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Wang HJ, Ma L, Yu Q. Cited2 inhibited hypoxia-induced proliferation and migration of PASMCs via the TGF-β1/Cited2/PPARγ pathway. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2024; 27:509-517. [PMID: 38419888 PMCID: PMC10897560 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2023.74455.16178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Proliferation and migration of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) contribute to hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (HPH). The transcription factor Cbp/p300-interacting transactivator with Glu/Asp-rich carboxy-terminal domain 2 (Cited2) has been implicated in the control of tumor cells and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) and cardiomyocyte growth or migration. Whether Cited2 is involved in the proliferation and migration of PASMCs and the underlying mechanisms deserve to be explored. Materials and Methods Cited2 expression was detected in rat PASMCs under hypoxia conditions and HPH rat models. The effect of Cited2 on the proliferation and migration of PASMC was detected by overexpression or knockdown of the Cited2 gene. After PAMSCs were treated with recombinant TGF-β1 and the lentivirus vector overexpressing Cited2, expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) was examined by western blotting. Results We revealed that hypoxia down-regulated the expression of Cited2 in PASMCs and rat pulmonary arteries. Cited2 overexpression inhibited the proliferation and migration of PASMCs under hypoxia, while Cited2 knockdown induced the proliferation and migration of PASMCs. Cited2 inhibits the negative regulation of the TGF-β1 pathway on PPARγ to inhibit the proliferation and migration of PASMCs. Conclusion These findings suggest that increased Cited2 expression contributes to the inhibition of PASMCs proliferation and migration by regulating TGF-β1-mediated target gene expression in HPH and provides a new target for molecular therapy of HPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Juan Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Lan Ma
- Department of Plateau Medical Center, Qinghai University, Xining 810000, Qinghai, China
| | - Qin Yu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
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Guerra P, Martini A, Pontisso P, Angeli P. Novel Molecular Targets for Immune Surveillance of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3629. [PMID: 37509293 PMCID: PMC10377787 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15143629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common and aggressive cancer with a high mortality rate. The incidence of HCC is increasing worldwide, and the lack of effective screening programs often results in delayed diagnosis, making it a challenging disease to manage. Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising treatment option for different kinds of cancers, with the potential to stimulate the immune system to target cancer cells. However, the current immunotherapeutic approaches for HCC have shown limited efficacy. Since HCC arises within a complex tumour microenvironment (TME) characterized by the presence of various immune and stromal cell types, the understanding of this interaction is crucial for the identification of effective therapy. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of the TME of HCC and the immune cells involved in anti-tumour responses, including the identification of new possible targets for immunotherapy. We illustrate a possible classification of HCC based on the tumour immune infiltration and give evidence about the role of SerpinB3, a serine protease inhibitor involved in the regulation of the immune response in different cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Guerra
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology (UIMH), Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Martini
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology (UIMH), Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Patrizia Pontisso
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology (UIMH), Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Angeli
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology (UIMH), Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy
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Bechmann N, Westermann F, Eisenhofer G. HIF and MYC signaling in adrenal neoplasms of the neural crest: implications for pediatrics. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1022192. [PMID: 37361539 PMCID: PMC10286580 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1022192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric neural crest-derived adrenal neoplasms include neuroblastoma and pheochromocytoma. Both entities are associated with a high degree of clinical heterogeneity, varying from spontaneous regression to malignant disease with poor outcome. Increased expression and stabilization of HIF2α appears to contribute to a more aggressive and undifferentiated phenotype in both adrenal neoplasms, whereas MYCN amplification is a valuable prognostic marker in neuroblastoma. The present review focuses on HIF- and MYC signaling in both neoplasms and discusses the interaction of associated pathways during neural crest and adrenal development as well as potential consequences on tumorigenesis. Emerging single-cell methods together with epigenetic and transcriptomic analyses provide further insights into the importance of a tight regulation of HIF and MYC signaling pathways during adrenal development and tumorigenesis. In this context, increased attention to HIF-MYC/MAX interactions may also provide new therapeutic options for these pediatric adrenal neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bechmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Westermann
- Hopp Children’s Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Neuroblastoma Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Graeme Eisenhofer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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4
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Cannito S, Dianzani U, Parola M, Albano E, Sutti S. Inflammatory processes involved in NASH-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Biosci Rep 2023; 43:BSR20221271. [PMID: 36691794 PMCID: PMC9874450 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20221271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. In the recent years nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming a growing cause of HCCs and the incidence of NAFLD-related HCCs is expected to further dramatically increase by the next decade. Chronic inflammation is regarded as the driving force of NAFLD progression and a key factor in hepatic carcinogenesis. Hepatic inflammation in NAFLD results from the persistent stimulation of innate immunity in response to hepatocellular injury and gut dysbiosis as well as by the activation of adaptive immunity. However, the relative roles of innate and adaptive immunity in the processes leading to HCC are still incompletely characterized. This is due to the complex interplay between different liver cell populations, which is also strongly influenced by gut-derived bacterial products, metabolic/nutritional signals. Furthermore, carcinogenic mechanisms in NAFLD/NASH appear to involve the activation of signals mediated by hypoxia inducible factors. This review discusses recent data regarding the contribution of different inflammatory cells to NAFLD-related HCC and their possible impact on patient response to current treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Cannito
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Umberto Dianzani
- Department of Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Autoimmune Diseases, University of East Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Maurizio Parola
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Emanuele Albano
- Department of Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Autoimmune Diseases, University of East Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Salvatore Sutti
- Department of Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Autoimmune Diseases, University of East Piedmont, Novara, Italy
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5
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Yang Y, Chen W, Mai W, Gao Y. HIF-2α regulates proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via VEGF/Notch1 signaling axis after insufficient radiofrequency ablation. Front Oncol 2022; 12:998295. [PMID: 36212390 PMCID: PMC9539942 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.998295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Although insufficient radiofrequency ablation (RFA) promotes the recurrence and metastasis of liver cancer, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role and mechanism of HIF-2α in hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HCCs) after Insufficient RFA. Methods We established a model of insufficient RFA in MHCC97H hepatoma cells and screened for stable sublines. We inhibited HIF-2α expression in the Insufficient RFA group using PT2385 and assessed the resulting changes in proliferation and biological function of HCCs. Cell viability and proliferation were detected by the MTT method, and scratch and Transwell chamber invasion tests detected migration and invasion abilities of HCCs. The mRNA and protein expression levels of VEGF, HIF-2α, and Notch1 were detected using qPCR, immunofluorescence, and western blotting. Results Compared with normal HCCs without RFA treatment, insufficient RFA enhanced the proliferation and invasion abilities of hepatocellular carcinoma subline MHCC97H (P < 0.001), as well as their migration ability (P = 0.046). The HIF-2α-specific inhibitor PT2385 downregulated the migration (P = 0.009) and invasion (P < 0.001) of MHCC97H cells but did not affect cell proliferation (P > 0.05). Insufficient ablation increased the mRNA and protein expression of VEGF, HIF-2α, and Notch1 in HCCs, whereas inhibition of HIF-2α reversed these changes. Conclusions Insufficient RFA increases the proliferation, migration, and invasion of HCCs via the HIF-2α/VEGF/Notch1 signaling axis; HIF-2α is a potential target for novel treatments of HCC after insufficient RFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongguang Yang
- Second Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangdong Provincial, Research Center for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Transformation Center for Artificial Liver, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Weifeng Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Weiheng Mai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yi Gao
- Second Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangdong Provincial, Research Center for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Transformation Center for Artificial Liver, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yi Gao,
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6
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Foglia B, Sutti S, Cannito S, Rosso C, Maggiora M, Autelli R, Novo E, Bocca C, Villano G, Ramavath NN, Younes R, Tusa I, Rovida E, Pontisso P, Bugianesi E, Albano E, Parola M. Hepatocyte-Specific Deletion of HIF2α Prevents NASH-Related Liver Carcinogenesis by Decreasing Cancer Cell Proliferation. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 13:459-482. [PMID: 34655812 PMCID: PMC8688724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are involved in chronic liver disease progression. We previously showed that hepatocyte HIF-2α activation contributed significantly to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease progression in experimental animals and human patients. In this study, using an appropriate genetic murine model, we mechanistically investigated the involvement of hepatocyte HIF-2α in experimental nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-related carcinogenesis. METHODS The role of HIF-2α was investigated by morphologic, cellular, and molecular biology approaches in the following: (1) mice carrying hepatocyte-specific deletion of HIF-2α (HIF-2α-/- mice) undergoing a NASH-related protocol of hepatocarcinogenesis; (2) HepG2 cells stably transfected to overexpress HIF-2α; and (3) liver specimens from NASH patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. RESULTS Mice carrying hepatocyte-specific deletion of HIF-2α (hHIF-2α-/-) showed a significant decrease in the volume and number of liver tumors compared with wild-type littermates. These effects did not involve HIF-1α changes and were associated with a decrease of cell proliferation markers proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Ki67. In both human and rodent nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-related tumors, HIF-2α levels were strictly associated with hepatocyte production of SerpinB3, a mediator previously shown to stimulate liver cancer cell proliferation through the Hippo/Yes-associated protein (YAP)/c-Myc pathway. Consistently, we observed positive correlations between the transcripts of HIF-2α, YAP, and c-Myc in individual hepatocellular carcinoma tumor masses, while HIF-2α deletion down-modulated c-Myc and YAP expression without affecting extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and AKT-dependent signaling. In vitro data confirmed that HIF-2α overexpression induced HepG2 cell proliferation through YAP-mediated mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the activation of HIF-2α in hepatocytes has a critical role in liver carcinogenesis during NASH progression, suggesting that HIF-2α-blocking agents may serve as novel putative therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Foglia
- Unit of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Salvatore Sutti
- Department of Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Autoimmune Diseases, University Amedeo Avogadro of East Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Stefania Cannito
- Unit of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Rosso
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy; Division of Gastroenterology, San Giovanni Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Marina Maggiora
- Unit of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Riccardo Autelli
- Unit of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Erica Novo
- Unit of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Claudia Bocca
- Unit of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
| | | | - Naresh Naik Ramavath
- Department of Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Autoimmune Diseases, University Amedeo Avogadro of East Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Ramy Younes
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy; Division of Gastroenterology, San Giovanni Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Ignazia Tusa
- Unit of Experimental Oncology and Pathology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Rovida
- Unit of Experimental Oncology and Pathology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Elisabetta Bugianesi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy; Division of Gastroenterology, San Giovanni Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Emanuele Albano
- Department of Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Autoimmune Diseases, University Amedeo Avogadro of East Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Maurizio Parola
- Unit of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Italy.
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Bao MH, Wong CC. Hypoxia, Metabolic Reprogramming, and Drug Resistance in Liver Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:1715. [PMID: 34359884 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia, low oxygen (O2) level, is a hallmark of solid cancers, especially hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the most common and fatal cancers worldwide. Hypoxia contributes to drug resistance in cancer through various molecular mechanisms. In this review, we particularly focus on the roles of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-mediated metabolic reprogramming in drug resistance in HCC. Combination therapies targeting hypoxia-induced metabolic enzymes to overcome drug resistance will also be summarized. Acquisition of drug resistance is the major cause of unsatisfactory clinical outcomes of existing HCC treatments. Extra efforts to identify novel mechanisms to combat refractory hypoxic HCC are warranted for the development of more effective treatment regimens for HCC patients.
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Han D, Yang P, Qin B, Ji G, Wu Y, Yu L, Zhang H. Upregulation of Nogo-B by hypoxia inducible factor-1 and activator protein-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:2728-2738. [PMID: 33963651 PMCID: PMC8253276 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nogo-B is an important regulator of tumor angiogenesis. Expression of Nogo-B is remarkably upregulated in multiple tumor types, especially hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we show the transcriptional regulation mechanisms of Nogo-B in liver cancer. In response to hypoxia, expression of Nogo-B significantly increased in HCC tissues and cells. The distal hypoxia-responsive element in the promoter was essential for transcriptional activation of Nogo-B under hypoxic conditions, which is the specific site for hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) binding. In addition, Nogo-B expression was associated with c-Fos expression in HCC tissues. Nogo-B expression was induced by c-Fos, yet inhibited by a dominant negative mutant A-Fos. Deletion and mutation analysis of the predicted activator protein-1 binding sites revealed that functional element mediated the induction of Nogo-B promoter activity, which was confirmed by ChIP. These results indicate that HIF-1α and c-Fos induce the expression of Nogo-B depending on tumor microenvironments, such as hypoxia and low levels of nutrients, and play a role in upregulation of Nogo-B in tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingding Han
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryShanghai Children’s HospitalShanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghaiChina
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic EngineeringInstitute of GeneticsSchool of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Penggao Yang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstruction SurgeryShanghai Ninth People’s HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Bo Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic EngineeringInstitute of GeneticsSchool of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Guoqing Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic EngineeringInstitute of GeneticsSchool of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yanhua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic EngineeringInstitute of GeneticsSchool of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Long Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic EngineeringInstitute of GeneticsSchool of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryShanghai Children’s HospitalShanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghaiChina
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Ding ZN, Dong ZR, Chen ZQ, Yang YF, Yan LJ, Li HC, Liu KX, Yao CY, Yan YC, Yang CC, Li T. Effects of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and hypoxia-inducible factor-2α overexpression on hepatocellular carcinoma survival: A systematic review with meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 36:1487-1496. [PMID: 33393670 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The role of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF-2α) has been implicated in the clinical prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the results remain controversial. We aim to investigate the association of HIF-1α and HIF-2α overexpression with the prognosis and clinicopathological features of HCC. METHODS A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library until June 20, 2020. Meta-analysis was conducted to generate combined HRs with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CI were also derived by fixed or random effect model. RESULTS Twenty-two studies involving 3238 patients were included. Combined data suggested that overexpression of HIF-1α in HCC was not only correlated with poorer OS [HR = 1.75 (95% CI: 1.53-2.00)] and DFS [HR = 1.64 (95% CI: 1.34-2.00)] but was also positively associated with vascular invasion [OR = 1.83 (95% CI: 1.36-2.48)], tumor size [OR = 1.36 (95% CI: 1.12-1.66)], and tumor number [1.74 (95% CI: 1.34-2.25)]. In contrast, HIF-2α overexpression was not associated with the prognosis and clinicopathological features of HCC. CONCLUSION Our data provided compelling evidence of a worse prognosis of HCC in HIF-1α overexpression patients but not HIF-2α overexpression ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Niu Ding
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhao-Ru Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ya-Fei Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lun-Jie Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hai-Chao Li
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Kai-Xuan Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Cheng-Yu Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yu-Chuan Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chun-Cheng Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Méndez-Blanco C, Fernández-Palanca P, Fondevila F, González-Gallego J, Mauriz JL. Prognostic and clinicopathological significance of hypoxia-inducible factors 1α and 2α in hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2021; 13:1758835920987071. [PMID: 33613697 PMCID: PMC7874357 DOI: 10.1177/1758835920987071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly recurrent tumor after resection and has been closely related to hypoxia. Hypoxia-inducible factors 1α and 2α (HIF-1α and HIF-2α) have been shown to contribute to tumor progression and therapy resistance in HCC. We evaluated the prognostic and clinicopathological significance of HIF-1α and HIF-2α in HCC patients. Methods: We systematically searched Embase, Cochrane, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science (WOS) from inception to 1 June 2020 for studies evaluating HIF-1α and/or HIF-2α expression in HCC. Selected articles evaluate at least one factor by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in HCC patients who underwent surgical resection, and its relationship with prognosis and/or clinicopathological features. Study protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; CDR42020191977). We meta-analyzed the data extracted or estimated according to the Parmar method employing STATA software. We evaluated the overall effect size for the hazard ratio (HR) and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI), as well as heterogeneity across studies with the I2 statistic and chi-square-based Q test. Moreover, we conducted subgroup analysis when heterogeneity was substantial. Publication bias was assessed by funnel plot asymmetry and Egger’s test. Results: HIF-1α overexpression was correlated with overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS)/recurrence-free survival (RFS) and clinicopathological features including Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC), capsule infiltration, intrahepatic metastasis, lymph node metastasis, tumor–node–metastasis (TNM), tumor differentiation, tumor number, tumor size (3 cm), vascular invasion and vasculogenic mimicry. We also detected a possible correlation of HIF-1α with alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), cirrhosis, histological grade, tumor size (5 cm) and albumin after subgroup analysis. Initially, only DFS/RFS appeared to be associated with HIF-2α overexpression. Subgroup analysis denoted that HIF-2α overexpression was related to OS and capsule infiltration. Conclusions: HIF-1α and HIF-2α overexpression is related to poor OS, DFS/RFS and some clinicopathological features of HCC patients, suggesting that both factors could be useful HCC biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Flavia Fondevila
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
| | | | - José L Mauriz
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, Campus of Vegazana s/n, León 24071, Spain
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Fernandes MT, Calado SM, Mendes-Silva L, Bragança J. CITED2 and the modulation of the hypoxic response in cancer. World J Clin Oncol 2020; 11:260-274. [PMID: 32728529 PMCID: PMC7360518 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v11.i5.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CITED2 (CBP/p300-interacting transactivator with Glu/Asp-rich C-terminal domain, 2) is a ubiquitously expressed protein exhibiting a high affinity for the CH1 domain of the transcriptional co-activators CBP/p300, for which it competes with hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). CITED2 is particularly efficient in the inhibition of HIF-1α-dependent transcription in different contexts, ranging from organ development and metabolic homeostasis to tissue regeneration and immunity, being also potentially involved in various other physiological processes. In addition, CITED2 plays an important role in inhibiting HIF in some diseases, including kidney and heart diseases and type 2-diabetes. In the particular case of cancer, CITED2 either functions by promoting or suppressing cancer development depending on the context and type of tumors. For instance, CITED2 overexpression promotes breast and prostate cancers, as well as acute myeloid leukemia, while its expression is downregulated to sustain colorectal cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. In addition, the role of CITED2 in the maintenance of cancer stem cells reveals its potential as a target in non-small cell lung carcinoma and acute myeloid leukemia, for example. But besides the wide body of evidence linking both CITED2 and HIF signaling to carcinogenesis, little data is available regarding CITED2 role as a negative regulator of HIF-1α specifically in cancer. Therefore, comprehensive studies exploring further the interactions of these two important mediators in cancer-specific models are sorely needed and this can potentially lead to the development of novel targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica T Fernandes
- School of Health, Universidade do Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Universidade do Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
- Algarve Biomedical Centre, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Sofia M Calado
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Universidade do Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
- Algarve Biomedical Centre, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Leonardo Mendes-Silva
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Universidade do Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
- Algarve Biomedical Centre, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Universidade do Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
| | - José Bragança
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Universidade do Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
- Algarve Biomedical Centre, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Universidade do Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
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Guo Y, Xiao Z, Yang L, Gao Y, Zhu Q, Hu L, Huang D, Xu Q. Hypoxia‑inducible factors in hepatocellular carcinoma (Review). Oncol Rep 2019; 43:3-15. [PMID: 31746396 PMCID: PMC6908932 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of an appropriate oxygen concentration is essential for the function of the liver. However, in many pathological conditions, and particularly in the tumor microenvironment, cells and tissues are frequently in a hypoxic state. In the presence of hypoxia, the cells adapt to the low oxygen levels through the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway. Overgrowth of tumor cells restricts the diffusion of oxygen in tumors, leading to insufficient blood supply and the creation of a hypoxic microenvironment, and, as a consequence, activation of the expression of HIFs. HIFs possess a wide range of target genes, which function to control a variety of signaling pathways; thus, HIFs modulate cellular metabolism, immune escape, angiogenesis, metastasis, extracellular matrix remodeling, cancer stem cells and other properties of the tumor. Given their crucial role in the occurrence and development of tumors, HIFs are expected to become new targets of precise treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Guo
- Graduate Department, BengBu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Zunqiang Xiao
- The Second Clinical Medical Department, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Liu Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Yuling Gao
- Department of Genetics, Shaoxing Women and Children Hospital, Shaoxin, Zhejiang 312030, P.R. China
| | - Qiaojuan Zhu
- The Second Clinical Medical Department, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Linjun Hu
- Medical Department, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Dongsheng Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Qiuran Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
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Flores-Martínez A, García-Núñez A, Rojas A, Cano DA. Stabilization of HIF-2α impacts pancreas growth. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13713. [PMID: 30209343 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32054-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) are critical regulators of the response to oxygen deficiency by activating target genes involved in a variety of biological functions. HIFs have been implicated in the pathophysiology of numerous pathologies including cancer. Patients with mutations in the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene, an essential regulator of HIF activity, develop tumors in several organs including the pancreas. Previous functional studies of HIF activation in the pancreas have used Vhlh (the murine homolog of VHL) deficient mice. However, the role of each specific HIF transcription factors in the pancreas has not been thoroughly examined. We derived mice that constitutively express a normoxia-stable form of HIF2α in the pancreas. Activation of HIF2α in the pancreas severely impairs postnatal exocrine pancreas. Mice with pancreas-specific activation of HIF2α develop histological features reminiscent of pancreatitis including loss of acinar cells, ductal dilation and fibrosis. Moreover, we provide evidence that signaling pathways important for acinar cell homeostasis are altered in HIF2α-overexpressing pancreata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuozhou Wang
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sheng-li Yang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-ping Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, the Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University (Shenzhen People’s Hospital), Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ming-yue Li
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Guangdong, China
| | - Paul B. S. Lai
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - George G. Chen
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Guangdong, China
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Moreno Roig E, Yaromina A, Houben R, Groot AJ, Dubois L, Vooijs M. Prognostic Role of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-2α Tumor Cell Expression in Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol 2018; 8:224. [PMID: 29942795 PMCID: PMC6004384 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF-2α) plays an important role in tumor progression and metastasis. A number of studies have evaluated the correlation between HIF-2α overexpression and clinical outcome in cancer patients but yielded inconsistent results. To comprehensively and quantitatively summarize the evidence on the capability of HIF-2α to predict the prognosis of cancer patients with solid tumors, a meta-analysis was carried out. Renal cell carcinoma (CC-RCC) was separately analyzed due to an alternative mechanism of regulation. Systematic literature searches were performed in PubMed and Embase databases for relevant original articles until February 2018. Forty-nine studies with 6,052 patients were included in this study. The pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with corresponding confidence intervals were calculated to assess the prognostic value of HIF-2α protein expression in tumor cells. The meta-analysis revealed strong significant negative associations between HIF-2α expression and five endpoints: overall survival [HR = 1.69, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.39-2.06], disease-free survival (HR = 1.87, 95% CI 1.2-2.92), disease-specific survival (HR = 1.57, 95% CI 1.06-2.34), metastasis-free survival (HR = 2.67, 95% CI 1.32-5.38), and progression-free survival (HR = 2.18, 95% CI 1.25-3.78). Subgroup analyses revealed similar associations in the majority of tumor sites. Overall, these data demonstrate a negative prognostic role of HIF-2α in patients suffering from different types of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloy Moreno Roig
- Department of Radiotherapy (MAASTRO)/GROW - School for Developmental Biology and Oncology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ala Yaromina
- Department of Radiotherapy (MAASTRO)/GROW - School for Developmental Biology and Oncology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ruud Houben
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MAASTRO Clinic, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Arjan J Groot
- Department of Radiotherapy (MAASTRO)/GROW - School for Developmental Biology and Oncology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ludwig Dubois
- Department of Radiotherapy (MAASTRO)/GROW - School for Developmental Biology and Oncology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Marc Vooijs
- Department of Radiotherapy (MAASTRO)/GROW - School for Developmental Biology and Oncology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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16
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Yang SL, Zeng C, Fang X, He QJ, Liu LP, Bao SY, Pan X, Xiong ZF. Hepatitis B virus upregulates GP73 expression by activating the HIF-2α signaling pathway. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:5264-5270. [PMID: 29552166 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.7955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Golgi Protein 73 (GP73) is a newly identified diagnostic and prognostic marker for liver cancer. GP73 is highly expressed in liver cancer tissues, however, the mechanism of its overexpression in tumors remains unknown. In the present study, the effect of hepatitis B virus (HBV) on GP73 expression was investigated in HepG2 cells, which are negative for HBV, and in HepG2.2.12 cells, which are integrated with HBV, using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. In addition, the cells were transfected with plasmid constructs overexpressing hepatitis B virus protein X (HBx), hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, or HIF-2α in order to examine their roles in GP73 expression. The results demonstrated that HBV upregulated the expression of GP73 and HIF-2α in liver cancer cells. HIF-2α induced the expression of GP73 in HepG2 cells and was positively correlated with GP73 expression in liver cancer tissues. By contrast, HBx and HIF-1α did not induce GP73 expression in liver cancer cells. In summary, HBV may upregulate the expression of GP73 by activating the HIF-2α signaling pathway. The present results may illuminate the mechanism by which GP73 is overexpressed in liver cancer tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Li Yang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Cui Zeng
- Division of Gastroenterology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430077, P.R. China
| | - Xiefan Fang
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Qian-Jin He
- Department of General Surgery, The Center Hospital of Huanggang, Huanggang, Hubei 438000, P.R. China
| | - Li-Ping Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Yun Bao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Pan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Fan Xiong
- Division of Gastroenterology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430077, P.R. China
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Liu J, Ying M, Zhang J, Tu W, Zeng C, Wu B, Wang Q, Shen H, Zhu Z, Cai H. Thioridazine upregulates programmed cell death 4 to induce apoptosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma through the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway. Anticancer Drugs 2018; 29:118-27. [PMID: 33052635 DOI: 10.1097/CAD.0000000000000574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Thioridazine (THZ) has been identified as a potential regulator of tumour progression, and programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) has been reported as a novel tumour suppressor. This study aimed to investigate the link between PDCD4 and THZ in the regulation of nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) cell proliferation. The effect of THZ on NPC cells was determined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. Then, the involvement of apoptosis and cell cycle in the THZ-mediated regulation of cell viability was assessed by flow cytometry. Related mRNAs and proteins were subsequently examined by real-time PCR and western blot, respectively. After transfection with the PDCD4-siRNA, pGC-FU-GFP-PDCD4 vector and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor Ly294002, we investigated the antagonistic effects of THZ and PDCD4 on NPC-related protein expression. MTT assays showed that THZ treatment suppressed cell viability. THZ-treated cells were arrested at the G1/G0 phase and showed a significantly increased apoptotic fraction. Furthermore, PDCD4-siRNA antagonized THZ treatment and promoted NPC cell proliferation. Western blot analysis showed that PDCD4 overexpression or PI3K inhibition by LY294002 significantly reduced the expression of phospho-PI3K, phospho-Akt, phospho-mammalian target of rapamycin and phospho-p70s6k, but not their total protein levels. In conclusion, our findings show that THZ and PDCD4 exert antagonistic effects on NPC cell proliferation, probably through the PI3K/Akt pathway. Moreover, these results provide an insight into the mechanism by which THZ targets PDCD4 in NPC cell lines and suggest that the ectopic expression of PDCD4 is a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Abstract
Recent technological advancements have shown tremendous mechanistic accomplishments in our understanding of the mechanism of messenger RNA translation in eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic messenger RNA translation is very complex process that includes four phases (initiation, elongation, termination, and ribosome recycling) and diverse mechanisms involving protein and non-protein molecules. Translation regulation is principally achieved during initiation step of translation, which is organized by multiple eukaryotic translation initiation factors. Eukaryotic translation initiation factor proteins help in stabilizing the formation of the functional ribosome around the start codon and provide regulatory mechanisms in translation initiation. Dysregulated messenger RNA translation is a common feature of tumorigenesis. Various oncogenic and tumor suppressive genes affect/are affected by the translation machinery, making the components of the translation apparatus promising therapeutic targets for the novel anticancer drug. This review provides details on the role of eukaryotic translation initiation factors in messenger RNA translation initiation, their contribution to onset and progression of tumor, and how dysregulated eukaryotic translation initiation factors can be used as a target to treat carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umar Ali
- 1 Clinical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Saif Ur Rahman
- 1 Clinical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenyu Jia
- 2 Institute of Occupational Diseases, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cao Jiang
- 1 Clinical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Xiong XX, Qiu XY, Hu DX, Chen XQ. Advances in Hypoxia-Mediated Mechanisms in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 92:246-255. [PMID: 28242743 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.107706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common and the third most deadly malignant tumor worldwide. Hypoxia and related oxidative stress are heavily involved in the process of HCC development and its therapies. However, direct and accurate measurement of oxygen concentration and evaluation of hypoxic effects in HCC prove difficult. Moreover, the hypoxia-mediated mechanisms in HCC remain elusive. Here, we summarize recent major evidence of hypoxia in HCC lesions shown by measuring partial pressure of oxygen (pO2), the clinical importance of hypoxic markers in HCC, and recent advances in hypoxia-related mechanisms and therapies in HCC. For the mechanisms, we focus mainly on the roles of oxygen-sensing proteins (i.e., hypoxia-inducible factor and neuroglobin) and hypoxia-induced signaling proteins (e.g., matrix metalloproteinases, high mobility group box 1, Beclin 1, glucose metabolism enzymes, and vascular endothelial growth factor). With respect to therapies, we discuss mainly YQ23, sorafenib, 2-methoxyestradiol, and celastrol. This review focuses primarily on the results of clinical and animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xin Xiong
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Yao Qiu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dian Xing Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao Qian Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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