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Yelenik S, Rose E, Cordell S. Invasive-dominated grasslands in Hawai'i are resilient to disturbance. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e10948. [PMID: 38510540 PMCID: PMC10951494 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-native-dominated landscapes may arise from invasion by competitive plant species, disturbance and invasion of early-colonizing species, or some combination of these. Without knowing site history, however, it is difficult to predict how native or non-native communities will reassemble after disturbance events. Given increasing disturbance levels across anthropogenically impacted landscapes, predictive understanding of these patterns is important. We asked how disturbance affected community assembly in six invaded habitat types common in dryland, grazed landscapes on Island of Hawai'i. We mechanically disturbed 100 m2 plots in six vegetation types dominated by one of four invasive perennial grasses (Cenchrus ciliaris, Cenchrus clandestinus, Cenchrus setaceus, or Melinis repens), a native shrub (Dodonaea viscosa), or a native perennial bunchgrass (Eragrostis atropioides). We censused vegetation before disturbance and monitored woody plant colonization and herbaceous cover for 21 months following the disturbance, categorizing species as competitors, colonizers, or a combination, based on recovery patterns. In addition, we planted individuals of the native shrub and bunchgrass and monitored survival to overcome dispersal limitation of native species when exploring these patterns. We found that the dominant vegetation types showed variation in post-disturbance syndrome, and that the variation in colonizer versus competitor syndrome occurred both between species, but also within species among different vegetation types. Although there were flushes of native shrub seedlings, these did not survive to 21 months within invaded habitats, probably due to regrowth by competitive invasive grasses. Similarly, survival of planted native individuals was related to the rate of regrowth by dominant species. Regardless of colonization/competitor syndrome, however, all dominant vegetation types were relatively resilient to change. Our results highlight that the altered post-agricultural, invaded grassland landscapes in Hawai'i are stable states. More generally, they point to the importance of resident communities and their effects on species interactions and seed availability in shaping plant community response to disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Yelenik
- U.S. Geological SurveyPacific Island Ecosystem Research StationHawaiʻi National ParkHawaiiUSA
- Present address:
USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research StationRenoNevadaUSA
| | - Eli Rose
- U.S. Geological SurveyPacific Island Ecosystem Research StationHawaiʻi National ParkHawaiiUSA
| | - Susan Cordell
- U.S. Forest ServiceInstitute of Pacific Islands ForestryHiloHawaiiUSA
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Price SJ, Germino MJ. Variability in weather and site properties affect fuel and fire behavior following fuel treatments in semiarid sagebrush-steppe. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 353:120154. [PMID: 38308992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Fuel-treatments targeting shrubs and fire-prone exotic annual grasses (EAGs) are increasingly used to mitigate increased wildfire risks in arid and semiarid environments, and understanding their response to natural factors is needed for effective landscape management. Using field-data collected over four years from fuel-break treatments in semiarid sagebrush-steppe, we asked 1) how the outcomes of EAG and sagebrush fuel treatments varied with site biophysical properties, climate, and weather, and 2) how predictions of fire behavior using the Fuel Characteristic Classification System fire model related to land-management objectives of maintaining fire behavior expected of low-load, dry-climate grasslands. Generalized linear mixed effect modeling with build-up model selection was used to determine best-fit models, and marginal effects plots to assess responses for each fuel type. EAG cover decreased as antecedent-fall precipitation increased and increased as antecedent-spring temperatures and surface soil clay contents increased. Herbicides targeting EAGs were less effective where pre-treatment EAG cover was >40 % and antecedent spring temperatures were >9.5 °C. Sagebrush cover was inversely related to soil clay content, especially where clay contents were >17 %. Predicted fire behavior exceeded management objectives under 1) average fire weather conditions when EAG or sagebrush cover was >50 % or >26 %, respectively, or 2) extreme fire weather conditions when EAG or sagebrush cover was >10 % or >8 %, respectively. Consideration of the strong effects of natural variability in site properties and antecedent weather can help in justifying, planning and implementing fuel-treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Jake Price
- US Geological Service, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Boise ID, 83702, USA
| | - Matthew J Germino
- US Geological Service, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Boise ID, 83702, USA.
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Root HT, Chan J, Ponzetti J, Pyke DA, McCune B. Long-term biocrust responses to wildfires in Washington, USA. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16261. [PMID: 38031439 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Dryland ecosystems in the western United States are affected by invasive species, wildfires, livestock grazing, and climate change in ways that are difficult to distinguish. Biocrusts perform important ecological roles in these systems and are sensitive to all of these pressures. METHODS We revisited a Washington, USA, site sampled for biocrusts in 1999 to focus on effects of exotic annual grass invasion and wildfires in the absence of livestock grazing. We examined changes between 1999 and 2020 using a Bayesian directed acyclic graph (DAG) to interpret direct and indirect causal impacts of wildfire on perennial bunchgrasses, exotic annual grasses, and biocrusts. RESULTS Between 1999 and 2020, exotic annual grass cover increased in all plots and in unburned plots by 16% and 18%, respectively, bunchgrass cover decreased by 21% and 25%, and biocrust cover decreased by 8.9% and 9.8%. Our DAG suggested that decreases in bunchgrass increased exotic annual grass, which reduced biocrust cover. Wildfires did not directly influence changes in bunchgrass, exotic annual grass, or biocrust cover. Areas dominated by exotic annual grass had less abundant and diverse biocrusts than areas with less exotic annual grass. CONCLUSIONS Biocrust community changes were more strongly related to increasing exotic annual grasses than to wildfires. Changes may relate to other soil disturbances or broad-scale changes in climate or air quality. The minimal influence of wildfire on exotic annual grass and biocrusts suggests that apparent negative impacts of wildfire at other sites may be due to exacerbation by livestock grazing or other surface disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather T Root
- Department of Botany and Plant Ecology, Weber State University, Ogden, Utah, 84401, USA
| | - Julian Chan
- Department of Mathematics, Weber State University, Ogden, Utah, 84401, USA
| | | | - David A Pyke
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Corvallis, Oregon, 97330, USA
| | - Bruce McCune
- Department of Botany & Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
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Abrahamson WG, Abrahamson CR, Koontz SM, Tran EH, Menges ES, David AS. What kills the virtually immortal palms of the Florida scrub? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16234. [PMID: 37661836 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Life span varies greatly across plants, with some species being capable of extreme longevity. Yet even long-lived individuals are susceptible to climatic events, fire, and other challenges. We examined rare mortality events and their causes in two long-lived palmettos over four decades. METHODS We monitored the survival of the clonal Serenoa repens and non-clonal, Florida-endemic Sabal etonia from 1981 to 2022 in four habitats along an elevational gradient within the globally imperiled Florida scrub ecosystem. We considered several challenges to palmetto survival, including extreme fires, shading due to lack of fire, droughts, periods of high precipitation, and possible pathogens. RESULTS Survival of palmettos was remarkably high, and mortality was infrequent (Serenoa: cumulative, 5.7%; annualized, 0%-0.68%; Sabal: cumulative, 3.5%; annualized, 0%-0.43%). Mortality was highest in higher-elevation habitats with greater soil drainage, and smaller palmettos were more likely to die. When subjected to extreme fire, Serenoa suffered greater mortality than Sabal. Mortality in long-unburned habitats with increased shading rivaled that which occurred with extreme fire. There was no evidence of mortality due to lethal bronzing palm disease. CONCLUSIONS Both palmettos had exceptionally low mortality rates, which, coupled with earlier work showing slow rates of transition from seedling to adult and remarkable adult longevity, suggest notably low rates of population turnover. Observed mortality in long-unburned habitats suggests the importance of fire-management planning with prescription burning. Lengthy age to reproduction and/or dependency on clonal propagation limits migration or genetic adaptation to altered conditions caused by climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren G Abrahamson
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, 17837, USA
- Archbold Biological Station, 123 Main Drive, Venus, 33960, Florida, USA
| | | | | | - Elan H Tran
- Archbold Biological Station, 123 Main Drive, Venus, 33960, Florida, USA
- University of Miami, Department of Biology, Coral Gables, Florida, 33146, USA
| | - Eric S Menges
- Archbold Biological Station, 123 Main Drive, Venus, 33960, Florida, USA
| | - Aaron S David
- Archbold Biological Station, 123 Main Drive, Venus, 33960, Florida, USA
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Stevens BS, Roberts SB, Conway CJ, Englestead DK. Effects of large-scale disturbance on animal space use: Functional responses by greater sage-grouse after megafire. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9933. [PMID: 37038512 PMCID: PMC10082181 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Global change has altered the nature of disturbance regimes, and megafire events are increasingly common. Megafires result in immediate changes to habitat available to terrestrial wildlife over broad landscapes, yet we know surprisingly little about how such changes shape space use of sensitive species in habitat that remains. Functional responses provide a framework for understanding and predicting changes in space use following habitat alteration, but no previous studies have assessed functional responses as a consequence of megafire. We studied space use and tested for functional responses in habitat use by breeding greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) before and after landscape-level changes induced by a >40,000 ha, high-intensity megafire that burned sagebrush steppe in eastern Idaho, USA. We also incorporated functional responses into predictive resource selection functions (RSFs) to map breeding habitat before and after the fire. Megafire had strong effects on the distribution of available resources and resulted in context-dependent habitat use that was heterogeneous across different components of habitat. We observed functional responses in the use and selection of a variety of resources (shrubs and herbaceous vegetation) for both nesting and brood rearing. Functional responses in the use of nesting habitat were influenced by the overarching effect of megafire on vegetation, whereas responses during brood rearing appeared to be driven by individual variation in available resources that were conditional on nest locations. Importantly, RSFs built using data collected prior to the burn also had poor transferability for predicting space use in a post-megafire landscape. These results have strong implications for understanding and predicting how animals respond to a rapidly changing environment, given that increased severity, frequency, and extent of wildfire are consequences of global change with the capacity to reshape ecosystems. We therefore demonstrate a conceptual framework to better understand space use and aid habitat conservation for wildlife in a rapidly changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan S. Stevens
- Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Fish and Wildlife SciencesUniversity of IdahoMoscowIdahoUSA
| | | | - Courtney J. Conway
- U.S. Geological Survey, Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research UnitUniversity of IdahoMoscowIdahoUSA
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Crist MR. Rethinking the focus on forest fires in federal wildland fire management: Landscape patterns and trends of non-forest and forest burned area. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 327:116718. [PMID: 36565577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
For most of the 20th century and beyond, national wildland fire policies concerning fire suppression and fuels management have primarily focused on forested lands. Using summary statistics and landscape metrics, wildfire spatial patterns and trends for non-forest and forest burned area over the past two decades were examined across the U.S, and federal agency jurisdictions. This study found that wildfires burned more area of non-forest lands than forest lands at the scale of the conterminous and western U.S. and the Department of Interior (DOI). In an agency comparison, 74% of DOI burned area occurred on non-forest lands and 78% of U.S. Forest Service burned area occurred on forested lands. Landscape metrics revealed key differences between forest and non-forest fire patterns and trends in total burned area, burned patch size, distribution, and aggregation over time across the western U.S. Opposite fire patterns emerged between non-forest and forest burns when analyzed at the scale of federal agency jurisdictions. In addition, a fire regime departure analysis comparing current large fire probability with historic fire trends identified certain vegetation types and locations experiencing more fire than historically. These patterns were especially pronounced for cold desert shrublands, such as sagebrush where increases in annual area burned, and fire frequency, size, and juxtaposition have resulted in substantial losses over a twenty-year period. The emerging non-forest fire patterns are primarily due to the rapid expansion of non-native invasive grasses that increase fuel connectivity and fire spread. These invasions promote uncharacteristic frequent fire and loss of native ecosystems at large-scales, accelerating the need to place greater focus on managing invasive species in wildland fire management. Results can be used to inform wildfire management and policy aimed at reducing uncharacteristic wildfire processes and patterns for both non-forest and forest ecosystems as well as identify differing management strategies needed to address the unique wildfire issues each federal agency faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele R Crist
- Landscape Ecologist, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Fire and Aviation Directorate, Boise, ID, 83705, USA.
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Anthony CR, Germino MJ. Does post-fire recovery of native grasses across abiotic-stress and invasive-grass gradients match theoretical predictions, in sagebrush steppe? Glob Ecol Conserv 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
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Baughman OW, Eshleman M, Griffen J, Rios R, Boyd C, Kildisheva OA, Olsen A, Cahill M, Kerby JD, Riginos C. Assessment of multiple herbicide protection seed treatments for seed-based restoration of native perennial bunchgrasses and sagebrush across multiple sites and years. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283678. [PMID: 36996261 PMCID: PMC10062626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The invasion of exotic, annual plant species is a leading contributor to ecological degradation in drylands globally, and the use of pre-emergent herbicide to control these species is common. Pre-emergent herbicides pose challenges for seed-based restoration due to toxicity to the seeds of desired species. Herbicide protection (HP) technologies pose a potential solution by using activated carbon seed treatments to protect desirable seeds from herbicide exposure. In the sagebrush steppe ecosystem of North America, we used an adaptive small plot design over three planting years to test for effects on seeding outcomes (seedling density and size) of large and small multi-seed HP pellets, several single-seed HP coatings, and carbon banding treatments at geographically dispersed sites for several perennial bunchgrasses and the keystone perennial shrub, Wyoming big sagebrush. We also compared different methods of seed delivery and litter pre-seeding management. Seeding success was low overall, especially for sagebrush, and it was clear that other, often less predictable barriers to establishment than herbicide exposure, such as inadequate spring moisture, were strong drivers of seeding outcomes. Despite this, HP treatments were associated with higher seedling density than bare seed in multiple instances, most notably for grasses. The large HP pellet occasionally outperformed the small HP pellet, and several HP coatings performed similarly to the small pellet. Surprisingly, we did not see consistent negative effects of pre-emergent herbicide on unprotected bare seed. We conclude that HP seed treatments show some promise to improve seeding success in the presence of herbicide, but that consistent success will require further improvements to HP treatments as well as integration with other innovations and approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen W Baughman
- The Nature Conservancy of Oregon, Burns, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Magdalena Eshleman
- The Nature Conservancy of Wyoming, Lander, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Jessica Griffen
- The Nature Conservancy of Oregon, Burns, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Roxanne Rios
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Burns, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Chad Boyd
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Burns, Oregon, United States of America
| | | | - Andrew Olsen
- Intermountain West Joint Venture, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Matthew Cahill
- The Nature Conservancy, Bend, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jay D Kerby
- The Nature Conservancy of Oregon, Burns, Oregon, United States of America
- Prineville, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Corinna Riginos
- The Nature Conservancy of Wyoming, Lander, Wyoming, United States of America
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Germino MJ, Kluender CR, Anthony CR. Plant community trajectories following livestock exclusion for conservation vary and hinge on initial invasion and soil‐biocrust conditions in shrub steppe. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Germino
- U.S. Geological Survey Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center Boise Idaho USA
| | - Chad R. Kluender
- U.S. Geological Survey Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center Boise Idaho USA
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Arkle RS, Pilliod DS, Germino MJ, Jeffries MI, Welty JL. Reestablishing a foundational species: Limitations on post‐wildfire sagebrush seedling establishment. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S. Arkle
- U.S. Geological Survey Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center Boise Idaho USA
| | - David S. Pilliod
- U.S. Geological Survey Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center Boise Idaho USA
| | - Matthew J. Germino
- U.S. Geological Survey Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center Boise Idaho USA
| | - Michelle I. Jeffries
- U.S. Geological Survey Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center Boise Idaho USA
| | - Justin L. Welty
- U.S. Geological Survey Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center Boise Idaho USA
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Copeland SM, Bradford JB, Hardegree SP, Schlaepfer DR, Badik KJ. Management and environmental factors associated with simulated restoration seeding barriers in sagebrush steppe. Restor Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stella M. Copeland
- USDA−Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, 67826‐A Hwy 205 Burns OR 97720 USA
| | - John B. Bradford
- US Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, 2255 N. Gemini Dr Flagstaff AZ 86001 USA
| | - Stuart P. Hardegree
- USDA‐Agricultural Research Service, Northwest Watershed Research Center, 251 Front St., Suite 400 Boise ID 83702 USA
| | - Daniel R. Schlaepfer
- US Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, 2255 N. Gemini Dr Flagstaff AZ 86001 USA
- Center for Adaptable Western Landscapes Northern Arizona University, PO Box 6077 Flagstaff AZ 86011 USA
| | - Kevin J. Badik
- The Nature Conservancy 1 E. 1st St. Suite 1007 Reno NV 89501 USA
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12
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Ellsworth LM, Newingham BA, Shaff SE, Williams CL, Strand EK, Reeves M, Pyke DA, Schupp EW, Chambers JC. Fuel reduction treatments reduce modeled fire intensity in the sagebrush steppe. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L. M. Ellsworth
- Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA
| | | | - S. E. Shaff
- Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center U.S. Geological Survey Corvallis Oregon USA
| | - C. L. Williams
- Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA
| | - E. K. Strand
- Department of Forest, Rangeland, and Fire Sciences University of Idaho Moscow Idaho USA
| | - M. Reeves
- Rocky Mountain Research Station USDA Forest Service Missoula Montana USA
| | - D. A. Pyke
- Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center U.S. Geological Survey Corvallis Oregon USA
| | - E. W. Schupp
- Department of Wildland Resources and Ecology Center Utah State University Logan Utah USA
| | - J. C. Chambers
- Rocky Mountain Research Station USDA Forest Service Reno Nevada USA
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Smith JT, Allred BW, Boyd CS, Davies KW, Jones MO, Kleinhesselink AR, Maestas JD, Morford SL, Naugle DE. The elevational ascent and spread of exotic annual grass dominance in the Great Basin, USA. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T. Smith
- Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group University of Montana Missoula Montana USA
| | - Brady W. Allred
- Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group University of Montana Missoula Montana USA
- W.A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation University of Montana Missoula Montana USA
| | - Chad S. Boyd
- US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Burns Oregon USA
| | - Kirk W. Davies
- US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Burns Oregon USA
| | - Matthew O. Jones
- Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group University of Montana Missoula Montana USA
| | | | - Jeremy D. Maestas
- US Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service Portland Oregon USA
| | - Scott L. Morford
- Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group University of Montana Missoula Montana USA
| | - David E. Naugle
- W.A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation University of Montana Missoula Montana USA
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Pilliod DS, Jeffries MA, Welty JL, Arkle RS. Protecting restoration investments from the cheatgrass‐fire cycle in sagebrush steppe. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David S. Pilliod
- US Geological Survey Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center Boise Idaho USA
| | - Michelle A. Jeffries
- US Geological Survey Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center Boise Idaho USA
| | - Justin L. Welty
- US Geological Survey Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center Boise Idaho USA
| | - Robert S. Arkle
- US Geological Survey Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center Boise Idaho USA
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15
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Mitchell RM, Ames GM, Wright JP. Intraspecific trait variability shapes leaf trait response to altered fire regimes. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 127:543-552. [PMID: 33038232 PMCID: PMC7988511 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Understanding impacts of altered disturbance regimes on community structure and function is a key goal for community ecology. Functional traits link species composition to ecosystem functioning. Changes in the distribution of functional traits at community scales in response to disturbance can be driven not only by shifts in species composition, but also by shifts in intraspecific trait values. Understanding the relative importance of these two processes has important implications for predicting community responses to altered disturbance regimes. METHODS We experimentally manipulated fire return intervals in replicated blocks of a fire-adapted, longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) ecosystem in North Carolina, USA and measured specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and compositional responses along a lowland to upland gradient over a 4 year period. Plots were burned between zero and four times. Using a trait-based approach, we simulate hypothetical scenarios which allow species presence, abundance or trait values to vary over time and compare these with observed traits to understand the relative contributions of each of these three processes to observed trait patterns at the study site. We addressed the following questions. (1) How do changes in the fire regime affect community composition, structure and community-level trait responses? (2) Are these effects consistent across a gradient of fire intensity? (3) What are the relative contributions of species turnover, changes in abundance and changes in intraspecific trait values to observed changes in community-weighted mean (CWM) traits in response to altered fire regime? KEY RESULTS We found strong evidence that altered fire return interval impacted understorey plant communities. The number of fires a plot experienced significantly affected the magnitude of its compositional change and shifted the ecotone boundary separating shrub-dominated lowland areas from grass-dominated upland areas, with suppression sites (0 burns) experiencing an upland shift and annual burn sites a lowland shift. We found significant effects of burn regimes on the CWM of SLA, and that observed shifts in both SLA and LDMC were driven primarily by intraspecific changes in trait values. CONCLUSIONS In a fire-adapted ecosystem, increased fire frequency altered community composition and structure of the ecosystem through changes in the position of the shrub line. We also found that plant traits responded directionally to increased fire frequency, with SLA decreasing in response to fire frequency across the environmental gradient. For both SLA and LDMC, nearly all of the observed changes in CWM traits were driven by intraspecific variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Mitchell
- School of Earth and Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Greg M Ames
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Abrahamson WG, Abrahamson CR, Keller MA. Lessons from four decades of monitoring vegetation and fire: maintaining diversity and resilience in Florida’s uplands. ECOL MONOGR 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Warren G. Abrahamson
- Department of Biology Bucknell University Lewisburg Pennsylvania17837USA
- Archbold Biological Station 123 Main Drive Venus Florida33960USA
- 3833 Stein Lane Lewisburg Pennsylvania17837USA
| | | | - Matthew A. Keller
- Department of Biology Bucknell University Lewisburg Pennsylvania17837USA
- 503 Byler Circle Lebanon Pennsylvania17042USA
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17
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Freund SM, Newingham BA, Chambers JC, Urza AK, Roundy BA, Cushman JH. Plant functional groups and species contribute to ecological resilience a decade after woodland expansion treatments. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Freund
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science University of Nevada, Reno Reno Nevada89557USA
| | - Beth A. Newingham
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science University of Nevada, Reno Reno Nevada89557USA
- Great Basin Rangelands Research Unit USDA Agricultural Research Service Reno Nevada89512USA
| | | | - Alexandra K. Urza
- Rocky Mountain Research Station USDA Forest Service Reno Nevada89509USA
| | - Bruce A. Roundy
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences Brigham Young University Provo Utah84602USA
| | - J. Hall Cushman
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science University of Nevada, Reno Reno Nevada89557USA
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18
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Freitag M, Kamp J, Dara A, Kuemmerle T, Sidorova TV, Stirnemann IA, Velbert F, Hölzel N. Post-Soviet shifts in grazing and fire regimes changed the functional plant community composition on the Eurasian steppe. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:388-401. [PMID: 33085817 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Globally, grasslands are shaped by grazing and fire, and grassland plants are adapted to these disturbances. However, temperate grasslands have been hotspots of land-use change, and how such changes affect interrelations between herbivory, fire and vegetation are poorly understood. Such land-use changes are widespread on the Eurasian steppe, where the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 triggered the abandonment of cropland and pasture on globally relevant scales. Thus, to determine how relationships between plant functional composition, grazing and fire patterns changed after the Soviet Union dissolved, we studied a 358,000 km2 region in the dry steppe of Kazakhstan, combining a large field dataset on plant functional traits with multi-scale satellite data. We found that increases in burned area corresponded to decreases in livestock grazing across large areas. Furthermore, fires occurred more often with high cover of grasses with high leaf dry matter content and thus higher flammability, whereas higher grazing pressure favoured grazing-tolerant woody forbs and ruderal plants with high specific leaf area. The current situation of low grazing pressure represents a historically exceptional, potentially non-analogue state. We suggest that the dissolution of the Soviet Union caused the disturbance regime to shift from grazer to fire control. As grazing and fire each result in different plant functional compositions, we propose that this led to widespread increases in grasses and associated changes in steppe plant community structure. These changes have potentially occurred across an area of more than 2 million km2 , representing much of the world's largest temperate grassland area, with globally relevant, yet poorly understood implications for biodiversity and ecosystem functions such as carbon cycling. Additionally, future steppe management must also consider positive implications of abandonment ('rewilding') because reverting the regime shift in disturbance and associated changes in vegetation would require grazing animals to be reintroduced across vast areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Freitag
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Kamp
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Conservation Biology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrey Dara
- Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Development in Transition Economies (IAMO), Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Tobias Kuemmerle
- Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Integrative Research Institute on Transformations of Human-Environment Systems (IRI THESys), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tatyana V Sidorova
- Association for the Conservation of Biodiversity in Kazakhstan (ACBK), Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Ingrid A Stirnemann
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Frederike Velbert
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Norbert Hölzel
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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19
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Shriver RK, Campbell E, Dailey C, Gaya H, Hill A, Kuzminski S, Miller‐Bartley M, Moen K, Moettus R, Oschrin E, Reese D, Simonson M, Willson A, Parker TH. Local landscape position impacts demographic rates in a widespread North American steppe bunchgrass. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert K. Shriver
- Ecology Center Utah State University Logan Utah84322USA
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences University of Nevada Reno Nevada89557USA
| | - Erin Campbell
- Department of Biology Whitman College Walla Walla Washington99362USA
| | - Christopher Dailey
- Department of Biology Whitman College Walla Walla Washington99362USA
- School of Marine and Environmental Affairs University of Washington Seattle Washington98105USA
| | - Heather Gaya
- Department of Biology Whitman College Walla Walla Washington99362USA
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources University of Georgia 180 E Green Street Athens Georgia30602USA
| | - Abby Hill
- Department of Biology Whitman College Walla Walla Washington99362USA
| | - Sonya Kuzminski
- Department of Biology Whitman College Walla Walla Washington99362USA
| | | | - Kyle Moen
- Department of Biology Whitman College Walla Walla Washington99362USA
| | - Riga Moettus
- Department of Biology Whitman College Walla Walla Washington99362USA
| | - Emma Oschrin
- Department of Biology Whitman College Walla Walla Washington99362USA
- Department of Biology Indiana University 1001 East Third Street Bloomington Indiana47405USA
| | - Devin Reese
- Department of Biology Whitman College Walla Walla Washington99362USA
| | - Molly Simonson
- Department of Biology Whitman College Walla Walla Washington99362USA
- University of Washington School of Public Health 1959 NE Pacific Street Seattle Washington98195USA
| | - Alice Willson
- Department of Biology Whitman College Walla Walla Washington99362USA
| | - Timothy H. Parker
- Department of Biology Whitman College Walla Walla Washington99362USA
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20
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Rodhouse TJ, Irvine KM, Bowersock L. Post-Fire Vegetation Response in a Repeatedly Burned Low-Elevation Sagebrush Steppe Protected Area Provides Insights About Resilience and Invasion Resistance. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.584726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sagebrush steppe ecosystems are threatened by human land-use legacies, biological invasions, and altered fire and climate dynamics. Steppe protected areas are therefore of heightened conservation importance but are few and vulnerable to the same impacts broadly affecting sagebrush steppe. To address this problem, sagebrush steppe conservation science is increasingly emphasizing a focus on resilience to fire and resistance to non-native annual grass invasion as a decision framework. It is well-established that the positive feedback loop between fire and annual grass invasion is the driving process of most contemporary steppe degradation. We use a newly developed ordinal zero-augmented beta regression model fit to large-sample vegetation monitoring data from John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, USA, spanning 7 years to evaluate fire responses of two native perennial foundation bunchgrasses and two non-native invasive annual grasses in a repeatedly burned, historically grazed, and inherently low-resilient protected area. We structured our model hierarchically to support inferences about variation among ecological site types and over time after also accounting for growing-season water deficit, fine-scale topographic variation, and burn severity. We use a state-and-transition conceptual diagram and abundances of plants listed in ecological site reference conditions to formalize our hypothesis of fire-accelerated transition to ecologically novel annual grassland. Notably, big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) and other woody species were entirely removed by fire. The two perennial grasses, bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata) and Thurber's needlegrass (Achnatherum thurberianum) exhibited fire resiliency, with no apparent trend after fire. The two annual grasses, cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) and medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae), increased in response to burn severity, most notably medusahead. Surprisingly, we found no variation in grass cover among ecological sites, suggesting fire-driven homogenization as shrubs were removed and annual grasses became dominant. We found contrasting responses among all four grass species along gradients of topography and water deficit, informative to protected-area conservation strategies. The fine-grained influence of topography was particularly important to variation in cover among species and provides a foothold for conservation in low-resilient, aridic steppe. Broadly, our study demonstrates how to operationalize resilience and resistance concepts for protected areas by integrating empirical data with conceptual and statistical models.
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21
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Harris LB, Taylor AH. Rain‐shadow forest margins resilient to low‐severity fire and climate change but not high‐severity fire. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas B. Harris
- Department of Geography The Pennsylvania State University 302 Walker Building University Park Pennsylvania16802USA
| | - Alan H. Taylor
- Department of Geography Earth and Environmental Systems Institute The Pennsylvania State University 302 Walker Building University Park Pennsylvania16802USA
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22
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Roundy BA, Miller RF, Tausch RJ, Chambers JC, Rau BM. Long‐term effects of tree expansion and reduction on soil climate in a semiarid ecosystem. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A. Roundy
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences Brigham Young University Provo Utah84602USA
| | - R. F. Miller
- Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon97331USA
| | - R. J. Tausch
- USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Reno Nevada89521USA
| | - J. C. Chambers
- USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Reno Nevada89521USA
| | - B. M. Rau
- USGS New England Water Science Center Northborough Massachusetts01532USA
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23
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Long-Term Seeding Outcomes in Slash Piles and Skid Trails after Conifer Removal. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11080839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Conifer removal in interior woodland ecosystems of the western US is a common management treatment used to decrease fire hazard and shift woodlands to more historical states. Woody material is frequently removed by skidding material off site and via slash pile burning. Assessing the long-term outcomes of seeding treatments after such ground disturbing activities is critical for informing future management and treatment strategies. Using two designed experiments from a central Oregon juniper woodland, we resampled slash piles and skid trails 8 years after seeding. Our objectives were to assess the long-term vegetation response to conifer removal, ground disturbance, and seeding source (cultivar and local) in slash piles and skid trails. We found that seeded species persisted in the long term, but abundance patterns depended on the species, seed source, and the type of disturbance. In general, there were more robust patterns of persistence after pile burning compared to skid trails. Seeding also suppressed exotic grass cover in the long term, particularly for the local seed source. However, the invasion levels we report are still problematic and may have impacts on biodiversity, forage and fire behavior. Our short-term results were not predictive of longer-term outcomes, but short- and long-term patterns were somewhat predictable based on species life history traits and ecological succession. The use of a mix of species with different life history traits may contribute to seeding success in terms of exotic grass suppression. Lastly, our results suggest that locally adapted seed sources may perform as well or better compared to cultivars. However, more aggressive weed treatments before and after conifer removal activities and wider seeding application may be needed to effectively treat exotic grass populations.
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24
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Fleisher KR, Hufford KM. Assessing habitat heterogeneity and vegetation outcomes of geomorphic and traditional linear-slope methods in post-mine reclamation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 255:109854. [PMID: 32063317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Traditional reclamation consists of landform reconstruction characterized by uniform topography and linear slopes. Geomorphic reclamation improves on traditional reclamation by recreating heterogeneous landforms that blend into surrounding landscapes. Environmental heterogeneity created by geomorphic design is expected to increase the number of available ecological niches, and thus increase plant species diversity when compared with traditional reclamation practices. We sampled plant communities at two reclaimed surface mines in Wyoming using line-point intercept transects to compare vegetative diversity, composition, and structure between sites reclaimed using geomorphic and traditional methods. Greater species richness and Simpson's diversity were observed in geomorphic reclamation at the first site, but did not differ significantly at the second site, although geomorphic reclamation was more likely to resemble undisturbed controls. Shrub abundance was up to 10 times greater on geomorphic reclamation compared to traditional reclamation. Neither reclamation method achieved levels of vegetative diversity observed on nearby, undisturbed rangeland. Geomorphic methods have potential benefits for restoration of vegetative diversity and foundation species such as Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis). Our results suggest geomorphic reclamation may improve plant community diversity and wildlife habitat as a practical method for landscape-level restoration in post-mining sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt R Fleisher
- Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.
| | - Kristina M Hufford
- Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.
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25
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Wood DJA, Seipel T, Irvine KM, Rew LJ, Stoy PC. Fire and development influences on sagebrush community plant groups across a climate gradient in northern Nevada. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David J. A. Wood
- U.S. Geological Survey Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center Bozeman Montana 59715 USA
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences Montana State University Bozeman Montana 59717 USA
| | - Tim Seipel
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences Montana State University Bozeman Montana 59717 USA
| | - Kathryn M. Irvine
- U.S. Geological Survey Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center Bozeman Montana 59715 USA
| | - Lisa J. Rew
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences Montana State University Bozeman Montana 59717 USA
| | - Paul C. Stoy
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences Montana State University Bozeman Montana 59717 USA
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26
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Wainwright CE, Davies GM, Dettweiler‐Robinson E, Dunwiddie PW, Wilderman D, Bakker JD. Methods for tracking sagebrush‐steppe community trajectories and quantifying resilience in relation to disturbance and restoration. Restor Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. Wainwright
- School of Environmental and Forest SciencesUniversity of Washington, Box 354115 Seattle WA 98195 U.S.A
- Exponent, Inc., Ecological and Biological Sciences Bellevue WA 98007 U.S.A
| | - G. Matt Davies
- School of Environment and Natural ResourcesThe Ohio State University, Kottman Hall, 2021 Coffey Road Columbus OH 43210 U.S.A
| | | | - Peter W. Dunwiddie
- School of Environmental and Forest SciencesUniversity of Washington, Box 354115 Seattle WA 98195 U.S.A
| | - David Wilderman
- Washington State Department of Natural ResourcesNatural Resources Building Headquarters, PO Box 47014 Olympia WA 98504 U.S.A
| | - Jonathan D. Bakker
- School of Environmental and Forest SciencesUniversity of Washington, Box 354115 Seattle WA 98195 U.S.A
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27
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Barker BS, Pilliod DS, Rigge M, Homer CG. Pre‐fire vegetation drives post‐fire outcomes in sagebrush ecosystems: evidence from field and remote sensing data. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany S. Barker
- Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center US Geological Survey Boise Idaho 83706 USA
- Integrated Plant Protection Center and Department of Horticulture Oregon State University 2040 Cordley Hall Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
| | - David S. Pilliod
- Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center US Geological Survey Boise Idaho 83706 USA
| | - Matthew Rigge
- Earth Resources Observation and Science Center AFDS, contractor to the US Geological Survey Sioux Falls South Dakota 57198 USA
| | - Collin G. Homer
- Earth Resources Observation and Science Center US Geological Survey Sioux Falls South Dakota 57198 USA
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28
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Fire, livestock grazing, topography, and precipitation affect occurrence and prevalence of cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) in the central Great Basin, USA. Biol Invasions 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-019-02120-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Solomon JKQ. Characterization of Adult Functional Traits of Local Populations and Cultivars of Sandberg Bluegrass and Bottlebrush Squirreltail Perennial Bunchgrasses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E166. [PMID: 31212616 PMCID: PMC6631798 DOI: 10.3390/plants8060166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant functional traits offer an understanding of the plant's ability to cope with varying environmental impositions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the above and belowground adult morphological and chemical composition traits of local populations of Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda J. Presl) and Bottlebrush squirreltail (Elymus elymoides (Raf.) Swezey) collected in Nevada and their cultivated varieties. A total of six replications (one seedling each) from each population and cultivar of the two native perennial bunchgrasses were used in a randomized complete block design experiment. Each of the six seedlings from each sourced population was transplanted into individual tree pots (28 cm diameter × 61 cm height) containing 20.4 kg of air-dried Orr gravelly sandy loam soil in mid-November, 2015 and remained in the pots for the duration of the study (23 June, 2016). Traits evaluated were, plant height, leaf length, inflorescence length, shoot biomass, forage nutritive value, root morphological traits, and root carbon and nitrogen content. Traits means were considered different at P < 0.05. For Sandberg bluegrass, the cultivar 'Mountain Home' and the population from Panther Valley tended to have greater biomass than the population from Button Point but overall, the average of the two cultivars (10.8 g/plant) did not differ in shoot biomass relative to the local populations (7.6 g/plant). For squirreltail, plant height for the George St. Sonoma and Grass Valley populations (71.3 cm) was greater than the cultivars 'Toe Jam Creek' and 'Vale' (40.5 cm) but cultivars had greater biomass (12.6 g/plant) than the local populations (5.8 g/plant). Total root length and root diameter were not different among the Sanberg bluegrass and squirreltail populations. The results from traits expounded on in this study indicate the closeness of these populations for both species at their adult stage and provide insights for building a unified framework approach among the different agencies and restoration practitioners to aid in plant assemblages for restoration success in the Great Basin and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan K Q Solomon
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary & Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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30
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Chambers JC, Brooks ML, Germino MJ, Maestas JD, Board DI, Jones MO, Allred BW. Operationalizing Resilience and Resistance Concepts to Address Invasive Grass-Fire Cycles. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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31
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Seeding native species increases resistance to annual grass invasion following prescribed burning of semiarid woodlands. Biol Invasions 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-019-01951-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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32
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Mahood AL, Balch JK. Repeated fires reduce plant diversity in low-elevation Wyoming big sagebrush ecosystems (1984-2014). Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adam L. Mahood
- Department of Geography; University of Colorado Boulder; GUGG 110, 260 UCB Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
| | - Jennifer K. Balch
- Department of Geography; University of Colorado Boulder; GUGG 110, 260 UCB Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
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33
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Roundy BA, Chambers JC, Pyke DA, Miller RF, Tausch RJ, Schupp EW, Rau B, Gruell T. Resilience and resistance in sagebrush ecosystems are associated with seasonal soil temperature and water availability. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A. Roundy
- Plant and Wildlife Science Department; Brigham Young University; Provo Utah 84602 USA
| | - Jeanne C. Chambers
- Rocky Mountain Research Station; United States Forest Service; Reno Nevada 89512 USA
| | - David A. Pyke
- Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center; United States Geological Survey; Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
| | - Richard F. Miller
- Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center; Oregon State University; Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
| | - Robin J. Tausch
- Rocky Mountain Research Station; United States Forest Service; Reno Nevada 89512 USA
| | - Eugene W. Schupp
- Wildland Resources/Ecology Center; Utah State University; Logan Utah 84322-5230 USA
| | - Ben Rau
- Pisgah National Forest, United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service; North Carolina 28768 USA
| | - Trevor Gruell
- Plant and Wildlife Science Department; Brigham Young University; Provo Utah 84602 USA
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34
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Bradley BA, Curtis CA, Fusco EJ, Abatzoglou JT, Balch JK, Dadashi S, Tuanmu MN. Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) distribution in the intermountain Western United States and its relationship to fire frequency, seasonality, and ignitions. Biol Invasions 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-017-1641-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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35
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Urza AK, Weisberg PJ, Chambers JC, Dhaemers JM, Board D. Post-fire vegetation response at the woodland-shrubland interface is mediated by the pre-fire community. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra K. Urza
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science; University of Nevada-Reno; Reno Nevada 89557 USA
- Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology; University of Nevada-Reno; Reno Nevada 89557 USA
| | - Peter J. Weisberg
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science; University of Nevada-Reno; Reno Nevada 89557 USA
| | - Jeanne C. Chambers
- US Forest Service; Rocky Mountain Research Station; Reno Nevada 89512 USA
| | - Jessica M. Dhaemers
- US Forest Service; Beaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest; Dillon Montana 59725 USA
| | - David Board
- US Forest Service; Rocky Mountain Research Station; Reno Nevada 89512 USA
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36
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Mitchell RM, Bakker JD, Vincent JB, Davies GM. Relative importance of abiotic, biotic, and disturbance drivers of plant community structure in the sagebrush steppe. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 27:756-768. [PMID: 27935663 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic conditions, biotic factors, and disturbances can act as filters that control community structure and composition. Understanding the relative importance of these drivers would allow us to understand and predict the causes and consequences of changes in community structure. We used long-term data (1989-2002) from the sagebrush steppe in the state of Washington, USA, to ask three questions: (1) What are the key drivers of community-level metrics of community structure? (2) Do community-level metrics and functional groups differ in magnitude or direction of response to drivers of community structure? (3) What is the relative importance of drivers of community structure? The vegetation in 2002 was expressed as seven response variables: three community-level metrics (species richness, total cover, compositional change from 1989 to 2002) and the relative abundances of four functional groups. We used a multi-model inference framework to identify a set of top models for each response metric beginning from a global model that included two abiotic drivers, six disturbances, a biotic driver (initial plant community), and interactions between the disturbance and biotic drivers. We also used a permutational relative variable importance metric to rank the influence of drivers. Moisture availability was the most important driver of species richness and of native forb cover. Fire was the most important driver of shrub cover and training area usage was important for compositional change, but disturbances, including grazing, were of secondary importance for most other variables. Biotic drivers, as represented by the initial plant communities, were the most important driver for total cover and for the relative covers of exotics and native grasses. Our results indicate that the relative importance of drivers is dependent on the choice of metric, and that drivers such as disturbance and initial plant community can interact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Mitchell
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, USA
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Jonathan D Bakker
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - John B Vincent
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - G Matt Davies
- School of Environmental and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
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37
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Ellsworth LM, Wrobleski DW, Kauffman JB, Reis SA. Ecosystem resilience is evident 17 years after fire in Wyoming big sagebrush ecosystems. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L. M. Ellsworth
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University 104 Nash Hall Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
| | - D. W. Wrobleski
- Plains Thompson Falls and Superior Ranger Districts USDA Forest Service P.O. Box 429, 408 Clayton Street Plains Montana 59859 USA
| | - J. B. Kauffman
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University 104 Nash Hall Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
| | - S. A. Reis
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University 104 Nash Hall Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
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38
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Trowbridge CC, Stanley A, Kaye TN, Dunwiddie PW, Williams JL. Long-term effects of prairie restoration on plant community structure and native population dynamics. Restor Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte C. Trowbridge
- Department of Geography; University of British Columbia; 1984 West Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z2 Canada
| | - Amanda Stanley
- Wilburforce Foundation; 2034 NW 56th Street, Ste 300 Seattle WA 98107 U.S.A
| | - Thomas N. Kaye
- Institute for Applied Ecology; 563 SW Jefferson Avenue Corvallis OR 97333 U.S.A
| | - Peter W. Dunwiddie
- Department of Biology; University of Washington; 24 Kincaid Hall Seattle WA 98105 U.S.A
| | - Jennifer L. Williams
- Department of Geography and Biodiversity Research Centre; University of British Columbia; 1984 West Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z2 Canada
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Palmquist KA, Schlaepfer DR, Bradford JB, Lauenroth WK. Spatial and ecological variation in dryland ecohydrological responses to climate change: implications for management. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A. Palmquist
- Department of Botany University of Wyoming 1000 East University Avenue Laramie Wyoming 82071 USA
| | - Daniel R. Schlaepfer
- Department of Botany University of Wyoming 1000 East University Avenue Laramie Wyoming 82071 USA
- Section of Conservation Biology Department of Environmental Sciences University of Basel St. Johanns‐Vorstadt 10 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - John B. Bradford
- Southwest Biological Science Center U.S. Geological Survey 2255 North Gemini Drive Flagstaff Arizona 86001 USA
| | - William K. Lauenroth
- Department of Botany University of Wyoming 1000 East University Avenue Laramie Wyoming 82071 USA
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Pennington VE, Schlaepfer DR, Beck JL, Bradford JB, Palmquist KA, Lauenroth WK. Sagebrush, Greater Sage-Grouse, and the Occurrence and Importance of Forbs. WEST N AM NATURALIST 2016. [DOI: 10.3398/064.076.0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel R. Schlaepfer
- Section of Conservation Biology, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Vorstadt 10, CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey L. Beck
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
| | - John B. Bradford
- U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Flagstaff, AZ
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Martyn TE, Bradford JB, Schlaepfer DR, Burke IC, Lauenroth WK. Seed bank and big sagebrush plant community composition in a range margin for big sagebrush. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Trace E. Martyn
- Department of Botany University of Wyoming 1000 E. University Avenue Laramie Wyoming 82071 USA
| | - John B. Bradford
- Southwest Biological Science Center US Geological Survey 2255 N. Gemini Drive Flagstaff Arizona 86001 USA
| | - Daniel R. Schlaepfer
- Department of Botany University of Wyoming 1000 E. University Avenue Laramie Wyoming 82071 USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences Section of Conservation Biology University of Basel St. Johanns‐Vorstadt 10 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Ingrid C. Burke
- Department of Botany University of Wyoming 1000 E. University Avenue Laramie Wyoming 82071 USA
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management University of Wyoming 1000 E. University Avenue Laramie Wyoming 82071 USA
- Haub School of Environment and Natural Resources University of Wyoming Bim Kendall House, 804 E. Fremont Street Laramie Wyoming 82072 USA
| | - William K. Lauenroth
- Department of Botany University of Wyoming 1000 E. University Avenue Laramie Wyoming 82071 USA
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Johnson RC, Vance-Borland K. Linking Genetic Variation in Adaptive Plant Traits to Climate in Tetraploid and Octoploid Basin Wildrye [Leymus cinereus (Scribn. & Merr.) A. Love] in the Western U.S. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148982. [PMID: 26881894 PMCID: PMC4755535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have assessed how ploidy type within a species affects genetic variation among populations in relation to source climates. Basin wildrye (Leymus cinereus (Scribn. & Merr.) A. Love) is a large bunchgrass common in the intermountain Western U.S. found in both octoploid and tetraploid types. In common gardens at two sites over two years differences in both ploidy type and genetic variation within ploidy were observed in phenology, morphology, and production traits on 57 octoploid and 52 tetraploid basin wildrye from the intermountain Western U.S. (P<0.01). Octoploids had larger leaves, longer culms, and greater crown circumference than tetraploids but the numerical ranges of plant traits and their source climates overlapped between ploidy types. Still, among populations octoploids often had greater genetic variation for traits and occupied more diverse climates than tetraploids. Genetic variation for both ploidy types was linked to source climates in canonical correlation analysis, with the first two variates explaining 70% of the variation. Regression of those canonical variates with seed source climate variables produced models that explained 64% and 38% of the variation, respectively, and were used to map 15 seed zones covering 673,258 km2. Utilization of these seed zones will help ensure restoration with adaptive seed sources for both ploidy types. The link between genetic traits and seed source climates suggests climate driven natural selection and adaptive evolution in basin wildrye. The more diverse climates occupied by octoploids and higher trait variation suggests a higher capacity for ecological differentiation than tetraploids in the intermountain Western U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. C. Johnson
- Agricultural Research Service, Plant Germplasm Research and Testing, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | - Ken Vance-Borland
- Conservation Planning Institute, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
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Brooks ML, Brown CS, Chambers JC, D’Antonio CM, Keeley JE, Belnap J. Exotic Annual Bromus Invasions: Comparisons Among Species and Ecoregions in the Western United States. SPRINGER SERIES ON ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-24930-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Sutter RD, Wainscott SB, Boetsch JR, Palmer CJ, Rugg DJ. Practical guidance for integrating data management into long‐term ecological monitoring projects. WILDLIFE SOC B 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert D. Sutter
- Enduring Conservation Outcomes652 Maupas AvenueSavannahGA31401USA
| | - Susan B. Wainscott
- University LibrariesUniversity of NevadaLas VegasLas VegasNV89154 7014USA
| | - John R. Boetsch
- National Park ServiceNorth Coast and Cascades Network Inventory and Monitoring Program600 E Park AvenuePort AngelesWA98362 6757USA
| | - Craig J. Palmer
- School of Environmental and Public AffairsUniversity of NevadaLas VegasLas VegasNV89154 4009USA
- Computer Sciences CorporationAlexandriaVA22310 3260USA
| | - David J. Rugg
- United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service1 Gifford Pinchot DriveMadisonWI53726 2366USA
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Haegen WMV, Schroeder MA, Chang WY, Knapp SM. Avian abundance and reproductive success in the intermountain west: Local-scale response to the conservation reserve program. WILDLIFE SOC B 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael A. Schroeder
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife; P.O. Box 1077 Bridgeport WA 98813 USA
| | - Wan-Ying Chang
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife; 600 Capitol Way N, Olympia WA 98501 USA
| | - Shannon M. Knapp
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife; 600 Capitol Way N, Olympia WA 98501 USA
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Johnson RC, Horning ME, Espeland EK, Vance-Borland K. Relating adaptive genetic traits to climate for Sandberg bluegrass from the intermountain western United States. Evol Appl 2015; 8:172-84. [PMID: 25685192 PMCID: PMC4319864 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation for potentially adaptive traits of the key restoration species Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda J. Presl) was assessed over the intermountain western United States in relation to source population climate. Common gardens were established at two intermountain west sites with progeny from two maternal parents from each of 130 wild populations. Data were collected over 2 years at each site on fifteen plant traits associated with production, phenology, and morphology. Analyses of variance revealed strong population differences for all plant traits (P < 0.0001), indicating genetic variation. Both the canonical correlation and linear correlation established associations between source populations and climate variability. Populations from warmer, more arid climates had generally lower dry weight, earlier phenology, and smaller, narrower leaves than those from cooler, moister climates. The first three canonical variates were regressed with climate variables resulting in significant models (P < 0.0001) used to map 12 seed zones. Of the 700 981 km2 mapped, four seed zones represented 92% of the area in typically semi-arid and arid regions. The association of genetic variation with source climates in the intermountain west suggested climate driven natural selection and evolution. We recommend seed transfer zones and population movement guidelines to enhance adaptation and diversity for large-scale restoration projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Johnson
- Plant Germplasm Research and Testing, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Matthew E Horning
- Deschutes National Forest, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Bend, OR, USA
| | - Erin K Espeland
- Pest Management Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Sidney, MT, USA
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Rodhouse TJ, Irvine KM, Sheley RL, Smith BS, Hoh S, Esposito DM, Mata-Gonzalez R. Predicting foundation bunchgrass species abundances: model-assisted decision-making in protected-area sagebrush steppe. Ecosphere 2014. [DOI: 10.1890/es14-00169.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Taylor K, Brummer T, Rew LJ, Lavin M, Maxwell BD. Bromus tectorum Response to Fire Varies with Climate Conditions. Ecosystems 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-014-9771-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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50
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Resilience to Stress and Disturbance, and Resistance to Bromus tectorum L. Invasion in Cold Desert Shrublands of Western North America. Ecosystems 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-013-9725-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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