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Siengsanan-Lamont J, Tum S, Kong L, Selleck PW, Gleeson LJ, Blacksell SD. Abattoir-based serological surveillance for transboundary and zoonotic diseases in cattle and swine in Cambodia: a pilot study in Phnom Penh province during 2019 and 2020. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:316. [PMID: 36149522 PMCID: PMC9508002 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03309-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A pilot animal disease surveillance program was implemented at four abattoirs in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, between October 2019 and January 2020. A total of 1141 samples were collected from 477 cattle and 664 swine. Serological testing was performed using commercial antibody ELISA kits for zoonotic and high-impact animal diseases, namely brucellosis, Q fever, classical swine fever (CSF), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) and African swine fever (ASF). Only two samples tested positive for Brucella antibodies (0.2%, 95% CI 0.4-0.6, n = 1141). The seroprevalence of Q fever was 0.8% (95% CI 0.3-2.1, n = 477) in the cattle samples, while CSF, PRRS and ASF in pigs were 55.4% (95% CI 51.6-59.2, n = 655), 81.2% (95% CI 78.1-84.0, n = 655) and 2.6% (95% CI 1.6-4.1, n = 664), respectively. All 38 doubtful and 17 positive ASF antibody ELISA samples were negative when tested by real-time PCR. Univariate analyses demonstrated that the factor significantly associated with positive results of ASF was the abattoir location (p-value = 0.002). Based on logistic regression models, significant risk factors for CSF were province of origin (p-value = 1.7 × 10-6), abattoir (p-value = 3.6 × 10-11) and PRRS positivity (p-value = 0.004), and for PRRS were province of origin (p-value = 0.0004) and CSF positivity (p-value = 0.001). In conclusion, the seroprevalences of zoonotic diseases in this study were very low. The high prevalence of CSF and PRRS antibodies were most likely the result of vaccination. All ASF seropositive pigs, including those that gave equivocal results, originated from large-scale Cambodian-based commercial farms, as well as Thailand, which raises questions about possible illegal vaccination or low-pathogenicity ASF variants. The pilot abattoir serological surveillance program described here has the potential to provide a sentinel for incursions of novel and endemic pathogens, although further work is required to demonstrate its capacity to provide information on the longitudinal disease trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarunee Siengsanan-Lamont
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sothyra Tum
- National Animal Health and Production Research Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Lida Kong
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- National Animal Health and Production Research Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Paul W Selleck
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Laurence J Gleeson
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Stuart D Blacksell
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Siengsanan-Lamont J, Theppangna W, Phommachanh P, Khounsy S, Selleck PW, Matsumoto N, Gleeson LJ, Blacksell SD. Abattoir-Based Serological Surveillance and Spatial Risk Analysis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Brucellosis, and Q Fever in Lao PDR Large Ruminants. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:78. [PMID: 35622705 PMCID: PMC9145528 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7050078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A national animal disease surveillance network initiated by the Lao PDR government is adopted and reinforced by a joint research project between the National Animal Health Laboratory (NAHL), the Department of Livestock and Fisheries (DLF), and the Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU). The network is strengthened by staff training and practical exercises and is utilised to provide zoonotic or high-impact disease information on a national scale. Between January and December 2020, large ruminant samples are collected monthly from 18 abattoirs, one in each province, by provincial and district agriculture and forestry officers. The surveillance network collected a total of 4247 serum samples (1316 buffaloes and 2931 cattle) over this period. Samples are tested for antibodies against Brucella spp., Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) and Foot-and-Mouth Disease Non-Structural Protein (FMD NSP) using commercial ELISA kits and the Rose Bengal test. Seroprevalences of Q fever and brucellosis in large ruminants are low at 1.7% (95% CI: 1.3, 2.1) and 0.7% (95% CI: 0.5, 1.0) respectively, while for FMD NSP it is 50.5% (95% CI: 49.0, 52.0). Univariate analyses show differences in seroprevalences of Q fever between destination (abattoir) province (p-value = 0.005), province of origin (p-value = 0.005), animal type (buffalo or cattle) (p-value = 0.0008), and collection month (p-value = 3.4 × 10−6). Similar to Q fever, seroprevalences of brucellosis were significantly different for destination province (p-value < 0.00001), province of origin (p-value < 0.00001), animal type (p-value = 9.9 × 10−5) and collection month (p-value < 0.00001), plus body condition score (p-value = 0.003), and age (p-value = 0.007). Additionally, risk factors of the FMD NSP dataset include the destination province (p-value < 0.00001), province of origin (p-value < 0.00001), sex (p-value = 7.97 × 10−8), age (p-value = 0.009), collection date (p-value < 0.00001), and collection month (p-value < 0.00001). Spatial analyses revealed that there is no spatial correlation of FMD NSP seropositive animals. High-risk areas for Q fever and brucellosis are identified by spatial analyses. Further investigation of the higher risk areas would provide a better epidemiological understanding of both diseases in Lao PDR. In conclusion, the abattoir serological survey provides useful information about disease exposure and potential risk factors. The network is a good base for field and laboratory staff training in practical technical skills. However, the sustainability of such a surveillance activity is relatively low without an external source of funding, given the operational costs and insufficient government budget. The cost-effectiveness of the abattoir survey could be increased by targeting hotspot areas, reducing fixed costs, and extending the focus to cover more diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarunee Siengsanan-Lamont
- Maihdol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (J.S.-L.); (P.W.S.); (L.J.G.)
| | - Watthana Theppangna
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane 01001, Laos; (W.T.); (P.P.)
| | - Phouvong Phommachanh
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane 01001, Laos; (W.T.); (P.P.)
| | - Syseng Khounsy
- Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane 01001, Laos;
| | - Paul W. Selleck
- Maihdol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (J.S.-L.); (P.W.S.); (L.J.G.)
| | - Nina Matsumoto
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia;
| | - Laurence J. Gleeson
- Maihdol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (J.S.-L.); (P.W.S.); (L.J.G.)
| | - Stuart D. Blacksell
- Maihdol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (J.S.-L.); (P.W.S.); (L.J.G.)
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LG, UK
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane 01000, Laos
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Buckle K, Bueno R, McFadden A, van Andel M, Spence R, Hamill C, Roe W, Vallee E, Castillo-Alcala F, Abila R, Verin B, Purevsuren B, Sutar A, Win HH, Thiha M, Lwin KO, Khounsy S, Phonthasy S, Souriya V, Keokhamphet C, Arzt J, Ludi A, Mioulet V. Detection of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in the Absence of Clinical Disease in Cattle and Buffalo in South East Asia. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:691308. [PMID: 34368278 PMCID: PMC8342991 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.691308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is widespread throughout much of the world, including parts of South East Asia. Surveillance is often limited in endemic areas, relying predominantly on passive outbreak reporting. As part of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)'s South East Asia and China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Project (SEACFMD), field sampling was performed to help understand evidence of widespread virus exposure observed in previous studies. Serum and dry mucosal swabs were collected to evaluate the presence of FMDV RNA on the nasal, oral, and dorsal nasopharyngeal mucosal surfaces of 262 healthy cattle (n = 84 in Laos; n = 125 in Myanmar) and buffalo (n = 48 in Laos; n = 5 in Myanmar) immediately following slaughter in three slaughterhouses. Swabs and serum were tested by the OIE/FAO World Reference Laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease (WRLFMD) using pan-serotypic real-time reverse transcription-PCR (rRT-PCR) and serum was evaluated using the FMD PrioCHECK non-structural protein (NSP) ELISA. In total, 7.3% of animals had detectable FMDV RNA in one or more of the three sites including 5.3% of nasopharyngeal swabs, 2.3% of oral swabs, and 1.5% of nasal swabs. No FMDV RNA was detected in serum. Overall, 37.8% of animals were positive for NSP antibodies, indicating likely past natural exposure to FMDV. Results were comparable for Laos and Myanmar, and for both cattle and buffalo, and were not significantly different between age groups. Detectable FMDV RNA present on the oral and nasal mucosa of clinically-healthy large ruminants in Laos and Myanmar demonstrates the importance of sampling asymptomatic animals as part of surveillance, and may indicate that subclinical infection plays a role in the epidemiology of FMD in these countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Buckle
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Biosecurity New Zealand, Diagnostic and Surveillance Services Directorate, Wallaceville, New Zealand
| | - Rudolfo Bueno
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Biosecurity New Zealand, Diagnostic and Surveillance Services Directorate, Wallaceville, New Zealand
| | - Andrew McFadden
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Biosecurity New Zealand, Diagnostic and Surveillance Services Directorate, Wallaceville, New Zealand
| | - Mary van Andel
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Office of the Chief Departmental Scientist, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Richard Spence
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Biosecurity New Zealand, Diagnostic and Surveillance Services Directorate, Wallaceville, New Zealand
| | - Carolyn Hamill
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Biosecurity New Zealand, Diagnostic and Surveillance Services Directorate, Wallaceville, New Zealand
| | - Wendi Roe
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Emilie Vallee
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Ronel Abila
- OIE Sub-regional Representation for South East Asia, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Blesilda Verin
- OIE Sub-regional Representation for South East Asia, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Ashish Sutar
- OIE Sub-regional Representation for South East Asia, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Htun Htun Win
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Myo Thiha
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Khin Ohnmar Lwin
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | | | | | | | | | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anna Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
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Siengsanan-Lamont J, Douangngeun B, Theppangna W, Khounsy S, Phommachanh P, Kamolsiripichaiporn S, Udon R, Seeyo KB, Selleck PW, Matsumoto N, Gleeson LJ, Blacksell SD. Seroepidemiology of Foot and Mouth Disease using passive surveillance techniques in selected provinces of Lao PDR. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:303. [PMID: 33934210 PMCID: PMC8088427 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02734-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is a high-impact, contagious transboundary animal disease that is endemic in Southeast Asia. Abattoir samples were routinely collected in six selected provinces between March and December 2019. A total of 1280 samples of abattoir animals were tested for FMD Non-Structural Protein (NSP) antibodies to indicate natural infections. Overall, 22.8% were seropositive for FMD NSP antibodies while seroprevalence of cattle (n = 469), buffalo (n = 214), and pigs (n = 597) were 44.6%, 35.0%, and 1.3%, respectively. The highest seroprevalence destination province was Xiengkhouang (35.3% of 272 samples), followed by Savannakhet (27.0% of 244 samples). Risk factors for evidence of natural infection identified by a multivariate logistic regression model included age groups (p-value = 0.02) and origin provinces (p-value = 2.8 × 10−5) of the animals. There were significant differences of FMD NSP seroprevalence between age groups and origin provinces of the animals. The odds ratio of a seropositive result in the less than 1 year old group was 2.5 (95% CI; 1.4, 4.4) when compared to the 3–4 years old group, while the odds ratios for animals that originated from Khammouane and Xiengkhouang provinces were 4.5 (95% CI; 1.1, 18.7) and 2.4 (95% CI; 1.4, 4.1), respectively, when compared to Champasak province. Serotype-specific antibody ELISA for 44 NSP antibody–positive samples revealed evidence of FMD serotypes O and A virus circulation in some provinces. Despite the passive abattoir survey providing useful information on FMD virus previous exposure and geographic locations of the animals, timely information on FMD virus circulation and distribution is also crucial to an effective control program. Alternative approaches to increase the cost-effectiveness of the surveillance network are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarunee Siengsanan-Lamont
- Maidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bounlom Douangngeun
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Watthana Theppangna
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Syseng Khounsy
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Phouvong Phommachanh
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Somjai Kamolsiripichaiporn
- Maidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Romphruke Udon
- Regional Reference Laboratory for Foot and Mouth Disease in South East Asia, Department of Livestock Development, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Kingkarn Boonsuya Seeyo
- Regional Reference Laboratory for Foot and Mouth Disease in South East Asia, Department of Livestock Development, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Paul W Selleck
- Maidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nina Matsumoto
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
| | - Laurence J Gleeson
- Maidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Stuart D Blacksell
- Maidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic.
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MacPhillamy I, Young J, Earp F, Khounsy S, Windsor P, Toribio JA, Bush R. Foot-and-mouth disease seroprevalence and reporting behaviours in nine northern provinces in Lao PDR: The current situation and challenges for control. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:645-659. [PMID: 33559340 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), caused by the FMD virus (FMDV), is one of the most important of global livestock diseases, impacting even-toed ungulates and distributed mostly in less developed countries that are home to 75% of the human population. A progressive control pathway for FMD (PCP-FMD) was developed to assist countries to better manage FMD risks and progress towards control and eradication. This requires evidence of current FMD seroprevalence to enable the informed risk assessment and the disease control planning required to progress along the initial stages of the PCP-FMD. Despite Laos being an active member of the South East Asia and China FMD campaign, these data have been challenging to obtain. To address this gap, a cross-sectional seroprevalence study in nine northern Lao provinces was conducted in early 2019. The study sampled 602 large ruminants and 19 goats from 30 villages. Overall, the large ruminant seroprevalence was 43.7% (95% CI 39.7-47.8), and 90% of sampled villages had at least one seropositive animal. Large ruminants suspected of having had clinical FMD in their lifetime were found to have an increased risk of being seropositive (odds ratio 1.96, 95% CI 1.06-3.65, p = .03). An examination of current reporting behaviours of farmers, village veterinary workers and district and provincial officials found that individuals were using their discretion as to whether disease events required reporting along the chain of command. This, plus the lack of a computerized reporting system, contributed to a loss of historical data, potentially compromising progression on the PCP-FMD. Laos requires ongoing support from donor agencies to improve the current animal disease surveillance system and implement effective FMD control strategies that can enable progress on the PCP-FMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel MacPhillamy
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - James Young
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Francesca Earp
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Peter Windsor
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Jenny-Ann Toribio
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Russell Bush
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
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Siengsanan-Lamont J, Blacksell SD. Surveillance for One Health and high consequence veterinary pathogens (Brucellosis, Coxiellosis and Foot and Mouth Disease) in Southeast Asia: Lao PDR and Cambodia in focus and the importance of international partnerships. MICROBIOLOGY AUSTRALIA 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/ma21045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal disease surveillance in limited-resource countries is challenging but critical in providing epidemiological information to inform disease prevention and control programmes. Despite multiple international agencies and partnerships supporting Lao PDR and Cambodia’s animal disease surveillance activities over many years, cost-effectiveness and sustainability remain significant constraints. Here we describe the development and implementation of national abattoir-based surveillance networks in Laos and central Cambodia consisting of an information exchange platform and sample collection and submission systems. The networks enhanced the national surveillance capacity and provided snapshot information of seroprevalence for selected One Health and high consequence veterinary pathogens, including Q fever, brucellosis, and Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD). Despite abattoir survey data revealing that the seroprevalence of Q fever and brucellosis was generally low, the true impact on public health for these diseases remains unclear due to low levels of awareness and diagnostic capacity. FMD antibodies derived from natural infection rather than vaccination were noted in greater than 40% of the animal sampled in both countries, which suggests significant underreporting of outbreak events. Such networks will continue to be refined to improve their cost-effectiveness and sustainability, including the introduction of a simple online application for reporting animal disease outbreaks as well as expanding to other relevant One Health pathogens and species.
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Xaydalasouk K, Innoula N, Putthana V, Chanthavongsa K, Snoeck CJ, Hübschen JM, Oudomphone P, Chan B, Muller CP, Black AP, Pommasichan S, Pauly M. High seroprevalence of Foot and Mouth Disease in Laos: Call for nationwide vaccination campaigns and disease surveillance. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:2345-2352. [PMID: 33113242 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus remains enzootic in Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) due to insufficient control measures, including low vaccination coverage. We assessed virus epidemiology and evaluated knowledge, attitude and practice of Lao farmers and animal health stakeholders towards FMD to support politics in devising evidence-based control measures. Sera were collected from 972 domestic ruminants in three provinces of Lao PDR: Vientiane Capital, Vientiane and Xiengkhouang provinces. Seroprevalence of antibodies directed against non-structural proteins of FMD virus was assessed using a commercial ELISA. Positive sera were further characterized by detecting antibodies directed against the structural proteins of FMD serotypes O, A and Asia 1. Information about farm management, biosecurity practices, livestock trade, and past FMD outbreaks was obtained. Overall 35% (340/972) of the ruminants had antibodies against FMD virus with a similar seroprevalence in each province. Seroprevalence depended significantly on the ruminant species (p < .001): 61% of buffaloes, but only 41% of cattle and 15% of goats were seropositive. While antibodies against FMD serotype Asia 1 were absent, 87% (297/340) of the seropositive animals had antibodies against FMD serotype O and 32% (110/340) against FMD serotype A. Many seropositive animals (31%) had antibodies against both serotypes O and A. The majority of the farmers could name the symptoms of FMD and the susceptible animal species. Although many had likely observed FMD outbreaks in their herd and were aware of FMD vaccines, only few vaccinated their animals. This study confirms that FMD remains enzootic in at least three provinces of Lao PDR where vaccination coverage is low. It also shows the relevance of nationwide active and passive disease surveillance, as well as of vaccination campaigns using bivalent FMD vaccines and targeting all susceptible animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinnaly Xaydalasouk
- Lao-Lux-Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Laos, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Nouna Innoula
- Lao-Lux-Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Laos, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Vannaphone Putthana
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, National University of Laos, Vientiane Capital, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | | | - Chantal J Snoeck
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Judith M Hübschen
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | | | - Bouangeun Chan
- IVET School, Phonsavanh, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Claude P Muller
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Antony P Black
- Lao-Lux-Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Laos, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Sisavath Pommasichan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, National University of Laos, Vientiane Capital, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Maude Pauly
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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Alhaji NB, Amin J, Aliyu MB, Mohammad B, Babalobi OO, Wungak Y, Odetokun IA. Economic impact assessment of foot-and-mouth disease burden and control in pastoral local dairy cattle production systems in Northern Nigeria: A cross-sectional survey. Prev Vet Med 2020; 177:104974. [PMID: 32240887 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Milk has been envisaged as a major source of high-quality protein and bioavailable nutrients to humans. Its production is constraint by foot and mouth disease (FMD), a contagious viral disease of very high economic importance worldwide. This study was aimed at assessing the economic impact of FMD in pastoral dairy cattle herds in Nigeria and determines returns to investments in its control to better inform policy decisions. An interview questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 660 nomadic and agro-pastoral dairy cattle herds in 2019. Economic impact analyses were conducted using the total economic cost and benefit-cost analysis models. Of the 660 pastoralists enrolled, 92.6% (n = 611) participated. Nomadic pastoralists constituted 50.7% (n = 310) of the respondents while 49.3% (n = 301) were agro-pastoralists. Most of the respondents (66.4%, n = 406) had no formal education. The value of visible losses to the herders was estimated at USD 15,591,694.30 and the cost of control by treatment of secondary infections was USD 463,673.70. The economic impact of FMD due to production losses and costs of treatment to pastoralists was estimated to be USD 16,055,368.00. Return on investment in FMD control was positive with a benefit-cost ratio of 33.6. The estimated total economic costs due to FMD have indicated that it is a disease of high economic importance to dairy production herds and must be controlled to assure food security, local incomes to herders, and protein requirement of human population, especially the children in FMD endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Alhaji
- Epidemiology Department, Niger State Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Minna, Nigeria.
| | - J Amin
- Epidemiology Department, Niger State Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Minna, Nigeria
| | - M B Aliyu
- Epidemiology Department, Niger State Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Minna, Nigeria
| | - B Mohammad
- Animal Health Unit, Department of Agriculture, Bida Local Government, Bida, Nigeria
| | - O O Babalobi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Y Wungak
- FMD Research Laboratory, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - I A Odetokun
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
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9
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Production diseases in smallholder pig systems in rural Lao PDR. Prev Vet Med 2019; 162:110-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Farooq U, Ahmed Z, Naeem K, Bertram M, Brito B, Stenfeldt C, Pauszek SJ, LaRocco M, Rodriguez L, Arzt J. Characterization of naturally occurring, new and persistent subclinical foot‐and‐mouth disease virus infection in vaccinated Asian buffalo in Islamabad Capital Territory, Pakistan. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1836-1850. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Umer Farooq
- Animal Health Program National Agricultural Research Center Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Zaheer Ahmed
- Agricultural Research Service Plum Island Animal Disease Center Orient Point New York
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Oak Ridge Tennessee
| | - Khalid Naeem
- Animal Health Program National Agricultural Research Center Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Miranda Bertram
- Agricultural Research Service Plum Island Animal Disease Center Orient Point New York
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Oak Ridge Tennessee
| | - Barbara Brito
- Agricultural Research Service Plum Island Animal Disease Center Orient Point New York
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Oak Ridge Tennessee
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Agricultural Research Service Plum Island Animal Disease Center Orient Point New York
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine University of Minnesota St. Paul Minnesota
| | - Steven J. Pauszek
- Agricultural Research Service Plum Island Animal Disease Center Orient Point New York
| | - Michael LaRocco
- Agricultural Research Service Plum Island Animal Disease Center Orient Point New York
| | - Luis Rodriguez
- Agricultural Research Service Plum Island Animal Disease Center Orient Point New York
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Agricultural Research Service Plum Island Animal Disease Center Orient Point New York
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11
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Yoon H, Jeong W, Han JH, Choi J, Kang YM, Kim YS, Park HS, Carpenter TE. Financial Impact of Foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks on pig farms in the Republic of Korea, 2014/2015. Prev Vet Med 2018; 149:140-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Hegde R, Kowalli S, Nagaraja K, Dharanesha NK, Seema CM, Khan TA, Nagaraj GV, Srikala K, Sudharshana KJ, Nagaraju D, Rao S, Giridhara P, Byregowda SM. Serosurveillance of foot and mouth disease in Karnataka state, India: a 3 years study. Virusdisease 2017; 27:294-302. [PMID: 28466042 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-016-0340-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A prospective serological investigation was conducted to determine the prevalence and distribution of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), as well as to monitor the effectiveness of the FMD control programme (FMD-CP) through vaccination in Karnataka, India. Random serum samples were collected every year between May and August before the start of vaccination in 2011, and subsequently following two phases of vaccination in 2012 and 2013. Infection status (seroprevalence) was inferred by subjecting the sera to indirect r3AB3 non-structural protein-ELISA, using kits developed by the Project Directorate on FMD, India. The seromonitoring of FMD-CP was carried out by detecting antibodies deemed to be protective in the pre- and post-vaccinal sera, using liquid-phase blocking-ELISA for structural proteins. The results revealed significant decrease in seroprevalence from 58 to 21 %, providing more definitive data supporting our earlier findings obtained through clinical observations (Hegde et al. in Virusdisease 25:504-509, 2014), and detecting active infection in some of the populations which were considered to be free based on passive surveillance. On the other hand, after four rounds of vaccination, a gradual and significant increase from 4.5 to 59 % of animals carrying antibody levels deemed to be protective was observed against all the three serotypes. The findings of this study could be useful for further strategizing to strengthen the ongoing FMD-CP in Karnataka State, India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raveendra Hegde
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - Srikanth Kowalli
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - K Nagaraja
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - N K Dharanesha
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - C M Seema
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - Tanveer Ahmed Khan
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - G V Nagaraj
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - K Srikala
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - K J Sudharshana
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - D Nagaraju
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - Shesha Rao
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - P Giridhara
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - S M Byregowda
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
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13
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Knight-Jones TJD, McLaws M, Rushton J. Foot-and-Mouth Disease Impact on Smallholders - What Do We Know, What Don't We Know and How Can We Find Out More? Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1079-1094. [PMID: 27167976 PMCID: PMC5516236 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) endemic regions contain three‐quarters of the world's FMD susceptible livestock and most of the world's poor livestock keepers. Yet FMD impact on smallholders in these regions is poorly understood. Diseases of low mortality can exert a large impact if incidence is high. Modelling and field studies commonly find high FMD incidence in endemic countries. Sero‐surveys typically find a third of young cattle are sero‐positive, however, the proportion of sero‐positive animals that developed disease, and resulting impact, are unknown. The few smallholder FMD impact studies that have been performed assessed different aspects of impact, using different approaches. They find that FMD impact can be high (>10% of annual household income). However, impact is highly variable, being a function of FMD incidence and dependency on activities affected by FMD. FMD restricts investment in productive but less FMD‐resilient farming methods, however, other barriers to efficient production may exist, reducing the benefits of FMD control. Applying control measures is costly and can have wide‐reaching negative impacts; veterinary‐cordon‐fences may damage wildlife populations, and livestock movement restrictions and trade bans damage farmer profits and the wider economy. When control measures are ineffective, farmers, society and wildlife may experience the burden of control without reducing disease burden. Foot‐and‐mouth disease control has benefitted smallholders in South America and elsewhere. Success takes decades of regional cooperation with effective veterinary services and widespread farmer participation. However, both the likelihood of success and the full cost of control measures must be considered. Controlling FMD in smallholder systems is challenging, particularly when movement restrictions are hard to enforce. In parts of Africa this is compounded by endemically infected wildlife and limited vaccine performance. This paper reviews FMD impact on smallholders in endemic countries. Significant evidence gaps exist and guidance on the design of FMD impact studies is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M McLaws
- European Commission for the Control of FMD, FAO, Rome, Italy
| | - J Rushton
- The Royal Veterinary College (VEEPH), North Mymms, Hertfordshire, UK
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de Carvalho Ferreira HC, Pauszek SJ, Ludi A, Huston CL, Pacheco JM, Le VT, Nguyen PT, Bui HH, Nguyen TD, Nguyen T, Nguyen TT, Ngo LT, Do DH, Rodriguez L, Arzt J. An Integrative Analysis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Carriers in Vietnam Achieved Through Targeted Surveillance and Molecular Epidemiology. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:547-563. [PMID: 26301461 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a major constraint to transboundary trade in animal products, yet much of its natural ecology and epidemiology in endemic regions is still poorly understood. To address this gap, a multidisciplinary, molecular and conventional epidemiological approach was applied to an investigation of endemic FMD in Vietnam. Within the study space, it was found that 22.3% of sampled ruminants had previously been infected with FMD virus (FMDV), of which 10.8% were persistent, asymptomatic carriers (2.4% of the total population). Descriptive data collected from targeted surveillance and a farm questionnaire showed a significantly lower prevalence of FMDV infection for dairy farms. In contrast, farms of intermediate size and/or history of infection in 2010 were at increased risk of FMD exposure. At the individual animal level, buffalo had the highest exposure risk (over cattle), and there was spatial heterogeneity in exposure risk at the commune level. Conversely, carrier prevalence was higher for beef cattle, suggesting lower susceptibility of buffalo to persistent FMDV infection. To characterize virus strains currently circulating in Vietnam, partial FMDV genomic (VP1) sequences from carrier animals collected between 2012 and 2013 (N = 27) and from FMDV outbreaks between 2009 and 2013 (N = 79) were compared by phylogenetic analysis. Sequence analysis suggested that within the study period, there were two apparent novel introductions of serotype A viruses and that the dominant lineage of serotype O in Vietnam shifted from SEA/Mya-98 to ME-SA/PanAsia. FMDV strains shared close ancestors with FMDV from other South-East Asian countries indicating substantial transboundary movement of the predominant circulating strains. Close genetic relationships were observed between carrier and outbreak viruses, which may suggest that asymptomatic carriers of FMDV contribute to regional disease persistence. Multiple viral sequences obtained from carrier cattle over a 1-year period had considerable within-animal genetic variation, indicating within-host virus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C de Carvalho Ferreira
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - S J Pauszek
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - A Ludi
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - C L Huston
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - J M Pacheco
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - V T Le
- Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - P T Nguyen
- Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - H H Bui
- Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - T D Nguyen
- National Centre for Veterinary Diagnostics, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - T Nguyen
- National Centre for Veterinary Diagnostics, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - T T Nguyen
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - L T Ngo
- Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - D H Do
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - L Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - J Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
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Nampanya S, Khounsy S, Phonvisay A, Young JR, Bush RD, Windsor PA. Financial Impact of Foot and Mouth Disease on Large Ruminant Smallholder Farmers in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 62:555-64. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Nampanya
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Sydney; Camden NSW Australia
| | - S. Khounsy
- Department of Livestock and Fisheries; Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry; Luang Prabang Laos
| | - A. Phonvisay
- Livestock Research Centre; National Agriculture and Forestry Institute; Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry; Vientiane Laos
| | - J. R. Young
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Sydney; Camden NSW Australia
| | - R. D. Bush
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Sydney; Camden NSW Australia
| | - P. A. Windsor
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Sydney; Camden NSW Australia
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Outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in Peninsular Malaysia from 2001 to 2007. Trop Anim Health Prod 2012; 45:373-7. [PMID: 22826115 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-012-0226-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This is a retrospective study of the outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Peninsular Malaysia between 2001 and May 2007. In total, 270 outbreaks of FMD were recorded. Serotype O virus (89.95 %) and serotype A (7.7 %) had caused the outbreaks. Significant differences on the occurrence of FMD were found between the years (t = 5.73, P = 0.000, df = 11), months (t = 4.7, P = 0.000, df = 11), monsoon season (t = 2.63, P = 0.025, df = 10) and states (t = 4.84, P = 0.001, df = 10). A peak of outbreaks observed in 2003 could be due to increased animal movement and the other peak in 2006 could be due to a compromised FMD control activities due to activities on the eradication of highly pathogenic avian influenza. Cattle (86 % of outbreaks) suffered the most. However, no difference in disease occurrence between species was observed. The populations of cattle (r = 0.672, P = 0.023) and sheep (r = 0.678, P = 0.022) were significantly correlated with occurrence of FMD. Movement of animals (66 % of outbreaks) was the main source for outbreaks. A combination of control measures were implemented during outbreaks. In conclusion, the findings of this study show that FMD is endemic in Peninsular Malaysia, and information gained could be used to improve the existing control strategy.
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Nampanya S, Richards J, Khounsy S, Inthavong P, Yang M, Rast L, Windsor PA. Investigation of Foot and Mouth Disease hotspots in northern Lao PDR. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 60:315-29. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2012.01350.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Dukpa K, Robertson ID, Ellis TM. The seroprevalence of foot-and-mouth disease in the sedentary livestock herds in four districts of Bhutan. Prev Vet Med 2011; 100:231-6. [PMID: 21570142 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cross sectional serological surveys were conducted between March and December 2009 to determine the distribution of foot-and-mouth disease and also to validate the current passive surveillance system in Bhutan. A total of 1909 sera collected from cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs, from 485 herds in 106 villages, were tested using a foot-and-mouth disease non-structural protein 3ABC ELISA. The true prevalence at the animal-level for all species was 15% (95% CI: 13.5, 16.7) using the sensitivity (97.2%) and specificity (99.5%) for cattle. The true prevalence for cattle, goats, sheep and pigs were 17.6 (95% CI: 15.6, 19.5), 11.9% (95% CI: 5.6, 18.3), 11.9% (95% CI: 1.3, 25.1), and 1.9% (95% CI: 0.0, 3.8), respectively. The sub-districts that shared border with India had significantly (p=0.03) higher seroprevalence than the interior sub-districts. Villages located in the sub-tropical zone had significantly (p<0.0001) higher seroprevalence than those located at high altitude zones. Herds with known outbreaks of FMD were 3.6 times more likely (p<0.001) to be seropositive than those with no history of outbreaks of FMD. The study showed the usefulness of population-based serological surveys in detecting circulation of active infection in populations which were, until now, considered to be free of disease based on a passive surveillance system. The study also highlighted the benefits of conducting serological and questionnaire surveys, simultaneously, to ascertain the infection status of herds and animals. Some of the findings from this study could be considered for strengthening of the current FMD control program in Bhutan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinzang Dukpa
- National Centre for Animal Health, Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Thimphu, Bhutan, Australia.
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Direct typing and molecular evolutionary analysis of field samples of foot-and-mouth disease virus collected in Viet Nam between 2006 and 2007. Vet Microbiol 2011; 147:244-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Rast L, Windsor PA, Khounsy S. Limiting the Impacts of Foot and Mouth Disease in Large Ruminants in Northern Lao People’s Democratic Republic by Vaccination: A Case Study. Transbound Emerg Dis 2010; 57:147-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2010.01099.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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