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Boyle AJ, Lindberg A, Tong J, Zhai D, Liu F, Vasdev N. Preliminary PET imaging of [ 11C]evobrutinib in mouse models of colorectal cancer, SARS-CoV-2, and lung damage: Radiosynthesis via base-aided palladium-NiXantphos-mediated 11C-carbonylation. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2024; 67:235-244. [PMID: 37691152 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.4062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Evobrutinib is a second-generation, highly selective, irreversible Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor that has shown efficacy in the autoimmune diseases arthritis and multiple sclerosis. Its development as a positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer has potential for in vivo imaging of BTK in various disease models including several cancers, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung damage. Herein, we report the automated radiosynthesis of [11C]evobrutinib using a base-aided palladium-NiXantphos-mediated 11C-carbonylation reaction. [11C]Evobrutinib was reliably formulated in radiochemical yields of 5.5 ± 1.5% and a molar activity of 34.5 ± 17.3 GBq/μmol (n = 12) with 99% radiochemical purity. Ex vivo autoradiography studies showed high specific binding of [11C]evobrutinib in HT-29 colorectal cancer mouse xenograft tissues (51.1 ± 7.1%). However, in vivo PET/computed tomography (CT) imaging with [11C]evobrutinib showed minimal visualization of HT-29 colorectal cancer xenografts and only a slight increase in radioactivity accumulation in the associated time-activity curves. In preliminary PET/CT studies, [11C]evobrutinib failed to visualize either SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus infection or LPS-induced injury in mouse models. In conclusion, [11C]evobrutinib was successfully synthesized by 11C-carbonylation and based on our preliminary studies does not appear to be a promising BTK-targeted PET radiotracer in the rodent disease models studied herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Boyle
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anton Lindberg
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Junchao Tong
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dongxu Zhai
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fang Liu
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Cocker ATH, Guethlein LA, Parham P. The CD56-CD16+ NK cell subset in chronic infections. Biochem Soc Trans 2023:233017. [PMID: 37140380 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Long-term human diseases can shape the immune system, and natural killer (NK) cells have been documented to differentiate into distinct subsets specifically associated with chronic virus infections. One of these subsets found in large frequencies in HIV-1 are the CD56-CD16+ NK cells, and this population's association with chronic virus infections is the subject of this review. Human NK cells are classically defined by CD56 expression, yet increasing evidence supports the NK cell status of the CD56-CD16+ subset which we discuss herein. We then discuss the evidence linking CD56-CD16+ NK cells to chronic virus infections, and the potential immunological pathways that are altered by long-term infection that could be inducing the population's differentiation. An important aspect of NK cell regulation is their interaction with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class-I molecules, and we highlight work that indicates both virus and genetic-mediated variations in HLA expression that have been linked to CD56-CD16+ NK cell frequencies. Finally, we offer a perspective on CD56-CD16+ NK cell function, taking into account recent work that implies the subset is comparable to CD56+CD16+ NK cell functionality in antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity response, and the definition of CD56-CD16+ NK cell subpopulations with varying degranulation capacity against target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T H Cocker
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, U.S.A
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, U.S.A
| | - Lisbeth A Guethlein
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, U.S.A
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, U.S.A
| | - Peter Parham
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, U.S.A
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, U.S.A
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3
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The Interaction between Four Polymorphisms and Haplotype of ABCB1, the Risk of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, and the Disease Phenotype. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2023; 2023:7925378. [PMID: 36755808 PMCID: PMC9902128 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7925378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
P-glycoprotein, product of the ABCB1 (ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 1) gene, has been reported to play an important role in multiple drug resistance during cancer therapy. However, its influence on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) risk has not been clearly defined. The aim of the present study was to examine the association between clinicopathological factors and SNPs T-129C, C1236T, G2677T/A, and C3435T, as well as its haplotype, and to investigate the role of ABCB1 polymorphisms in NSCLC development. The study included 80 patients who suffered from NSCLC and underwent surgery to remove the tumour and 96 healthy controls. The tissues were genotyped by PCR-RFLP and sequencing methods, and the haplotype frequencies in both groups were estimated. The SNP C3435T was identified as a NSCLC risk factor. The presence of mutated allelic variant T (p=0.0103) or homozygote TT (p=0.0099) was observed significantly more often in cancer patients than in healthy controls. The two groups also demonstrated a highly significant difference in common haplotype frequency (p=0.01). The T-129-T1236-T2677-T3435 haplotype was found to be most closely associated with NSCLC risk. Although the investigated polymorphisms were not related to demographic features, clinicopathological lung tumour characteristics, or blood morphology indices, marginally significant correlations were found with some variables: C1236T with age of disease onset (p=0.0410); C3435T with smoking status (p=0.0561). As the findings indicate, lung cancer and control groups demonstrate significantly different patterns of -129/1236/2677/3435 haplotype distribution; T-T-T-T haplotype contributes to NSCLC susceptibility, and this effect is probably mainly dependent on C3435T. So far, similar studies were published in other populations.
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Cascone T, Fradette J, Pradhan M, Gibbons DL. Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2022; 12:a037895. [PMID: 34580079 PMCID: PMC8957639 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Historically, non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been regarded as a nonimmunogenic tumor; however, recent studies have shown that NSCLCs are among the most responsive cancers to monoclonal antibody immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). ICIs have dramatically improved clinical outcomes for a subset of patients (∼20%) with locally advanced and metastatic NSCLC, and they have also demonstrated promise as neoadjuvant therapy for early-stage resectable disease. Nevertheless, the majority of patients with NSCLC are refractory to ICIs for reasons that are poorly understood. Thus, major questions are: how do we initially identify the patients most likely to derive significant clinical benefit from these therapies; how can we increase the number of patients benefiting; what are the mechanisms of primary and acquired resistance to immune-based therapies; are there additional immune checkpoints besides PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 that can be targeted to provide greater clinical benefit to patients; and how do we best combine ICI therapy with surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy? To answer these questions, we need to deploy the latest technologies to study tumors and their microenvironment and how they interact with components of the innate and adaptive immune systems. There is also a need for new preclinical model systems to investigate the molecular mechanisms of resistance to treatment and identify novel therapeutic targets. Recent advances in technology are beginning to shed new light on the immune landscape of NSCLC that may uncover biomarkers of response and maximize the clinical benefit of immune-based therapies. Identification of the mechanisms of resistance should lead to the identification of novel targets and the generation of new therapeutic strategies that improve outcomes for a greater number of patients. In the sections below, we discuss the results of studies examining the immune microenvironment in NSCLC, summarize the clinical experience with immunotherapy for NSCLC, and review candidate biomarkers of response to these agents in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Cascone
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jared Fradette
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Monika Pradhan
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Don L Gibbons
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Wang Y, Chen W, Zhu M, Xian L. Ferroptosis-Related Gene Signature and Patterns of Immune Infiltration Predict the Overall Survival in Patients With Lung Adenocarcinoma. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:692530. [PMID: 34395526 PMCID: PMC8360867 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.692530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is a malignant tumor with high heterogeneity and poor prognosis. Ferroptosis, a form of regulated cell-death–related iron, has been proven to trigger inflammation-associated immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment, which promotes tumor growth. Therefore, the clinical prognostic value of ferroptosis-related genes in LUAD needs to be further explored. Method: In this study, we downloaded the mRNA expression profiles and corresponding clinical data of LUAD patients from the Cancer Genome Atlas database. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression model was utilized to construct ferroptosis-related gene signature. Based on these, we established the nomograms for prognosis prediction and validated the model in the GSE72094 dataset. The cell type was identified using the CIBERSORT algorithm for estimating relative subsets of RNA transcripts, which was then used to screen significant tumor immune-infiltrating cells associated with the LUAD prognosis prediction model. Subsequently, we applied co-expression analysis to reveal the relationship between ferroptosis-related genes and significant immune cells. Results: The univariate COX regression analysis showed that 20 genes were associated with the overall survival (OS) as prognostic differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (FDR <0.05). Patients were divided into two risk groups using a 13-gene signature, with the high-risk group having a significantly worse OS than their low-risk counterparts (p < 0.001). We used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to confirm the predictive capacity of the signature. Besides, we identified seven pairs of ferroptosis-related genes and tumor-infiltrating immune cells associated with the prognosis of LUAD patients. Conclusion: In this study, we construct a ferroptosis-related gene signature that can be used for prognostic prediction in LUAD. In addition, we reveal a potential connection between ferroptosis and tumor-infiltrating immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Wang
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanning, China
| | - Weikang Chen
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanning, China
| | - Minqi Zhu
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanning, China
| | - Lei Xian
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanning, China
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Laza‐Briviesca R, Cruz‐Bermúdez A, Nadal E, Insa A, García‐Campelo MDR, Huidobro G, Dómine M, Majem M, Rodríguez‐Abreu D, Martínez‐Martí A, De Castro Carpeño J, Cobo M, López Vivanco G, Del Barco E, Bernabé Caro R, Viñolas N, Barneto Aranda I, Viteri S, Massuti B, Casarrubios M, Sierra‐Rodero B, Tarín C, García‐Grande A, Haymaker C, Wistuba II, Romero A, Franco F, Provencio M. Blood biomarkers associated to complete pathological response on NSCLC patients treated with neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy included in NADIM clinical trial. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e491. [PMID: 34323406 PMCID: PMC8288017 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy is being tested in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and achieving higher rates of complete pathological responses (CPR) as compared to standard of care. Early identification of CPR patients has vital clinical implications. In this study, we focused on basal peripheral immune cells and their treatment-related changes to find biomarkers associated to CPR. METHODS Blood from 29 stage IIIA NSCLC patients participating in the NADIM trial (NCT03081689) was collected at diagnosis and post neoadjuvant treatment. More than 400 parameters of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) phenotype and plasma soluble factors were analyzed. RESULTS Neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy altered more than 150 immune parameters. At diagnosis, 11 biomarkers associated to CPR were described, with an area under the ROC curve >0.70 and p-value <.05. CPR patients had significantly higher levels of CD4+ PD-1+ cells, NKG2D, and CD56 expression on T CD56 cells, intensity of CD25 expression on CD4+ CD25hi+ cells and CD69 expression on intermediate monocytes; but lower levels of CD3+ CD56- CTLA-4+ cells, CD14++ CD16+ CTLA-4+ cells, CTLA-4 expression on T CD56 cells and lower levels of b-NGF, NT-3, and VEGF-D in plasma compared to non-CPR. Post treatment, CPR patients had significantly higher levels of CD19 expression on B cells, BCMA, 4-1BB, MCSF, and PARC and lower levels of MPIF-1 and Flt-3L in plasma compared to non-CPR. CONCLUSIONS Patients achieving CPR seem to have a distinctive peripheral blood immune status at diagnosis, even showing different immune response to treatment. These results reinforce the different biology behind CPR and non-CPR responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Laza‐Briviesca
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro‐Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA)Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro‐MajadahondaMadridSpain
- Doctoral SchoolUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Alberto Cruz‐Bermúdez
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro‐Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA)Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro‐MajadahondaMadridSpain
| | - Ernest Nadal
- Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet De LlobregatBarcelonaSpain
| | - Amelia Insa
- Fundación INCLIVAHospital Clínico Universitario de ValenciaValenciaSpain
| | | | | | - Manuel Dómine
- Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez DíazMadridSpain
| | | | | | - Alex Martínez‐Martí
- Hospital Universitario e Instituto de Oncología Vall d´Hebron (VHIO)BarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Manuel Cobo
- Hospital Universitario Regional de MálagaMálagaSpain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Santiago Viteri
- Instituto Oncológico Dr. Rosell, Hospital Universitario Quiron DexeusGrupo QuironSaludBarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Marta Casarrubios
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro‐Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA)Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro‐MajadahondaMadridSpain
- Doctoral SchoolUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Belén Sierra‐Rodero
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro‐Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA)Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro‐MajadahondaMadridSpain
- Doctoral SchoolUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Carlos Tarín
- Bioinformatics UnitInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro‐Segovia de AranaMadridSpain
| | - Aránzazu García‐Grande
- Flow Cytometry Core FacilityInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro‐Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA)MadridSpain
| | - Cara Haymaker
- Departments of Translational Molecular PathologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Ignacio I. Wistuba
- Departments of Translational Molecular PathologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Atocha Romero
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro‐Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA)Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro‐MajadahondaMadridSpain
| | - Fernando Franco
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro‐Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA)Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro‐MajadahondaMadridSpain
| | - Mariano Provencio
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro‐Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA)Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro‐MajadahondaMadridSpain
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Shaul ME, Zlotnik A, Tidhar E, Schwartz A, Arpinati L, Kaisar-Iluz N, Mahroum S, Mishalian I, Fridlender ZG. Tumor-Associated Neutrophils Drive B-cell Recruitment and Their Differentiation to Plasma Cells. Cancer Immunol Res 2021; 9:811-824. [PMID: 33906865 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A major mechanism through which neutrophils have been suggested to modulate tumor progression involves the interaction and subsequent modulation of other infiltrating immune cells. B cells have been found to infiltrate various cancer types and play a role in tumor immunity, offering new immunotherapy opportunities. Nevertheless, the specific impact of tumor-associated neutrophils (TAN) on B cells has largely been overlooked. In the current study, we aimed to characterize the role of TANs in the recruitment and modulation of B cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). We showed that TANs actively participate in the recruitment of B cells to the TME and identified TNFα as the major cytokine mediating B-cell chemotaxis by TANs. The recruitment of CD45+B220+CD138- splenic B cells by TANs in vitro resulted in B-cell phenotypic modulation, with 68.6% ± 2.1% of the total migrated B cells displaying a CD45-B220+CD138+ phenotype, which is typical for plasma cells. This phenotype mirrored the large proportion (54.0% ± 6.1%) of CD45-B220+CD138+ intratumoral B cells (i.e., plasma cells) in Lewis lung carcinoma tumors. We next confirmed that the differentiation of CD45+B220+CD138- B cells to functionally active CD45-B220+CD138+ plasma cells required contact with TANs, was independent of T cells, and resulted in IgG production. We further identified membranal B-cell activating factor (BAFF) on TANs as a potential contact mechanism mediating B-cell differentiation, as blocking BAFF-receptor (BAFF-R) significantly reduced IgG production by 20%. Our study, therefore, demonstrates that TANs drive the recruitment and modulation of B cells into plasma cells in the TME, hence opening new avenues in the targeting of the immune system in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merav E Shaul
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; and Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Asaf Zlotnik
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; and Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Einat Tidhar
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; and Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Asaf Schwartz
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; and Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ludovica Arpinati
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; and Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Naomi Kaisar-Iluz
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; and Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sojod Mahroum
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; and Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Inbal Mishalian
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; and Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Zvi G Fridlender
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; and Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
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MED15, transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), FcγRIII (CD16), and HNK-1 (CD57) are prognostic biomarkers of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8475. [PMID: 32439976 PMCID: PMC7242386 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65145-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to the high incidence and mortality of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), knowledge of its diagnostic and prognostic factors is of significant value. The biomarkers 'CD16, CD57, transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), and MED15' can play crucial roles in tumorigenesis, and hence might contribute to diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Since there was no previous study on MED15 in almost all cancers, and since the studies on diagnostic/prognostic values of the other three biomarkers were a few in OSCC (if any) and highly controversial, this study was conducted. Biomarker expressions in all OSCC tissues and their adjacent normal tissues available at the National Tumor Bank (n = 4 biomarkers × [48 cancers + 48 controls]) were estimated thrice using qRT-PCR. Diagnostic values of tumors were assessed using receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curves. Factors contributing to patients' survival over 10 years were assessed using multiple Cox regressions. ROC curves were used to estimate cut-off points for significant prognostic variables (α = 0.05). Areas under the curve pertaining to diagnostic values of all markers were non-significant (P > 0.15). Survival was associated positively with tumoral upregulation of TGF-β1 and downregulation of CD16, CD57, and MED15. It was also associated positively with younger ages, lower histological grades, milder Jacobson clinical TNM stages (and lower pathological Ns), smaller and thinner tumors, and surgery cases not treated with incisional biopsy (Cox regression, P < 0.05). The cut-off point for clinical stage -as the only variable with a significant area under the curve- was between the stages 2 and 3. Increased TGF-β1 and reduced CD16, CD57, and MED15 expressions in the tumor might independently favor the prognosis. Clinical TNM staging might be one of the most reliable prognostic factors, and stages above 2 can predict a considerably poorer prognosis.
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Remon J, Passiglia F, Ahn MJ, Barlesi F, Forde PM, Garon EB, Gettinger S, Goldberg SB, Herbst RS, Horn L, Kubota K, Lu S, Mezquita L, Paz-Ares L, Popat S, Schalper KA, Skoulidis F, Reck M, Adjei AA, Scagliotti GV. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Thoracic Malignancies: Review of the Existing Evidence by an IASLC Expert Panel and Recommendations. J Thorac Oncol 2020; 15:914-947. [PMID: 32179179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the past 10 years, a deeper understanding of the immune landscape of cancers, including immune evasion processes, has allowed the development of a new class of agents. The reactivation of host antitumor immune response offers the potential for long-term survival benefit in a portion of patients with thoracic malignancies. The advent of programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death ligand-1 immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), both as single agents and in combination with chemotherapy, and more recently, the combination of ICI, anti-programmed cell death protein 1, and anticytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 antibody, have led to breakthrough therapeutic advances for patients with advanced NSCLC, and to a lesser extent, patients with SCLC. Encouraging activity has recently emerged in pretreated patients with thymic carcinoma (TC). Conversely, in malignant pleural mesothelioma, pivotal positive signs of activity have not been fully confirmed in randomized trials. The additive effects of chemoradiation and immunotherapy suggested intriguing potential for therapeutic synergy with combination strategies. This has led to the introduction of ICI consolidation therapy in stage III NSCLC, creating a platform for future therapeutic developments in earlier-stage disease. Despite the definitive clinical benefit observed with ICI, primary and acquired resistance represent well-known biological phenomena, which may affect the therapeutic efficacy of these agents. The development of innovative strategies to overcome ICI resistance, standardization of new patterns of ICI progression, identification of predictive biomarkers of response, optimal treatment duration, and characterization of ICI efficacy in special populations, represent crucial issues to be adequately addressed, with the aim of improving the therapeutic benefit of ICI in patients with thoracic malignancies. In this article, an international panel of experts in the field of thoracic malignancies discussed these topics, evaluating currently available scientific evidence, with the final aim of providing clinical recommendations, which may guide oncologists in their current practice and elucidate future treatment strategies and research priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Remon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal (HM-CIOCC), Hospital HM Delfos, HM Hospitales, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesco Passiglia
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, AOU S. Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Myung-Ju Ahn
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Fabrice Barlesi
- Multidisciplinary Oncology and Therapeutic Innovations Department, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CRCM, APHM, Marseille, France
| | - Patrick M Forde
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Edward B Garon
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Translational Research in Oncology US Network, Los Angeles, California
| | - Scott Gettinger
- Department of Medicine (Section of Medical Oncology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Sarah B Goldberg
- Department of Medicine (Section of Medical Oncology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Roy S Herbst
- Department of Medicine (Section of Medical Oncology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Leora Horn
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kaoru Kubota
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shun Lu
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Laura Mezquita
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Luis Paz-Ares
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sanjay Popat
- Medical Oncology Department, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Medical Oncology Department, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kurt A Schalper
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine (Section of Medical Oncology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ferdinandos Skoulidis
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Martin Reck
- Lung Clinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center of Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Alex A Adjei
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Giorgio V Scagliotti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, AOU S. Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy.
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10
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Bald T, Pedde AM, Corvino D, Böttcher JP. The role of NK cell as central communicators in cancer immunity. Adv Immunol 2020; 147:61-88. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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11
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Montes P, Bernal M, Campo LN, González-Ramírez AR, Jiménez P, Garrido P, Jurado M, Garrido F, Ruiz-Cabello F, Hernández F. Tumor genetic alterations and features of the immune microenvironment drive myelodysplastic syndrome escape and progression. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 68:2015-2027. [PMID: 31705171 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-019-02420-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The transformation and progression of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) to secondary acute myeloid leukemia (sAML) involve genetic, epigenetic, and microenvironmental factors. Driver mutations have emerged as valuable markers for defining risk groups and as candidates for targeted treatment approaches in MDS. It is also evident that the risk of transformation to sAML is increased by evasion of adaptive immune surveillance. This study was designed to explore the immune microenvironment, immunogenic tumor-intrinsic mechanisms (HLA and PD-L1 expression), and tumor genetic features (somatic mutations and altered karyotypes) in MDS patients and to determine their influence on the progression of the disease. We detected major alterations of the immune microenvironment in MDS patients, with a reduced count of CD4+ T cells, a more frequent presence of markers related to T cell exhaustion, a more frequent presence of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and changes in the functional phenotype of NK cells. HLA Class I (HLA-I) expression was normally expressed in CD34+ blasts and during myeloid differentiation. Only two out of thirty-six patients with homozygosity for HLA-C groups acquired complete copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity in the HLA region. PD-L1 expression on the leukemic clone was also increased in MDS patients. Finally, no interplay was observed between the anti-tumor immune microenvironment and mutational genomic features. In summary, extrinsic and intrinsic immunological factors might severely impair immune surveillance and contribute to clonal immune escape. Genomic alterations appear to make an independent contribution to the clonal evolution and progression of MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Montes
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avda. Fuerzas Arnadas s/n, 18014, Granada, Spain
- Programa de doctorado en Biomedicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Mónica Bernal
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Laura N Campo
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avda. Fuerzas Arnadas s/n, 18014, Granada, Spain
| | - Amanda Rocío González-Ramírez
- Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- Fundación de Investigación, Biosanitaria Alejandro Otero, FIBAO, Granada, Spain
| | - Pilar Jiménez
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avda. Fuerzas Arnadas s/n, 18014, Granada, Spain
| | - Pilar Garrido
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Jurado
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Federico Garrido
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avda. Fuerzas Arnadas s/n, 18014, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- Departamento Bioquímica, Biología Molecular e Inmunología III, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Cabello
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avda. Fuerzas Arnadas s/n, 18014, Granada, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain.
- Departamento Bioquímica, Biología Molecular e Inmunología III, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - Francisca Hernández
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
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12
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Montes P, Kerick M, Bernal M, Hernández F, Jiménez P, Garrido P, Márquez A, Jurado M, Martin J, Garrido F, Ruiz-Cabello F. Genomic loss of HLA alleles may affect the clinical outcome in low-risk myelodysplastic syndrome patients. Oncotarget 2018; 9:36929-36944. [PMID: 30651926 PMCID: PMC6319343 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Revised International Prognostic Score and some somatic mutations in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) are independently associated with transformation to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Immunity has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of MDS, although the underlying mechanism remains unclear. We performed a SNP array on chromosome 6 in CD34+ purified blasts from 19 patients diagnosed with advanced MDS and 8 patients with other myeloid malignancies to evaluate the presence of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in HLA and its impact on disease progression. Three patients had acquired copy-neutral LOH (CN-LOH) on 6p arms, which may disrupt antigen presentation and act as a mechanism for immune system evasion. Interestingly, these patients had previously been classified at low risk of AML progression, and the poor outcome cannot be explained by the acquisition of adverse mutations. LOH HLA was not detected in the remaining 24 patients, who all had adverse risk factors. In summary, the clinical outcome of patients with advanced MDS might be influenced by HLA allelic loss, wich allows subclonal expansions to evade cytotoxic-T and NK cell attack. CN-LOH HLA may therefore be a factor favoring MDS progression to AML independently of the somatic tumor mutation load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Montes
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, UGC de Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Martin Kerick
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Mónica Bernal
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, UGC de Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisca Hernández
- UGC de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Pilar Jiménez
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, UGC de Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Pilar Garrido
- UGC de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Márquez
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Jurado
- UGC de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Martin
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Federico Garrido
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, UGC de Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain.,Departamento Bioquímica, Biología Molecular e Inmunología III, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Cabello
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, UGC de Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain.,Departamento Bioquímica, Biología Molecular e Inmunología III, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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13
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HLA class I alterations in breast carcinoma are associated with a high frequency of the loss of heterozygosity at chromosomes 6 and 15. Immunogenetics 2018; 70:647-659. [PMID: 30145665 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-018-1074-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
HLA class I (HLA-I) molecules play a crucial role in the presentation of tumor antigenic peptides to CD8+ T cells. Tumor HLA-I loss provides a route of immune escape from T cell-mediated killing. We analyzed HLA-I expression in 98 cryopreserved breast cancer tissues using a broad panel of anti-HLA-I antibodies. Genomic HLA-I typing was performed using DNA obtained from autologous normal breast tissue. Analysis of the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in the HLA-I region of chromosome 6 (LOH-6) and in the β2-microglobulin (B2M) region of chromosome 15 (LOH-15) was done by microsatellite amplification of DNA isolated from microdissected tumor areas. B2M gene sequencing was done using this DNA form HLA-I-negative tumors. Immunohistological analysis revealed various types of HLA-I alterations in 79 tumors (81%), including total HLA-I loss in 53 cases (54%) and partial loss in 16 samples (14%). In 19 cases (19%), HLA-I expression was positive. Using microsatellite analysis, we detected LOH in 36 cases out of 92 evaluated (39%), including 15 samples with only LOH-6, 14 with LOH-15, and seven tumors with LOH-6 and LOH-15 at the same time. Remarkably, we detected LOH-6 in eight tumors with positive HLA-I immunolabeling. We did not find any B2M mutations in HLA-I-negative breast tumors. In conclusion, LOH at chromosomes 6 and 15 has a high incidence in breast cancer and occurs in tumors with different HLA-I immunophenotypes. This common molecular mechanism of HLA-I alterations may reduce the ability of cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill tumor cells and negatively influence the clinical success of cancer immunotherapy.
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14
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Liu SS, Yang YZ, Jiang C, Quan Q, Xie QK, Wang XP, He WZ, Rong YM, Chen P, Yang Q, Yang L, Zhang B, Xia XJ, Kong PF, Xia LP. Comparison of immunological characteristics between paired mismatch repair-proficient and -deficient colorectal cancer patients. J Transl Med 2018; 16:195. [PMID: 30005666 PMCID: PMC6045865 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1570-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, mismatch repair-deficient (dMMR) status is a promising candidate for targeted immune checkpoint inhibition therapy in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, however, the potential immunological mechanism has not yet been well clarified and some other predictors need to be excavated as well. METHODS We collected 330 CRC patients by the match of mismatch repair-proficient (167) and dMMR (163), explored the relationship between MMR status and some important immune molecules including MHC class I, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD56, programmed death-1 and programmed death ligand-1, and investigated the risk factors for dMMR status as well as low MHC class I expression. The Pearson Chi square test was used for analyzing the associations between clinicopathological and immune characteristics and MMR status, and two categories logistic regression model was used for univariate and multivariate analysis to predict the odds ratio of risk factors for dMMR status and low MHC class I expression. RESULTS Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that low MHC class I and CD4 expression and high CD8 expression were significant risk factors for dMMR status [odds ratio (OR) = 24.66, 2.94 and 2.97, respectively; all p < 0.05] and dMMR status was the only risk factor for low MHC class I expression (OR = 15.34; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS High CD8 and low MHC class I expression suggests the contradiction and complexity of immune microenvironment in dMMR CRC patients. Some other immunocytes such as CD56+ cells might also participate in the process of immune checkpoint inhibition, whereas needs further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, No. 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Department of the VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Zhong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, No. 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, No. 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Department of the VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, No. 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Department of the VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian-Kun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, No. 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Department of the VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Pai Wang
- Department of Pathology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Zhuo He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, No. 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Department of the VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ming Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, No. 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Department of the VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, No. 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Department of the VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Yang
- Department of Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, 510000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, No. 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Department of the VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, No. 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Department of the VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, No. 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Fei Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, No. 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China. .,Department of the VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liang-Ping Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, No. 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China. .,Department of the VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Anichini A, Tassi E, Grazia G, Mortarini R. The non-small cell lung cancer immune landscape: emerging complexity, prognostic relevance and prospective significance in the context of immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:1011-1022. [PMID: 29516154 PMCID: PMC11028304 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), by immune checkpoint inhibitors, has profoundly improved the clinical management of advanced disease. However, only a fraction of patients respond and no effective predictive factors have been defined. Here, we discuss the prospects for identification of such predictors of response to immunotherapy, by fostering an in-depth analysis of the immune landscape of NSCLC. The emerging picture, from several recent studies, is that the immune contexture of NSCLC lesions is a complex and heterogeneous feature, as documented by analysis for frequency, phenotype and spatial distribution of innate and adaptive immune cells, and by characterization of functional status of inhibitory receptor+ T cells. The complexity of the immune landscape of NSCLC stems from the interaction of several factors, including tumor histology, molecular subtype, main oncogenic drivers, nonsynonymous mutational load, tumor aneuploidy, clonal heterogeneity and tumor evolution, as well as the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. All these factors contribute to shape NSCLC immune profiles that have clear prognostic significance. An integrated analysis of the immune and molecular profile of the neoplastic lesions may allow to define the potential predictive role of the immune landscape for response to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Anichini
- Department of Research, Human Tumors Immunobiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Elena Tassi
- Department of Research, Human Tumors Immunobiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Grazia
- Department of Research, Human Tumors Immunobiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Mortarini
- Department of Research, Human Tumors Immunobiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
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16
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Abstract
Objectives: To determine the factors closely correlated with the unhealthy psychological status of patients with lung cancer and to ascertain whether the unhealthy psychology adversely affects their quality-of-life (QOL). Methods: Patients newly diagnosed with lung cancer between May 2013 and December 2015 in the Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin 4th Centre Hospital, Tianjin, China were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Patients were asked to complete the Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) and Quality of Life Questionnaire (QLQ-C30) survey. From the responses, the correlation between the patient’s psychological status and QOL were analyzed with respect to several variables. Results: From the total of 258 patients subjected to the test, 168 belonged to the unhealthy psychology group and 90 to the healthy psychology group. Multiple regression analysis revealed that significant factors related to poor QOL among the 2 groups are gender (p=0.02), younger age (p=0.001), surgical history (p=0.04), employment status (p=0.03), and medical insurance (p=0.01) significantly predicted the severity of unhealthy psychology in lung cancer patients. A significantly negative correlation was noted between the points of SCL-90 and the general QOL in all included patients (p=0.03). Conclusion: Gender, younger age, surgical history, employment status, and medical insurance significantly predicted the severity of unhealthy psychology in lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin 4th Centre Hospital, Tianjin, China. E-mail.
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17
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Wang SS, Liu W, Ly D, Xu H, Qu L, Zhang L. Tumor-infiltrating B cells: their role and application in anti-tumor immunity in lung cancer. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 16:6-18. [PMID: 29628498 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-018-0027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence indicates that lung cancer development is a complex process that involves interactions between tumor cells, stromal fibroblasts, and immune cells. Tumor-infiltrating immune cells play a significant role in the promotion or inhibition of tumor growth. As an integral component of the tumor microenvironment, tumor-infiltrating B lymphocytes (TIBs) exist in all stages of cancer and play important roles in shaping tumor development. Here, we review recent clinical and preclinical studies that outline the role of TIBs in lung cancer development, assess their prognostic significance, and explore the potential benefit of B cell-based immunotherapy for lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Si Wang
- Department of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China. .,Department of Thoracic surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Dalam Ly
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.,Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China
| | - Limei Qu
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada. .,Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.
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18
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Kim HS, Lee JH, Nam SJ, Ock CY, Moon JW, Yoo CW, Lee GK, Han JY. Association of PD-L1 Expression with Tumor-Infiltrating Immune Cells and Mutation Burden in High-Grade Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Lung. J Thorac Oncol 2018; 13:636-648. [PMID: 29378266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The immune microenvironment of high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung, including programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, has not been well characterized. METHODS On the basis of immunohistochemistry (IHC) results, PD-L1 expression on tumor cells (TCs) and tumor-infiltrating immune cells (ICs) was scored as follows: TC0 and IC0 were defined as PD-L1 expression less than 1%, TC1 and IC1 as at least 1% but less than 10%, TC2 and IC2 as 10% or more but less than 50%, and TC3 and IC3 as 50% or more. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) IHC was scored as either lost or retained expression. The Ion AmpliSeq Comprehensive Cancer Panel (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) was used to identify mutations in all coding exons of 409 cancer-related genes. RESULTS A total of 192 patients with large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) (n = 72) and SCLC (n = 120) were studied. The prevalence of PD-L1 expression on TCs was 15.1% (29 of 192). IC infiltration and PD-L1 expression on ICs were observed in 34.4% of patients (66 of 192) and 31.3% of patients (60 of 192), respectively. The prevalence of IC infiltration and PD-L1 expression on IC were more strongly correlated with LCNEC than with SCLC (57.6% versus 23.3%, p < 0.01; 45.8% versus 22.5%, p < 0.01) and high nonsynonymous mutations (p = 0.05 and .04). PTEN loss was found in 9.5% of patients (18 of 189) and showed no correlation with PD-L1 expression. Progression-free survival was better in patients with IC infiltration than in those without IC infiltration (median 11.3 versus 6.8 months [p < 0.01]) and in patients with PD-L1 expression of IC1/2/3 than in those with expression of IC0 (median 11.3 versus 7.0 months [p = 0.03]). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway is activated in the microenvironment of pulmonary high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma and correlated with a higher mutation burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Sook Kim
- Division of Oncology/Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hyeon Lee
- Department of Pathology, Korea University Medical Center, Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jeong Nam
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Young Ock
- Theragen Etex Bio Institute, Suwon-si Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Woo Moon
- Theragen Etex Bio Institute, Suwon-si Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong Woo Yoo
- Center for Uterine Cancer, Department of Pathology, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon Kook Lee
- Center for Lung Cancer, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Youn Han
- Center for Lung Cancer, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Perea F, Sánchez-Palencia A, Gómez-Morales M, Bernal M, Concha Á, García MM, González-Ramírez AR, Kerick M, Martin J, Garrido F, Ruiz-Cabello F, Aptsiauri N. HLA class I loss and PD-L1 expression in lung cancer: impact on T-cell infiltration and immune escape. Oncotarget 2018; 9:4120-4133. [PMID: 29423109 PMCID: PMC5790526 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-checkpoint inhibitors show encouraging results in cancer treatment, but the clinical benefit is limited exclusively to a subset of patients. We analyzed the density and composition of tumor T-cell infiltration in non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) in relation to PD-L1 and HLA class I (HLA-I) expression. We found that positive HLA-I expression, independently on PD-L1 status, is the key factor determining the increased density of the immune infiltrate. When both markers were analyzed simultaneously, we identified four phenotypes of HLA-I and PD-L1 co-expression. They demonstrated different patterns of tumor infiltration and clinicopathologic characteristics, including the tumor size and lymphatic spread. All HLA-I+/PD-L1+ tumors had a high degree of intratumoral infiltration with CD8+T-lymphocytes, whereas HLA-I loss was associated with a significantly reduced number of tumor infiltrating T-lymphocytes mostly restrained in the stroma surrounding the tumor nest. HLA-I-negative/PD-L1-positive tumors had bigger size (T) and lower grade of infiltration with CD8+T-cells. It represents a cancer immune escape phenotype that combines two independent mechanisms of immune evasion: loss of HLA-I and upregulation of PD-L1. Using GCH-array analysis of human lung cancer cell lines we found that the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) with complete or partial deletion of HLA-I genes is the principal mechanism of HLA-I alterations. This irreversible defect, which could potentially decrease the clinical efficacy of lung cancer immunotherapy, appears to be underestimated. In conclusion, our results suggest that the analysis of HLA-I is very important for the selection of potential responders to cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Perea
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, UGC Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Abel Sánchez-Palencia
- Servicio de Cirugía Torácica, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Mónica Bernal
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, UGC Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Ángel Concha
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica y Biobanco, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario, La Coruña, Spain
| | - Míguela Méndez García
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, UGC Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Amanda Rocío González-Ramírez
- Fundación de Investigación Biosanitaria Alejandro Otero, FIBAO, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Martin Kerick
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Martin
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Federico Garrido
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, UGC Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular e Inmunología III, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Cabello
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, UGC Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular e Inmunología III, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Natalia Aptsiauri
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, UGC Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular e Inmunología III, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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20
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Koch J, Tesar M. Recombinant Antibodies to Arm Cytotoxic Lymphocytes in Cancer Immunotherapy. Transfus Med Hemother 2017; 44:337-350. [PMID: 29070979 PMCID: PMC5649249 DOI: 10.1159/000479981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has the potential to support and expand the body's own armamentarium of immune effector functions, which have been circumvented during malignant transformation and establishment of cancer and is presently considered to be the most promising treatment option for cancer patients. Recombinant antibody technologies have led to a multitude of novel antibody formats, which are in clinical development and hold great promise for future therapies. Among these formats, bispecific antibodies are extremely versatile due to their high efficacy to recruit and activate anti-tumoral immune effector cells, their excellent safety profile, and the opportunity for use in combination with cellular therapies. This review article summarizes the latest developments in cancer immunotherapy using immuno-engagers for recruiting T cells and NK cells to the tumor site. In addition to antibody formats, malignant cell targets, and immune cell targets, opportunities for combination therapies, including check point inhibitors, cytokines and adoptive transfer of immune cells, will be summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Koch
- Affimed GmbH, Technologiepark, Heidelberg, Germany
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21
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Immune selection during tumor checkpoint inhibition therapy paves way for NK-cell "missing self" recognition. Immunogenetics 2017; 69:547-556. [PMID: 28699110 PMCID: PMC5537320 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-017-1011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability of NK cells to specifically recognize cells lacking expression of self-MHC class I molecules was discovered over 30 years ago. It provided the foundation for the "missing self" hypothesis. Research in the two past decades has contributed to a detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms that determine the specificity and strength of NK cell-mediated "missing self" responses to tumor cells. However, in light of the recent remarkable breakthroughs in clinical cancer immunotherapy, the cytolytic potential of NK cells still remains largely untapped in clinical settings. There is abundant evidence demonstrating partial or complete loss of HLA class I expression in a wide spectrum of human tumor types. Such loss may result from immune selection of escape variants by tumor-specific CD8 T cells and has more recently also been linked to acquired resistance to checkpoint inhibition therapy. In the present review, we discuss the early predictions of the "missing self" hypothesis, its molecular basis and outline the potential for NK cell-based adoptive immunotherapy to convert checkpoint inhibitor therapy-resistant patients into clinical responders.
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22
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The Multifaceted Roles of B Cells in Solid Tumors: Emerging Treatment Opportunities. Target Oncol 2017; 12:139-152. [DOI: 10.1007/s11523-017-0481-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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23
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Garrido F, Perea F, Bernal M, Sánchez-Palencia A, Aptsiauri N, Ruiz-Cabello F. The Escape of Cancer from T Cell-Mediated Immune Surveillance: HLA Class I Loss and Tumor Tissue Architecture. Vaccines (Basel) 2017; 5:vaccines5010007. [PMID: 28264447 PMCID: PMC5371743 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines5010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor immune escape is associated with the loss of tumor HLA class I (HLA-I) expression commonly found in malignant cells. Accumulating evidence suggests that the efficacy of immunotherapy depends on the expression levels of HLA class I molecules on tumors cells. It also depends on the molecular mechanism underlying the loss of HLA expression, which could be reversible/“soft” or irreversible/“hard” due to genetic alterations in HLA, β2-microglobulin or IFN genes. Immune selection of HLA-I negative tumor cells harboring structural/irreversible alterations has been demonstrated after immunotherapy in cancer patients and in experimental cancer models. Here, we summarize recent findings indicating that tumor HLA-I loss also correlates with a reduced intra-tumor T cell infiltration and with a specific reorganization of tumor tissue. T cell immune selection of HLA-I negative tumors results in a clear separation between the stroma and the tumor parenchyma with leucocytes, macrophages and other mononuclear cells restrained outside the tumor mass. Better understanding of the structural and functional changes taking place in the tumor microenvironment may help to overcome cancer immune escape and improve the efficacy of different immunotherapeutic strategies. We also underline the urgent need for designing strategies to enhance tumor HLA class I expression that could improve tumor rejection by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Garrido
- Servicio de Analisis Clinicos e Inmunologia, UGC Laboratorio Clinico, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada 18014, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigacion Biosanitaria ibs.Granda, Granada 18014, Spain.
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Biologia Molecular e Inmunologia III, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18071, Spain.
| | - Francisco Perea
- Servicio de Analisis Clinicos e Inmunologia, UGC Laboratorio Clinico, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada 18014, Spain.
| | - Mónica Bernal
- Servicio de Analisis Clinicos e Inmunologia, UGC Laboratorio Clinico, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada 18014, Spain.
| | - Abel Sánchez-Palencia
- Unidad de Cirugía Torácica, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada 18014, Spain.
| | - Natalia Aptsiauri
- Instituto de Investigacion Biosanitaria ibs.Granda, Granada 18014, Spain.
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Biologia Molecular e Inmunologia III, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18071, Spain.
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Cabello
- Servicio de Analisis Clinicos e Inmunologia, UGC Laboratorio Clinico, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada 18014, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigacion Biosanitaria ibs.Granda, Granada 18014, Spain.
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Biologia Molecular e Inmunologia III, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18071, Spain.
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24
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T cell receptor repertoire usage in cancer as a surrogate marker for immune responses. Semin Immunopathol 2017; 39:255-268. [PMID: 28074285 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0614-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Characterizing the interaction of cancer cells with the host adaptive immune system is critical for understanding tumor immunology and the modus operandi of immunotherapeutic interventions to treat cancer. As the key cellular effectors of adaptive immunity, T cells are endowed with specialized receptors (the T cell receptor; TCR), to recognize and to eliminate cancer cells. The diversity of the TCR repertoire results from specialized genetic diversification mechanisms that generate an incredible variability allowing recognizing extensive collections of antigens. Based on the attainment and function of the TCR, the TCR repertoire is a mirror of the human immune response, and the dynamic changes of its usage can be assumed as a promising biomarker to monitor immunomodulatory therapies. Recent advances in multiplexed PCR amplification and massive parallel sequencing technologies have facilitated the characterization of TCR repertoires at high resolution even when only biomaterial of limited quantity and quality, such as formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) archived tissues, is available. Here, we review the concept framework and current experimental approaches to characterize the TCR repertoire usage in cancer including inherent technical and biological challenges.
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25
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Perea F, Bernal M, Sánchez-Palencia A, Carretero J, Torres C, Bayarri C, Gómez-Morales M, Garrido F, Ruiz-Cabello F. The absence of HLA class I expression in non-small cell lung cancer correlates with the tumor tissue structure and the pattern of T cell infiltration. Int J Cancer 2016; 140:888-899. [PMID: 27785783 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We wanted to analyze whether tumor HLA class I (HLA-I) expression influences the pattern of the immune cell infiltration and stromal cell reaction in the tumor microenvironment. Tumor tissues obtained from 57 patients diagnosed with lung carcinomas were analyzed for HLA expression and leukocyte infiltration. 28 patients out of the 57 were completely negative for HLA-I expression (49.1%) or showed a selective HLA-A locus downregulation (three patients, 5.2%). In 26 out of 57 tumors (47.8%) we detected a positive HLA-I expression but with a percentage of HLA-I negative cells between 10 and 25%. The HLA-I negative phenotype was produced by a combination of HLA haplotype loss and a transcriptional downregulation of β2-microglobulin (β2-m) and LMP2 and LMP7 antigen presentation machinery genes. The analysis and localization of different immune cell populations revealed the presence of two major and reproducible patterns. One pattern, which we designated "immune-permissive tumor microenvironment (TME)," was characterized by positive tumor HLA-I expression, intratumoral infiltration with cytotoxic T-CD8+ cells, M1-inflammatory type macrophages, and a diffuse pattern of FAP+ cancer-associated fibroblasts. In contrast, another pattern defined as "non-immune-permissive TME" was found in HLA-I negative tumors with strong stromal-matrix interaction, T-CD8+ cells surrounding tumor nests, a dense layer of FAP+ fibroblasts and M2/repair-type macrophages. In conclusion, this study revealed marked differences between HLA class I-positive and negative tumors related to tissue structure, the composition of leukocyte infiltration and stromal response in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Perea
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, UGC Laboratorio Clínico; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Mónica Bernal
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, UGC Laboratorio Clínico; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Abel Sánchez-Palencia
- Servicio de Cirugía Torácica, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Carretero
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, UGC Laboratorio Clínico; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Torres
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, UGC Laboratorio Clínico; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Clara Bayarri
- Servicio de Cirugía Torácica, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Federico Garrido
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, UGC Laboratorio Clínico; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular e Inmunología III, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Cabello
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, UGC Laboratorio Clínico; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular e Inmunología III, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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