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Rutman SP, Borgen N, Spellen S, King DD, Decker MJ, Rand L, Cobbins A, Brindis CD. Addressing anti-black racism in an academic preterm birth initiative: perspectives from a mixed methods case study. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2039. [PMID: 37853363 PMCID: PMC10585806 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16812-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing recognition of racism perpetuated within academic institutions has given rise to anti-racism efforts in these settings. In June 2020, the university-based California Preterm Birth Initiative (PTBi) committed to an Anti-Racism Action Plan outlining an approach to address anti-Blackness. This case study assessed perspectives on PTBi's anti-racism efforts to support continued growth toward racial equity within the initiative. METHODS This mixed methods case study included an online survey with multiple choice and open-ended survey items (n = 27) and key informant interviews (n = 8) of leadership, faculty, staff, and trainees working within the initiative. Survey and interview questions focused on perspectives about individual and organizational anti-racism competencies, perceived areas of initiative success, and opportunities for improvement. Qualitative interview and survey data were coded and organized into common themes within assessment domains. RESULTS Most survey respondents reported they felt competent in all the assessed anti-racism skills, including foundational knowledge and responding to workplace racism. They also felt confident in PTBi's commitment to address anti-Blackness. Fewer respondents were clear on strategic plans, resources allocated, and how the anti-racism agenda was being implemented. Suggestions from both data sources included further operationalizing and communicating commitments, integrating an anti-racism lens across all activities, ensuring accountability including staffing and funding consistent with anti-racist approaches, persistence in hiring Black faculty, providing professional development and support for Black staff, and addressing unintentional interpersonal harms to Black individuals. CONCLUSIONS This case study contributes key lessons which move beyond individual-level and theoretical approaches towards transparency and accountability in academic institutions aiming to address anti-Black racism. Even with PTBi's strong commitment and efforts towards racial equity, these case study findings illustrate that actions must have sustained support by the broader institution and include leadership commitment, capacity-building via ongoing coaching and training, broad incorporation of anti-racism practices and procedures, continuous learning, and ongoing accountability for both short- and longer-term sustainable impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira P Rutman
- Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Natasha Borgen
- Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Solaire Spellen
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, California Preterm Birth Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dante D King
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, California Preterm Birth Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Martha J Decker
- Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Larry Rand
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, California Preterm Birth Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alexis Cobbins
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, California Preterm Birth Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Claire D Brindis
- Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Dewhurst F, Tomkow L, Poole M, McLellan E, Kunonga TP, Damisa E, Stowell M, Todd C, Hanratty B. Unrepresented, unheard and discriminated against: A qualitative exploration of relatives' and professionals' views of palliative care experiences of people of African and Caribbean descent during the COVID-19 pandemic. Palliat Med 2023; 37:1447-1460. [PMID: 37609831 PMCID: PMC10548766 DOI: 10.1177/02692163231188156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People of African and Caribbean descent experienced disproportionately high mortality from COVID-19 and have poor access to palliative care. AIM To explore palliative care experiences of people of African and Caribbean descent during and immediately prior to the pandemic. DESIGN Qualitative interview study with thematic analysis. Refinement of themes/recommendations in consultation with an expert patient and public advisory group. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS Twenty-six bereaved relatives and 13 health/social care professionals (cared for people of African and Caribbean descent) from throughout England, recruited using social media, community networks and direct advertising to over 150 organisations. RESULTS Three themes were identified: Representation: Participants did not see themselves reflected in the palliative care services and did not expect their needs to be understood. Mistrust of the healthcare system and perceptions of racism were common and led to anticipation of inequitable care. Personalisation: Relatives and professionals reported a lack of cultural and religious sensitivity in healthcare. Assumptions were made based on ethnicity, and services not offered to all. Awareness and education: Professionals felt they lacked the knowledge to provide care to diverse communities, but were reluctant to ask, due to fear of making mistakes. Inequitable access to services was exacerbated by, but not unique to, the pandemic. Participants recommended raising awareness of palliative services, building professional competence in culturally-sensitive care, and greater ethnic diversity within services. CONCLUSIONS Person-centred, culturally-competent palliative care is not the norm for people of African and Caribbean descent. Expectations of inequitable care are widespread. Sustained action on multiple fronts is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity Dewhurst
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- St Oswald’s Hospice, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Marie Poole
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Emma McLellan
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | | | - Melanie Stowell
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Chris Todd
- University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Barbara Hanratty
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Volpe VV, Benson GP, Czoty L, Daniel C. Not Just Time on Social Media: Experiences of Online Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Worse Sleep Quality for Black, Latinx, Asian, and Multi-racial Young Adults. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023; 10:2312-2319. [PMID: 36125705 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-022-01410-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sleep quality in young adulthood sets the stage for long-term health. Racial/ethnic sleep disparities between White college-attending young adults and college-attending young adults of color exist. The stress of experiencing racial/ethnic discrimination makes it difficult for college-attending young adults of color to get good quality sleep. Yet it remains unclear if experiencing online racial/ethnic discrimination also has consequences for sleep quality, and if this association may vary by frequency of social media use. To investigate the role of racial/ethnic discrimination on sleep quality, we conducted an online survey of 154 college-attending young adults (Mage = 19.51) who identified as Black (42.2%), Latinx (16.9%), Asian (20.8%), or Bi-/multi-racial (20.1%) from a predominantly White university. Results indicated that more exposure to racial/ethnic discrimination was associated with worse sleep quality for young adults of color. Results suggest that online racial/ethnic discrimination has a similar negative impact on sleep quality regardless of the frequency of social media use. Increased attention to negative race-related experiences online as one potential risk factor for poor long-term health for young adults of color is needed, regardless of how many hours they spend on social media. Structural interventions, screening for stress due to exposure to online racial/ethnic discrimination, and facilitating opportunities to prepare for this exposure may be an important priority for sleep health and reduction of racial/ethnic health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa V Volpe
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7650, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - G Perusi Benson
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7650, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Larsan Czoty
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7650, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Christiana Daniel
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7650, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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Cohen SA, Brown MJ, Xu F, Nash CC, Greaney ML. Geographic differences in the magnitude of black-white disparities in having obesity. Obes Sci Pract 2023; 9:516-528. [PMID: 37810524 PMCID: PMC10551120 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity disparities in the United States are well documented, but the limited body of research suggests that geographic factors may alter the magnitude of these disparities. A growing body of evidence has identified a "rural mortality penalty" where morbidity and mortality rates are higher in rural than urban areas, even after controlling for other factors. Black-White differences in health and mortality are more pronounced in rural areas than in urban areas. Objective Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore how rural-urban status and region moderate Black-White health disparities in obesity. Methods Data were abstracted from the 2012 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, with the sample being restricted to Black and White respondents (n = 403,231). Respondents' county of residence was linked to US Census information to obtain the county-level Index of Relative Rurality (IRR) and Census division. Crude and adjusted logistic regression models were utilized to assess the magnitude of Black-White disparities in having obesity (yes/no) by IRR quartile and by Census division. Results Overall, Black-White differences in obesity were wider in rural than in urban counties, with a significant linear trend (p < 0.001). Furthermore, when stratified by US Census division, results revealed that disparities were significantly wider in rural than urban areas for respondents living in the Middle Atlantic and South Atlantic divisions. In contrast, the association was reversed for the remaining divisions (New England, East North Central, West North Central, Mountain, and Pacific), where the magnitude of the Black-White difference was the largest in urban areas. Conclusion Findings highlight the need to understand and account for critical place-based factors that exacerbate racial obesity disparities to develop and maximize the effectiveness of policies and programs designed to reduce racial inequalities and improve population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A. Cohen
- Department of Health StudiesUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRhode IslandUSA
| | - Monique J. Brown
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsArnold School of Public HealthUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Furong Xu
- School of EducationAlan Shawn Feinstein College of Education and Professional StudiesUniversity of Rhode IslandChafee Social Science CenterKingstonRhode IslandUSA
| | - Caitlin C. Nash
- Department of Health StudiesUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRhode IslandUSA
| | - Mary L. Greaney
- Department of Health StudiesUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRhode IslandUSA
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Keum BT, Choi AY. Profiles of online racism exposure and mental health among Asian, Black, and Latinx emerging adults in the United States. Int Rev Psychiatry 2023; 35:310-322. [PMID: 37267025 DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2023.2180346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Online racism is a digital social determinant to health inequity and an acute and widespread public health problem. To explore the heterogeneity of online racism exposure within and across race, we latent class modelled this construct among Asian (n = 310), Black (n = 306), and Latinx (n = 163) emerging adults in the United States and analysed key demographic and psychosocial health correlates. We observed Low and Mediated Exposure classes across all racial groups, whereas High Exposure classes appeared among Asian and Black people and the Systemic Exposure classes emerged uniquely in Asian and Latinx people. Generally, the High Exposure classes reported the greatest psychological distress and unjust views of society compared to all other classes. The Mediated and Systemic Exposure classes reported greater mental health costs than the Low Exposure classes. Asian women were more likely to be in the Mediated Exposure class compared to the Low Exposure class, whereas Black women were more likely to be in the Mediated Exposure class compared to both High and Low Exposure classes. About a third of each racial group belonged to the Low Exposure classes. Our findings highlight the multidimensionality of online racism exposure and identify hidden yet divergently risky subgroups. Research implications include examination of class membership chronicity and change over time, online exposure to intersecting oppressions, and additional antecedents and health consequences of diverse forms of online racism exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian TaeHyuk Keum
- Department of Social Welfare, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Young Choi
- Counseling and Student Development Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
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Keum BT, Hong C, Beikzadeh M, Cascalheira CJ, Holloway IW. Letter to the Editor: Mpox Stigma, Online Homophobia, and the Mental Health of Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men. LGBT Health 2023. [PMID: 36946657 PMCID: PMC10398737 DOI: 10.1089/lgbt.2022.0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brian TaeHyuk Keum
- Department of Social Welfare, Luskin School of Public Affairs, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chenglin Hong
- Department of Social Welfare, Luskin School of Public Affairs, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mehrab Beikzadeh
- Department of Computer Science, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Cory J Cascalheira
- Department of Counseling & Educational Psychology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA
| | - Ian W Holloway
- Department of Social Welfare, Luskin School of Public Affairs, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Keum BT. Impact of Online Racism on Suicide Ideation Through Interpersonal Factors Among Racial Minority Emerging Adults: The Role of Perceived Burdensomeness and Thwarted Belongingness. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:4537-4561. [PMID: 35942944 PMCID: PMC9900690 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221117247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
While a growing number of studies have documented significant links between online racism (e.g., racist interactions, contents on racial violence) and comorbid factors (e.g., depression) associated with suicide risk, no studies have examined whether online racism predicts suicide ideation and if interpersonal factors can help explain this link. Thus, the current study examined the direct relationship between online racism and suicide ideation among racial minority emerging adults, and the indirect relationships via the interpersonal factors (perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness). Using data from a convenience sample of 338 racial minority emerging adults, we conducted a path analysis with online racism predicting suicide ideation through thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness. Online racism significantly predicted suicide ideation via perceived burdensomeness but not thwarted belongingness. Post hoc multi-group analysis found that this pathway was consistent across Black, Asian, and Latinx groups but was completely mediated for the Asian group. The findings suggest that online racism can increase feelings of being a burden to society, which can trigger thoughts of suicide. This process may be particularly salient among Asian individuals. Implications for future research are discussed.
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Duncan DT, Cook SH, Wood EP, Regan SD, Chaix B, Tian Y, Chunara R. Structural racism and homophobia evaluated through social media sentiment combined with activity spaces and associations with mental health among young sexual minority men. Soc Sci Med 2023; 320:115755. [PMID: 36739708 PMCID: PMC10014849 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research suggests that structural racism and homophobia are associated with mental well-being. However, structural discrimination measures which are relevant to lived experiences and that evade self-report biases are needed. Social media and global-positioning systems (GPS) offer opportunity to measure place-based negative racial sentiment linked to relevant locations via precise geo-coding of activity spaces. This is vital for young sexual minority men (YSMM) of color who may experience both racial and sexual minority discrimination and subsequently poorer mental well-being. METHODS P18 Neighborhood Study (n = 147) data were used. Measures of place-based negative racial and sexual-orientation sentiment were created using geo-located social media as a proxy for racial climate via socially-meaningfully-defined places. Exposure to place-based negative sentiment was computed as an average of discrimination by places frequented using activity space measures per person. Outcomes were number of days of reported poor mental health in last 30 days. Zero-inflated Poisson regression analyses were used to assess influence of and type of relationship between place-based negative racial or sexual-orientation sentiment exposure and mental well-being, including the moderating effect of race/ethnicity. RESULTS We found evidence for a non-linear relationship between place-based negative racial sentiment and mental well-being among our racially and ethnically diverse sample of YSMM (p < .05), and significant differences in the relationship for different race/ethnicity groups (p < .05). The most pronounced differences were detected between Black and White non-Hispanic vs. Hispanic sexual minority men. At two standard deviations above the overall mean of negative racial sentiment exposure based on activity spaces, Black and White YSMM reported significantly more poor mental health days in comparison to Hispanic YSMM. CONCLUSIONS Effects of discrimination can vary by race/ethnicity and discrimination type. Experiencing place-based negative racial sentiment may have implications for mental well-being among YSMM regardless of race/ethnicity, which should be explored in future research including with larger samples sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin T Duncan
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, NewYork, NY, USA
| | - Stephanie H Cook
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, New York University School of Global Public Health, New York, NY, USA; Department of Biostatistics, New York University School of Global Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erica P Wood
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, New York University School of Global Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Seann D Regan
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, NewYork, NY, USA
| | - Basile Chaix
- French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Sorbonne Université, Institut Pierre Louis D'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique IPLESP, Nemesis Team, F75012, Paris, France
| | - Yijun Tian
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rumi Chunara
- Department of Biostatistics, New York University School of Global Public Health, New York, NY, USA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, New York, NY, USA.
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Finding the bright side: Positive online racial experiences, racial identity, and activism for black young adults. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2023.107738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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10
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Keum BT, Ángel Cano M. Online racism, depressive and anxiety symptoms, coping-related drinking motives, and alcohol use severity among Black, Latina/o/x, and Asian emerging adults. Addict Behav 2023; 136:107468. [PMID: 36087497 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Online racism has been associated with alcohol-related coping, likely to deal with mental health symptoms that arise from experiencing racial discrimination in online settings. Thus, we examined online racism as a risk factor for alcohol-related problems by examining depressive/anxiety symptoms and coping-related drinking motives as mediators among Black, Latina/o/x, and Asian emerging adults in the U.S. We hypothesized that online racism would be associated with greater alcohol use severity through depressive/anxiety symptoms and coping-related drinking motives sequentially. With data from 322 participants (Mage = 23.28; Black, n = 108; Latina/o/x, n = 118; and Asian, n = 96), we conducted a multi-group path analysis of online racism (Perceived Online Racism Scale) linked to alcohol use (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test) via depressive (Patient Health Questionnaire-9)/Anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7) symptoms and coping-related drinking motives (Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised Short Form). The hypothesized indirect pathway was significant in all groups. The direct effect was also significant for Latina/o/x and Asian groups. For the Black group, the direct effect was not significant, highlighting the salience of the mental health symptoms and drinking motives in explaining the link between online racism and alcohol use. Collectively, the results help to contextualize the risks of alcohol-related problems from experiencing contemporary forms of racial trauma such as online racial discrimination and provide implications for intervention development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian TaeHyuk Keum
- Department of Social Welfare, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Miguel Ángel Cano
- Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
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Willis HA, Gonzalez JC, Call CC, Quezada D, Galán CA. Culturally Responsive Telepsychology & mHealth Interventions for Racial-Ethnic Minoritized Youth: Research Gaps and Future Directions. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2022; 51:1053-1069. [PMID: 36227174 PMCID: PMC9627988 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2022.2124516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Telepsychology and mHealth (TPmH) services for youth and their families have become increasingly prevalent in recent years. However, significant limitations in theory, research, and policy introduce questions about the effectiveness of such interventions, particularly for racial-ethnic minoritized youth and their families, who already contend with inequities in mental health treatment access and outcomes. Although TPmH have the potential to reduce barriers to mental health services in ways that may benefit racial-ethnic minoritized youth and their families, the mental health field must first grapple with limitations in culturally responsive TPmH work to avoid perpetuating existing mental health inequities. As such, this article begins by briefly reviewing extant literature on (1) TPmH for youth, (2) culturally adapted or culturally responsive evidence-based interventions for racial-ethnic minoritized youth and families, and (3) the intersection of TPmH and culturally responsive interventions. Informed by the gaps identified by this review, we provide recommendations for future directions in culturally responsive TPmH for racial-ethnic minoritized youth and families. These recommendations have been organized into four overarching categories: (1) conceptual and theoretical recommendations, (2) research priorities, (3) practice and policy recommendations, and (4) engagement and access recommendations. These recommendations offer novel ideas for researchers, clinicians, funding agencies, policy-makers, and other key stakeholders and are intended to facilitate equity in TPmH for racial-ethnic minoritized youth and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Carlos Gonzalez
- Department of Counseling, Clinical, & School Psychology, University of California
| | | | - David Quezada
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California
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Waite R, Iheduru-Anderson K. Race-induced trauma, antiracism, and radical self-care. Nurs Inq 2022; 29:e12501. [PMID: 35709294 DOI: 10.1111/nin.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Being racialized as Black in the United States has contributed to this population having to operate with a level of race-induced trauma, especially those who are darkly melanated. Historically, Black persons have been terrorized into colonization, and the cultural psychology of anti-Blackness has been entrenched in our society. Through the practice of racialization, the historical, social, and political processes of constructing racial identities and meanings have impacted the formation of understanding of the body and the rationalization of hierarchy. In addition, the internalization of these ideas of hierarchy and difference within power/knowledge relations that they (re)produce is pervasive among people in the United States. This article aims to explicitly highlight racism as trauma, address the relevance of radical self-care when disrupting anti-Black racism, and consider steps to promote trauma responsiveness when incorporating these practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Waite
- School of Nursing, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Kechi Iheduru-Anderson
- School of Rehabilitation and Medical Sciences, The Herbert H. and Grace A. Dow College of Health Professions, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
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Asian Australians’ Experiences of Online Racism during the COVID-19 Pandemic. SOCIAL SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/socsci11050227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Between 13 November 2020 and 11 February 2021, an online national survey of 2003 Asian Australians was conducted to measure the type and frequency of self-identified Asian Australians’ experiences of racism during the COVID-19 pandemic. The survey also aimed to gauge the relationships between racist experiences and targets’ mental health, wellbeing and sense of belonging. In this paper, we report findings on the type and frequency of online racist experiences and their associations with mental health, wellbeing and belonging. The survey found that 40 per cent of participants experienced racism during the COVID-19 pandemic. Within that group, 66 per cent experienced racism online. The demographic pattern of those most likely to experience online racism were younger age groups, males, those born in Australia, English speakers at home, non-Christians, and migrants who have been in Australia less than 20 years. Analysis also found a strong correlation between Asian Australians’ experiences of online racism and poor mental health, wellbeing and belonging. The relationship between experiencing racism, non-belonging and morbidity were more pronounced for those who experienced online racism compared to those who experienced racism in other offline contexts. This points to the corrosive nature of online racism on social cohesion, health and belonging.
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Bowleg L, Malekzadeh AN, Mbaba M, Boone CA. Ending the HIV epidemic for all, not just some: structural racism as a fundamental but overlooked social-structural determinant of the US HIV epidemic. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2022; 17:40-45. [PMID: 35102051 PMCID: PMC9109814 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We review the recent theoretical and empirical literature on structural racism, social determinants of health frameworks within the context of HIV prevention and treatment, and criticism of the national responses to the US epidemic. RECENT FINDINGS In line with growing mainstream attention to the role of structural racism and health inequities, recent editorials and studies cite ending structural racism as an essential step to ending the US HIV epidemic. Recent studies demonstrate that barriers rooted in structural racism such as incarceration, housing instability, police discrimination, neighborhood disadvantage, health service utilization and community violence, and poor or no access to social services, transportation, and childcare, are barriers to HIV prevention. Recent articles also criticize national responses to HIV such as the ending the HIV epidemic (EHE) and National HIV/AIDS Strategy plans for failing to address structural racism and prioritize community engagement in EHE efforts. SUMMARY Collectively, the articles in this review highlight a growing consensus that the US has no real chance of EHE for all, absent a meaningful and measurable commitment to addressing structural racism and intersectional discrimination as core determinants of HIV, and without more equitable engagement with community-based organizations and communities disproportionately affected by HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Bowleg
- The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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15
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Measuring the biological embedding of racial trauma among Black Americans utilizing the RDoC approach. Dev Psychopathol 2021; 33:1849-1863. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954579421001073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative aims to understand the mechanisms influencing psychopathology through a dimensional approach. Limited research thus far has considered potential racial/ethnic differences in RDoC constructs that are influenced by developmental and contextual processes. A growing body of research has demonstrated that racial trauma is a pervasive chronic stressor that impacts the health of Black Americans across the life course. In this review article, we examine the ways that an RDOC framework could allow us to better understand the biological embedding of racial trauma among Black Americans. We also specifically examine the Negative Valence System domain of RDoC to explore how racial trauma is informed by and can help expand our understanding of this domain. We end the review by providing some additional research considerations and future research directives in the area of racial trauma that build on the RDoC initiative.
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Njoroge WFM, Forkpa M, Bath E. Impact of Racial Discrimination on the Mental Health of Minoritized Youth. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2021; 23:81. [PMID: 34648076 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-021-01297-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The impacts of racism and discrimination on developing minoritized youth are increasingly shown as having the potential to create long-lasting adverse outcomes on children's developmental trajectories. RECENT FINDINGS From the quality of the schools they attend, to the level and amount of toxicants in the air they breathe, to equitable access to health care, and within interpersonal relationships and experiences with their peers, multiple forms of racism, systemic/structural, interpersonal/personally mediated, and internalized shape the health status of Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPoC) youth. Accordingly, it is exceedingly important to use a developmental lens to distinguish the various outcomes these multiple forms of racism have on the health of minoritized youth. Critically, the time is now for rapid identification of these harms in all of the mediums and spaces in which they present followed by prevention and intervention strategies that are effective in equitably ensuring the healthy development for all of America's children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjikũ F M Njoroge
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Markolline Forkpa
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eraka Bath
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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