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Gürsoy UK, Özdemir Kabalak M, Gürsoy M. Advances in periodontal biomarkers. Adv Clin Chem 2024; 120:145-168. [PMID: 38762240 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Due to technologic advancements, periodontology has witnessed a boost in biomarker research over the past three decades. Indeed, with the aid of omics, our understanding of the healthy periodontium, pathogenesis of periodontal diseases, and healing after periodontal treatment has improved significantly. Yet, the traditional methods, periodontal probing and radiographies, remain the most common methods to diagnose periodontal disease and monitor treatment. Although these approaches can produce reliable diagnostic outcomes, they generally detect disease only after significant tissue degradation thus making treatment outcome highly uncertain. Accordingly, laboratories worldwide have collaborated with clinicians to design accurate, rapid and cost-effective biomarkers for periodontal disease diagnosis. Despite these efforts, biomarkers that can be widely used in early disease diagnosis and for treatment outcome prediction are far from daily use. The aim of this chapter is to give a general overview on periodontal health and diseases, and review recent advancements in periodontal biomarker research. A second aim will discuss the strengths and limitations of translating periodontal biomarker research to clinical practice. Genetic biomarkers of periodontitis are not discussed as the available confirmatory data is scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mervi Gürsoy
- Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Oral Health Care, Welfare Division, City of Turku, Turku, Finland
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2
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A multiple controlled-release hydrophilicity minocycline hydrochloride delivery system for the efficient treatment of periodontitis. Int J Pharm 2023; 636:122802. [PMID: 36894039 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The complexity of periodontitis, including the complex formation mechanisms and the complex periodontium physiological environment, as well as the complex association with multiple complications, often results in poor therapy effects. Herein, we aimed to design a nanosystem with a controlled release of minocycline hydrochloride (MH) and good retention to effectively treat periodontitis by inhibiting inflammation and repairing the alveolar bone. Firstly, insoluble ion-pairing (IIP) complexes were constructed to improve the encapsulation efficiency of hydrophilic MH in PLGA nanoparticles. Then, a nanogenerator was constructed and combined with a double emulsion method to encapsulate the complexes into PLGA nanoparticles (MH-NPs). The average particle size of MH-NPs was about 100 nm as observed by AFM and TEM, and the drug loading and encapsulation efficiency were 9.59% and 95.58%, respectively. Finally, a multifunctional system (MH-NPs-in-gels) was prepared by dispersing MH-NPs into thermosensitive gels, which could continue to release drug for 21 days in vitro. And the release mechanism showed that this controlled release behavior for MH was influenced by the insoluble ion-pairing complex, PLGA nanoparticles, and gels. In addition, the periodontitis rat model was established to investigate the pharmacodynamic effects. After 4 weeks of treatment, changes in the alveolar bone were assessed by Micro-CT (BV/TV: 70.88%; BMD: 0.97 g/cm3; TB.Th: 0.14 mm; Tb.N: 6.39 mm-1; Tb.Sp: 0.07 mm). The mechanism of MH-NPs-in-gels in vivo was clarified by the analysis of pharmacodynamic results, which showed that insoluble ion-pairing complexes with the aid of PLGA nanoparticles and gels achieved significant anti-inflammatory effects and bone repair capabilities. In conclusion, the multiple controlled-release hydrophilicity MH delivery system would have good prospects for the effective treatment of periodontitis.
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Xie L, Alam MJ, Marques FZ, Mackay CR. A major mechanism for immunomodulation: Dietary fibres and acid metabolites. Semin Immunol 2023; 66:101737. [PMID: 36857894 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Diet and the gut microbiota have a profound influence on physiology and health, however, mechanisms are still emerging. Here we outline several pathways that gut microbiota products, particularly short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), use to maintain gut and immune homeostasis. Dietary fibre is fermented by the gut microbiota in the colon, and large quantities of SCFAs such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate are produced. Dietary fibre and SCFAs enhance epithelial integrity and thereby limit systemic endotoxemia. Moreover, SCFAs inhibit histone deacetylases (HDAC), and thereby affect gene transcription. SCFAs also bind to 'metabolite-sensing' G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) such as GPR43, which promotes immune homeostasis. The enormous amounts of SCFAs produced in the colon are sufficient to lower pH, which affects the function of proton sensors such as GPR65 expressed on the gut epithelium and immune cells. GPR65 is an anti-inflammatory Gαs-coupled receptor, which leads to the inhibition of inflammatory cytokines. The importance of GPR65 in inflammatory diseases is underscored by genetics associated with the missense variant I231L (rs3742704), which is associated with human inflammatory bowel disease, atopic dermatitis, and asthma. There is enormous scope to manipulate these pathways using specialized diets that release very high amounts of specific SCFAs in the gut, and we believe that therapies that rely on chemically modified foods is a promising approach. Such an approach includes high SCFA-producing diets, which we have shown to decrease numerous inflammatory western diseases in mouse models. These diets operate at many levels - increased gut integrity, changes to the gut microbiome, and promotion of immune homeostasis, which represents a new and highly promising way to prevent or treat human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xie
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Hypertension Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Md Jahangir Alam
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Francine Z Marques
- Hypertension Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Heart Failure Research Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne,VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Charles R Mackay
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China.
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4
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Gao R, Zhang W, Jiang Y, Zhai J, Yu J, Liu H, Li M. Eldecalcitol effectively prevents alveolar bone loss by partially improving Th17/Treg cell balance in diabetes-associated periodontitis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1070117. [PMID: 36815882 PMCID: PMC9936814 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1070117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Diabetes-associated periodontitis (DPD) is an inflammatory and destructive disease of periodontal tissues in the diabetic population. The disease is manifested as more severe periodontal destruction and is more difficult to treat when compared with periodontitis (PD). Eldecalcitol (ELD) is a novel active vitamin D3 analog; however, little clinical evidence is available on its role on improving PD and DPD, and its specific mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we evaluated the preventative effects of ELD toward PD and DPD and explored its underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods: Experimental PD and DPD mouse models were established by ligation combined with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Porphyromonas gingivalis injection in C57BL/6J and C57BLKS/J Iar- + Leprdb/+Leprdb (db/db) mice, respectively. Simultaneously, ELD (0.25 μg/kg) was orally administered to mice via an intragastric method. Micro-computed tomography (CT), hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining were used to evaluate alveolar bone alterations in vivo. Flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were also used to examine gene expression and probe systemic and local changes in Treg and Th17 cell numbers. Additionally, western blotting and immunofluorescence staining were used to examine changes in STAT3/STAT5 signaling. Results: Micro-CT and HE staining showed that the DPD group had higher alveolar bone loss when compared with the PD group. After applying ELD, alveolar bone loss decreased significantly in both PD and DPD groups, and particularly evident in the DPD group. IHC and TRAP staining also showed that ELD promoted osteoblast activity while inhibiting the number of osteoclasts, and after ELD treatment, the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) to osteoprotegerin (OPG) ratio decreased. More importantly, this decreasing trend was more obvious in the DPD group. Flow cytometry and qRT-PCR also showed that the systemic Th17/Treg imbalance in PD and DPD groups was partially resolved when animals were supplemented with ELD, while immunofluorescence staining and qRT-PCR data showed the Th17/Treg imbalance was partially resolved in the alveolar bone of both ELD supplemented groups. Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining showed increased p-STAT5 and decreased p-STAT3 levels after ELD application. Conclusion: ELD exerted preventative effects toward PD and DPD by partially rectifying Th17/Treg cell imbalance via STAT3/STAT5 signaling. More importantly, given the severity of DPD, we found ELD was more advantageous in preventing DPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihan Gao
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, China,Center of Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Research, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, China,Center of Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Research, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yujun Jiang
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, China,Center of Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Research, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Junzhe Zhai
- Center of Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Research, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jian Yu
- Department of Radiology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China,*Correspondence: Jian Yu, ; Hongrui Liu,
| | - Hongrui Liu
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, China,Center of Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Research, Shandong University, Jinan, China,*Correspondence: Jian Yu, ; Hongrui Liu,
| | - Minqi Li
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, China,Center of Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Research, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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5
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Sato K, Matsumoto I, Suzuki K, Tamura A, Shiraishi A, Kiyonari H, Kasamatsu J, Yamamoto H, Miyasaka T, Tanno D, Miyahara A, Zong T, Kagesawa T, Oniyama A, Kawamura K, Kitai Y, Umeki A, Kanno E, Tanno H, Ishii K, Tsukita S, Kawakami K. Deficiency of lung-specific claudin-18 leads to aggravated infection with Cryptococcus deneoformans through dysregulation of the microenvironment in lungs. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21110. [PMID: 34702961 PMCID: PMC8548597 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00708-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus deneoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that infects the lungs via airborne transmission and frequently causes fatal meningoencephalitis. Claudins (Cldns), a family of proteins with 27 members found in mammals, form the tight junctions within epithelial cell sheets. Cldn-4 and 18 are highly expressed in airway tissues, yet the roles of these claudins in respiratory infections have not been clarified. In the present study, we analyzed the roles of Cldn-4 and lung-specific Cldn-18 (luCldn-18) in host defense against C. deneoformans infection. luCldn-18-deficient mice exhibited increased susceptibility to pulmonary infection, while Cldn-4-deficient mice had normal fungal clearance. In luCldn-18-deficient mice, production of cytokines including IFN-γ was significantly decreased compared to wild-type mice, although infiltration of inflammatory cells including CD4+ T cells into the alveolar space was significantly increased. In addition, luCldn-18 deficiency led to high K+ ion concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids and also to alveolus acidification. The fungal replication was significantly enhanced both in acidic culture conditions and in the alveolar spaces of luCldn-18-deficient mice, compared with physiological pH conditions and those of wild-type mice, respectively. These results suggest that luCldn-18 may affect the clinical course of cryptococcal infection indirectly through dysregulation of the alveolar space microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Sato
- Department of Intelligent Network for Infection Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan. .,Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
| | - Ikumi Matsumoto
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Koya Suzuki
- Laboratory of Biological Science and Laboratory of Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age and Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tamura
- Laboratory of Biological Science and Laboratory of Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Aki Shiraishi
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Jun Kasamatsu
- Department of Intelligent Network for Infection Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hideki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.,Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Institute of Research Promotion, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tomomitsu Miyasaka
- Division of Pathophysiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Daiki Tanno
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Anna Miyahara
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tong Zong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takafumi Kagesawa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Akiho Oniyama
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kotone Kawamura
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yuki Kitai
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Aya Umeki
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Emi Kanno
- Department of Science of Nursing Practice, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Tanno
- Department of Science of Nursing Practice, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Keiko Ishii
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Sachiko Tsukita
- Laboratory of Biological Science and Laboratory of Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kawakami
- Department of Intelligent Network for Infection Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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6
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Blanter M, Gouwy M, Struyf S. Studying Neutrophil Function in vitro: Cell Models and Environmental Factors. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:141-162. [PMID: 33505167 PMCID: PMC7829132 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s284941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant immune cell type in the blood and constitute the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Despite their important role in many diseases, they are challenging to study due to their short life span and the inability to cryopreserve or expand them in vitro. Thus, research into neutrophils has to rely on cells freshly isolated from peripheral blood of human donors, introducing donor-dependent variation in the experimental data. To counteract these problems, researchers tried to develop adequate cell models, such as cell lines. For those functional studies that cannot rely on cell models, a standardization of protocols regarding neutrophil purification and culturing could be a solution. In this review, we provide an overview of the most commonly used models for neutrophil function (HL-60, PLB-985, NB4, Kasumi-1 and induced pluripotent stem cells). In addition, we describe the effects of glucose concentration, pH, oxygen tension and temperature on neutrophil function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marfa Blanter
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Mieke Gouwy
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Sofie Struyf
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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Heo SC, Kim YN, Choi Y, Joo JY, Hwang JJ, Bae MK, Kim HJ. Elevated Expression of Cathepsin K in Periodontal Ligament Fibroblast by Inflammatory Cytokines Accelerates Osteoclastogenesis via Paracrine Mechanism in Periodontal Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E695. [PMID: 33445732 PMCID: PMC7828200 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin K (CTSK) is a cysteine protease that is mainly produced from mature osteoclasts and contributes to the destruction of connective tissues and mineralized matrix as a consequence of periodontal disease (PD). However, few studies have reported its regulatory role in osteoclastogenesis-supporting cells in inflammatory conditions. Here, we investigated the role of CTSK in osteoclastogenesis-supporting cells, focusing on the modulation of paracrine function. Microarray data showed that CTSK was upregulated in PD patients compared with healthy individuals, which was further supported by immunohistochemistry and qPCR analyses performed with human gingival tissues. The expression of CTSK in the osteoclastogenesis-supporting cells, including dental pulp stem cells, gingival fibroblasts, and periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs) was significantly elevated by treatment with inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα and IL-1β. Moreover, TNFα stimulation potentiated the PDLF-mediated osteoclastogenesis of bone marrow-derived macrophages. Interestingly, small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of CTSK in PDLF noticeably attenuated the TNFα-triggered upregulation of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and RANKL/osteoprotegerin ratio, thereby abrogating the enhanced osteoclastogenesis-supporting activity of PDLF. Collectively, these results suggest a novel role of CTSK in the paracrine function of osteoclastogenesis-supporting cells in periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Chul Heo
- Department of Oral Physiology, Periodontal Diseases Signaling Network Research Center, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (S.C.H.); (Y.N.K.); (Y.C.); (M.-K.B.)
| | - Yu Na Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, Periodontal Diseases Signaling Network Research Center, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (S.C.H.); (Y.N.K.); (Y.C.); (M.-K.B.)
| | - YunJeong Choi
- Department of Oral Physiology, Periodontal Diseases Signaling Network Research Center, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (S.C.H.); (Y.N.K.); (Y.C.); (M.-K.B.)
| | - Ji-Young Joo
- Department of Periodontology and Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
| | - Jae Joon Hwang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology and Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
| | - Moon-Kyoung Bae
- Department of Oral Physiology, Periodontal Diseases Signaling Network Research Center, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (S.C.H.); (Y.N.K.); (Y.C.); (M.-K.B.)
| | - Hyung Joon Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, Periodontal Diseases Signaling Network Research Center, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (S.C.H.); (Y.N.K.); (Y.C.); (M.-K.B.)
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8
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Quade BN, Parker MD, Occhipinti R. The therapeutic importance of acid-base balance. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 183:114278. [PMID: 33039418 PMCID: PMC7544731 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Baking soda and vinegar have been used as home remedies for generations and today we are only a mouse-click away from claims that baking soda, lemon juice, and apple cider vinegar are miracles cures for everything from cancer to COVID-19. Despite these specious claims, the therapeutic value of controlling acid-base balance is indisputable and is the basis of Food and Drug Administration-approved treatments for constipation, epilepsy, metabolic acidosis, and peptic ulcers. In this narrative review, we present evidence in support of the current and potential therapeutic value of countering local and systemic acid-base imbalances, several of which do in fact involve the administration of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate). Furthermore, we discuss the side effects of pharmaceuticals on acid-base balance as well as the influence of acid-base status on the pharmacokinetic properties of drugs. Our review considers all major organ systems as well as information relevant to several clinical specialties such as anesthesiology, infectious disease, oncology, dentistry, and surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca N Quade
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The State University of New York, The University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Mark D Parker
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The State University of New York, The University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA; State University of New York Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Rossana Occhipinti
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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9
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Metabolic requirements of Besnoitia besnoiti tachyzoite-triggered NETosis. Parasitol Res 2019; 119:545-557. [PMID: 31782011 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06543-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Besnoitia besnoiti is the causative agent of bovine besnoitiosis, a disease affecting both, animal welfare and cattle productivity. NETosis represents an important and early host innate effector mechanism of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) that also acts against B. besnoiti tachyzoites. So far, no data are available on metabolic requirements of B. besnoiti tachyzoite-triggered NETosis. Therefore, here we analyzed metabolic signatures of tachyzoite-exposed PMN and determined the relevance of distinct PMN-derived metabolic pathways via pharmacological inhibition experiments. Overall, tachyzoite exposure induced a significant increase in glucose and serine consumption as well as glutamate production in PMN. Moreover, tachyzoite-induced cell-free NETs were significantly diminished via PMN pre-treatments with oxamate and dichloroacetate which both induce an inhibition of lactate release as well as oxythiamine, which inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and transketolase, thereby indicating a key role of pyruvate- and lactate-mediated metabolic pathways for proper tachyzoite-mediated NETosis. Furthermore, NETosis was increased by enhanced pH conditions; however, inhibitors of MCT-lactate transporters (AR-C141900, AR-C151858) failed to influence NET formation. Moreover, a significant reduction of tachyzoite-induced NET formation was also achieved by treatments with oligomycin A (inhibitor of ATP synthase) and NF449 (purinergic receptor P2X1 antagonist) thereby suggesting a pivotal role of ATP availability for tachyzoite-mediated NETosis. In summary, the current data provide first evidence on carbohydrate-related metabolic pathways and energy supply to be involved in B. besnoiti tachyzoite-induced NETosis.
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10
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Huang TC, Chen CJ, Chen CC, Ding SJ. Enhancing osteoblast functions on biofilm-contaminated titanium alloy by concentration-dependent use of methylene blue-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 27:7-18. [PMID: 31117001 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of methylene blue (MB) photosensitizer could affect the eradication efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in the treatment of contaminated implants, which is linked to the osseointegration of the implant. We evaluated osteoblast functions on the contaminated SLA (sandblasting, large-grit and acid-etching) Ti alloy surfaces after the concentration-dependent use of MB-aPDT. Totally 1164 SLA discs were randomly distributed for the analyses of antibacterial efficacy and osteoblast functions. Gram-negative (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; A. actinomycetemcomitans) or Gram-positive (Streptococcus mutans; S. mutans) adhered on disc samples was subjected to aPDT with different MB concentrations (200, 250, 300, 350, and 400 μg/mL) using 660 nm diode laser with maximum output 80 mW for 1 min irradiation (4.8 J/cm2). Bactericidal effect was examined by viability, morphology, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) assays. The disinfected disc surfaces by MB-aPDT to support osteoblast-like MG63 attachment, proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization were assessed for the predetermined culture time intervals. The statistical differences between the means were performed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a post hoc Scheffe test. The results of the morphology observation and bacterial survival examination consistently indicated a remarkably lower quantity of bacterial colonies on biofilm-contaminated surfaces after the aPDT treatment with higher MB concentration. Similarly, the higher MB concentration in aPDT resulted in the lower LPS amounts remaining on the A. actinomycetemcomitans-contaminated surfaces. Intriguingly, the expression of osteoblast cultured on disinfected surfaces using aPDT with higher MB concentration was comparable to the control without contamination. Within the limits of this in vitro model, this formulation of 400 μg/mL MB used in aPDT may be not only the lethal concentration against the 2 bacteria-contaminated implants, but it could also enhance the osteoblast functions on the contaminated implants. Nevertheless, the efficacy in the clinical practice for peri-implantitis therapy remains to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsun-Chin Huang
- Institute of Oral Science, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ju Chen
- Institute of Oral Science, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Cheng Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 402, Taiwan; School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan.
| | - Shinn-Jyh Ding
- Institute of Oral Science, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan; Department of Stomatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 402, Taiwan.
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Yuan YH, Zhou CF, Yuan J, Liu L, Guo XR, Wang XL, Ding Y, Wang XN, Li DS, Tu HJ. NaHCO 3 enhances the antitumor activities of cytokine-induced killer cells against hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:3167-3174. [PMID: 27899977 PMCID: PMC5103916 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular pH is lower inside solid tumors than in normal tissue. The acidic environment inhibits the cytotoxicity of lymphocytes in vitro and promotes tumor cell invasion. In the present study, both in vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to investigate how NaHCO3 would affect the antitumor activities of cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. For the in vitro experiments, HepG2 cells were cultured at pH 6.5 and 7.4 in the presence of CIK cells or CIK cell-conditioned medium (CMCIK). For the in vivo experiments, nude mice were xenografted with HepG2-luc cells and divided into four groups: i) CIK cells injection plus NaHCO3 feeding; ii) CIK cells injection plus drinking water feeding; iii) normal saline injection plus NaHCO3 feeding; and iv) normal saline injection plus drinking water feeding. The results indicated that the viability and growth rate of HepG2 cells were remarkably suppressed when co-cultured with CIK cells or CMCIK at pH 7.4 compared with those of HepG2 cells cultured under the same conditions but at pH 6.5. In the xenograft study, a marked synergistic antitumor effect of the combined therapy was observed. NaHCO3 feeding augmented the infiltration of cluster of differentiation 3-positive T lymphocytes into the tumor mass. Taken together, these data strongly suggest that the antitumor activities of CIK cells against HepG2 cells were negatively affected by the acidic environment inside the tumors, and neutralizing the pH (for example, via NaHCO3 administration), could therefore reduce or eliminate this influence. In addition, it should be recommended that oncologists routinely prescribe soda water to their patients, particularly during CIK cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Hong Yuan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Chun Fang Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Xing Rong Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Li Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Yan Ding
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Nan Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Dong Sheng Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Han Jun Tu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
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Ma J, Zhao N, Betts L, Zhu D. Bio-Adaption between Magnesium Alloy Stent and the Blood Vessel: A Review. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 32:815-826. [PMID: 27698548 PMCID: PMC5044878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable magnesium (Mg) alloy stents are the most promising next generation of bio-absorbable stents. In this article, we summarized the progresses on the in vitro studies, animal testing and clinical trials of biodegradable Mg alloy stents in the past decades. These exciting findings led us to propose the importance of the concept "bio-adaption" between the Mg alloy stent and the local tissue microenvironment after implantation. The healing responses of stented blood vessel can be generally described in three overlapping phases: inflammation, granulation and remodeling. The ideal bio-adaption of the Mg alloy stent, once implanted into the blood vessel, needs to be a reasonable function of the time and the space/dimension. First, a very slow degeneration of mechanical support is expected in the initial four months in order to provide sufficient mechanical support to the injured vessels. Although it is still arguable whether full mechanical support in stented lesions is mandatory during the first four months after implantation, it would certainly be a safety design parameter and a benchmark for regulatory evaluations based on the fact that there is insufficient human in vivo data available, especially the vessel wall mechanical properties during the healing/remodeling phase. Second, once the Mg alloy stent being degraded, the void space will be filled by the regenerated blood vessel tissues. The degradation of the Mg alloy stent should be 100% completed with no residues, and the degradation products (e.g., ions and hydrogen) will be helpful for the tissue reconstruction of the blood vessel. Toward this target, some future research perspectives are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Bioengineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
- NSF Engineering Research Center-Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Nan Zhao
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Bioengineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
- NSF Engineering Research Center-Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Lexxus Betts
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Bioengineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
- NSF Engineering Research Center-Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Donghui Zhu
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Bioengineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
- NSF Engineering Research Center-Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
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13
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pH-dependent hydrolysis of acetylcholine: Consequences for non-neuronal acetylcholine. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 29:27-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Hårdstedt M, Lindblom S, Hong J, Nilsson B, Korsgren O, Ronquist G. A novel model for studies of blood-mediated long-term responses to cellular transplants. Ups J Med Sci 2015; 120:28-39. [PMID: 25322825 PMCID: PMC4389005 DOI: 10.3109/03009734.2014.965290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Interaction between blood and bio-surfaces is important in many medical fields. With the aim of studying blood-mediated reactions to cellular transplants, we developed a whole-blood model for incubation of small volumes for up to 48 h. METHODS Heparinized polyvinyl chloride tubing was cut in suitable lengths and sealed to create small bags. Multiple bags, with fresh venous blood, were incubated attached to a rotating wheel at 37°C. Physiological variables in blood were monitored: glucose, blood gases, mono- and divalent cations and chloride ions, osmolality, coagulation (platelet consumption, thrombin-antithrombin complexes (TAT)), and complement activation (C3a and SC5b-9), haemolysis, and leukocyte viability. RESULTS Basic glucose consumption was high. Glucose depletion resulted in successive elevation of extracellular potassium, while sodium and calcium ions decreased due to inhibition of energy-requiring ion pumps. Addition of glucose improved ion balance but led to metabolic acidosis. To maintain a balanced physiological environment beyond 6 h, glucose and sodium hydrogen carbonate were added regularly based on analyses of glucose, pH, ions, and osmotic pressure. With these additives haemolysis was prevented for up to 72 h and leukocyte viability better preserved. Despite using non-heparinized blood, coagulation and complement activation were lower during long-term incubations compared with addition of thromboplastin and collagen. CONCLUSION A novel whole-blood model for studies of blood-mediated responses to a cellular transplant is presented allowing extended observations for up to 48 h and highlights the importance of stringent evaluations and adjustment of physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hårdstedt
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Clinical Immunology, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Center for Clinical Research Dalarna-Uppsala University, Falun, Sweden
| | - Susanne Lindblom
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Clinical Immunology, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jaan Hong
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Clinical Immunology, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bo Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Clinical Immunology, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olle Korsgren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Clinical Immunology, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Ronquist
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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15
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Huang SC, Wu BC, Ding SJ. Stem cell differentiation-induced calcium silicate cement with bacteriostatic activity. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:570-580. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01617c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The calcium silicate cement (CSC) on osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs and bacteriostatic abilities was more effective than calcium phosphate cement (CPC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ching Huang
- School of Dentistry
- Chung Shan Medical University
- Taichung City 402
- Taiwan
| | - Buor-Chang Wu
- School of Dentistry
- Chung Shan Medical University
- Taichung City 402
- Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Jyh Ding
- Department of Dentistry
- Chung Shan Medical University Hospital
- Taichung City 402
- Taiwan
- Institute of Oral Science
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16
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Wang CW, Chiang TY, Chang HC, Ding SJ. Physicochemical properties and osteogenic activity of radiopaque calcium silicate-gelatin cements. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2014; 25:2193-2203. [PMID: 24970350 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-014-5258-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the physicochemical properties and in vitro osteogenic activity of radiopaque calcium silicate-gelatin cements. The radiopacity, setting time, working time, flow, diametral tensile strength, pH value, washout resistance and morphology of the cements with gelatin (0, 5 and 10% by weight) were measured, which compared to a popular endodontic material, ProRoot white-colored mineral trioxide aggregate (WMTA). The cell morphology, cell attachment and proliferation, alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin levels on the cements were measured by culturing the specimens with dental pulp cells. The results indicated that the presence of gelatin significantly (P < 0.05) reduced radiopacity and diametral tensile strength and prolonged setting time. Nevertheless, the 5 wt% gelatin cement had a radiopacity (5.1 mm of Al thickness) higher than ISO 6876:2001 standards (3 mm of Al thickness). The setting time (33 min), working time (9 min) and flow value (17.4 mm) of the 5 wt% gelatin cement were significantly (P < 0.05) better than those of WMTA (corresponding 165, 6 min and 14.2 mm). The fresh WMTA completely degraded after soaking in a physiological solution for 1 h, while the gelatin cements resisted washout, showing no noticeable breakdown even after 1 day of soaking. The gelatin cement enhanced the higher expression of cell attachment, proliferation and differentiation as compared to WMTA. It was concluded that the 5 wt% gelatin-calcium silicate hybrid cement appears to be promising as a radiopaque biomaterial for medical applications such as endodontics and vertebroplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Wen Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan
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17
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Concha C, Carretta MD, Alarcón P, Conejeros I, Gallardo D, Hidalgo AI, Tadich N, Cáceres DD, Hidalgo MA, Burgos RA. Oxidative response of neutrophils to platelet-activating factor is altered during acute ruminal acidosis induced by oligofructose in heifers. J Vet Sci 2014; 15:217-24. [PMID: 25013355 PMCID: PMC4087223 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2014.15.2.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is one of the main mechanisms used to kill microbes during innate immune response. D-lactic acid, which is augmented during acute ruminal acidosis, reduces platelet activating factor (PAF)-induced ROS production and L-selectin shedding in bovine neutrophils in vitro. This study was conducted to investigate whether acute ruminal acidosis induced by acute oligofructose overload in heifers interferes with ROS production and L-selectin shedding in blood neutrophils. Blood neutrophils and plasma were obtained by jugular venipuncture, while ruminal samples were collected using rumenocentesis. Lactic acid from plasma and ruminal samples was measured by HPLC. PAF-induced ROS production and L-selectin shedding were measured in vitro in bovine neutrophils by a luminol chemiluminescence assay and flow cytometry, respectively. A significant increase in ruminal and plasma lactic acid was recorded in these animals. Specifically, a decrease in PAF-induced ROS production was observed 8 h after oligofructose overload, and this was sustained until 48 h post oligofructose overload. A reduction in PAF-induced L-selectin shedding was observed at 16 h and 32 h post oligofructose overload. Overall, the results indicated that neutrophil PAF responses were altered in heifers with ruminal acidosis, suggesting a potential dysfunction of the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Concha
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Austral University of Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile. ; Master Science Program in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Austral University of Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile
| | - María Daniella Carretta
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Austral University of Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile
| | - Pablo Alarcón
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Austral University of Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile
| | - Ivan Conejeros
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Austral University of Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile
| | - Diego Gallardo
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Austral University of Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile
| | - Alejandra Isabel Hidalgo
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Austral University of Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile
| | - Nestor Tadich
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Austral University of Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile
| | - Dante Daniel Cáceres
- Environmental Health Program, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - María Angélica Hidalgo
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Austral University of Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile
| | - Rafael Agustín Burgos
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Austral University of Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile
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18
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Beklen A, Al-Samadi A, Konttinen YT. Expression of cathepsin K in periodontitis and in gingival fibroblasts. Oral Dis 2014; 21:163-9. [PMID: 24661326 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study non-osteoclastic sources of cathepsin K in periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tissue samples were obtained from 10 otherwise healthy periodontitis pati-ents during routine periodontal flap operations and 10 systemically and periodontally healthy individuals who underwent extraction operations for retained third molars. Methods used were immunohistochemistry, image analysis, immunofluorescence double-staining, gingival fibroblast culture, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) stimulation and Western blotting. RESULTS Macrophage-like cells, fibroblast-like cells, vascular endothelial cells and gingival epithelial cells were more intensively stained for cathepsin K and also more frequent in periodontitis than in controls (665 ± 104 vs 258 ± 40 cells mm(-2) , P < 0.01). Some cathepsin K(+) cells in periodontal tissues were CD68(+) , but some were CD68(-) and probably fibroblasts. Indeed, in gingival fibroblast culture, resting fibroblasts released cathepsin K, more 43 kD procathepsin K than 29 kD active cathepsin K. TNF-α increased the release of the activated cathepsin K 4- to 5-fold. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that GCF-cathepsin K is not only osteoclast-derived, but in periodontitis, also other cells contribute to it. GCF-cathepsin K, perhaps together with intracellular, lysosomal collagenolytically active cathepsin K in fibroblasts, macrophages and gingival epithelial cells, can contribute to the loss of attachment and destruction of the periodontal ligament.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Beklen
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
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19
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Percival SL, McCarty S, Hunt JA, Woods EJ. The effects of pH on wound healing, biofilms, and antimicrobial efficacy. Wound Repair Regen 2014; 22:174-86. [DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven L. Percival
- Research & Development; Scapa Healthcare; Greater Manchester United Kingdom
- Surface Science Research Centre; University of Liverpool; Liverpool United Kingdom
- Clinical Engineering; United Kingdom Centre for Tissue Engineering; Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease; University of Liverpool; Liverpool United Kingdom
| | - Sara McCarty
- Clinical Engineering; United Kingdom Centre for Tissue Engineering; Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease; University of Liverpool; Liverpool United Kingdom
| | - John A. Hunt
- Clinical Engineering; United Kingdom Centre for Tissue Engineering; Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease; University of Liverpool; Liverpool United Kingdom
| | - Emma J. Woods
- Research & Development; Scapa Healthcare; Greater Manchester United Kingdom
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20
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The topological structure and function of Echinococcus granulosus lactate dehydrogenase, a tegumental transmembrane protein. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2012; 184:109-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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21
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Real-time monitoring of the adherence of Streptococcus anginosus group bacteria to extracellular matrix decorin and biglycan proteoglycans in biofilm formation. Res Microbiol 2012; 163:436-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Ding SJ, Shie MY, Wei CK. In vitro physicochemical properties, osteogenic activity, and immunocompatibility of calcium silicate-gelatin bone grafts for load-bearing applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2011; 3:4142-4153. [PMID: 21942767 DOI: 10.1021/am201017v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The use of a composite made of natural polymer gelatin and bioactive calcium silicate resembling the morphology and properties of natural bone may provide a solution to the problem of ceramic brittleness for load-bearing applications. The in vitro bioactivity, degradability, osteogenic activity, and immunocompatibility of three types of calcium silicate-gelatin composite bone grafts were characterized. The osteogenic activity and immunocompatibility were evaluated by incubating the bone grafts with human dental pulp cells. After soaking in a simulated body fluid (SBF) for 1 day, all materials were covered with clusters of "bone-like" apatite spherulites. The control material without gelatin exhibited an insignificant change in strength, degradability, and porosity and a small weight loss of 6% after 180 days of soaking in the SBF solution. In contrast, the soaking time imposed in this study did have a statistically significant effect on compressive strength, porosity, and weight loss of the gelatin-containing composites. After 180 days of soaking, the composite with 10 wt % gelatin lost 47% and 10% in compressive strength and weight, respectively, with a porosity of 23%. However, the presence of gelatin promoted greater cell attachment and proliferation on the composite bone grafts. Pulp cells on the calcium silicate-gelatin bone grafts expressed higher levels of osteocalcin, osteopontin, and bone sialoprotein. The inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase and interleukin-1 expression and the activation of interleukin-10 were increased with increasing gelatin content. Overall, these findings provide evidence that composite bone grafts containing 10 wt % gelatin with a high initial strength were bioactive, nontoxic, and osteogenic and may be able to promote bone healing for load-bearing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinn-Jyh Ding
- Institute of Oral Biology and Biomaterials Science, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan.
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23
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Alarcón P, Conejeros I, Carretta MD, Concha C, Jara E, Tadich N, Hidalgo MA, Burgos RA. D-lactic acid interferes with the effects of platelet activating factor on bovine neutrophils. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 144:68-78. [PMID: 21816488 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
D-lactic acidosis occurs in ruminants, such as cattle, with acute ruminal acidosis caused by ingestion of excessive amounts of highly fermentable carbohydrates. Affected animals show clinical signs similar to those of septic shock, as well as acute laminitis and liver abscesses. It has been proposed that the inflammatory response and susceptibility to infection could both be caused by the inhibition of phagocytic mechanisms. To determine the effects of d-lactic acid on bovine neutrophil functions, we pretreated cells with different concentrations of D-lactic acid and measured intracellular pH using 2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester (BCECF-AM) and calcium flux using FLUO-3 AM-loaded neutrophils. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was measured using a luminol chemiluminescence assay, and MMP-9/gelatinase-B granule release was measured by zymography. CD11b and CD62L/l-selectin expression, changes in cell shape, superoxide anion production, phagocytosis of Escherichia coli-Texas red bioparticles, and apoptosis were all measured using flow cytometry. Our results demonstrated that D-lactic acid reduced ROS production, CD11b upregulation and MMP-9 release in bovine neutrophils treated with 100 nM platelet-activating factor (PAF). D-lactic acid induced MMP-9 release and, at higher concentrations, upregulated CD11b expression, decrease L-selectin expression, and induces late apoptosis. We concluded that D-lactic acid can interfere with neutrophil functions induced by PAF, leading to reduced innate immune responses during bacterial infections. Moreover, the increase of MMP-9 release and CD11b expression induced by 10mM D-lactic acid could promote an nonspecific neutrophil-dependent inflammatory reaction in cattle with acute ruminal acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Alarcón
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, P.O. Box 567, Valdivia, Chile
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Ng AW, Bidani A, Heming TA. Innate host defense of the lung: effects of lung-lining fluid pH. Lung 2005; 182:297-317. [PMID: 15742242 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-004-2511-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Lung-lining fluid (LLF) is a primary constituent of the pulmonary host defense system. It is distributed continuously throughout the respiratory tract but is heterogeneous regarding its chemistry and physiology between the conducting airways and alveoli. The conducting airways are lined with airway surface liquid (ASL), a mucus gel-aqueous sol complex that interacts functionally with epithelial cilia as the mucociliary escalator. The alveoli are lined with alveolar subphase fluid (AVSF) and pulmonary surfactant. AVSF sterility is maintained in part by the phagocytic activity of resident alveolar macrophages. Normal ASL and AVSF are both more acidic than blood plasma. However, the details of acid-base regulation differ between the two media. Appreciable transepithelial acid-base flux is possible across the airway epithelium, whereas the alveolar epithelium is relatively impermeable to transepithelial acid-base flux. Moreover, one must consider the influence of resident macrophages on AVSF pH. Resident macrophages occupy a sizable fraction of AVSF by volume and are a substantial source of metabolic H+. The buffering capacities of ASL and AVSF probably are largely due to secreted peptides (e.g., ASL mucins and AVSF surfactant proteins). Acid-base exchange between the extracellular hydrophase and intracellular buffering systems of resident macrophages represents an additional buffer pool for AVSF. The pH of ASL and AVSF can be depressed by disease or inflammation. Low pH is predicted to suppress microbe clearance from the airways and alveoli, increase pathogen survival in both regions, and alter mediator release by resident macrophages and recruited leukocytes thereby increasing the propensity for bystander cell injury. Overall, ASL/AVSF pH is expected to be a major determinant of lung host defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia W Ng
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Morgan D, Cherny VV, Murphy R, Katz BZ, DeCoursey TE. The pH dependence of NADPH oxidase in human eosinophils. J Physiol 2005; 569:419-31. [PMID: 16195320 PMCID: PMC1464255 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2005.094748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidase generates reactive oxygen species that are essential to innate immunity against microbes. Like most enzymes, it is sensitive to pH, although the relative importance of pH(o) and pH(i) has not been clearly distinguished. We have taken advantage of the electrogenic nature of NADPH oxidase to determine its pH dependence in patch-clamped individual human eosinophils using the electron current to indicate enzyme activity. Electron current stimulated by PMA (phorbol myristate acetate) was recorded in both perforated-patch configuration, using an NH4+ gradient to control pH(i), and in excised, inside-out patches of membrane. No electron current was detected in cells or excised patches from eosinophils from a patient with chronic granulomatous disease. When the pH was varied symmetrically (pH(o) = pH(i)) in cells in perforated-patch configuration, NADPH oxidase-generated electron current was maximal at pH 7.5, decreasing drastically at higher or lower values. Varying pH(o) and pH(i) independently revealed that this pH dependence was entirely due to effects of pH(i) and that the oxidase is insensitive to pH(o). Surprisingly, the electron current in inside-out patches of membrane was only weakly sensitive to pH(i), indicating that the enzyme turnover rate per se is not strongly pH dependent. The most likely interpretation is that assembly or deactivation of the NADPH oxidase complex has one or more pH-sensitive steps, and that pH-dependent changes in electron current in intact cells mainly reflect different numbers of active complexes at different pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deri Morgan
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Physiology, Rush University Medical Center, 1750 West Harrison, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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O' Croinin D, Ni Chonghaile M, Higgins B, Laffey JG. Bench-to-bedside review: Permissive hypercapnia. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2004; 9:51-9. [PMID: 15693984 PMCID: PMC1065087 DOI: 10.1186/cc2918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Current protective lung ventilation strategies commonly involve hypercapnia. This approach has resulted in an increase in the clinical acceptability of elevated carbon dioxide tension, with hypoventilation and hypercapnia 'permitted' in order to avoid the deleterious effects of high lung stretch. Advances in our understanding of the biology of hypercapnia have prompted consideration of the potential for hypercapnia to play an active role in the pathogenesis of inflammation and tissue injury. In fact, hypercapnia may protect against lung and systemic organ injury independently of ventilator strategy. However, there are no clinical data evaluating the direct effects of hypercapnia per se in acute lung injury. This article reviews the current clinical status of permissive hypercapnia, discusses insights gained to date from basic scientific studies of hypercapnia and acidosis, identifies key unresolved concerns regarding hypercapnia, and considers the potential clinical implications for the management of patients with acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donall O' Croinin
- Clinical Research Fellow, Department of Physiology, University College Dublin, Dublin
| | - Martina Ni Chonghaile
- Clinical Research Fellow, Department of Anaesthesia, University College Hospital, and Department of Anaesthesia, Clinical Sciences Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Brendan Higgins
- Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Department of Anaesthesia, Clinical Sciences Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - John G Laffey
- Clinical Lecturer, Department of Anaesthesia, University College Hospital, and Department of Anaesthesia, Clinical Sciences Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Kellum JA, Song M, Li J. Science review: extracellular acidosis and the immune response: clinical and physiologic implications. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2004; 8:331-6. [PMID: 15469594 PMCID: PMC1065014 DOI: 10.1186/cc2900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic acidosis is among the most common abnormalities seen in patients suffering from critical illness. Its etiologies are multiple and treatment of the underlying condition is the mainstay of therapy. However, growing evidence suggests that acidosis itself has profound effects on the host, particularly in the area of immune function. Given the central importance of immune function to the outcome of critical illness, there is renewed interest in elucidating the effects of this all too common condition on the immune response. In this review we concentrate on the effects of extracellular acids on production and release of inflammatory mediators, and we demonstrate that different acids produce different effects despite similar extracellular pH. Finally, we discuss potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Kellum
- Critical Care Medicine and Medicine, The Mechanisms And Novel Therapies for Resuscitation and Acute illness Laboratory, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Boleza KA, Burnett LE, Burnett KG. Hypercapnic hypoxia compromises bactericidal activity of fish anterior kidney cells against opportunistic environmental pathogens. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2001; 11:593-610. [PMID: 11592587 DOI: 10.1006/fsim.2001.0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Acute hypoxia can cause massive fish and shellfish mortality. Less clear is the role that chronic sublethal hypoxia might play in aquatic animal health. This study tested whether production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and bactericidal activity of fish phagocytic cells are suppressed under the conditions of decreased oxygen and pH and increased carbon dioxide which occur in the blood and tissue of animals exposed to sublethal hypoxia. Anterior head kidney (AHK) cells of the mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus, were exposed in parallel to normoxic (pO2=45 torr, pCO2=3.8 torr, pH=7.6) or hypoxic (pO2=15 torr, pCO2=8.0 torr, pH=7.0) conditions and stimulated with a yeast cell wall extract, zymosan. or live Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Hypercapnic hypoxia suppressed zymosan-stimulated ROS production by 76.0% as measured in the chemiluminescence assay and by 58.5% in the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) assay. The low O2, high CO2 and low pH conditions also suppressed superoxide production by 75.0 and 47.3% as measured by the NBT assay at two different challenge ratios of cells:bacteria (1:1 and 1:10, respectively). In addition to its effects on ROS production, hypercapnic hypoxia also reduced bactericidal activity by 23.6 and 72.5% at the 1:1 and 1:10 challenge ratios, respectively. Low oxygen levels alone (pO2=15 torr, pCO2=0.76 torr, pH=7.6) did not significantly compromise the killing activity of cells challenged with equal numbers of V. parahaemolyticus. At the higher 1:10 AHK:bacteria challenge ratio, low oxygen caused a small (26.3%) but significant suppression of bactericidal activity as compared to aerial conditions (pO2=155 torr, pCO2=0.76 torr, pH=7.6). This study demonstrates that while hypoxia alone has detrimental effects on immune function, suppression of phagocytic cell activity is compounded by naturally occurring conditions of hypercapnia and low pH, creating conditions that might be exploited by opportunistic pathogens. These results indicate that the adverse health effects of chronic hypercapnic hypoxia might greatly exceed the effects of low oxygen alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Boleza
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29412, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Lardner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin, Ireland
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Boyd JN, Burnett LE. Reactive oxygen intermediate production by oyster hemocytes exposed to hypoxia. J Exp Biol 1999; 202 Pt 22:3135-43. [PMID: 10539962 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.202.22.3135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Oysters are frequently exposed to severely hypoxic conditions, especially during summer months. During the summer, there are also large numbers of disease-related oyster mortalities. This research was conducted to determine whether exposure to environmental hypoxia reduces the ability of oyster hemocytes to produce reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs), an important part of their defense system. Oysters of the species Crassostrea virginica were held in normoxic (P(O)(2)=20.0-20.7 kPa, pH 7.8-8.0) and hypoxic conditions (P(O)(2)=4.0-6.7 kPa, pH 7.1-7.4). In vivo hemolymph variables (P(O)(2), P(CO)(2) and pH) were measured after both 1 hour and 2 days in each treatment to determine the appropriate environment for subsequent hemocyte experiments. Production of reactive oxygen intermediates by hemocytes was measured using luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence (CL). During CL tests, hemocytes were held under the following conditions: air (P(O)(2)=20.7, P(CO)(2)<0.07, pH 7.6), in vivo hemolymph conditions of normoxic oysters (P(O)(2)=5.2, P(CO)(2)=0.27, pH 7.6), and in vivo hemolymph conditions of hypoxic oysters (P(O)(2)=1.47, P(CO)(2)=0.53, pH 7.1). Production of ROIs under hypoxic conditions was 33 % of that under normoxia. This decrease was the result of specific and independent effects of lower oxygen levels and decreased pH. It was not due to any direct effect of CO(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- JN Boyd
- Grice Marine Laboratory, University of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA.
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Sarment DP, Korostoff J, D'Angelo M, Polson AM, Feldman RS, Billings PC. In situ localization and characterization of active proteases in chronically inflamed and healthy human gingival tissues. J Periodontol 1999; 70:1303-12. [PMID: 10588493 DOI: 10.1902/jop.1999.70.11.1303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have indicated an important role for host-derived proteases in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. The objectives of this study were: 1) to develop an assay measuring protease activity in situ and 2) to localize and characterize the enzymatic activity in intact inflamed and healthy gingiva. METHODS Gingival specimens were prepared and over-laid with a quenched fluorescent substrate. Protease activity was visualized by fluorescence microscopy and correlated with histologic features. RESULTS In inflamed tissues, enzymatic activity was detected mainly in the connective tissue (predominantly matrix metalloproteases) and, to some extent, in the epithelium (predominantly serine proteases). In contrast, clinically healthy tissues failed to exhibit significant amounts of protease activity. Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of protease activity in intact tissues were found to be pH dependent. CONCLUSIONS The method described here enabled assessment of active proteases in intact tissues where cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions had been maintained. Our results indicate that there are substantial differences in the distribution of specific proteases between clinically healthy and inflamed periodontal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Sarment
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
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Zadeh HH, Nichols FC, Miyasaki KT. The role of the cell-mediated immune response to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis in periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 1999; 20:239-88. [PMID: 10522228 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.1999.tb00163.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H H Zadeh
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
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Trevani AS, Andonegui G, Giordano M, López DH, Gamberale R, Minucci F, Geffner JR. Extracellular Acidification Induces Human Neutrophil Activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.8.4849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In the current work, we evaluated the effect of extracellular acidification on neutrophil physiology. Neutrophils suspended in bicarbonate-buffered RPMI 1640 medium adjusted to acidic pH values (pH 6.5–7.0) underwent: 1) a rapid transient increase in intracellular free calcium concentration levels; 2) an increase in the forward light scattering properties; and 3) the up-regulation of surface expression of CD18. By contrast, extracellular acidosis was unable to induce neither the production of H2O2 nor the release of myeloperoxidase. Acidic extracellular pH also modulated the functional profile of neutrophils in response to conventional agonists such as FMLP, precipiting immune complexes, and opsonized zymosan. It was found that not only calcium mobilization, shape change response, and up-regulation of CD18 expression but also production of H2O2 and release of myeloperoxidase were markedly enhanced in neutrophils stimulated in acidic pH medium. Moreover, extracellular acidosis significantly delayed neutrophil apoptosis and concomitantly extended neutrophil functional lifespan. Extracellular acidification induced an immediate and abrupt fall in the intracellular pH, which persisted over the 240-s analyzed. A similar abrupt drop in the intracellular pH was detected in cells suspended in bicarbonate-supplemented PBS but not in those suspended in bicarbonate-free PBS. A role for intracellular acidification in neutrophil activation is suggested by the fact that only neutrophils suspended in bicarbonate-buffered media (i.e., RPMI 1640 and bicarbonate-supplemented PBS) underwent significant shape changes in response to extracellular acidification. Together, our results support the notion that extracellular acidosis may intensify acute inflammatory responses by inducing neutrophil activation as well as by delaying spontaneous apoptosis and extending neutrophil functional lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analía S. Trevani
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Hematologic Research, National Academy of Medicine, and
- †Department of Microbiology, Buenos Aires University School of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Graciela Andonegui
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Hematologic Research, National Academy of Medicine, and
| | - Mirta Giordano
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Hematologic Research, National Academy of Medicine, and
| | - Daniel H. López
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Hematologic Research, National Academy of Medicine, and
| | - Romina Gamberale
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Hematologic Research, National Academy of Medicine, and
| | - Fernando Minucci
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Hematologic Research, National Academy of Medicine, and
| | - Jorge R. Geffner
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Hematologic Research, National Academy of Medicine, and
- †Department of Microbiology, Buenos Aires University School of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Kobayashi K, Kobayashi K, Soeda W, Watanabe T. Gingival crevicular pH in experimental gingivitis and occlusal trauma in man. J Periodontol 1998; 69:1036-43. [PMID: 9776032 DOI: 10.1902/jop.1998.69.9.1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the fluctuation of gingival crevicular pH during experimentally evoked gingivitis and occlusal trauma, and to examine the relationship between the pH and periodontal health status using a newly developed pH sensor. Maxillary first premolars with clinically healthy gingiva were selected as test teeth in 10 volunteers. In the first study phase, experimental gingivitis was evoked, and gingival index, plaque index, and crevicular pH were recorded during the study period. In the second study phase, experimental occlusal trauma was created with metal onlays having occlusal interferences in lateral movements, and tooth mobility and pH were recorded during the study period. In the gingivitis phase, GI, PlI, and pH values fluctuated significantly during the study period (P < 0.01) and positive correlations were observed between both GI and pH values (P < 0.05), and PlI and pH values (P < 0.01). In the occlusal trauma phase, significant fluctuation was found among tooth mobilities (P < 0.05) during the study phase, but not in pH values. Statistically significant correlations were not observed between tooth mobilities and pH values. These data suggest that the crevicular pH level may not be influenced by experimental occlusal trauma, but shifts toward alkaline with experimental gingivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kobayashi
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan.
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