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Hoy SR, Vucetich LM, Peterson RO, Vucetich JA. Winter Tick Burdens for Moose Are Positively Associated With Warmer Summers and Higher Predation Rates. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.758374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is expected to modify host-parasite interactions which is concerning because parasites are involved in most food-web links, and parasites have important influences on the structure, productivity and stability of communities and ecosystems. However, the impact of climate change on host–parasite interactions and any cascading effects on other ecosystem processes has received relatively little empirical attention. We assessed host-parasite dynamics for moose (Alces alces) and winter ticks (Dermacentor albipictus) in Isle Royale National Park over a 19-year period. Specifically, we monitored annual tick burdens for moose (estimated from hair loss) and assessed how it covaried with several aspects of seasonal climate, and non-climatic factors, such as moose density, predation on hosts by wolves (Canis lupus) and wolf abundance. Summer temperatures explained half the interannual variance in tick burden with tick burden being greater following hotter summers, presumably because warmer temperatures accelerate the development of tick eggs and increase egg survival. That finding is consistent with the general expectation that warmer temperatures may promote higher parasite burdens. However, summer temperatures are warming less rapidly than other seasons across most regions of North America. Therefore, tick burdens seem to be primarily associated with an aspect of climate that is currently exhibiting a lower rate of change. Tick burdens were also positively correlated with predation rate, which could be due to moose exhibiting risk-sensitive habitat selection (in years when predation risk is high) in such a manner as to increases the encounter rate with questing tick larvae in autumn. However, that positive correlation could also arise if high parasite burdens make moose more vulnerable to predators or because of some other density-dependent process (given that predation rate and moose density are highly correlated). Overall, these results provide valuable insights about interrelationships among climate, parasites, host/prey, and predators.
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Phenological and intrinsic predictors of mite and haemacoccidian infection dynamics in a Mediterranean community of lizards. Parasitology 2021; 148:1328-1338. [PMID: 34078494 PMCID: PMC8383277 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021000858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Ectotherms are vulnerable to environmental changes and their parasites are biological health indicators. Thus, parasite load in ectotherms is expected to show a marked phenology. This study investigates temporal host–parasite dynamics in a lizard community in Eastern Spain during an entire annual activity period. The hosts investigated were Acanthodactylus erythrurus, Psammodromus algirus and Psammodromus edwardsianus, three lizard species coexisting in a mixed habitat of forests and dunes, providing a range of body sizes, ecological requirements and life history traits. Habitat and climate were considered as potential environmental predictors of parasite abundance, while size, body condition and sex as intrinsic predictors. Linear models based on robust estimates were fitted to analyse parasite abundance and prevalence. Ectoparasitic mites and blood parasites from two haemococcidian genera were found: Lankesterella spp. and Schellackia spp. Habitat type was the only predictor explaining the abundance of all parasites, being mostly higher in the forest than in the dunes. The results suggest that particularities in each host–parasite relationship should be accounted even when parasites infect close-related hosts under the same environmental pressures. They also support that lizard parasites can be biomarkers of environmental perturbation, but the relationships need to be carefully interpreted for each host–parasite assemblage.
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Liu J, Huang S, Li G, Zhao J, Lu W, Zhang Z. High housing density increases stress hormone- or disease-associated fecal microbiota in male Brandt's voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii). Horm Behav 2020; 126:104838. [PMID: 32791065 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Density-dependence is an important mechanism in the population regulation of small mammals. Stressors induced by high-density (e.g., crowding and aggression) can cause physiological and neurological disorders, and are hypothesized to be associated with alterations in gut microbiota, which may in turn reduce the fitness of animals by increasing stress- or disease-associated microbes. In this study, we examined the effects of housing density on the hormone levels, immunity, and composition of gut microbiota in male Brandt's voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii) by conducting two specific housing density experiments with or without physical contact between voles. Voles in high density groups exhibited higher serum corticosterone (CORT), serotonin (5-HT), and immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels, as well as higher testosterone (T) levels only in the experiment with physical contact. Meanwhile, high-density treatments induced significant changes in the composition of gut microbiota by increasing disease-associated microbes. The levels of hormones and immunity (i.e., CORT, 5-HT, and IgG) elevated by the high density treatment were significantly correlated with some specific microbes. These results imply that high-density-induced stress may shape the fitness of animals under natural conditions by altering their gut microbiota. Our study provides novel insights into the potential roles of gut microbiota in the density-dependent population regulation of small rodents as well as the potential mechanisms underlying psychological disorders in humans and animals under crowded conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuli Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guoliang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jidong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Hamilton K, Goulet CT, Drummond EM, Senior AF, Schroder M, Gardner MG, While GM, Chapple DG. Decline in lizard species diversity, abundance and ectoparasite load across an elevational gradient in the Australian alps. AUSTRAL ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Hamilton
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton VictoriaAustralia
| | - Celine T. Goulet
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton VictoriaAustralia
| | - Emily M. Drummond
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton VictoriaAustralia
| | - Anna F. Senior
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton VictoriaAustralia
| | - Mellesa Schroder
- NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service Southern Range Branch Jindabyne New South WalesAustralia
| | - Michael G. Gardner
- College of Science and Engineering Flinders University Bedford Park South AustraliaAustralia
- Evolutionary Biology Unit South Australian Museum North Terrace Adelaide South AustraliaAustralia
| | - Geoffrey M. While
- School of Biological Sciences University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - David G. Chapple
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton VictoriaAustralia
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Josserand R, Haussy C, Agostini S, Decencière B, Le Galliard JF, Meylan S. Chronic elevation of glucorticoids late in life generates long lasting changes in physiological state without a life history switch. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 285:113288. [PMID: 31557468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stressors have profound impacts on phenotypes and life history strategies on the short term, but delayed effects of stress experienced late in life remain poorly investigated in wild populations. Here, we used a combined laboratory and field experiment to test if chronic stress late in life has immediate and delayed effects on physiological and demographic traits in the common lizard, Zootoca vivipara. We increased plasma corticosterone levels in adults and yearlings during three weeks of the post-reproductive season. We quantified immediate responses in the laboratory, delayed intra-generational effects in field enclosures one month and one year later during the next reproductive season, and delayed inter-generational effects in the first generation of offspring. Our phenotypic assays included metabolism, immune capacities, lipid metabolism and oxidative stress. Relative to placebos, lizards treated with corticosterone had higher body condition and lower oxidative damages but an increased skin swelling response directly after the manipulation. Delayed responses in field enclosures were of three types. First, we found catch-up growth for body mass such the placebos had similar body conditions one month after the laboratory manipulation. Second, we found persistent differences in oxidative damages during one month but not one year later. Third, during the next reproductive season, corticosterone-treated females had higher levels of plasma triglycerides, whereas corticosterone-treated individuals had a higher skin swelling response. We found no delayed inter-generational effects on demographic traits of offspring. Our study demonstrates the potential for long-lasting physiological consequences of chronic corticosterone enhancement despite no obvious changes in life history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Josserand
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, iEES Paris, UMR 7618, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Claudy Haussy
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, iEES Paris, UMR 7618, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Simon Agostini
- Centre de recherche en écologie expérimentale et prédictive (CEREEP-Ecotron IleDeFrance), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, PSL Research University, UMS 3194, 78 rue du château, 77140 Saint-Pierre-lès-Nemours, France
| | - Beatriz Decencière
- Centre de recherche en écologie expérimentale et prédictive (CEREEP-Ecotron IleDeFrance), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, PSL Research University, UMS 3194, 78 rue du château, 77140 Saint-Pierre-lès-Nemours, France
| | - Jean-François Le Galliard
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, iEES Paris, UMR 7618, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France; Centre de recherche en écologie expérimentale et prédictive (CEREEP-Ecotron IleDeFrance), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, PSL Research University, UMS 3194, 78 rue du château, 77140 Saint-Pierre-lès-Nemours, France
| | - Sandrine Meylan
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, iEES Paris, UMR 7618, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France; ESPE de Paris, Sorbonne Université, 10 rue Molitor, 75016 Paris, France.
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6
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Lettoof D, von Takach B, Bateman P, Gagnon MM, Aubret F. Investigating the role of urbanisation, wetlands and climatic conditions in nematode parasitism in a large Australian elapid snake. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2019; 11:32-39. [PMID: 31879593 PMCID: PMC6920308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tiger snakes (Notechis scutatus) in wetlands of South-West Western Australia (SW WA) are commonly parasitised by the nematode Ophidascaris pyrrhus. Host-parasite interactions are complex and can potentially be impacted by factors such as urbanisation or climate. We assessed whether urbanisation, distance to wetland sites, and climatic factors have influenced parasitism in tiger snakes from specimens collected over the last century. We dissected 91 museum specimens of tiger snakes across SW WA and counted gastrointestinal nematodes. Binomial generalised linear modelling, with presence/absence of nematodes as a response variable, was used to determine which factors were driving infection. Model selection using AICc values showed that proximity to wetlands, rainfall and topographic wetness were most strongly associated with the probability of infection of snakes by nematodes. We also found a slight positive correlation between nematode abundance and annual mean maximum temperature. We found no significant influence of distance to urban centre on nematode burdens; however, our results suggest that water-related variables are a key driver of nematode parasitism in tiger snakes in SW WA. We also suggest that urbanisation is still of interest as its role in wetland and climate modification may increase parasitism in wetland snakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Lettoof
- Behavioural Ecology Lab., School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Brand Drive, Bentley, WA, 6102, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Brenton von Takach
- Research Institute for the Environment & Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, 0909, Australia
| | - P.W. Bateman
- Behavioural Ecology Lab., School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Brand Drive, Bentley, WA, 6102, USA
| | - Marthe Monique Gagnon
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Brand Drive, Bentley, WA, 6102, USA
| | - Fabien Aubret
- Behavioural Ecology Lab., School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Brand Drive, Bentley, WA, 6102, USA
- CNRS, Station d'Écologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UMR 5321 CNRS – Université Paul Sabatier, 09200, Moulis, France
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7
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Grab KM, Hiller BJ, Hurlbert JH, Ingram ME, Parker AB, Pokutnaya DY, Knutie SA. Host tolerance and resistance to parasitic nest flies differs between two wild bird species. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:12144-12155. [PMID: 31832149 PMCID: PMC6854101 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hosts have developed and evolved defense strategies to limit parasite damage. Hosts can reduce the damage that parasites cause by decreasing parasite fitness (resistance) or without affecting parasite fitness (tolerance). Because a parasite species can infect multiple host species, determining the effect of the parasite on these hosts and identifying host defense strategies can have important implications for multi-host-parasite dynamics.Over 2 years, we experimentally manipulated parasitic flies (Protocalliphora sialia) in the nests of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) and eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis). We then determined the effects of the parasites on the survival of nestlings and compared defense strategies between host species. We compared resistance between host species by quantifying parasite densities (number of parasites per gram of host) and measured nestling antibody levels as a mechanism of resistance. We quantified tolerance by determining the relationship between parasite density and nestling survival and blood loss by measuring hemoglobin levels (as a proxy of blood recovery) and nestling provisioning rates (as a proxy of parental compensation for resources lost to the parasite) as potential mechanisms of tolerance.For bluebirds, parasite density was twice as high as for swallows. Both host species were tolerant to the effects of P. sialia on nestling survival at their respective parasite loads but neither species were tolerant to the blood loss to the parasite. However, swallows were more resistant to P. sialia compared to bluebirds, which was likely related to the higher antibody-mediated immune response in swallow nestlings. Neither blood recovery nor parental compensation were mechanisms of tolerance.Overall, these results suggest that bluebirds and swallows are both tolerant of their respective parasite loads but swallows are more resistant to the parasites. These results demonstrate that different host species have evolved similar and different defenses against the same species of parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstine M. Grab
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of Minnesota Twin CitiesSt. PaulMNUSA
| | | | | | | | - Alexandra B. Parker
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of Minnesota Twin CitiesSt. PaulMNUSA
| | | | - Sarah A. Knutie
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsCTUSA
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8
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Bower DS, Brannelly LA, McDonald CA, Webb RJ, Greenspan SE, Vickers M, Gardner MG, Greenlees MJ. A review of the role of parasites in the ecology of reptiles and amphibians. AUSTRAL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah S. Bower
- College of Science and Engineering; James Cook University; Townsville Queensland 4811 Australia
- School of Environmental and Rural Science; University of New England; Armidale New South Wales Australia
| | - Laura A. Brannelly
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Cait A. McDonald
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - Rebecca J. Webb
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences; James Cook University; Townsville Queensland Australia
| | - Sasha E. Greenspan
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alabama; Tuscaloosa Alabama USA
| | - Mathew Vickers
- College of Science and Engineering; James Cook University; Townsville Queensland 4811 Australia
| | - Michael G. Gardner
- College of Science and Engineering; Flinders University; Adelaide South Australia Australia
- Evolutionary Biology Unit; South Australian Museum; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Matthew J. Greenlees
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
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9
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Bonneaud C, Sepil I, Wilfert L, Calsbeek R. Plasmodium Infections in Natural Populations of Anolis sagrei Reflect Tolerance Rather Than Susceptibility. Integr Comp Biol 2018; 57:352-361. [PMID: 28859403 PMCID: PMC5886326 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icx044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites can represent formidable selection pressures for hosts, but the cost of infection is sometimes difficult to demonstrate in natural populations. While parasite exploitation strategies may, in some instances, actually inflict low costs on their hosts, the response of hosts to infection is also likely to determine whether or not these costs can be detected. Indeed, costs of infection may be obscured if infected individuals in the wild are those that are the most tolerant, rather than the most susceptible, to infection. Here we test this hypothesis in two natural populations of Anolis sagrei, one of the most common anole lizard of the Bahamas. Plasmodium parasites were detected in > 7% of individuals and belonged to two distinct clades: P. mexicanum and P. floriensis. Infected individuals displayed greater body condition than non-infected ones and we found no association between infection status, stamina, and survival to the end of the breeding season. Furthermore, we found no significant difference in the immuno-competence (measured as a response to phytohemagglutinin challenge) of infected versus non-infected individuals. Taken together, our results suggest that the infected individuals that are caught in the wild are those most able to withstand the cost of the infection and that susceptible, infected individuals have been removed from the population (i.e., through disease-induced mortality). This study highlights the need for caution when interpreting estimates of infection costs in natural populations, as costs may appear low either when parasites exploitation strategies truly inflict low costs on their hosts or when those costs are so high that susceptible hosts are removed from the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Bonneaud
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, TR10?9EF, UK
| | - Irem Sepil
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1?3PS, UK
| | - Lena Wilfert
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, TR10?9EF, UK
| | - Ryan Calsbeek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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10
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Paterson JE, Blouin-Demers G. Density-dependent habitat selection predicts fitness and abundance in a small lizard. OIKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.04758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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11
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Neuman‐Lee LA, Terletzky PA, Atwood TC, Gese EM, Smith GD, Greenfield S, Pettit J, French SS. Demographic and temporal variations in immunity and condition of polar bears (
Ursus maritimus
) from the southern Beaufort Sea. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2017; 327:333-346. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.2112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Todd C. Atwood
- U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center Anchorage Alaska
| | - Eric M. Gese
- Department of Wildland Resources Utah State University Logan Utah
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center Logan Utah
| | - Geoffrey D. Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences Dixie State University St. George Utah
| | | | - John Pettit
- Department of Biology Utah State University Logan Utah
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12
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Tylan C, Langkilde T. Local and systemic immune responses to different types of phytohemagglutinin in the green anole: Lessons for field ecoimmunologists. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2017; 327:322-332. [PMID: 29356446 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The phytohemagglutinin (PHA) skin test is commonly used by ecologists to assess cell-mediated immune function of wild animals. It can be performed quickly and easily in the field, involving injection of PHA and measurement of the resultant swelling. There are multiple formulations of PHA used in ecological studies, with potentially differing outcomes that could produce inconsistent results. We tested two common types of PHA in the green anole (Anolis carolinensis) to identify local and systemic immune responses underlying the resultant swelling at 6, 18, 24, and 48 hr post injection. There were differences in both local (injection site) and systemic (blood) leukocyte responses to PHA-L versus PHA-P. PHA-P injection produced a greater overall increase in local heterophil count at the injection site compared with PHA-L, and this response was greatest at 6 and 24 hr post injection. Systemically, heterophil percentage was higher in the blood of PHA-P- versus PHA-L-injected anoles at 24 hr post injection; the time point at which heterophil percentage peaked in PHA-P-injected anoles. These results indicate that although both PHA types are effective tests of immune function in green anoles, the PHA-P swelling response invokes a much stronger heterophilic response. PHA-L is a more specific test of lymphocyte function, particularly at 24 hr post injection, making it preferable for ecoimmunology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Tylan
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tracy Langkilde
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.,Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Center for Brain, Behavior and Cognition, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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13
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Habitat degradation increases stress-hormone levels during the breeding season, and decreases survival and reproduction in adult common lizards. Oecologia 2017; 184:75-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-3841-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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14
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Mugabo M, Galliard JFL, Perret S, Decencière B, Haussy C, Meylan S. Sex-specific density-dependent secretion of glucocorticoids in lizards: insights from laboratory and field experiments. OIKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Mugabo
- CNRS/UPMC, UMR 7618, Inst. d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement, Univ. Pierre et Marie Curie, 7 Quai St. Bernard, FR-75005 Paris, France. MM also at: School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Leeds, Leeds, UK. SM also at: ESPE de Paris-Univ. Sorbonne Paris IV; Paris France
| | - Jean-François Le Galliard
- CNRS/UPMC, UMR 7618, Inst. d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement, Univ. Pierre et Marie Curie, 7 Quai St. Bernard, FR-75005 Paris, France. MM also at: School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Leeds, Leeds, UK. SM also at: ESPE de Paris-Univ. Sorbonne Paris IV; Paris France
| | - Samuel Perret
- CNRS/ENS, UMS 3194, CEREEP - Ecotron IleDeFrance, École Normale Supérieure; St-Pierre-lès-Nemours France
| | - Beatriz Decencière
- CNRS/ENS, UMS 3194, CEREEP - Ecotron IleDeFrance, École Normale Supérieure; St-Pierre-lès-Nemours France
| | - Claudy Haussy
- CNRS/UPMC, UMR 7618, Inst. d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement, Univ. Pierre et Marie Curie, 7 Quai St. Bernard, FR-75005 Paris, France. MM also at: School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Leeds, Leeds, UK. SM also at: ESPE de Paris-Univ. Sorbonne Paris IV; Paris France
| | - Sandrine Meylan
- CNRS/UPMC, UMR 7618, Inst. d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement, Univ. Pierre et Marie Curie, 7 Quai St. Bernard, FR-75005 Paris, France. MM also at: School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Leeds, Leeds, UK. SM also at: ESPE de Paris-Univ. Sorbonne Paris IV; Paris France
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15
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Castilla AR, Pope N, Jha S. Positive density-dependent reproduction regulated by local kinship and size in an understorey tropical tree. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 117:319-329. [PMID: 26602288 PMCID: PMC4724044 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Global pollinator declines and continued habitat fragmentation highlight the critical need to understand reproduction and gene flow across plant populations. Plant size, conspecific density and local kinship (i.e. neighbourhood genetic relatedness) have been proposed as important mechanisms influencing the reproductive success of flowering plants, but have rarely been simultaneously investigated. METHODS We conducted this study on a continuous population of the understorey tree Miconia affinis in the Forest Dynamics Plot on Barro Colorado Island in central Panama. We used spatial, reproductive and population genetic data to investigate the effects of tree size, conspecific neighbourhood density and local kinship on maternal and paternal reproductive success. We used a Bayesian framework to simultaneously model the effects of our explanatory variables on the mean and variance of maternal viable seed set and siring success. KEY RESULTS Our results reveal that large trees had lower proportions of viable seeds in their fruits but sired more seeds. We documented differential effects of neighbourhood density and local kinship on both maternal and paternal reproductive components. Trees in more dense neighbourhoods produced on average more viable seeds, although this positive density effect was influenced by variance-inflation with increasing local kinship. Neighbourhood density did not have significant effects on siring success. CONCLUSIONS This study is one of the first to reveal an interaction among tree size, conspecific density and local kinship as critical factors differentially influencing maternal and paternal reproductive success. We show that both maternal and paternal reproductive success should be evaluated to determine the population-level and individual traits most essential for plant reproduction. In addition to conserving large trees, we suggest the inclusion of small trees and the conservation of dense patches with low kinship as potential strategies for strengthening the reproductive status of tropical trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio R Castilla
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, Biological Laboratories C0930, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Nathaniel Pope
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, Biological Laboratories C0930, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Shalene Jha
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, Biological Laboratories C0930, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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16
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Martin M, Meylan S, Haussy C, Decencière B, Perret S, Le Galliard JF. UV color determines the issue of conflicts but does not covary with individual quality in a lizard. Behav Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arv149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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17
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Young HS, Dirzo R, Helgen KM, McCauley DJ, Nunn CL, Snyder P, Veblen KE, Zhao S, Ezenwa VO. Large wildlife removal drives immune defence increases in rodents. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hillary S. Young
- University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California 93106 USA
- Division of Mammals National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington District of Columbia 20013 USA
- Mpala Research Centre Box 555 Nanyuki Kenya
| | - Rodolfo Dirzo
- Department of Biology Stanford University Stanford California 94305 USA
| | - Kristofer M. Helgen
- Division of Mammals National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington District of Columbia 20013 USA
| | - Douglas J. McCauley
- University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California 93106 USA
- Mpala Research Centre Box 555 Nanyuki Kenya
| | - Charles L. Nunn
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology Duke University Durham North Carolina 27708 USA
- Duke Global Health Institute Duke University Durham North Carolina 27708 USA
| | - Paul Snyder
- Odum School of Ecology and Department of Infectious Diseases College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia Athens Georgia 30602 USA
- Department of Integrative Biology Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
| | - Kari E. Veblen
- Mpala Research Centre Box 555 Nanyuki Kenya
- Department of Wildland Resources and Ecology Center Utah State University Logan Utah 84322 USA
| | - Serena Zhao
- Division of Mammals National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington District of Columbia 20013 USA
- Mpala Research Centre Box 555 Nanyuki Kenya
| | - Vanessa O. Ezenwa
- Mpala Research Centre Box 555 Nanyuki Kenya
- Odum School of Ecology and Department of Infectious Diseases College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia Athens Georgia 30602 USA
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18
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Le Galliard JF, Paquet M, Mugabo M. An experimental test of density-dependent selection on temperament traits of activity, boldness and sociability. J Evol Biol 2015; 28:1144-55. [PMID: 25865798 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Temperament traits are seen in many animal species, and recent evolutionary models predict that they could be maintained by heterogeneous selection. We tested this prediction by examining density-dependent selection in juvenile common lizards Zootoca vivipara scored for activity, boldness and sociability at birth and at the age of 1 year. We measured three key life-history traits (juvenile survival, body growth rate and reproduction) and quantified selection in experimental populations at five density levels ranging from low to high values. We observed consistent individual differences for all behaviours on the short term, but only for activity and one boldness measure across the first year of life. At low density, growth selection favoured more sociable lizards, whereas viability selection favoured less active individuals. A significant negative correlational selection on activity and boldness existed for body growth rate irrespective of density. Thus, behavioural traits were characterized by limited ontogenic consistency, and natural selection was heterogeneous between density treatments and fitness traits. This confirms that density-dependent selection plays an important role in the maintenance of individual differences in exploration-activity and sociability.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-F Le Galliard
- CNRS, UMR 7618, iEES Paris, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.,CNRS/ENS UMS 3194, CEREEP - Ecotron IleDeFrance, École Normale Supérieure, St-Pierre-lès-Nemours, France
| | - M Paquet
- CNRS, UMR 7618, iEES Paris, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.,Percy Fitzpatrick Institute, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - M Mugabo
- CNRS, UMR 7618, iEES Paris, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.,School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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