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Pawlak JB, Blobe GC. TGF-β superfamily co-receptors in cancer. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:137-163. [PMID: 33797167 PMCID: PMC8484463 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily signaling via their cognate receptors is frequently modified by TGF-β superfamily co-receptors. Signaling through SMAD-mediated pathways may be enhanced or depressed depending on the specific co-receptor and cell context. This dynamic effect on signaling is further modified by the release of many of the co-receptors from the membrane to generate soluble forms that are often antagonistic to the membrane-bound receptors. The co-receptors discussed here include TβRIII (betaglycan), endoglin, BAMBI, CD109, SCUBE proteins, neuropilins, Cripto-1, MuSK, and RGMs. Dysregulation of these co-receptors can lead to altered TGF-β superfamily signaling that contributes to the pathophysiology of many cancers through regulation of growth, metastatic potential, and the tumor microenvironment. Here we describe the role of several TGF-β superfamily co-receptors on TGF-β superfamily signaling and the impact on cellular and physiological functions with a particular focus on cancer, including a discussion on recent pharmacological advances and potential clinical applications targeting these co-receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerard C. Blobe
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center,Corresponding author: Gerard Blobe, B354 LSRC, Box 91004 DUMC, Durham, NC 27708, , 919-668-1352
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Li W, Lückstädt W, Wöhner B, Bub S, Schulz A, Socher E, Arnold P. Structural and functional properties of meprin β metalloproteinase with regard to cell signaling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1869:119136. [PMID: 34626678 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The metalloproteinase meprin β plays an important role during collagen I deposition in the skin, mucus detachment in the small intestine and also regulates the abundance of different cell surface proteins such as the interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R), the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), the cluster of differentiation 99 (CD99), the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the cluster of differentiation 109 (CD109). With that, regulatory mechanisms that control meprin β activity and regulate its release from the cell surface to enable access to distant substrates are increasingly important. Here, we will summarize factors that alternate meprin β activity and thereby regulate its proteolytic activity on the cell surface or in the supernatant. We will also discuss cleavage of the IL-6R and TREM2 on the cell surface and compare it to CD109. CD109, as a substrate of meprin β, is cleaved within the protein core, thereby releasing defined fragments from the cell surface. At last, we will also summarize the role of proteases in general and meprin β in particular in substrate release on extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Li
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Lückstädt
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), Kiel, Germany
| | - Birte Wöhner
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), Kiel, Germany
| | - Simon Bub
- Department of Molecular-Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Antonia Schulz
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), Kiel, Germany
| | - Eileen Socher
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philipp Arnold
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
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Arias-Pinilla GA, Modjtahedi H. Therapeutic Application of Monoclonal Antibodies in Pancreatic Cancer: Advances, Challenges and Future Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081781. [PMID: 33917882 PMCID: PMC8068268 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains as one of the most aggressive cancer types. In the absence of reliable biomarkers for its early detection and more effective therapeutic interventions, pancreatic cancer is projected to become the second leading cause of cancer death in the Western world in the next decade. Therefore, it is essential to discover novel therapeutic targets and to develop more effective and pancreatic cancer-specific therapeutic agents. To date, 45 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been approved for the treatment of patients with a wide range of cancers; however, none has yet been approved for pancreatic cancer. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the FDA approved anticancer mAb-based drugs, the results of preclinical studies and clinical trials with mAbs in pancreatic cancer and the factors contributing to the poor response to antibody therapy (e.g. tumour heterogeneity, desmoplastic stroma). MAb technology is an excellent tool for studying the complex biology of pancreatic cancer, to discover novel therapeutic targets and to develop various forms of antibody-based therapeutic agents and companion diagnostic tests for the selection of patients who are more likely to benefit from such therapy. These should result in the approval and routine use of antibody-based agents for the treatment of pancreatic cancer patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A. Arias-Pinilla
- Department of Oncology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK;
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Helmout Modjtahedi
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-02084-172240
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Koh HM, Lee HJ, Kim DC. Usefulness of CD109 expression as a prognostic biomarker in patients with cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e25006. [PMID: 33725975 PMCID: PMC7982172 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000025006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been revealed that CD109 expression is associated with prognosis in cancer patients, but it remains unclear thus far. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis in the present study for a better assessment of the prognostic role of CD109 expression in cancer patients. METHODS Eligible studies were collected through a search of the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases. The pooled hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was evaluated to reveal the association between CD109 expression and overall survival (OS) in cancer patients. RESULTS Seven studies with 1583 patients were enrolled. The pooled HR with 95% CI was calculated as 2.31 (95% CI 1.93-2.76, P < .001), suggesting an association between high expression of CD109 and unfavorable OS in cancer patients. CONCLUSION This analysis indicated that CD109 expression could be used as a prognostic biomarker in cancer patients. This is the first meta-analysis to report the relationship between CD109 expression and prognosis in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Min Koh
- Department of Pathology, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon
| | - Hyun Ju Lee
- Department of Pathology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine
- Department of Pathology, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan
| | - Dong Chul Kim
- Department of Pathology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine
- Department of Pathology, Gyeongsang National University Hospital
- Gyeongsang Institute of Health Science, Jinju, Republic of Korea
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5
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Lückstädt W, Bub S, Koudelka T, Pavlenko E, Peters F, Somasundaram P, Becker-Pauly C, Lucius R, Zunke F, Arnold P. Cell Surface Processing of CD109 by Meprin β Leads to the Release of Soluble Fragments and Reduced Expression on Extracellular Vesicles. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:622390. [PMID: 33738281 PMCID: PMC7960916 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.622390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 109 (CD109) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein expressed on primitive hematopoietic stem cells, activated platelets, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and keratinocytes. In recent years, CD109 was also associated with different tumor entities and identified as a possible future diagnostic marker linked to reduced patient survival. Also, different cell signaling pathways were proposed as targets for CD109 interference including the TGFβ, JAK-STAT3, YAP/TAZ, and EGFR/AKT/mTOR pathways. Here, we identify the metalloproteinase meprin β to cleave CD109 at the cell surface and thereby induce the release of cleavage fragments of different size. Major cleavage was identified within the bait region of CD109 residing in the middle of the protein. To identify the structural localization of the bait region, homology modeling and single-particle analysis were applied, resulting in a molecular model of membrane-associated CD109, which allows for the localization of the newly identified cleavage sites for meprin β and the previously published cleavage sites for the metalloproteinase bone morphogenetic protein-1 (BMP-1). Full-length CD109 localized on extracellular vesicles (EVs) was also identified as a release mechanism, and we can show that proteolytic cleavage of CD109 at the cell surface reduces the amount of CD109 sorted to EVs. In summary, we identified meprin β as the first membrane-bound protease to cleave CD109 within the bait region, provide a first structural model for CD109, and show that cell surface proteolysis correlates negatively with CD109 released on EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Lückstädt
- Anatomical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Simon Bub
- Anatomical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tomas Koudelka
- Systematic Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Egor Pavlenko
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Florian Peters
- Lab for Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Prasath Somasundaram
- Systematic Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Ralph Lucius
- Anatomical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Friederike Zunke
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philipp Arnold
- Anatomical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Hagiwara S, Sasaki E, Hasegawa Y, Suzuki H, Nishikawa D, Beppu S, Terada H, Sawabe M, Takahashi M, Hanai N. Serum CD109 levels reflect the node metastasis status in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Med 2021; 10:1335-1346. [PMID: 33565282 PMCID: PMC7926025 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Various biomarkers are being developed for the early diagnosis of cancer and for predicting its prognosis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic significance of serum CD109 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Methods The serum CD109 levels in a total of 112 serum samples collected before and after surgery from 56 HNSCC patients were analyzed with an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The clinical factor that showed a statistically significant association with both the preoperative serum CD109 level, and the CD109 index: which was defined as the ratio of the preoperative serum CD109 level to the postoperative serum CD109 level, were assessed. The correlations between the serum CD109 levels and lymph node density (LND), pathological features such as lymphatic invasion, and serum SCC antigen levels were also assessed. Results The ELISA measurement revealed that preoperative serum CD109 levels were elevated in patients with node metastasis‐positive and stage IV disease, in comparison to those with node metastasis‐negative and Stage I+II+III disease, respectively. A multiple regression analysis indicated that serum CD109 level was significantly associated with the node metastasis status. A Spearman's rank correlation analysis also revealed a positive correlation between the preoperative serum CD109 level and LND. Furthermore, the probabilities of the overall and relapse‐free survival were significantly lower in patients with a preoperative serum CD109 level of ≥38.0 ng/ml and a CD109 index of ≥1.6, respectively, than in others. There was no significant correlation between the serum CD109 and SCC antigen levels. Conclusions The serum CD109 levels were elevated in patients with advanced stage disease, reflecting the node metastasis status. CD109 in sera could be a novel prognostic marker for HNSCC involving lymph node metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumitaka Hagiwara
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Eiichi Sasaki
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Hasegawa
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery - Otolaryngology, Asahi University Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hidenori Suzuki
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nishikawa
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shintaro Beppu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hoshino Terada
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Michi Sawabe
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahide Takahashi
- International Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Hanai
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
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A parsimonious 3-gene signature predicts clinical outcomes in an acute myeloid leukemia multicohort study. Blood Adv 2020; 3:1330-1346. [PMID: 31015209 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018030726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a genetically heterogeneous hematological malignancy with variable responses to chemotherapy. Although recurring cytogenetic abnormalities and gene mutations are important predictors of outcome, 50% to 70% of AMLs harbor normal or risk-indeterminate karyotypes. Therefore, identifying more effective biomarkers predictive of treatment success and failure is essential for informing tailored therapeutic decisions. We applied an artificial neural network (ANN)-based machine learning approach to a publicly available data set for a discovery cohort of 593 adults with nonpromyelocytic AML. ANN analysis identified a parsimonious 3-gene expression signature comprising CALCRL, CD109, and LSP1, which was predictive of event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS). We computed a prognostic index (PI) using normalized gene-expression levels and β-values from subsequently created Cox proportional hazards models, coupled with clinically established prognosticators. Our 3-gene PI separated the adult patients in each European LeukemiaNet cytogenetic risk category into subgroups with different survival probabilities and identified patients with very high-risk features, such as those with a high PI and either FLT3 internal tandem duplication or nonmutated nucleophosmin 1. The PI remained significantly associated with poor EFS and OS after adjusting for established prognosticators, and its ability to stratify survival was validated in 3 independent adult cohorts (n = 905 subjects) and 1 cohort of childhood AML (n = 145 subjects). Further in silico analyses established that AML was the only tumor type among 39 distinct malignancies for which the concomitant upregulation of CALCRL, CD109, and LSP1 predicted survival. Therefore, our ANN-derived 3-gene signature refines the accuracy of patient stratification and the potential to significantly improve outcome prediction.
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Hatsuzawa Y, Yamaguchi K, Takanashi T, Sato I, Tamai K, Mochizuki M, Iwai W, Wakui Y, Abue M, Yamamoto K, Yasuda J, Mizuma M, Unno M, Sugamura K. CD109 promotes the tumorigenic ability and metastatic motility of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells. Pancreatology 2020; 20:493-500. [PMID: 32007357 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence indicates that CD109, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored glycoprotein, is highly expressed in human epithelial carcinomas of multiple organs including the pancreas, but its functional role in carcinoma development has not yet been fully clarified. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of CD109 in the malignancy of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). METHODS PDAC specimens of 145 cases were immunostained for CD109, and correlations between CD109 expression and clinicopathological conditions were analyzed. CD109 expression in PANC-1 cells, a PDAC-derived cell line, was decreased by siRNA or shRNA and its effect on the malignancy of PANC-1 cells was examined. RESULTS Suppression of CD109 expression in PANC-1 cells resulted in reduction of in vitro cell motility and tumorigenicity in xenografts. Based on these results, we investigated the relationship between CD109 expression and metastasis of PDAC using tumor tissue specimens. Among 106 recurrent cases of 145 PDAC, there was a tendency for CD109-positive cases to be accompanied by distant metastasis. CONCLUSIONS CD109 plays a critical role in the promotion of tumorigenic ability and cellular motility relating to metastasis of PDAC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuri Hatsuzawa
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, 9811293, Japan; Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 9808575, Japan
| | - Kazunori Yamaguchi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, 9811293, Japan; Department of Cancer Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 9808575, Japan.
| | - Tomoka Takanashi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, 9811293, Japan
| | - Ikuro Sato
- Department of Cancer Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 9808575, Japan; Division of Pathology, Miyagi Cancer Center, Natori, 9811293, Japan
| | - Keiichi Tamai
- Department of Cancer Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 9808575, Japan; Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, 9811293, Japan
| | - Mai Mochizuki
- Department of Cancer Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 9808575, Japan; Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, 9811293, Japan
| | - Wataru Iwai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Miyagi Cancer Center, Natori, 9811293, Japan
| | - Yuta Wakui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Miyagi Cancer Center, Natori, 9811293, Japan
| | - Makoto Abue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Miyagi Cancer Center, Natori, 9811293, Japan
| | - Kuniharu Yamamoto
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, 9838536, Japan
| | - Jun Yasuda
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, 9811293, Japan
| | - Masamichi Mizuma
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 9808575, Japan
| | - Michiaki Unno
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 9808575, Japan
| | - Kazuo Sugamura
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, 9811293, Japan
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Arias-Pinilla GA, Dalgleish AG, Mudan S, Bagwan I, Walker AJ, Modjtahedi H. Development and application of two novel monoclonal antibodies against overexpressed CD26 and integrin α3 in human pancreatic cancer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:537. [PMID: 31953437 PMCID: PMC6969035 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57287-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) technology is an excellent tool for the discovery of overexpressed cell surface tumour antigens and the development of targeting agents. Here, we report the development of two novel mAbs against CFPAC-1 human pancreatic cancer cells. Using ELISA, flow cytometry, immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, Western blot and immunohistochemistry, we found that the target antigens recognised by the two novel mAbs KU44.22B and KU44.13A, are integrin α3 and CD26 respectively, with high levels of expression in human pancreatic and other cancer cell lines and human pancreatic cancer tissue microarrays. Treatment with naked anti-CD26 mAb KU44.13A did not have any effect on the growth and migration of cancer cells nor did it induce receptor downregulation. In contrast, treatment with anti-integrin α3 mAb KU44.22B inhibited growth in vitro of Capan-2 cells, increased migration of BxPC-3 and CFPAC-1 cells and induced antibody internalisation. Both novel mAbs are capable of detecting their target antigens by immunohistochemistry but not by Western blot. These antibodies are excellent tools for studying the role of integrin α3 and CD26 in the complex biology of pancreatic cancer, their prognostic and predictive values and the therapeutic potential of their humanised and/or conjugated versions in patients whose tumours overexpress integrin α3 or CD26.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A Arias-Pinilla
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey, UK
| | - Angus G Dalgleish
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Satvinder Mudan
- Department of Surgery, Imperial College London and The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - Izhar Bagwan
- Department of Histopathology, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, UK
| | - Anthony J Walker
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey, UK
| | - Helmout Modjtahedi
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey, UK.
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Mii S, Enomoto A, Shiraki Y, Taki T, Murakumo Y, Takahashi M. CD109: a multifunctional GPI‐anchored protein with key roles in tumor progression and physiological homeostasis. Pathol Int 2019; 69:249-259. [DOI: 10.1111/pin.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Mii
- Department of PathologyNagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan
| | - Atsushi Enomoto
- Department of PathologyNagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan
| | - Yukihiro Shiraki
- Department of PathologyNagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Center for Neurological Disease and CancerNagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan
| | - Tetsuro Taki
- Department of PathologyNagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan
| | - Yoshiki Murakumo
- Department of PathologyKitasato University School of Medicine Sagamihara Japan
| | - Masahide Takahashi
- Department of PathologyNagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Center for Neurological Disease and CancerNagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan
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