method yielded an excess odds ratio of 1.48 Gy− (95% CI 0.53, 3.87), about 2% lower than the unadjusted analysis. The Bayesian method yielded a maximum posterior excess odds ratio of 1.16 Gy− (95% BCI 0.20, 4.32), 23% lower than the unadjusted analysis. There were borderline significant (p = 0.053–0.078) indications of downward curvature in the dose response, depending on the adjustment methods used. There were also borderline significant (p = 0.102) modifying effects of gender on the radiation dose trend, but no significant modifying effects of age at time of accident, or age at screening as modifiers of dose response (p>0.2). Conclusions In summary, the relatively small contribution of unshared classical dose error in the current study results in comparatively modest effects on the regression parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P. Little
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Deukwoo Kwon
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Lydia B. Zablotska
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alina V. Brenner
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth K. Cahoon
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alexander V. Rozhko
- The Republican Research Center for Radiation Medicine and Human Ecology, Gomel 246040, Belarus
| | - Olga N. Polyanskaya
- The Republican Research Center for Radiation Medicine and Human Ecology, Gomel 246040, Belarus
| | | | - Ivan Golovanov
- Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - André Bouville
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vladimir Drozdovitch
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Kamiya K, Ozasa K, Akiba S, Niwa O, Kodama K, Takamura N, Zaharieva EK, Kimura Y, Wakeford R. Long-term effects of radiation exposure on health. Lancet 2015; 386:469-78. [PMID: 26251392 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(15)61167-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Late-onset effects of exposure to ionising radiation on the human body have been identified by long-term, large-scale epidemiological studies. The cohort study of Japanese survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (the Life Span Study) is thought to be the most reliable source of information about these health effects because of the size of the cohort, the exposure of a general population of both sexes and all ages, and the wide range of individually assessed doses. For this reason, the Life Span Study has become fundamental to risk assessment in the radiation protection system of the International Commission on Radiological Protection and other authorities. Radiation exposure increases the risk of cancer throughout life, so continued follow-up of survivors is essential. Overall, survivors have a clear radiation-related excess risk of cancer, and people exposed as children have a higher risk of radiation-induced cancer than those exposed at older ages. At high doses, and possibly at low doses, radiation might increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and some other non-cancer diseases. Hereditary effects in the children of atomic bomb survivors have not been detected. The dose-response relation for cancer at low doses is assumed, for purposes of radiological protection, to be linear without a threshold, but has not been shown definitively. This outstanding issue is not only a problem when dealing appropriately with potential health effects of nuclear accidents, such as at Fukushima and Chernobyl, but is of growing concern in occupational and medical exposure. Therefore, the appropriate dose-response relation for effects of low doses of radiation needs to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kamiya
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | | | - Suminori Akiba
- Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ohstura Niwa
- Fukushima Global Medical Science Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | | | - Noboru Takamura
- Department of Global Health, Medicine and Welfare, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Elena K Zaharieva
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuko Kimura
- Department of Global Health, Medicine and Welfare, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Richard Wakeford
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Institute of Population Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Drozdovitch V, Minenko V, Golovanov I, Khrutchinsky A, Kukhta T, Kutsen S, Luckyanov N, Ostroumova E, Trofimik S, Voillequé P, Simon SL, Bouville A. Thyroid Dose Estimates for a Cohort of Belarusian Children Exposed to (131)I from the Chernobyl Accident: Assessment of Uncertainties. Radiat Res 2015. [PMID: 26207684 DOI: 10.1667/rr13791.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Deterministic thyroid radiation doses due to iodine-131 ((131)I) intake were reconstructed in a previous article for 11,732 participants of the Belarusian-American cohort study of thyroid cancer and other thyroid diseases in individuals exposed during childhood or adolescence to fallout from the Chernobyl accident. The current article describes an assessment of uncertainties in reconstructed thyroid doses that accounts for the shared and unshared errors. Using a Monte Carlo simulation procedure, 1,000 sets of cohort thyroid doses due to (131)I intake were calculated. The arithmetic mean of the stochastic thyroid doses for the entire cohort was 0.68 Gy. For two-thirds of the cohort the arithmetic mean of individual stochastic thyroid doses was less than 0.5 Gy. The geometric standard deviation of stochastic doses varied among cohort members from 1.33 to 5.12 with an arithmetic mean of 1.76 and a geometric mean of 1.73. The uncertainties in thyroid dose were driven by the unshared errors associated with the estimates of values of thyroid mass and of the (131)I activity in the thyroid of the subject; the contribution of shared errors to the overall uncertainty was small. These multiple sets of cohort thyroid doses will be used to evaluate the radiation risks of thyroid cancer and noncancer thyroid diseases, taking into account the structure of the errors in the dose estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Drozdovitch
- a Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Victor Minenko
- b Research Institute for Nuclear Problems, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Ivan Golovanov
- c Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Tatiana Kukhta
- d United Institute of Informatics Problems, Minsk, Belarus; and
| | - Semion Kutsen
- b Research Institute for Nuclear Problems, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Nickolas Luckyanov
- a Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Evgenia Ostroumova
- a Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Steven L Simon
- a Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - André Bouville
- a Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland
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Zablotska LB, Nadyrov EA, Rozhko AV, Gong Z, Polyanskaya ON, McConnell RJ, O'Kane P, Brenner AV, Little MP, Ostroumova E, Bouville A, Drozdovitch V, Minenko V, Demidchik Y, Nerovnya A, Yauseyenka V, Savasteeva I, Nikonovich S, Mabuchi K, Hatch M. Analysis of thyroid malignant pathologic findings identified during 3 rounds of screening (1997-2008) of a cohort of children and adolescents from belarus exposed to radioiodines after the Chernobyl accident. Cancer 2014; 121:457-66. [PMID: 25351557 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.29073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies of children and adolescents who were exposed to radioactive iodine-131 (I-131) after the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear accident in Ukraine exhibited a significant dose-related increase in the risk of thyroid cancer, but the association of radiation doses with tumor histologic and morphologic features is not clear. METHODS A cohort of 11,664 individuals in Belarus who were aged ≤18 years at the time of the accident underwent 3 cycles of thyroid screening during 1997 to 2008. I-131 thyroid doses were estimated from individual thyroid activity measurements taken within 2 months after the accident and from dosimetric questionnaire data. Demographic, clinical, and tumor pathologic characteristics of the patients with thyroid cancer were analyzed using 1-way analysis of variance, chi-square tests or Fisher exact tests, and logistic regression. RESULTS In total, 158 thyroid cancers were identified as a result of screening. The majority of patients had T1a and T1b tumors (93.7%), with many positive regional lymph nodes (N1; 60.6%) but few distant metastases (M1; <1%). Higher I-131 doses were associated with higher frequency of solid and diffuse sclerosing variants of thyroid cancer (P < .01) and histologic features of cancer aggressiveness, such as lymphatic vessel invasion, intrathyroidal infiltration, and multifocality (all P < .03). Latency was not correlated with radiation dose. Fifty-two patients with self-reported thyroid cancers which were diagnosed before 1997 were younger at the time of the accident and had a higher percentage of solid variant cancers compared with patients who had screening-detected thyroid cancers (all P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS I-131 thyroid radiation doses were associated with a significantly greater frequency of solid and diffuse sclerosing variants of thyroid cancer and various features of tumor aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia B Zablotska
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Ostroumova E, Rozhko A, Hatch M, Furukawa K, Polyanskaya O, McConnell RJ, Nadyrov E, Petrenko S, Romanov G, Yauseyenka V, Drozdovitch V, Minenko V, Prokopovich A, Savasteeva I, Zablotska LB, Mabuchi K, Brenner AV. Iodine-131 and thyroid function: Ostroumova et al. respond. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2014; 122:A40-A41. [PMID: 24486619 PMCID: PMC3915269 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1307737r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia Ostroumova
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Ostroumova E, Rozhko A, Hatch M, Furukawa K, Polyanskaya O, McConnell RJ, Nadyrov E, Petrenko S, Romanov G, Yauseyenka V, Drozdovitch V, Minenko V, Prokopovich A, Savasteeva I, Zablotska LB, Mabuchi K, Brenner AV. Measures of thyroid function among Belarusian children and adolescents exposed to iodine-131 from the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear plant. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2013; 121:865-71. [PMID: 23651658 PMCID: PMC3701991 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1205783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid dysfunction after exposure to low or moderate doses of radioactive iodine-131 (131I) at a young age is a public health concern. However, quantitative data are sparse concerning 131I-related risk of these common diseases. OBJECTIVE Our goal was to assess the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in association with 131I exposure during childhood (≤ 18 years) due to fallout from the Chernobyl accident. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT), serum concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and autoantibodies to thyroperoxidase (ATPO) in relation to measurement-based 131I dose estimates in a Belarusian cohort of 10,827 individuals screened for various thyroid diseases. RESULTS Mean age at exposure (± SD) was 8.2 ± 5.0 years. Mean (median) estimated 131I thyroid dose was 0.54 (0.23) Gy (range, 0.001-26.6 Gy). We found significant positive associations of 131I dose with hypothyroidism (mainly subclinical and antibody-negative) and serum TSH concentration. The excess odds ratio per 1 Gy for hypothyroidism was 0.34 (95% CI: 0.15, 0.62) and varied significantly by age at exposure and at examination, presence of goiter, and urban/rural residency. We found no evidence of positive associations with antibody-positive hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, AIT, or elevated ATPO. CONCLUSIONS The association between 131I dose and hypothyroidism in the Belarusian cohort is consistent with that previously reported for a Ukrainian cohort and strengthens evidence of the effect of environmental 131I exposure during childhood on hypothyroidism, but not other thyroid outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia Ostroumova
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9778, USA.
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