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Lisa De-Silva D, Mota LL, Chazot N, Mallarino R, Silva-Brandão KL, Piñerez LMG, Freitas AV, Lamas G, Joron M, Mallet J, Giraldo CE, Uribe S, Särkinen T, Knapp S, Jiggins CD, Willmott KR, Elias M. North Andean origin and diversification of the largest ithomiine butterfly genus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45966. [PMID: 28387233 PMCID: PMC5384087 DOI: 10.1038/srep45966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Neotropics harbour the most diverse flora and fauna on Earth. The Andes are a major centre of diversification and source of diversity for adjacent areas in plants and vertebrates, but studies on insects remain scarce, even though they constitute the largest fraction of terrestrial biodiversity. Here, we combine molecular and morphological characters to generate a dated phylogeny of the butterfly genus Pteronymia (Nymphalidae: Danainae), which we use to infer spatial, elevational and temporal diversification patterns. We first propose six taxonomic changes that raise the generic species total to 53, making Pteronymia the most diverse genus of the tribe Ithomiini. Our biogeographic reconstruction shows that Pteronymia originated in the Northern Andes, where it diversified extensively. Some lineages colonized lowlands and adjacent montane areas, but diversification in those areas remained scarce. The recent colonization of lowland areas was reflected by an increase in the rate of evolution of species' elevational ranges towards present. By contrast, speciation rate decelerated with time, with no extinction. The geological history of the Andes and adjacent regions have likely contributed to Pteronymia diversification by providing compartmentalized habitats and an array of biotic and abiotic conditions, and by limiting dispersal between some areas while promoting interchange across others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Lisa De-Silva
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205–CNRS MNHN UPMC EPHE, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier CP50 F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Luísa L. Mota
- Departamento de Zoologia and Museu de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nicolas Chazot
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205–CNRS MNHN UPMC EPHE, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier CP50 F-75005, Paris, France
- Department of Biology, Lunds Universitet, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ricardo Mallarino
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Karina L. Silva-Brandão
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luz Miryam Gómez Piñerez
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo de investigación Ciencias Forenses y Salud, Tecnológico de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - André V.L. Freitas
- Departamento de Zoologia and Museu de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gerardo Lamas
- Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Mathieu Joron
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CEFE, UMR 5175 CNRS - EPHE - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul Valéry Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier 5, France
| | - James Mallet
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Carlos E. Giraldo
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación de Sanidad Vegetal, Universidad Católica de Oriente, Rionegro, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Sandra Uribe
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Tiina Särkinen
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK
| | - Sandra Knapp
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Chris D. Jiggins
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Keith R. Willmott
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Marianne Elias
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205–CNRS MNHN UPMC EPHE, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier CP50 F-75005, Paris, France
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Elias M, Hill RI, Willmott KR, Dasmahapatra KK, Brower AVZ, Mallet J, Jiggins CD. Limited performance of DNA barcoding in a diverse community of tropical butterflies. Proc Biol Sci 2008; 274:2881-9. [PMID: 17785265 PMCID: PMC3227132 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2007.1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA 'barcoding' relies on a short fragment of mitochondrial DNA to infer identification of specimens. The method depends on genetic diversity being markedly lower within than between species. Closely related species are most likely to share genetic variation in communities where speciation rates are rapid and effective population sizes are large, such that coalescence times are long. We assessed the applicability of DNA barcoding (here the 5' half of the cytochrome c oxidase I) to a diverse community of butterflies from the upper Amazon, using a group with a well-established morphological taxonomy to serve as a reference. Only 77% of species could be accurately identified using the barcode data, a figure that dropped to 68% in species represented in the analyses by more than one geographical race and at least one congener. The use of additional mitochondrial sequence data hardly improved species identification, while a fragment of a nuclear gene resolved issues in some of the problematic species. We acknowledge the utility of barcodes when morphological characters are ambiguous or unknown, but we also recommend the addition of nuclear sequence data, and caution that species-level identification rates might be lower in the most diverse habitats of our planet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Elias
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK.
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