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Ma X, Sun Z, Chen H, Cao L, Zhao S, Fan L, Zhao C, Yin S, Hu H. 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid suppresses Lewis lung cancer growth through protecting immune cells from ferroptosis. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2024; 93:575-585. [PMID: 38383823 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-024-04639-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), the main metabolite of glycyrrhizic acid extracted from the root of licorice, has been reported to possess anti-cancer and immunomodulatory activity, but the mechanisms are not well understood. Recent studies have shown that ferroptosis of immune cells is involved in tumor-associated immune suppression. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the enhanced immune response via inhibiting immune cell ferroptosis contributed to the anticancer effect of 18β-GA. METHODS Lewis Lung carcinoma mouse model and Murine CD8 + T cell culture model were used to examine the changes of immune response and ferroptosis of immune cells. RESULTS We found that 18β-GA was effective against lung cancer accompanied by enhanced activation of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells in Lewis Lung carcinoma mouse model. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the boosted immune response by GA was attributed to its ability to inhibit arachidonic acid (AA)-mediated CD8+ T ferroptosis via suppressing CD36 expression. CONCLUSION The findings of the present study unraveled a novel mechanism underlying the anti-cancer and immunomodulatory activity of 18β-GA and support that 18β-GA holds potential to be used as an immune enhancer for lung cancer prevention or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Ma
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenou Sun
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lixing Cao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lihong Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yunamingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Chong Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shutao Yin
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hongbo Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Chen J, Lin Y, Wu M, Li C, Cen K, Liu F, Liao Y, Zhou X, Xu J, Cheng Y. Glycyrrhetinic acid proliposomes mediated by mannosylated ligand: Preparation, physicochemical characterization, environmental stability and bioactivity evaluation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 218:112781. [PMID: 36007313 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhetinic acid is a bioactive compound extracted from licorice that exhibits inhibition effect on various cancers. However, its hydrophobicity results in low bioavailability that limits application. We aim to overcome this barrier, the present research was performed to prepare glycyrrhetinic acid proliposomes mediated mannosylated ligand (mannose-diester lauric diacid-cholesterol, MDC) and to evaluate its physicochemical characterizations, environmental stability and bioactivity. In preliminary optimization studies of glycyrrhetinic acid proliposomes mediated MDC (MDC-GA-PL), four optimum operating parameters, cryoprotectant of glucose and mannitol, the mixed cryoprotectant ratio (glucose/mannitol) of 1:1, a cryoprotectant/egg phosphatidylcholine mass ratio of 10/1, and -60 ℃ pre-freezing temperature, were obtained after investigation. Under the optimum lyophilization conditions, MDC-GA-PL was freeze-dried and reconstituted proliposomes were characterized. These proliposomes showed that MDC-GA-PL were well-dispersible spherical particles with an average particle size of 120.80 nm, a polydispersity index about 0.095, a zeta potential of -33.15 mV, encapsulation efficiency of 85.9% and drug loading of 6.38%. In vitro drug release study showed that glycyrrhetinic acid release of MDC-GA-PL conforms to the Higuchi release model. In addition, these proliposomes were stable during six months at 4 ℃. Moreover, acute toxicity assay revealed no substantial safety concern for MDC-GA-PL. Finally, in vitro bioactivity of proliposomes was evaluated. Cytotoxicity effect and apoptosis efficiency of MDC-GA-PL by HepG2 cells was significantly higher than that of glycyrrhetinic acid proliposomes without MDC, demonstrating that MDC has a desirable effect on liver target. Overall, we have reason to believe that MDC-GA-PL would be a promising target delivery to improve therapeutic against hepatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China.
| | - Yuan Lin
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China
| | - Min Wu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China
| | - Chuangnan Li
- Neurosurgery Department, Jiangmen Wuyi Hospital of TCM, Affiliated Jiangmen TCM Hospital of Jinan University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China
| | - Kaijie Cen
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China
| | - Fujin Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China
| | - Yazhi Liao
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhou
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China
| | - Jucai Xu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China
| | - Yi Cheng
- School of Chinese Material Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
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Sagmeister MS, Harper L, Hardy RS. Cortisol excess in chronic kidney disease - A review of changes and impact on mortality. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1075809. [PMID: 36733794 PMCID: PMC9886668 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1075809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) describes the long-term condition of impaired kidney function from any cause. CKD is common and associated with a wide array of complications including higher mortality, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, sarcopenia, osteoporosis, aberrant immune function, cognitive impairment, mood disturbances and poor sleep quality. Glucocorticoids are endogenous pleiotropic steroid hormones and their excess produces a pattern of morbidity that possesses considerable overlap with CKD. Circulating levels of cortisol, the major active glucocorticoid in humans, are determined by a complex interplay between several processes. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) regulates cortisol synthesis and release, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes mediate metabolic interconversion between active and inactive forms, and clearance from the circulation depends on irreversible metabolic inactivation in the liver followed by urinary excretion. Chronic stress, inflammatory states and other aspects of CKD can disturb these processes, enhancing cortisol secretion via the HPA axis and inducing tissue-resident amplification of glucocorticoid signals. Progressive renal impairment can further impact on cortisol metabolism and urinary clearance of cortisol metabolites. Consequently, significant interest exists to precisely understand the dysregulation of cortisol in CKD and its significance for adverse clinical outcomes. In this review, we summarize the latest literature on alterations in endogenous glucocorticoid regulation in adults with CKD and evaluate the available evidence on cortisol as a mechanistic driver of excess mortality and morbidity. The emerging picture is one of subclinical hypercortisolism with blunted diurnal decline of cortisol levels, impaired negative feedback regulation and reduced cortisol clearance. An association between cortisol and adjusted all-cause mortality has been reported in observational studies for patients with end-stage renal failure, but further research is required to assess links between cortisol and clinical outcomes in CKD. We propose recommendations for future research, including therapeutic strategies that aim to reduce complications of CKD by correcting or reversing dysregulation of cortisol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Sagmeister
- Institute for Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Renal Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Michael S. Sagmeister,
| | - Lorraine Harper
- Renal Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Institute for Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rowan S. Hardy
- Institute for Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Research into Inflammatory Arthritis Centre Versus Arthritis, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Institute of Clinical Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Li W, Li Y, Jiang X, Li X, Yu Z. Compound Ammonium Glycyrrhizin Protects Hepatocytes from Injury Induced by Lipopolysaccharide/Florfenicol through a Mitochondrial Pathway. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092378. [PMID: 30227687 PMCID: PMC6225407 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Florfenicol (FFC), a widely used drug for chicken diseases, can aggravate lipopolysaccharide (LPS) damage to the liver. For this condition, natural or synthetic products displaying strong antioxidant capacity are expected to prevent LPS/FFC from inducing liver injury, so in our study, the compound ammonium glycyrrhizin (CAG) is used as the protective drug to decrease the injury to liver. The research aims to illustrate the underlying mechanism of combining LPS with FFC-induced liver injury and the protective role of CAG by using primary chicken hepatocytes as an in vitro model. The results show that LPS/FFC induced cell apoptosis and CAG protected hepatocytes from injury. The permeability of the cell membrane is elevated by LPS/FFC, leading to the efflux of enzymes (ALT, AST). Flow cytometry analysis indicates that LPS/FFC treatment increased the apoptosis rate significantly. Furthermore, with the up-regulation of apoptosis genes bax, cytochrome c and the down-regulation of bcl-2, caspase-3 and caspase-9 are activated at the gene level. LPS/FFC-induced mitochondrial damage is accompanied by a significant decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and severe mitochondrial damage. However, CAG improves the situation for the purpose of protecting the liver. In conclusion, it is speculated that LPS/FFC induces severe liver injury through apoptosis and the CAG protects hepatocytes from injury via the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyang Li
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Ying Li
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Xiangyuan Jiang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Zugong Yu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Wang X, Zhang Y, Xiao J, Zhang K, Li Q, Chen H, Liu F. 18 beta-glycyrrhetinic acid ameliorates the cognitive functions and decreases the recurrence rate of pituitary adenomas patients. EXCLI JOURNAL 2018; 17:753-761. [PMID: 30190665 PMCID: PMC6123607 DOI: 10.17179/excli2018-1330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas, the most common tumors of all intracranial neoplasms, may cause either symptoms of mass effect or symptoms of hormone abnormal production. Besides physical damages, patients with pituitary adenomas always suffer from cognitive impairments, mainly in memory and executive functions. 18 beta-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) has been found to exhibit anti-tumor effects in rat pituitary adenoma-derived cells. The aim of this paper was to investigate the effect of GA in postoperative clinical application. In this study, we recruited 647 patients with pituitary adenoma and 135 patients who dropped out were excluded from analysis. Thus, altogether 512 patients with pituitary adenoma completed the study, of whom 268 were treated with GA, and 244 were treated with placebo. Cognitive assessments, eyesight, tumor size, and hormone secretion levels were examined before and after surgery in both groups. All patients underwent surgeries by single-nostril transsphenoidal approach for their first-time medical treatment. Hormone secretion levels were measured by blood samples and Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used for examining the status of tumor excision. Compared with placebo group, the scores in orientation, language (expression), memory (recall), practice, abstract thinking, and MiniMental State Examination (MMSE) were significantly improved (p < 0.05) in GA treated group after one month of surgery. After six months, there was still a significant increase in abstract thinking scores. Moreover, GA did not impact the overall survival percentage of patients enrolled during our five-year follow-up, but significantly reduced the recurrence rate than that of the placebo group. GA significantly improved the cognitive functions at the early stage after surgery and had a long-termed efficacy on abstract thinking. Notably, GA inhibited the five-year recurrence rate of the recruited pituitary adenomas patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianxiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Yiquan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Jin Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Qingxin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Hongwei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
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6
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Luís Â, Domingues F, Pereira L. Metabolic changes after licorice consumption: A systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of clinical trials. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 39:17-24. [PMID: 29433679 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Licorice, also known as liquorice, refers to the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra L., a product widely available in the market in the form of licorice flavonoid oil (LFO), which is a concentrate of licorice flavonoids, being a dietary ingredient for functional foods with potential benefits for overweight subjects. PURPOSE To summarize the results of the numerous clinical trials, and to clarify the metabolic changes after licorice consumption, through a systematic review with meta-analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis (TSA) of clinical trials. METHODS This review was designed according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reported Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) recommendations. Several electronic databases were searched to identify the clinical trials. A meta-analysis approach was then developed to statistically analyze the results, followed by TSA and meta-regression analyses. RESULTS A total 26 clinical trials were considered for the quantitative synthesis of the data, totalizing 985 patients enrolled. Overall, it was possible to verify that the licorice consumption significantly reduces the body weight (WMD: -0.433 kg; 95% CI: -0.683 to -0.183; p-value = 0.001) and consequently the body mass index (BMI) of patients (WMD: -0.150 kg/m2; 95% CI: -0.241 to -0.058; p-value = 0.001). Another result with statistical significance was the increase in the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (1.737 mmHg; 95% CI: 0.835 to 2.621; p-value < 0.0001) observed for the group subjected to licorice consumption, which is related to the hypernatremia also caused by licorice. CONCLUSION The present meta-analysis demonstrated the positive effects of licorice consumption on the reduction of body weight and BMI of patients. However, the results also show the increase in blood pressure of patients associated with the hypernatremia caused by licorice. Consequently, licorice consumption should be avoided by hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ângelo Luís
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Domingues
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Luísa Pereira
- Centro de Matemática e Aplicações (CMA-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d'Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal.
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Chen J, Chen Y, Cheng Y, Gao Y, Zheng P, Li C, Tong Y, Li Z, Luo W, Chen Z. Modifying glycyrrhetinic acid liposomes with liver-targeting ligand of galactosylated derivative: preparation and evaluations. Oncotarget 2017; 8:102046-102066. [PMID: 29254224 PMCID: PMC5731934 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, novel glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) liposomes modified with a liver-targeting galactosylated derivative ligand (Gal) were prepared using a film-dispersion method. To characterize the samples, particle size, zeta potential, drug loading, and encapsulation efficiency were performed. Moreover, plasma and tissues were pre-treated by liquid-liquid extraction and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The results showed that the mean residence times (MRTs) and the area under the curve (AUC) of GA liposomes with Gal (Gal-GA-LP), and GA liposomes (GA-LP) were higher than the GA solution (GA-S) in plasma. The tissue (liver) distribution of Gal-GA-LP was significantly different in contrast to GA-LP. The relative intake rate (Re) of Gal-GA-LP and GA-LP in the liver was 4.752 and 2.196, respectively. The peak concentration ratio (Ce) of Gal-GA-LP and GA-LP in the liver was 2.796 and 1.083, respectively. The targeting efficiency (Te) of Gal-GA-LP and GA-LP in the liver was 48.193% and 34.718%, respectively. Taken together, the results indicate that Gal-GA-LP is an ideal complex for liver-targeting, and has great potential application in the clinical treatment of hepatic diseases. Drug loading and releasing experiments also indicated that most liposomes are spherical structures and have good dispersity under physiologic conditions, which could prolong GA release efficiency in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuchao Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, China
| | - Youheng Gao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, China
| | - Pinjing Zheng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuangnan Li
- The Second School of Clinic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, China
| | - Yidan Tong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhao Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenhui Luo
- Guangdong Second Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital (Guangdong Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Engineering Technology), Guangdong, China
| | - Zhao Chen
- Guangdong Second Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital (Guangdong Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Engineering Technology), Guangdong, China
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Chen J, Chen Y, Cheng Y, Gao Y. Glycyrrhetinic Acid Liposomes Containing Mannose-Diester Lauric Diacid-Cholesterol Conjugate Synthesized by Lipase-Catalytic Acylation for Liver-Specific Delivery. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101598. [PMID: 28946644 PMCID: PMC6151824 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mannose-diester lauric diacid-cholesterol (Man-DLD-Chol), as a liposomal target ligand, was synthesized by lipase catalyzed in a non-aqueous medium. Its chemical structure was confirmed by mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) liposomes containing Man-DLD-Chol (Man-DLD-Chol-GA-Lp) were prepared by the film-dispersion method. We evaluated the characterizations of liposomes, drug-release in vitro, the hemolytic test, cellular uptake, pharmacokinetics, and the tissue distributions. The cellular uptake in vitro suggested that the uptake of Man-DLD-Chol-modified liposomes was significantly higher than that of unmodified liposomes in HepG2 cells. Pharmacokinetic parameters indicated that Man-DLD-Chol-GA-Lp was eliminated more rapidly than GA-Lp. In tissue distributions, the targeting efficiency (Te) of Man-DLD-Chol-GA-Lp on liver was 54.67%, relative targeting efficiency (RTe) was 3.39, relative uptake rate (Re) was 4.78, and peak concentration ratio (Ce) was 3.46. All these results supported the hypothesis that Man-DLD-Chol would be an efficient liposomal carrier, and demonstrated that Man-DLD-Chol-GA-Lp has potential as a drug delivery for liver-targeting therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Shool of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yuchao Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510115, China.
- Section of Immunology, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- Postdoctoral Programme, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yi Cheng
- Shool of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Youheng Gao
- Shool of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Sil R, Chakraborti AS. Oxidative Inactivation of Liver Mitochondria in High Fructose Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Rats: Effect of Glycyrrhizin Treatment. Phytother Res 2016; 30:1503-12. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajarshi Sil
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics; University College of Science, University of Calcutta; 92 Acharyya Prafulla Chandra Road Kolkata 700009, West Bengal India
| | - Abhay Sankar Chakraborti
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics; University College of Science, University of Calcutta; 92 Acharyya Prafulla Chandra Road Kolkata 700009, West Bengal India
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Abstract
Liquorice foliage
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Bhadra R, Ravakhah K, Ghosh RK. Herb-drug interaction: The importance of communicating with primary care physicians. Australas Med J 2015. [PMID: 26576202 DOI: 10.4066/amj.2015.2479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajarshi Bhadra
- Dept. of Pharmacology, ICARE Institute of Medical Science and Research & Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy Hospital, Haldia, India
| | - Keyvan Ravakhah
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, St. Vincent Charity Medical Center, an affiliate of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Raktim K Ghosh
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, St. Vincent Charity Medical Center, an affiliate of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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12
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Bhadra R, Ravakhah K, Ghosh RK. Herb-drug interaction: The importance of communicating with primary care physicians. Australas Med J 2015; 8:315-9. [PMID: 26576202 DOI: 10.4066/amj.2015.2467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajarshi Bhadra
- Dept. of Pharmacology, ICARE Institute of Medical Science and Research & Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy Hospital, Haldia, India
| | - Keyvan Ravakhah
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, St. Vincent Charity Medical Center, an affiliate of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Raktim K Ghosh
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, St. Vincent Charity Medical Center, an affiliate of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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You J, Wu H, Li G, Xia L, Zhao M, Lu S, Kong W. Ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method combined with HPLC-fluorescence detection for the determination of glycyrrhetinic acid in liquorice and liquorice-derived food products. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-015-0744-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sil R, Ray D, Chakraborti AS. Glycyrrhizin ameliorates metabolic syndrome-induced liver damage in experimental rat model. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 409:177-89. [PMID: 26400710 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2523-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhizin, a major constituent of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) root, has been reported to ameliorate insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and obesity in rats with metabolic syndrome. Liver dysfunction is associated with this syndrome. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of glycyrrhizin treatment on metabolic syndrome-induced liver damage. After induction of metabolic syndrome in rats by high fructose (60%) diet for 6 weeks, the rats were treated with glycyrrhizin (50 mg/kg body weight, single intra-peritoneal injection). After 2 weeks of treatment, rats were sacrificed to collect blood samples and liver tissues. Compared to normal, elevated activities of serum alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and aspartate transaminase, increased levels of liver advanced glycation end products, reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl, protein kinase Cα, NADPH oxidase-2, and decreased glutathione cycle components established liver damage and oxidative stress in fructose-fed rats. Activation of nuclear factor κB, mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways as well as signals from mitochondria were found to be involved in liver cell apoptosis. Increased levels of cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin-12 proteins suggested hepatic inflammation. Metabolic syndrome caused hepatic DNA damage and poly-ADP ribose polymerase cleavage. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting using annexin V/propidium iodide staining confirmed the apoptotic hepatic cell death. Histology of liver tissue also supported the experimental findings. Treatment with glycyrrhizin reduced oxidative stress, hepatic inflammation, and apoptotic cell death in fructose-fed rats. The results suggest that glycyrrhizin possesses therapeutic potential against hepatocellular damage in metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajarshi Sil
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University College of Science, University of Calcutta, 92 Acharyya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700009, India
| | - Doel Ray
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University College of Science, University of Calcutta, 92 Acharyya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700009, India.,School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Abhay Sankar Chakraborti
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University College of Science, University of Calcutta, 92 Acharyya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700009, India.
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Hunter RW, Bailey MA. Glucocorticoids and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: mechanisms for hypertension. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2015; 21:105-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
In end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients regardless of dialysis modes, i.e. maintenance hemodialysis (HD) and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), potassium (K) homeostasis is regulated primarily via dialysis and extrarenal K regulation in the diverse daily K intake. However, K metabolism has been known to differ greatly between the two main methods of dialysis. Hyperkalemia is a common complication (10-24%) and the most common cause of the death (3-5%) among electrolyte disorders in patients on maintenance HD. On the contrary, hypokalemia (10-36%) is responsible for a rather common complication and independent prognostic factor on CAPD. Although excessive K intake or inadequate dialysis on maintenance HD and poor nutritional K intake on CAPD are accused without doubts upto 50% of ESRD patients as a primary cause of the K-imbalance, i.e. hyperkalemia on HD and hypokalemia on CAPD, other contributory factors including certain medications and unknown causes remain still to be resolved. Accordingly, the effects of medications as another source of K-imbalance on HD with RAS blockades and beta blockers as well as those of conventional and glucose-free dialysates (Icodextrin) for internal K-redistribution on CAPD were evaluated with reviewing the literatures and our data. Furthermore, new developments in the clinical managements of hyperkalemia on HD following the exclusion of pseudohyperkalemia before the initiation of dialysis were suggested, especially, by the comparison of the effects between mono- and dual-therapy with medications for transcellular K shifting in the emergent situation. Also, the intraperitoneal K administration via conventional glucose-containing (2.5%) and glucose-free dialysates (Icodextrin) as a specific route of K-supplementation for hypokalemia on CAPD was examined for its efficiency and the degree of intracellular K shift between these two different types of dialysates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Jung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Guri, Korea
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17
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Park M, Lee JH, Choi JK, Hong YD, Bae IH, Lim KM, Park YH, Ha H. 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid attenuates anandamide-induced adiposity and high-fat diet induced obesity. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:1436-46. [PMID: 24687644 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Previous reports suggest that licorice extract has various metabolically beneficial effects and may help to alleviate adiposity and hyperlipidemia. However, underlying anti-obesity mechanisms still remain elusive. Moreover, it is unknown which single ingredient in licorice extract would mediate such effects. We aimed to demonstrate that licorice extract and its active ingredients can inhibit adipocyte differentiation and fat accumulation. METHODS AND RESULTS 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (18β-GA) alleviated the effects of CB1R agonist, anandamide (AEA) on CB1R signaling in a concentration-dependent manner. Consistently, 18β-GA suppressed AEA-induced adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells through the downregulation of AEA-induced MAPK activation and expression of adipogenic genes including C/EBP-α and PPAR-γ. The protein levels of fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 were also decreased and the phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase was increased in 18β-GA pretreated cells. The supplementation of 18β-GA significantly lowered body weight, fat weight, and plasma lipids levels in obese animal models. CONCLUSION These results may provide a novel insight into the molecular mechanism involved in anti-adipogenic and anti-obesity effects of 18β-GA by suppressing the activation of CB1R induced by AEA. Thus, 18β-GA may exert beneficial effects against obesity-related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyoung Park
- Medical Beauty Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Korea; Departments of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Global Top 5 Program, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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18
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Di Pierro F, Gatti M, Rapacioli G, Ivaldi L. Outcomes in patients with nonerosive reflux disease treated with a proton pump inhibitor and alginic acid ± glycyrrhetinic acid and anthocyanosides. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2013; 6:27-33. [PMID: 23569394 PMCID: PMC3615700 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s42512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of alginic acid alone versus alginic acid combined with low doses of pure glycyrrhetinic acid and bilberry anthocyanosides as an addon to conventional proton pump inhibitor therapy in relieving symptoms associated with nonerosive reflux disease. Methods This prospective, randomized, 8-week, open-label trial was conducted at two centers. Sixty-three patients with persistent symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease and normal upper gastrointestinal endoscopy were eligible for the study. Patients in group A (n = 31) were treated with pantoprazole and a formula (Mirgeal®) containing alginic acid and low doses of pure glycyrrhetinic acid + standardized Vaccinium myrtillus extract for 4 weeks, then crossed over to the multi-ingredient formula for a further 4 weeks. Patients in group B (n = 32) were treated pantoprazole and alginic acid alone twice daily, then crossed over to alginic acid twice daily for a further 4 weeks. Efficacy was assessed by medical evaluation of a symptom relief score, estimated using a visual analog scale (0–10). Side effects, tolerability, and compliance were also assessed. Results Of the 63 patients enrolled in the study, 58 (29 in group A and 29 in group B) completed the 8-week trial. The baseline characteristics were comparable between the two groups. During the study, significant differences were recorded in symptom scores for both groups. In group A, symptoms of chest pain, heartburn, and abdominal swelling were less serious than in group B. Treatment A was better tolerated, did not induce hypertension, and had fewer side effects than treatment B. No significant differences in compliance were found between the two groups. Conclusion Use of low doses of pure glycyrrhetinic acid + bilberry anthocyanosides, together with alginic acid as addon therapy, substantially improves symptoms in patients with nonerosive reflux disease without increasing side effects or worsening tolerability or compliance.
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Lienhard D, Lauterburg M, Escher G, Frey FJ, Frey BM. High salt intake down-regulates colonic mineralocorticoid receptors, epithelial sodium channels and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37898. [PMID: 22693583 PMCID: PMC3365073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides the kidneys, the gastrointestinal tract is the principal organ responsible for sodium homeostasis. For sodium transport across the cell membranes the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is of pivotal relevance. The ENaC is mainly regulated by mineralocorticoid receptor mediated actions. The MR activation by endogenous 11β-hydroxy-glucocorticoids is modulated by the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2). Here we present evidence for intestinal segment specific 11β-HSD2 expression and hypothesize that a high salt intake and/or uninephrectomy (UNX) affects colonic 11β-HSD2, MR and ENaC expression. The 11β-HSD2 activity was measured by means of 3H-corticosterone conversion into 3H-11-dehydrocorticosterone in Sprague Dawley rats on a normal and high salt diet. The activity increased steadily from the ileum to the distal colon by a factor of about 3, an observation in line with the relevance of the distal colon for sodium handling. High salt intake diminished mRNA and protein of 11β-HSD2 by about 50% (p<0.001) and reduced the expression of the MR (p<0.01). The functionally relevant ENaC-β and ENaC-γ expression, a measure of mineralocorticoid action, diminished by more than 50% by high salt intake (p<0.001). The observed changes were present in rats with and without UNX. Thus, colonic epithelial cells appear to contribute to the protective armamentarium of the mammalian body against salt overload, a mechanism not modulated by UNX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lienhard
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Meret Lauterburg
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Geneviève Escher
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Felix J. Frey
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Brigitte M. Frey
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Guo BH, Cheng Y, Wu W, Lin LP, Lin DH. HPLC assay and pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution study of glycyrrhetinic acid liposomes modified with galactosylated lipid. J Liposome Res 2012; 22:120-7. [DOI: 10.3109/08982104.2011.627515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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21
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Furstenberger C, Vuorinen A, Da Cunha T, Kratschmar DV, Saugy M, Schuster D, Odermatt A. The Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Fluoxymesterone Inhibits 11 -Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase 2-Dependent Glucocorticoid Inactivation. Toxicol Sci 2012; 126:353-61. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Bushra R, Aslam N, Khan AY. Food-drug interactions. Oman Med J 2011; 26:77-83. [PMID: 22043389 PMCID: PMC3191675 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2011.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of drug on a person may be different than expected because that drug interacts with another drug the person is taking (drug-drug interaction), food, beverages, dietary supplements the person is consuming (drug-nutrient/food interaction) or another disease the person has (drug-disease interaction). A drug interaction is a situation in which a substance affects the activity of a drug, i.e. the effects are increased or decreased, or they produce a new effect that neither produces on its own. These interactions may occur out of accidental misuse or due to lack of knowledge about the active ingredients involved in the relevant substances. Regarding food-drug interactions physicians and pharmacists recognize that some foods and drugs, when taken simultaneously, can alter the body's ability to utilize a particular food or drug, or cause serious side effects. Clinically significant drug interactions, which pose potential harm to the patient, may result from changes in pharmaceutical, pharmacokinetic, or pharmacodynamic properties. Some may be taken advantage of, to the benefit of patients, but more commonly drug interactions result in adverse drug events. Therefore it is advisable for patients to follow the physician and doctors instructions to obtain maximum benefits with least food-drug interactions. The literature survey was conducted by extracting data from different review and original articles on general or specific drug interactions with food. This review gives information about various interactions between different foods and drugs and will help physicians and pharmacists prescribe drugs cautiously with only suitable food supplement to get maximum benefit for the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Bushra
- College of Pharmacy, Ziauddin College of Pharmacy, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nousheen Aslam
- College of Pharmacy, Ziauddin College of Pharmacy, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Subchronic toxicity of Sipjeondaebo-tang (SDT) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 59:375-84. [PMID: 20937344 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sipjeondaebo-tang (SDT, Juzen-taiho-to in Japanese), a traditional Korean herbal medicine, is used as a supplemental treatment for the adverse effects of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgical treatment. However, limited information is available about the long-term safety of SDT. Therefore, we evaluated the potential adverse effects of SDT in Sprague-Dawley rats over a period of 13-weeks. The SDT was administered once daily by gavage to male and female rats at dose levels of 0, 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg/day for 13 weeks. The SDT treatment did not result in any toxicologically significant changes in mortality, clinical signs, body weights, food and water consumption, ophthalmoscopy, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, gross findings, organ weights, histopathology, estrus cycle, serum testosterone levels and sperm analysis. We concluded that the 13-week repeated oral administration of SDT did not cause any adverse effects in rats at dose levels of ≤ 2000 mg/kg/day. Under these experimental conditions, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was more than 2000 mg/kg/day for both genders. Here, we demonstrated the safety of a 13-week repeated oral dose and considered that it is a safe herbal medicine for human consumption.
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Glycyrrhetinic acid food supplementation lowers serum potassium concentration in chronic hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2009; 76:877-84. [PMID: 19641483 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2009.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hyperkalemia is a common life-threatening problem in hemodialysis patients. Because glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) inhibits the enzyme 11beta-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase II and thereby increases cortisol availability to the colonic mineralocorticoid receptor, it has the potential to lower serum potassium concentrations. To test this, 10 patients in a 6 month prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study were given cookies or bread rolls supplemented with glycyrrhetinic acid or placebo. Twenty-four-hour blood pressure measurements were performed at baseline and week 6 and 12 of each treatment period. The ratio of plasma cortisol/cortisone was significantly increased in all patients on GA as compared to baseline or placebo, indicating appropriate enzyme inhibition. Nine of the 10 patients had a persistent decrease in predialysis serum potassium concentration. On GA, mean predialysis serum potassium was significantly lower than at baseline or on placebo. On placebo, serum potassium was significantly elevated above the upper limit of normal in 76% compared to 30% of measurements during GA treatment. Furthermore, on this treatment the frequency of severe hyperkalemia significantly decreased from 9% to 0.6%. No differences were found in parameters reflecting sodium retention. Although these studies show that prolonged GA supplementation persistently lowers serum potassium in dialysis patients, a long-term toxicity study will be mandatory before we recommend the routine use of this treatment.
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25
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Sherman RA. Briefly noted. Semin Dial 2008. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-139x.1999.t01-5-00002.x-i5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Wang YC, Yang YS. Simultaneous quantification of flavonoids and triterpenoids in licorice using HPLC. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 850:392-9. [PMID: 17224312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2006] [Revised: 10/24/2006] [Accepted: 12/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Numerous bioactive compounds are present in licorice (Glycyrrhizae Radix), including flavonoids and triterpenoids. In this study, a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for simultaneous quantification of three flavonoids (liquiritin, liquiritigenin and isoliquiritigenin) and four triterpenoids (glycyrrhizin, 18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid, 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid and 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid methyl ester) from licorice was developed, and further, to quantify these 7 compounds from 20 different licorice samples. Specifically, the reverse-phase HPLC was performed with a gradient mobile phase composed of 25 mM phosphate buffer (pH 2.5)-acetonitrile featuring gradient elution steps as follows: 0 min, 100:0; 10 min, 80:20; 50 min, 70:30; 73 min, 50:50; 110 min, 50:50; 125 min, 20:80; 140 min, 20:80, and peaks were detected at 254 nm. By using our technique, a rather good specificity was obtained regarding to the separation of these seven compounds. The regression coefficient for the linear equations for the seven compounds lay between 0.9978 and 0.9992. The limits of detection and quantification lay in the range of 0.044-0.084 and 0.13-0.25 microg/ml, respectively. The relative recovery rates for the seven compounds lay between 96.63+/-2.43 and 103.55+/-2.77%. Coefficient variation for intra-day and inter-day precisions lay in the range of 0.20-1.84 and 0.28-1.86%, respectively. Based upon our validation results, this analytical technique is a convenient method to simultaneous quantify numerous bioactive compounds derived from licorice, featuring good quantification parameters, accuracy and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Chuen Wang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuokuang Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan, ROC.
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Ohtake N, Kido A, Kubota K, Tsuchiya N, Morita T, Kase Y, Takeda S. A possible involvement of 3-monoglucuronyl-glycyrrhetinic acid, a metabolite of glycyrrhizin (GL), in GL-induced pseudoaldosteronism. Life Sci 2007; 80:1545-52. [PMID: 17331546 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2006] [Revised: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhizin (GL), a major ingredient of Glycyrrhiza Radix (licorice), is widely used to treat various disorders or as a sweetener. It is also known that GL occasionally induces pseudoaldosteronism. It is conceivable that the active form of GL in pseudoaldosteronism induction is glycyrrhetinic acid (GA). Although it is reported that 3-monoglucuronyl-glycyrrhetinic acid (3MGA) is detectable specifically in the plasma of patients with GL-induced hypokalemia, pharmacokinetics and a hypokalemia induction mode of action for 3MGA have not been clarified. We investigated the toxicokinetics of GL, GA and 3MGA in a single or multiple oral administration of GL. The results suggested that higher blood concentrations of 3MGA were maintained by the multiple administration compared to the single dose, whereas the concentrations of GA and GL showed no difference. We injected 3MGA intravenously and found that it can decrease the plasma potassium level (PPL) in vivo. It is clinically recommended to avoid a combination treatment of GL and furosemide. While treatment with a low dosage of furosemide had no effect on PPL, the multiple administration of GL and furosemide markedly decreased PPL compared to the effect of administering GL alone. In the single dosage regime, there was no difference between PPL after the combination treatment and after administering GL alone. Collectively, these findings suggested that accumulation of 3MGA may be involved in the pathogenesis of pseudoaldosteronism induced by chronic GL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Ohtake
- Pharmacology Research Department, Central Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan.
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Atanasov AG, Ignatova ID, Nashev LG, Dick B, Ferrari P, Frey FJ, Odermatt A. Impaired protein stability of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2: a novel mechanism of apparent mineralocorticoid excess. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18:1262-70. [PMID: 17314322 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2006111235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME) is a severe form of hypertension that is caused by impaired activity of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11beta-HSD2), which converts biologically active cortisol into inactive cortisone. Mutations in HSD11B2 result in cortisol-induced activation of mineralocorticoid receptors and cause hypertension with hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, and suppressed circulating renin and aldosterone concentrations. This study uncovered the first patient with AME who was described in the literature, identified the genetic defect in HSD11B2, and provided evidence for a novel mechanism of reduced 11beta-HSD2 activity. This study identified a cluster of amino acids (335 to 339) in the C-terminus of 11beta-HSD2 that are essential for protein stability. The cluster includes Tyr(338), which is mutated in the index patient, and Arg(335) and Arg(337), previously reported to be mutated in hypertensive patients. It was found that wild-type 11beta-HSD2 is a relatively stable enzyme with a half-life of 21 h, whereas that of Tyr(338)His and Arg(337)His was 3 and 4 h, respectively. Enzymatic activity of Tyr(338)His was partially retained at 26 degrees C or in the presence of the chemical chaperones glycerol and dexamethasone, indicating thermodynamic instability and misfolding. The results provide evidence that the degradation of both misfolded mutant Tyr(338)His and wild-type 11beta-HSD2 occurs through the proteasome pathway. Therefore, impaired 11beta-HSD2 protein stability rather than reduced gene expression or loss of catalytic activity seems to be responsible for the development of hypertension in some individuals with AME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanas G Atanasov
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Berne, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Berne, Switzerland
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Frey FJ. Impaired 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase contributes to renal sodium avidity in cirrhosis: hypothesis or fact? Hepatology 2006; 44:795-801. [PMID: 17006915 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Exaggerated renal sodium retention with concomitant potassium loss is a hallmark of cirrhosis and contributes to the accumulation of fluid as ascites, pleural effusion, or edema. This apparent mineralocorticoid effect is only partially explained by increased aldosterone concentrations. I present evidence supporting the hypothesis that cortisol confers mineralocorticoid action in cirrhosis. The underlying molecular pathology for this mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation by cortisol is a reduced activity of the 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2, an enzyme protecting the MR from promiscuous activation by cortisol in healthy mammalians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix J Frey
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, University of Berne, Switzerland.
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Burrowes JD, Van Houten G. Use of alternative medicine by patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2005; 12:312-25. [PMID: 16010646 DOI: 10.1016/j.ackd.2005.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in the United States is growing at a remarkable speed. Herbal products and dietary supplements are CAM therapies that have grown faster than any other CAM treatments. Little information is available about herbs and dietary supplement use in the stage 5 chronic kidney disease population. These products contain a myriad of pharmacologically active compounds that, when used by people with kidney disease, may be hazardous. Members of the renal dietitian listserv were queried about herbs and dietary supplements reportedly used by dialysis patients. Up-to-date information on the use, safety, efficacy, adverse effects, and recommended dosages in the nondialysis population are presented for 24 products. In the dialysis population, Noni juice should be avoided because of its high potassium content. In addition, bulk-forming laxatives such as flaxseed should be used with caution because of the need for increased fluid intake. Dialysis practitioners should include specific questions about herbs and dietary supplement use in medical and nutrition histories, and they should increase their knowledge about these products to advise patients appropriately. A list of reliable sources of information for the health care provider on herbs and dietary supplements is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerrilynn D Burrowes
- C.W. Post Campus of Long Island University, School of Health Professions and Nursing, Department of Nutrition, Brookville, NY 11548, USA.
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Frey FJ, Odermatt A, Frey BM. Glucocorticoid-mediated mineralocorticoid receptor activation and hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2004; 13:451-8. [PMID: 15199296 DOI: 10.1097/01.mnh.0000133976.32559.b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Traditionally, the mineralocorticoid receptor was thought to be activated by the mineralocorticoid hormone aldosterone, and to exhibit its main action on epithelia by promoting renal sodium retention, potassium excretion and inducing hypertension upon excessive activation. Recently, evidence appeared that mineralocorticoid receptors are expressed in nonepithelial cells and activated by endogenous glucocorticoids including cortisol. Therefore, the prereceptor regulation of cortisol access to the mineralocorticoid receptors by 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes (11beta-HSDs), a mechanism absent in most nonepithelial cells, appears to be relevant for disease states with cortisol-induced mineralocorticoid action. The present review focuses on direct and indirect effects attributable to mineralocorticoid receptor activation by glucocorticoids. RECENT FINDINGS The determination of the intracellular topology of 11beta-HSD1, facing the endoplasmic reticulum lumen, and 11beta-HSD2, facing the cytoplasm, suggests that 11beta-HSD1 acts as a prereceptor mechanism in the local activation of glucocorticoid receptors, whereas 11beta-HSD2 controls mineralocorticoid receptors by interacting with the receptor in the absence of aldosterone. Downregulation of 11beta-HSD2 was observed with various stimuli including hypoxia, shear stress, angiotensin II and tumor necrosis factor alpha. The corresponding signal transcription pathways and some relevant transcription factors have been identified. Renal sodium retention in liver cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome and hypoxia have been linked to 11beta-HSD2 reduced activity. Overexpression of 11beta-HSD1 specifically in adipose tissue in mice caused central obesity, a metabolic syndrome and hypertension due to increased intracellular cortisol concentrations. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists reduce 11beta-HSD1 activity and diminish the intracellular availability of cortisol, an effect accompanied by a decline in blood pressure. Three individuals with loss-of-function mutations of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma developed early hypertension. A potential mechanism might be glucocorticoid dependent mineralocorticoid receptor-mediated downregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. SUMMARY Recently, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists have been used in the randomized aldactone evaluation study (RALES) with spironolactone, the eplerenone post-AMI heart failure efficacy and survival study (EPHESUS), and in severe and postmyocardial infarct heart failure, respectively. These investigations cannot be understood on the basis of the present physiological knowledge and underscore the relevance of focusing on mineralocorticoid receptor activation by ligands other than aldosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix J Frey
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, University of Berne, Switzerland.
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Colussi G, Dossi F. Aldosterone and potassium balance in dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19:1938-9. [PMID: 15199212 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfh264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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N'Gankam V, Uehlinger D, Dick B, Frey BM, Frey FJ. Increased cortisol metabolites and reduced activity of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in patients on hemodialysis. Kidney Int 2002; 61:1859-66. [PMID: 11967038 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with renal failure have symptoms assumed to be attributable to the accumulation of toxic endo- or xenobiotics. Most of these molecules, especially those with a molecular weight>300 D, have not been identified. In addition to excretion, the kidney is involved in some defined metabolic processes. In the cortical collecting duct, the enzyme 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11beta-HSD2) interconverts cortisol (F) and cortisone (E), and the metabolites of these glucocorticoids, tetrahydrocortisol (THF), 5alpha-tetrahydrocortisol (5alpha-THF) and tetrahydrocortisone (THE), are excreted in urine. We hypothesized that first, these metabolites accumulate and second, their concentration pattern changes in patients on hemodialysis. METHODS THF, 5alpha-THF, THE, F and E were measured in plasma of 63 patients on dialysis and in 34 healthy controls by gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). In 11 patients, the metabolite clearance was determined during high flux hemodialysis by using a population pharmacokinetic approach. RESULTS Mean plasma concentrations of THF, 5alpha-THF and THE were more than five times higher and those of E lower in patients than in controls. The ratios of (THF + 5alpha-THF)/THE and F/E were increased in patients, indicating a reduced activity of 11beta-HSD2. Intradialytic clearances were between 120 and 300 mL/min and not sufficient to normalize the steroid concentrations. CONCLUSION Patients on hemodialysis exhibit pronounced increases in THF, 5alpha-THF and THE concentrations in plasma with insufficient removal during dialysis. Due to a reduced 11beta-HSD2 activity, an abnormal pattern of the concentrations of these cortisol and cortisone metabolites is observed. Since many signs and symptoms in uremic patients resemble those observed in subjects with glucocorticoid excess, the clinical relevance of the high concentrations of these glucocorticoid metabolites deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena N'Gankam
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
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