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Golmohammadi M, Mahmoudian M, Hasan EK, Alshahrani SH, Romero-Parra RM, Malviya J, Hjazi A, Najm MAA, Almulla AF, Zamanian MY, Kadkhodaei M, Mousavi N. Neuroprotective effects of riluzole in Alzheimer's disease: A comprehensive review. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2024; 38:225-237. [PMID: 37753585 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite several hundred clinical trials of drugs that initially showed promise, there has been limited clinical improvement in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This may be attributed to the existence of at least 25 abnormal cellular pathways that underlie the disease. It is improbable for a single drug to address all or most of these pathways, thus even drugs that show promise when administered alone are unlikely to produce significant results. According to previous studies, eight drugs, namely, dantrolene, erythropoietin, lithium, memantine, minocycline, piracetam, riluzole, and silymarin, have been found to target multiple pathways that are involved in the development of AD. Among these drugs, riluzole is currently indicated for the treatment of medical conditions in both adult patients and children and has gained increased attention from scientists due to its potential in the excitotoxic hypothesis of neurodegenerative diseases. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of drugs on AD based on cellular and molecular mechanisms. METHODS The literature search for this study utilized the Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases to identify relevant articles. RESULTS Riluzole exerts its effects in AD through diverse pathways including the inhibition of voltage-dependent sodium and calcium channels, blocking AMPA and NMDA receptors and inhibiting the release of glutamic acid release and stimulation of EAAT1-EAAT2. CONCLUSION In this review article, we aimed to review the neuroprotective properties of riluzole, a glutamate modulator, in AD, which could benefit patients with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Golmohammadi
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | - Jitendra Malviya
- Department of Life Sciences and Biological Sciences, IES University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ahmed Hjazi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazin A A Najm
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | - Abbas F Almulla
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Mohammad Yasin Zamanian
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mona Kadkhodaei
- Department of Surgery, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Nazanin Mousavi
- Department of Psychology, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
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Bharti K, Deepika D, Kumar M, Jha A, Manjit, Akhilesh, Tiwari V, Kumar V, Mishra B. Development and Evaluation of Amorphous Solid Dispersion of Riluzole with PBPK Model to Simulate the Pharmacokinetic Profile. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:219. [PMID: 37891363 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02680-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current work, screening of polymers viz. polyacrylic acid (PAA), polyvinyl pyrrolidone vinyl acetate (PVP VA), and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate (HPMC AS) based on drug-polymer interaction and wetting property was done for the production of a stable amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) of a poorly water-soluble drug Riluzole (RLZ). PAA showed maximum interaction and wetting property hence, was selected for further studies. Solid state characterization studies confirmed the formation of ASD with PAA. Saturation solubility, dissolution profile, and in vivo pharmacokinetic data of the ASD formulation were generated in rats against its marketed tablet Rilutor. The RLZ:PAA ASD showed exponential enhancement in the dissolution of RLZ. Predicted and observed pharmacokinetic data in rats showed enhanced area under curve (AUC) and Cmax in plasma and brain with respect to Rilutor. Furthermore, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of rats for Rilutor and RLZ ASD was developed and then extrapolated to humans where physiological parameters were changed along with a biochemical parameter. The partition coefficient was kept similar in both species. The model was used to predict different exposure scenarios, and the simulated data was compared with observed data points. The PBPK model simulated Cmax and AUC was within two times the experimental data for plasma and brain. The Cmax and AUC in the brain increased with ASD compared to Rilutor for humans showing its potential in improving its biopharmaceutical performance and hence enhanced therapeutic efficacy. The model can predict the RLZ concentration in multiple compartments including plasma and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Bharti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Deepika Deepika
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d' Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
- Pere Virgili Health Research Institute (IISPV), Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Abhishek Jha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Manjit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Akhilesh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Vinod Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d' Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
- Pere Virgili Health Research Institute (IISPV), Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Pesticides Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Brahmeshwar Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Keifer OP, Gutierrez J, Butt MT, Cramer SD, Bartus R, Tansey M, Deaver D, Betourne A, Boulis NM. Spinal cord and brain concentrations of riluzole after oral and intrathecal administration: A potential new treatment route for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0277718. [PMID: 37607205 PMCID: PMC10443869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Riluzole is the only treatment known to improve survival in patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). However, oral riluzole efficacy is modest at best, further it is known to have large inter-individual variability of serum concentration and clearance, is formulated as an oral drug in a patient population plagued with dysphagia, and has known systemic side-effects like asthenia (limiting patient compliance) and elevated liver enzymes. In this context, we postulated that continuous intrathecal (IT) infusion of low doses of riluzole could provide consistent elevations of the drug spinal cord (SC) concentrations at or above those achieved with oral dosing, without increasing the risk for adverse events associated with systemic drug exposure or off-target side effects in the brain. We developed a formulation of riluzole for IT delivery and conducted our studies in purpose-bred hound dogs. Our non-GLP studies revealed that IT infusion alone was able to increase SC concentrations above those provided by oral administration, without increasing plasma concentrations. We then conducted two GLP studies that combined IT infusion with oral administration at human equivalent dose, to evaluate SC and brain concentrations of riluzole along with assessments of safety and tolerability. In the 6-week study, the highest IT dose (0.2 mg/hr) was well tolerated by the animals and increased SC concentrations above those achieved with oral riluzole alone, without increasing brain concentrations. In the 6-month study, the highest dose tested (0.4 mg/hr) was not tolerated and yielded SC significantly above those achieved in all previous studies. Our data show the feasibility and safety profile of continuous IT riluzole delivery to the spinal cord, without concurrent elevated liver enzymes, and minimal brain concentrations creating another potential therapeutic route of delivery to be used in isolation or in combination with other therapeutics."
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Affiliation(s)
- Orion P. Keifer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Juanmarco Gutierrez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Mark T. Butt
- Tox Path Specialists, LLC (a StageBio Company), Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Sarah D. Cramer
- Tox Path Specialists, LLC (a StageBio Company), Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Raymond Bartus
- RTBioconsultants, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Malu Tansey
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Daniel Deaver
- Deaver Non-Clinical Drug Development Consulting, LLC, Franklin, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Nicholas M. Boulis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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Synthesis, In Silico, In Vivo, and Ex Vivo Evaluation of a Boron-Containing Quinolinate Derivative with Presumptive Action on mGluRs. INORGANICS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics11030094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the brain, canonical excitatory neurotransmission is mediated by L-glutamate and its ionotropic (iGluR) and metabotropic (mGluR) receptors. The wide diversity of these often limits the development of glutamatergic drugs. This is due to the arduousness of achieving selectivity with specific ligands. In the present article, encouraged by reports of bioactive organoboron compounds, a diphenylboroxazolidone derived from quinolinate (BZQuin) was evaluated. BZQuin was synthesized with a yield of 87%. Its LD50 was 174 mg/kg in male CD-1 mice, as estimated by a modified Lorke’s method. BZQuin exerted a reduced ability to cause seizures when compared against its precursor, quinolinate. The latter suggested that it does not directly stimulate the ionotropic NMDA receptors or other ionic channels. The observation that the antiglutamatergic drugs riluzole and memantine displaced the BZQuin effect left the mGluRs as their possible targets. This is in line with results from molecular-docking simulations. During these simulations, BZQuin bound only to orthosteric sites on mGluR1, mGluR2, and mGluR7, with higher affinity than quinolinate. The survival of the neurons of mice previously administered with BZQuin or quinolinate was quantified in four neuroanatomical structures of the brain. The BZQuin effect was more appreciable in brain regions with a high expression of the previously mentioned mGluRs, while both antiglutamatergic drugs exerted a neuroprotective effect against it. Together, these results suggest that BZQuin exerts a positive influence on glutamatergic neurotransmission while selectively interacting with certain mGluRs.
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Mirian A, Moszczynski A, Soleimani S, Aubert I, Zinman L, Abrahao A. Breached Barriers: A Scoping Review of Blood-Central Nervous System Barrier Pathology in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:851563. [PMID: 35431812 PMCID: PMC9009245 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.851563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Recent studies have implicated changes in the blood-central nervous system barriers (BCNSB) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The objective of this scoping review is to synthesize the current evidence for BCNSB structure and functional abnormalities in ALS studies and propose how BCNSB pathology may impact therapeutic development. Methods A literature search was conducted using Ovid Medline, EMBASE, and Web of Science, from inception to November 2021 and limited to entries in English language. Simplified search strategy included the terms ALS/motor neuron disease and [BCNSB or blood-brain barrier (BBB) or blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB)]. Henceforth, BCNSB is used as a term that is inclusive of the BBB and BSCB. Four independent reviewers conducted a title and abstract screening, hand-searched the reference lists of review papers, and performed a full text review of eligible studies. Included studies were original peer-reviewed full text publications, evaluating the structure and function of the BCNSB in preclinical models of ALS, clinical ALS, or postmortem human ALS tissue. There was no restriction on study design. The four reviewers independently extracted the data. Results The search retrieved 2,221 non-duplicated articles and 48 original studies were included in the synthesis. There was evidence that the integrity of the BCNSB is disrupted throughout the course of the disease in rodent models, beginning prior to symptom onset and detectable neurodegeneration. Increased permeability, pharmacoresistance with upregulated efflux transporters, and morphological changes in the supporting cells of the BCNSB, including pericytes, astrocytes, and endothelial cells were observed in animal models. BCNSB abnormalities were also demonstrated in postmortem studies of ALS patients. Therapeutic interventions targeting BCNSB dysfunction were associated with improved motor neuron survival in animal models of ALS. Conclusion BCNSB structural and functional abnormalities are likely implicated in ALS pathophysiology and may occur upstream to neurodegeneration. Promising therapeutic strategies targeting BCNSB dysfunction have been tested in animals and can be translated into ALS clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ario Mirian
- Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London Health Sciences, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Serena Soleimani
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Isabelle Aubert
- Biological Sciences, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lorne Zinman
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Agessandro Abrahao
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Agessandro Abrahao
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El Zahar NM, Sutton JM, Bartlett MG. Assessment of brain-to-blood drug distribution using liquid chromatography. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5123. [PMID: 33783841 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of already existing and new drugs under development to the brain necessitates passage across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) with its tight intercellular junctions, molecular components and transporter systems. Consequently, it is critical to identify the extent of brain permeation and the partitioning across the BBB. The interpretation of brain-to-blood ratios is considered to be a significant and fundamental approach for estimating drug penetration through BBB, the brain-targeting ability and central nervous system (CNS) pharmacokinetics. Among the different bioanalytical techniques, liquid chromatography with various detectors has been widely used for determination of these ratios. This review defines the different approaches for sample preparation, extraction techniques and liquid chromatography procedures concerned with the determination of drugs in blood and brain tissues and the assessment of brain-to-blood levels. These approaches are expanded to cover the analysis of several drug classes such as CNS-acting drugs, chemotherapeutics, antidiabetics, herbal medicinal products, radiopharmaceuticals, antibiotics and antivirals. Accordingly, stability in biological matrices and matrix effects are investigated. The different administration/formulation effects and the possible deviations in these ratios are also disscussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha M El Zahar
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.,Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Salman International University, Ras-Sedr, South Sinai Governorate, Egypt
| | - J Michael Sutton
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Michael G Bartlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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7
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Lai YC, Chao CH, Yeh TM. Roles of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor in Dengue Pathogenesis: From Pathogenic Factor to Therapeutic Target. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060891. [PMID: 32545679 PMCID: PMC7356240 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) infection is the most prevalent mosquito-borne viral infection and can lead to severe dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and even life-threatening dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Although the cytokine storm has been revealed as a critical factor in dengue disease, the limited understanding of dengue immunopathogenesis hinders the development of effective treatments. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic proinflammatory cytokine that mediates diverse immune responses, and the serum level of MIF positively correlates with disease severity in patients with dengue. MIF is involved in DENV replication and many pathological changes, such as vascular leakage, during DENV infection. In this paper, the pathogenic roles of MIF and the regulation of MIF secretion during DENV infection are reviewed. Furthermore, whether MIF is a potential therapeutic target against DENV infection is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chung Lai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (C.-H.C.)
| | - Chiao-Hsuan Chao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (C.-H.C.)
| | - Trai-Ming Yeh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-6-2353535 (ext. 5778)
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Munger MA, Olğar Y, Koleske ML, Struckman HL, Mandrioli J, Lou Q, Bonila I, Kim K, Ramos Mondragon R, Priori SG, Volpe P, Valdivia HH, Biskupiak J, Carnes CA, Veeraraghavan R, Györke S, Radwański PB. Tetrodotoxin-Sensitive Neuronal-Type Na + Channels: A Novel and Druggable Target for Prevention of Atrial Fibrillation. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e015119. [PMID: 32468902 PMCID: PMC7429002 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.015119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a comorbidity associated with heart failure and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Despite the Ca2+‐dependent nature of both of these pathologies, AF often responds to Na+ channel blockers. We investigated how targeting interdependent Na+/Ca2+ dysregulation might prevent focal activity and control AF. Methods and Results We studied AF in 2 models of Ca2+‐dependent disorders, a murine model of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia and a canine model of chronic tachypacing‐induced heart failure. Imaging studies revealed close association of neuronal‐type Na+ channels (nNav) with ryanodine receptors and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. Catecholamine stimulation induced cellular and in vivo atrial arrhythmias in wild‐type mice only during pharmacological augmentation of nNav activity. In contrast, catecholamine stimulation alone was sufficient to elicit atrial arrhythmias in catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia mice and failing canine atria. Importantly, these were abolished by acute nNav inhibition (tetrodotoxin or riluzole) implicating Na+/Ca2+ dysregulation in AF. These findings were then tested in 2 nonrandomized retrospective cohorts: an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis clinic and an academic medical center. Riluzole‐treated patients adjusted for baseline characteristics evidenced significantly lower incidence of arrhythmias including new‐onset AF, supporting the preclinical results. Conclusions These data suggest that nNaVs mediate Na+‐Ca2+ crosstalk within nanodomains containing Ca2+ release machinery and, thereby, contribute to AF triggers. Disruption of this mechanism by nNav inhibition can effectively prevent AF arising from diverse causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Munger
- Departments of Pharmacotherapy and Internal Medicine University of Utah Health Sciences Center Salt Lake City UT
| | - Yusuf Olğar
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute College of Medicine The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH.,Division of Pharmacy Practice and Sciences College of Pharmacy The Ohio State University Columbus OH
| | - Megan L Koleske
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute College of Medicine The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH.,Division of Pharmacy Practice and Sciences College of Pharmacy The Ohio State University Columbus OH
| | - Heather L Struckman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering College of Engineering The Ohio State University Columbus OH
| | - Jessica Mandrioli
- Department of Neuroscience St. Agostino Estense Hospital Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena Italy
| | - Qing Lou
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute College of Medicine The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH.,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology College of Medicine The Ohio State University Columbus OH
| | - Ingrid Bonila
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute College of Medicine The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH.,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology College of Medicine The Ohio State University Columbus OH
| | - Kibum Kim
- Department of Pharmacotherapy University of Utah Health Sciences Center Salt Lake City UT
| | - Roberto Ramos Mondragon
- Department of Internal Medicine and of Molecular & Integrative Physiology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI
| | - Silvia G Priori
- Molecular Cardiology Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS University of Pavia Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine University of Pavia Italy
| | - Pompeo Volpe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Padova Italy
| | - Héctor H Valdivia
- Department of Internal Medicine and of Molecular & Integrative Physiology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI
| | - Joseph Biskupiak
- Department of Pharmacotherapy University of Utah Health Sciences Center Salt Lake City UT
| | - Cynthia A Carnes
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute College of Medicine The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH.,Division of Pharmacy Practice and Sciences College of Pharmacy The Ohio State University Columbus OH
| | - Rengasayee Veeraraghavan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering College of Engineering The Ohio State University Columbus OH.,Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute College of Medicine The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH
| | - Sándor Györke
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute College of Medicine The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH.,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology College of Medicine The Ohio State University Columbus OH
| | - Przemysław B Radwański
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute College of Medicine The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH.,Division of Pharmacy Practice and Sciences College of Pharmacy The Ohio State University Columbus OH.,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology College of Medicine The Ohio State University Columbus OH
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Gil-Martins E, Barbosa DJ, Silva V, Remião F, Silva R. Dysfunction of ABC transporters at the blood-brain barrier: Role in neurological disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 213:107554. [PMID: 32320731 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporters represent one of the largest and most diverse superfamily of proteins in living species, playing an important role in many biological processes such as cell homeostasis, cell signaling, drug metabolism and nutrient uptake. Moreover, using the energy generated from ATP hydrolysis, they mediate the efflux of endogenous and exogenous substrates from inside the cells, thereby reducing their intracellular accumulation. At present, 48 ABC transporters have been identified in humans, which were classified into 7 different subfamilies (A to G) according to their phylogenetic analysis. Nevertheless, the most studied members with importance in drug therapeutic efficacy and toxicity include P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a member of the ABCB subfamily, the multidrug-associated proteins (MPRs), members of the ABCC subfamily, and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), a member of the ABCG subfamily. They exhibit ubiquitous expression throughout the human body, with a special relevance in barrier tissues like the blood-brain barrier (BBB). At this level, they play a physiological function in tissue protection by reducing or limiting the brain accumulation of neurotoxins. Furthermore, dysfunction of ABC transporters, at expression and/or activity level, has been associated with many neurological diseases, including epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Additionally, these transporters are strikingly associated with the pharmacoresistance to central nervous system (CNS) acting drugs, because they contribute to the decrease in drug bioavailability. This article reviews the signaling pathways that regulate the expression and activity of P-gp, BCRP and MRPs subfamilies of transporters, with particular attention at the BBB level, and their mis-regulation in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Gil-Martins
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel José Barbosa
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Vera Silva
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remião
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Renata Silva
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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10
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Dixit PV, Sahu R, Mishra DK. Marble-burying behavior test as a murine model of compulsive-like behavior. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2020; 102:106676. [PMID: 31954839 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2020.106676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Object burying by rodents is a popular screening tool for anxiolytic agents. However, modulation of marble-burying by serotonin reuptake inhibitors prompted its link to obsessive-compulsive disorder/compulsive-like behavior. The Marble-burying behavior test is an acute test; however, some investigators incorporate the sub-acute treatment regimen as an essential component for screening anti-compulsive agents. The test exhibits between-laboratory methodological differences and demonstrates positive treatment responses to an array of pharmacotherapies, creating doubts about its predictive validity and construct validity. Numerous reviews are available on marble-burying behavior test, which incorporates the test as a part of anti-compulsive behavior-like screens, but none has made it a sole subject-matter for discussion. This review attempts to provide a comprehensive account of the marble-burying test as a model of compulsive-like disorders. It envisages the model's scientific origins, the preclinical research done and its correlation with the clinical research outcomes, and a detailed discussion about its validity. In conclusion, there appears a need to address the issue of construct and predictive validity of the model authoritatively; or the paradigm may remain squandered in the field of obsessive-compulsive disorder research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Vinod Dixit
- Indore Institute of Pharmacy, Rau-Pithampur Road, Opposite Indian Institute of Management, Rau, Indore, 453331, M.P., India.
| | - Rohit Sahu
- Indore Institute of Pharmacy, Rau-Pithampur Road, Opposite Indian Institute of Management, Rau, Indore, 453331, M.P., India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Mishra
- Indore Institute of Pharmacy, Rau-Pithampur Road, Opposite Indian Institute of Management, Rau, Indore, 453331, M.P., India
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Benavides-Serrato A, Saunders JT, Holmes B, Nishimura RN, Lichtenstein A, Gera J. Repurposing Potential of Riluzole as an ITAF Inhibitor in mTOR Therapy Resistant Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21010344. [PMID: 31948038 PMCID: PMC6981868 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-mediated protein synthesis has been demonstrated to play an important role in resistance to mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) targeted therapies. Previously, we have demonstrated that the IRES trans-acting factor (ITAF), hnRNP A1 is required to promote IRES activity and small molecule inhibitors which bind specifically to this ITAF and curtail IRES activity, leading to mTOR inhibitor sensitivity. Here we report the identification of riluzole (Rilutek®), an FDA-approved drug for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), via an in silico docking analysis of FDA-approved compounds, as an inhibitor of hnRNP A1. In a riluzole-bead coupled binding assay and in surface plasmon resonance imaging analyses, riluzole was found to directly bind to hnRNP A1 and inhibited IRES activity via effects on ITAF/RNA-binding. Riluzole also demonstrated synergistic anti-glioblastoma (GBM) affects with mTOR inhibitors in vitro and in GBM xenografts in mice. These data suggest that repurposing riluzole, used in conjunction with mTOR inhibitors, may serve as an effective therapeutic option in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Benavides-Serrato
- Department of Research & Development, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 91343, USA
| | - Jacquelyn T. Saunders
- Department of Research & Development, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 91343, USA
| | - Brent Holmes
- Department of Research & Development, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 91343, USA
| | - Robert N. Nishimura
- Department of Research & Development, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 91343, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alan Lichtenstein
- Department of Research & Development, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 91343, USA
- Jonnson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Joseph Gera
- Department of Research & Development, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 91343, USA
- Jonnson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +00-1-818-895-9416
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Dash RP, Babu RJ, Srinivas NR. Two Decades-Long Journey from Riluzole to Edaravone: Revisiting the Clinical Pharmacokinetics of the Only Two Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Therapeutics. Clin Pharmacokinet 2019; 57:1385-1398. [PMID: 29682695 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-018-0655-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The recent approval of edaravone has provided an intravenous option to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in addition to the existing oral agent, riluzole. The present work was primarily undertaken to provide a comprehensive clinical pharmacokinetic summary of the two approved ALS therapeutics. The key objectives of the review were to (i) tabulate the clinical pharmacokinetics of riluzole and edaravone with emphasis on absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) properties; (ii) provide a comparative scenario of the pharmacokinetics of the two drugs wherever possible; and (iii) provide perspectives and introspection on the gathered clinical pharmacokinetic data of the two drugs with appropriate conjectures to quench scientific curiosity. Based on this review, the following key highlights were deduced: (i) as a result of both presystemic metabolism and polymorphic hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) metabolism, the oral drug riluzole exhibited more inter-subject variability than that of intravenous edaravone; (ii) using various parameters for comparison, including the published intravenous data for riluzole, it was apparent that edaravone was achieving the desired systemic concentrations to possibly drive the local brain concentrations for its efficacy in ALS patients with lesser variability than riluzole; (iii) using scientific conjectures, it was deduced that the availability of intravenous riluzole may not be beneficial in therapy due to its fast systemic clearance; (iv) on the contrary, however, there appeared to be an opportunity for the development of an oral dosage form of edaravone, which may potentially benefit the therapy option for ALS patients by avoiding hospitalization costs; and (v) because of the existence of pharmaco-resistance for the brain entry in ALS patients, it appeared prudent to consider combination strategies of edaravone and/or riluzole with suitable P-glycoprotein efflux-blocking drugs to gain more favorable outcomes in ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeet Prasad Dash
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - R Jayachandra Babu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Nuggehally R Srinivas
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Zydus Research Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382210, India.
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Katyal N, Govindarajan R. Shortcomings in the Current Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Trials and Potential Solutions for Improvement. Front Neurol 2017; 8:521. [PMID: 29033893 PMCID: PMC5626834 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a clinically progressive neurodegenerative syndrome predominantly affecting motor neurons and their associated tracts. Riluzole and edaravone are the only FDA certified drugs for treating ALS. Over the past two decades, almost all clinical trials aiming to develop a successful therapeutic strategy for this disease have failed. Genetic complexity, inadequate animal models, poor clinical trial design, lack of sensitive biomarkers, and diagnostic delays are some of the potential reasons limiting any significant development in ALS clinical trials. In this review, we have outlined the possible reasons for failure of ALS clinical trials, addressed the factors limiting timely diagnosis, and suggested possible solutions for future considerations for each of the shortcomings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakul Katyal
- Neurology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Raghav Govindarajan
- Neurology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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Mohamed LA, Markandaiah S, Bonanno S, Pasinelli P, Trotti D. Blood-Brain Barrier Driven Pharmacoresistance in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Challenges for Effective Drug Therapies. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:1600-1614. [PMID: 28779378 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0120-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is essential for proper neuronal function, homeostasis, and protection of the central nervous system (CNS) microenvironment from blood-borne pathogens and neurotoxins. The BBB is also an impediment for CNS penetration of drugs. In some neurologic conditions, such as epilepsy and brain tumors, overexpression of P-glycoprotein, an efflux transporter whose physiological function is to expel catabolites and xenobiotics from the CNS into the blood stream, has been reported. Recent studies reported that overexpression of P-glycoprotein and increase in its activity at the BBB drives a progressive resistance to CNS penetration and persistence of riluzole, the only drug approved thus far for treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), rapidly progressive and mostly fatal neurologic disease. This review will discuss the impact of transporter-mediated pharmacoresistance for ALS drug therapy and the potential therapeutic strategies to improve the outcome of ALS clinical trials and efficacy of current and future drug treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loqman A Mohamed
- Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107, USA.
| | - Shashirekha Markandaiah
- Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107, USA
| | - Silvia Bonanno
- Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107, USA
| | - Piera Pasinelli
- Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107, USA
| | - Davide Trotti
- Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107, USA
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Rottbøll LAH, Friis C. Penetration of antimicrobials to pulmonary epithelial lining fluid and muscle and impact of drug physicochemical properties determined by microdialysis. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2015; 78:58-65. [PMID: 26645525 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objectives of this study were to characterize antimicrobial drug penetration into the pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF) and extracellular fluid (ECF) of muscle in relation to physicochemical properties of the drugs (molecular mass, Log D, polar surface area and charge), using intrabronchial microdialysis. The series of drugs tested include gentamicin, sulfadiazine, cefquinome, minocycline and colistin. METHODS Drug concentrations were measured during 2h of steady state plasma drug concentrations at therapeutic levels in anesthetized pigs. Microdialysis probes were positioned 2 to 4cm distal to the tracheal bifurcature and in M. gluteobiceps and were calibrated by retrodialysis by drug. RESULTS Mean AUCPELF/PLASMA(fu) and mean AUCMUSCLE/PLASMA(fu) ratios were respectively for gentamicin (0.8, 0.7), sulfadiazine (1.1, 0.7), cefquinome (1.3, 1.5) minocycline (1.6, 0.7) and colistin (0.26, 0.12). The penetration of drugs into PELF (r(2)=0.55-0.77, p=0.0004-0.0089) and ECF of muscle (r(2)=0.39-0.53, p=0.0108-0.0397) was positively correlated to Log D, whereas molecular mass, polar surface area and charge were negatively correlated to drug penetration. Sulfadiazine, gentamicin, cefquinome and colistin had similar penetration ratios into PELF and ECF of muscle, ranging from 0.12 to 1.50. DISCUSSION In conclusion, drug penetration into PELF and ECF of muscle is correlated to mass, lipophilicity, polarity and charge of the drugs. Drug partition into ECF of muscle and PELF are similar for the passively transported drugs gentamicin, sulfadiazine, cefquinome and colistin, whereas minocycline appears to be actively transported into PELF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Amanda Holm Rottbøll
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Denmark.
| | - Christian Friis
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Denmark.
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Radwański PB, Brunello L, Veeraraghavan R, Ho HT, Lou Q, Makara MA, Belevych AE, Anghelescu M, Priori SG, Volpe P, Hund TJ, Janssen PML, Mohler PJ, Bridge JHB, Poelzing S, Györke S. Neuronal Na+ channel blockade suppresses arrhythmogenic diastolic Ca2+ release. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 106:143-52. [PMID: 25538156 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Sudden death resulting from cardiac arrhythmias is the most common consequence of cardiac disease. Certain arrhythmias caused by abnormal impulse formation including catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) are associated with delayed afterdepolarizations resulting from diastolic Ca2+ release (DCR) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Despite high response of CPVT to agents directly affecting Ca2+ cycling, the incidence of refractory cases is still significant. Surprisingly, these patients often respond to treatment with Na+ channel blockers. However, the relationship between Na+ influx and disturbances in Ca2+ handling immediately preceding arrhythmias in CPVT remains poorly understood and is the object of this study. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed optical Ca2+ and membrane potential imaging in ventricular myocytes and intact cardiac muscles as well as surface ECGs on a CPVT mouse model with a mutation in cardiac calsequestrin. We demonstrate that a subpopulation of Na+ channels (neuronal Na+ channels; nNav) colocalize with ryanodine receptor Ca2+ release channels (RyR2). Disruption of the crosstalk between nNav and RyR2 by nNav blockade with riluzole reduced and also desynchronized DCR in isolated cardiomyocytes and in intact cardiac tissue. Such desynchronization of DCR on cellular and tissue level translated into decreased arrhythmias in CPVT mice. CONCLUSIONS Thus, our study offers the first evidence that nNav contribute to arrhythmogenic DCR, thereby providing a conceptual basis for mechanism-based antiarrhythmic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław B Radwański
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 West 12th Avenue, Room 507, Columbus, OH 43210, USA Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA Division of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lucia Brunello
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 West 12th Avenue, Room 507, Columbus, OH 43210, USA Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rengasayee Veeraraghavan
- VTC Research Institute, School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Hsiang-Ting Ho
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 West 12th Avenue, Room 507, Columbus, OH 43210, USA Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Qing Lou
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 West 12th Avenue, Room 507, Columbus, OH 43210, USA Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael A Makara
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 West 12th Avenue, Room 507, Columbus, OH 43210, USA Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Andriy E Belevych
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 West 12th Avenue, Room 507, Columbus, OH 43210, USA Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mircea Anghelescu
- Department of Biological and Allied Health Sciences, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH, USA
| | - Silvia G Priori
- Division of Cardiology and Molecular Cardiology, Maugeri Foundation-University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pompeo Volpe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Thomas J Hund
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 West 12th Avenue, Room 507, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Paul M L Janssen
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 West 12th Avenue, Room 507, Columbus, OH 43210, USA Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Peter J Mohler
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 West 12th Avenue, Room 507, Columbus, OH 43210, USA Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - John H B Bridge
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Steven Poelzing
- VTC Research Institute, School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Sándor Györke
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 West 12th Avenue, Room 507, Columbus, OH 43210, USA Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Mitsumoto H, Brooks BR, Silani V. Clinical trials in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: why so many negative trials and how can trials be improved? Lancet Neurol 2014; 13:1127-1138. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70129-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Bellingham MC. Pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms underlying inhibition of hypoglossal motor neuron excitability by riluzole. J Neurophysiol 2013; 110:1047-61. [PMID: 23741042 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00587.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Riluzole is the sole treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), but its therapeutically relevant actions on motor neurons are not well defined. Whole cell patch-clamp recordings were made from hypoglossal motor neurons (HMs, n = 25) in brain stem slices from 10- to 23-day-old rats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium to investigate the hypothesis that riluzole inhibits HMs by multiple mechanisms. Riluzole (20 μM) hyperpolarized HMs by decreasing an inward current, inhibited voltage-gated persistent Na(+) and Ca(2+) currents activated by slow voltage ramps, and negatively shifted activation of the hyperpolarization-activated cationic current (IH). Repetitive firing of HMs was strongly inhibited by riluzole, which also increased action potential threshold voltage and rheobase and decreased amplitude and maximum rise slope but did not alter the maximal afterhyperpolarization amplitude or decay time constant. HM rheobase was inversely correlated with persistent Na(+) current density. Glutamatergic synaptic transmission was inhibited by riluzole by both pre- and postsynaptic effects. Riluzole decreased activity-dependent glutamate release, as shown by decreased amplitude of evoked and spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs), decreased paired-pulse ratio, and decreased spontaneous, but not miniature, EPSC frequency. However, riluzole also decreased miniature EPSC amplitude and the inward current evoked by local application of glutamate onto HMs, suggesting a reduction of postsynaptic glutamate receptor sensitivity. Riluzole thus has a marked inhibitory effect on HM activity by membrane hyperpolarization, decreasing firing and inhibiting glutamatergic excitation by both pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms. These results broaden the range of mechanisms controlling motor neuron inhibition by riluzole and are relevant to researchers and clinicians interested in understanding ALS pathogenesis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Bellingham
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Wu Y, Satkunendrarajah K, Teng Y, Chow DSL, Buttigieg J, Fehlings MG. Delayed post-injury administration of riluzole is neuroprotective in a preclinical rodent model of cervical spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2013; 30:441-52. [PMID: 23517137 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2012.2622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Riluzole, a sodium/glutamate antagonist has shown promise as a neuroprotective agent. It is licensed for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and is in clinical trial development for spinal cord injury (SCI). This study investigated the therapeutic time-window and pharmacokinetics of riluzole in a rodent model of cervical SCI. Rats were treated with riluzole (8 mg/kg) at 1 hour (P1) and 3 hours (P3) after injury or with vehicle. Afterward, P1 and P3 groups received riluzole (6 (mg/kg) every 12 hours for 7 days. Both P1 and P3 animals had significant improvements in locomotor recovery as measured by open field locomotion (BBB score, BBB subscore). Von Frey stimuli did not reveal an increase in at level or below level mechanical allodynia. Sensory-evoked potential recordings and quantification of axonal cytoskeleton demonstrated a riluzole-mediated improvement in axonal integrity and function. Histopathological and retrograde tracing studies demonstrated that delayed administration leads to tissue preservation and reduces apoptosis and inflammation. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was undertaken to examine the pharmacokinetics of riluzole. Riluzole penetrates the spinal cord in 15 min, and SCI slowed elimination of riluzole from the spinal cord, resulting in a longer half-life and higher drug concentration in spinal cord and plasma. Initiation of riluzole treatment 1 and 3 hours post-SCI led to functional, histological, and molecular benefits. While extrapolation of post-injury time windows from rat to man is challenging, evidence from SCI-related biomarker studies would suggest that the post-injury time window is likely to be at least 12 hours in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchao Wu
- Toronto Western Research Institute and Krembil Neuroscience Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Dulin JN, Moore ML, Grill RJ. The dual cyclooxygenase/5-lipoxygenase inhibitor licofelone attenuates p-glycoprotein-mediated drug resistance in the injured spinal cord. J Neurotrauma 2013; 30:211-26. [PMID: 22947335 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2012.2587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There are currently no proven effective treatments that can improve recovery of function in spinal cord injury (SCI) patients. Many therapeutic compounds have shown promise in pre-clinical studies, but clinical trials have been largely unsuccessful. P-glycoprotein (Pgp, Abcb1b) is a drug efflux transporter of the blood-spinal cord barrier that limits spinal cord penetration of blood-borne xenobiotics. Pathological Pgp upregulation in diseases such as cancer causes heightened resistance to a broad variety of therapeutic drugs. Importantly, several drugs that have been evaluated for the treatment of SCI, such as riluzole, are known substrates of Pgp. We therefore examined whether Pgp-mediated pharmacoresistance diminishes delivery of riluzole to the injured spinal cord. Following moderate contusion injury at T10 in male Sprague-Dawley rats, we observed a progressive, spatial spread of increased Pgp expression from 3 days to 10 months post-SCI. Spinal cord uptake of i.p.-delivered riluzole was significantly reduced following SCI in wild type but not Abcb1a-knockout rats, highlighting a critical role for Pgp in mediating drug resistance following SCI. Because inflammation can drive Pgp upregulation, we evaluated the ability of the new generation dual anti-inflammatory drug licofelone to promote spinal cord delivery of riluzole following SCI. We found that licofelone both reduced Pgp expression and enhanced riluzole bioavailability within the lesion site at 72 h post-SCI. This work highlights Pgp-mediated drug resistance as an important obstacle to therapeutic drug delivery for SCI, and suggests licofelone as a novel combinatorial treatment strategy to enhance therapeutic drug delivery to the injured spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Dulin
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Abstract
Tetracyclines are a class of antibiotics which could act as neuroprotective molecules in several neurological disorders, such as Huntington disease, Parkinson disease, stroke and multiple sclerosis. The main biological effects of tetracyclines are the inhibition of microglial activation, the attenuation of apoptosis and the suppression of reactive oxygen species production. The anti-apoptotic effect of tetracyclines involves the mitochondrion, and the major target for neuroprotective effects of tetracyclines lies within the complex network that links mitochondria, oxidative stress and apoptosis. Neuromuscular disorders are due to dysfunction of motor neurons, peripheral nerves, neuromuscular junction, or skeletal muscle itself. Animal studies have shown that minocycline could play neuroprotective effects in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, but these positive findings have not been replicated in patients. Other neuromuscular disorders which tetracyclines may benefit are Guillain-Barré syndrome and other neuropathies, muscular dystrophies and mitochondrial disorders. However, well-designed double-blind controlled trials are still needed. Further studies are strongly needed to establish the most appropriate timing and dosage, as well as the indications for which tetracyclines could be effective and safe. Here, we review the neuroprotective effects of tetracyclines in animal models, the clinical studies in humans, and we focus on their potential application in patients with neuromuscular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Orsucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurological Clinic, University of Pisa, Italy, Via Roma
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Dupuis L, Dengler R, Heneka MT, Meyer T, Zierz S, Kassubek J, Fischer W, Steiner F, Lindauer E, Otto M, Dreyhaupt J, Grehl T, Hermann A, Winkler AS, Bogdahn U, Benecke R, Schrank B, Wessig C, Grosskreutz J, Ludolph AC. A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial of pioglitazone in combination with riluzole in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37885. [PMID: 22715372 PMCID: PMC3371007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pioglitazone, an oral anti-diabetic that stimulates the PPAR-gamma transcription factor, increased survival of mice with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Methods/Principal Findings We performed a phase II, double blind, multicentre, placebo controlled trial of pioglitazone in ALS patients under riluzole. 219 patients were randomly assigned to receive 45 mg/day of pioglitazone or placebo (one: one allocation ratio). The primary endpoint was survival. Secondary endpoints included incidence of non-invasive ventilation and tracheotomy, and slopes of ALS-FRS, slow vital capacity, and quality of life as assessed using EUROQoL EQ-5D. The study was conducted under a two-stage group sequential test, allowing to stop for futility or superiority after interim analysis. Shortly after interim analysis, 30 patients under pioglitazone and 24 patients under placebo had died. The trial was stopped for futility; the hazard ratio for primary endpoint was 1.21 (95% CI: 0.71–2.07, p = 0.48). Secondary endpoints were not modified by pioglitazone treatment. Pioglitazone was well tolerated. Conclusion/Significance Pioglitazone has no beneficial effects on the survival of ALS patients as add-on therapy to riluzole. Trial Registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00690118.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Dupuis
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- U692 - Laboratoire de Signalisations Moléculaires et Neurodégénérescence, INSERM, Strasbourg, France
- UMRS692, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Reinhard Dengler
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Meyer
- Department of Neurology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Zierz
- Department of Neurology, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Jan Kassubek
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Eva Lindauer
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jens Dreyhaupt
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Torsten Grehl
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Hermann
- Department of Neurology, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Bogdahn
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Reiner Benecke
- Neurology clinic, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Carsten Wessig
- Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Heat shock transcription factor 1 as a therapeutic target in neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2011; 10:930-44. [PMID: 22129991 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and prion-based neurodegeneration are associated with the accumulation of misfolded proteins, resulting in neuronal dysfunction and cell death. However, current treatments for these diseases predominantly address disease symptoms, rather than the underlying protein misfolding and cell death, and are not able to halt or reverse the degenerative process. Studies in cell culture, fruitfly, worm and mouse models of protein misfolding-based neurodegenerative diseases indicate that enhancing the protein-folding capacity of cells, via elevated expression of chaperone proteins, has therapeutic potential. Here, we review advances in strategies to harness the power of the natural cellular protein-folding machinery through pharmacological activation of heat shock transcription factor 1--the master activator of chaperone protein gene expression--to treat neurodegenerative diseases.
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Neurotoxic injury pathways in differentiated mouse motor neuron-neuroblastoma hybrid (NSC-34D) cells in vitro--limited effect of riluzole on thapsigargin, but not staurosporine, hydrogen peroxide and homocysteine neurotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 258:208-15. [PMID: 22108590 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The neuroblastoma-spinal motor neuron fusion cell line, NSC-34, in its differentiated form, NSC-34D, permits examining the effects of riluzole, a proven treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) on cell death induction by staurosporine (STS), thapsigargin (Thaps), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and homocysteine (HCy). These neurotoxins, applied exogenously, have mechanisms of action related to the various proposed molecular pathogenetic pathways in ALS and are differentiated from endogenous cell death that is associated with cytoplasmic aggregate formation in motor neurons. Nuclear morphology, caspase-3/7 activation and high content imaging were used to assess toxicity of these neurotoxins with and without co-treatment with riluzole, a benzothiazole compound with multiple pharmacological actions. STS was the most potent neurotoxin at killing NSC-34D cells with a toxic concentration at which 50% of maximal cell death is achieved (TC(50)=0.01μM), followed by Thaps (TC(50)=0.9μM) and H(2)O(2) (TC(50)=15μM) with HCy requiring higher concentrations to kill at the same level (TC(50)=2200μM). Riluzole provided neurorescue with a 20% absolute reduction (47.6% relative reduction) in apoptotic cell death against Thaps-induced NSC-34D cell (p≤0.05), but had no effect on STS-, H(2)O(2)- and HCy-induced NSC-34D cell death. This effect of riluzole on Thaps induction of cell death was independent of caspase-3/7 activation. Riluzole mitigated a toxin that can cause intracellular calcium dysregulation associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress but not toxins associated with other cell death mechanisms.
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Abstract
Since the approval of riluzole for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) 17 years ago, more than 30 large clinical trials have been conducted, but none has proved successful. The failure to translate positive preclinical results into the clinical setting raises questions about the validity of the rodent model that is used to study ALS, and about the quality of both preclinical and clinical studies. However, the greatest challenge is the disease itself as, with rare exceptions, the causes are unknown. In this Perspectives article, we highlight key issues related to the pathophysiology, preclinical studies and clinical trials that should be addressed in the future. These areas include the relationships between different disease mechanisms, the challenges presented by the heterogeneity of the disease, and the need for early intervention, optimal dose selection and effective biomarkers.
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Abbara C, Estournet B, Lacomblez L, Lelièvre B, Ouslimani A, Lehmann B, Viollet L, Barois A, Diquet B. Riluzole pharmacokinetics in young patients with spinal muscular atrophy. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 71:403-10. [PMID: 21284699 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03843.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The objective of the present study was to assess the pharmacokinetics of riluzole in patients with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). METHODS Fourteen patients were enrolled in an open-label, nonrandomized and repeat-dose pharmacokinetic study. All participants were assigned to receive 50mg riluzole orally for 5 days. Riluzole plasma concentrations were determined from samples obtained at day 5. RESULTS The pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated that a dose of 50mg once a day was sufficient to obtain a daily total exposure [AUC(0,24h)=2257ng ml(-1) h] which was comparable with results obtained in adult healthy volunteers or ALS patients in whom a dose of 50mg twice a day is recommended. The pharmacokinetic simulation demonstrated that the administration of 50mg twice a day could result in higher concentrations, hence reduced safety margin. CONCLUSION The dose of 50mg once a day was chosen for the clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of riluzole in SMA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadi Abbara
- Université d'Angers, UFR médecine, Angers cedex, F-49045 CHU d'Angers, Service Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Angers cedex 09, France
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Hama A, Sagen J. Antinociceptive Effect of Riluzole in Rats with Neuropathic Spinal Cord Injury Pain. J Neurotrauma 2011; 28:127-34. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aldric Hama
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Jacqueline Sagen
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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Henriques A, Pitzer C, Schneider A. Neurotrophic growth factors for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: where do we stand? Front Neurosci 2010; 4:32. [PMID: 20592948 PMCID: PMC2902233 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2010.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease that results in progressive loss of motoneurons, motor weakness and death within 3–5 years after disease onset. Therapeutic options remain limited despite substantial number of approaches that have been tested clinically. Many neurotrophic growth factors are known to promote the survival of neurons and foster regeneration in the central nervous system. Various neurotrophic factors have been investigated pre-clinically and clinically for the treatment of ALS. Although pre-clinical data appeared promising, no neurotrophic factors succeeded yet in a clinical phase III trial. In this review we discuss the rationale behind those factors, possible reasons for clinical failures, and argue for a renewal of hope in this powerful class of drugs for the treatment of ALS.
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Milane A, Fernandez C, Dupuis L, Buyse M, Loeffler JP, Farinotti R, Meininger V, Bensimon G. P-glycoprotein expression and function are increased in an animal model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurosci Lett 2010; 472:166-70. [PMID: 20138122 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 01/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The efflux pumps located at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) prevent drugs entering the brain. As such, efflux pumps are a major obstacle to drug brain distribution. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease with little therapeutics available: riluzole is the only drug approved in its treatment. The lack of response to treatment in ALS may be, at least in part, due to increased activities of efflux pumps in relation to disease, leading to subtherapeutic brain concentrations of drugs. In the present study, we used a transgenic mouse model of ALS (G86R mSOD1 mice) to test this hypothesis. Expression and functionality of P-glycoprotein (ABCB1, P-gp) and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (ABCG2, BCRP), two major efflux pumps, were studied. We observed an increased P-gp expression (1.5-fold) in presymptomatic mSOD1 mice compared to wild-type controls. Consistent with this, P-gp function was also increased by 1.5-fold and riluzole brain disposition was decreased by 1.7-fold in mSOD1 mice. Contrasting with this, BCRP expression and function were unaltered by the pathology. These results demonstrate that BBB transport proteins are modified in G86R mSOD1 mice ALS model. Such findings underline potential problems in extrapolating the results of animal studies to humans and developing clinical trials, especially for drugs transported by P-gp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Milane
- Paris-Sud-XI University, EA 2706, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chatenay-Malabry, France
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Effect of lactoferrin- and transferrin-conjugated polymersomes in brain targeting: in vitro and in vivo evaluations. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2010; 31:237-43. [PMID: 20139907 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2009.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effect of lactoferrin (Lf) and transferrin (Tf) in brain targeting. METHODS Polymersomes (PSs), employed as vectors, were conjugated with Lf or Tf and were characterized by morphology, particle size, zeta potential, and surface densities of the Lf or Tf molecules. In vitro uptake of Lf-PS and Tf-PS by bEnd.3 cells was investigated using coumarin-6 as a fluorescent probe. In vivo tissue distribution and pharmacokinetics of (125)I-Lf-PS and (125)I-Tf-PS were also examined. RESULTS The mean particle size of PS, Lf-PS, and Tf-PS was around 150 nm and the zeta potential of the PSs was about -20 mV. Less than 0.12% of the coumarin was released from coumarin-6-loaded PS in 84 h indicating that coumarin-6 was an accurate probe for the PSs' behavior in vitro. It was shown that the uptake of Lf-PS and Tf-PS by bEnd.3 cells was time-, temperature-, and concentration-dependent. Both Lf and Tf could increase the cell uptake of PSs at 37 degrees C, but the uptake of Tf-PS was significantly greater than that of Lf-PS. In vivo tissue distribution and pharmacokinetics in mice revealed higher brain uptake and distribution of Tf-PS than Lf-PS, which was in accordance with in vitro uptake results. The drug targeting index (DTI) of Tf-PS with regard to Lf-PS was 1.51. CONCLUSION Using a PS as the delivery vector and bEnd.3 cells as the model of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), Tf was more effective than Lf in brain targeting.
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