|
1
|
Sonar S, Das A, Yeong Zher L, Narayanan Ravi R, Zheng Kong EQ, Dhar R, Narayanan K, Gorai S, Subramaniyan V. Exosome-Based Sensor: A Landmark of the Precision Cancer Diagnostic Era. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2025. [PMID: 40366154 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.5c00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2025]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are nanoscale vesicles released by a diversity of cells that mediate intercellular communication by transporting an array of biomolecules. They are gaining increasing attention in cancer research due to their ability to carry specific biomarkers. This characteristic makes them potentially useful for highly sensitive, noninvasive diagnostic procedures and more precise prognostic assessments. Consequently, EVs are emerging as a transformative tool in cancer treatment, facilitating early detection and personalized medicine. Despite significant progress, clinical implementation is hindered by challenges in EV isolation, purification, and characterization. However, developing advanced biosensor technologies offers promising solutions to these obstacles. This review highlights recent progress in biosensors for EV detection and analysis, focusing on various sensing modalities including optical, electrochemical, microfluidic, nanomechanical, and biological sensors. We also explore techniques for EV isolation, characterization, and analysis, such as electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and single-particle analysis. Furthermore, the review critically assesses the challenges associated with EV detection and put forward future directions, aiming to usher in a cutting-edge era of precision medicine through advanced, sensor-based, noninvasive early cancer diagnosis by detecting EV-carried biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swarup Sonar
- Department of Oncology, Neuron Institute of Applied Research, Amravati, Maharashtra 444605, India
| | - Asmit Das
- Department of Oncology, Neuron Institute of Applied Research, Amravati, Maharashtra 444605, India
| | - Lee Yeong Zher
- Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ram Narayanan Ravi
- Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Eason Qi Zheng Kong
- Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rajib Dhar
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor (Darul Ehsan), Malaysia
| | - Kumaran Narayanan
- Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sukhamoy Gorai
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1620 W Harrison Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Vetriselvan Subramaniyan
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor (Darul Ehsan), Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Abul Rub F, Moursy N, Alhedeithy N, Mohamed J, Ifthikar Z, Elahi MA, Mir TA, Rehman MU, Tariq S, Alabudahash M, Chinnappan R, Yaqinuddin A. Modern Emerging Biosensing Methodologies for the Early Diagnosis and Screening of Ovarian Cancer. BIOSENSORS 2025; 15:203. [PMID: 40277517 PMCID: PMC12024575 DOI: 10.3390/bios15040203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2025] [Revised: 03/17/2025] [Accepted: 03/18/2025] [Indexed: 04/26/2025]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the leading causes of gynecological cancer-related death worldwide. Late diagnosis at advanced stages of OC is the reason for a higher mortality rate. Earlier diagnosis and proper treatment are important for improving the prognosis of OC patients. Biosensors offer accurate, low-cost, rapid, and user-friendly devices that can be employed for the detection of OC-specific biomarkers in the early stage. Therefore, it is important to consider the potential biomarkers in the biological fluids to confirm the OC prognosis. Out of many biomarkers, the most commonly tested clinically is cancer antigen 125 (CA-125). However, CA-125 is considered to be a poor biomarker for OC diagnosis. Several biosensing methods were developed for the sensitive and quantitative detection of each biomarker. In abnormal expression in OC patients, nucleic acids, enzymes, cells, and exosomes are used as target biomarkers for the construction of biosensors. This review focuses on the development for the detection of various biomarkers using multiple biosensing methods. Here, we describe the origin and the significance of OC-associated biomarkers, the working principle of biosensors, and the classification of biosensors based on their recognition elements and signal transducers. The modes of detection and sensitivity of the sensors are discussed. Finally, the challenges in the fabrication, obstacles in the clinical application, and future prospects are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farah Abul Rub
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.R.); (N.M.); (N.A.); (Z.I.); (M.A.E.); (T.A.M.)
| | - Naseel Moursy
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.R.); (N.M.); (N.A.); (Z.I.); (M.A.E.); (T.A.M.)
| | - Nouf Alhedeithy
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.R.); (N.M.); (N.A.); (Z.I.); (M.A.E.); (T.A.M.)
| | - Juraij Mohamed
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo 00800, Sri Lanka;
| | - Zainab Ifthikar
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.R.); (N.M.); (N.A.); (Z.I.); (M.A.E.); (T.A.M.)
| | - Muhammad Affan Elahi
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.R.); (N.M.); (N.A.); (Z.I.); (M.A.E.); (T.A.M.)
| | - Tanveer Ahmed Mir
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.R.); (N.M.); (N.A.); (Z.I.); (M.A.E.); (T.A.M.)
- Laboratory of Tissue/Organ Bioengineering & BioMEMS, Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence (TR&I-Dpt), King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mati Ur Rehman
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, P.O. Box 3500, Karachi 74800, Pakistan;
| | - Saima Tariq
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Al Iman General Hospital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 12684, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mubark Alabudahash
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS), Glasgow G4 0RE, UK;
| | - Raja Chinnappan
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.R.); (N.M.); (N.A.); (Z.I.); (M.A.E.); (T.A.M.)
- Laboratory of Tissue/Organ Bioengineering & BioMEMS, Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence (TR&I-Dpt), King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Yaqinuddin
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.R.); (N.M.); (N.A.); (Z.I.); (M.A.E.); (T.A.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
|
3
|
Yu J, Zhou R, Liu S, Zheng J, Yan H, Su S, Chai N, Segal E, Jiang C, Guo K, Li CZ. Electrochemical Biosensors for the Detection of Exosomal microRNA Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Anal Chem 2025; 97:5355-5371. [PMID: 40057850 PMCID: PMC11923972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2025] [Accepted: 02/20/2025] [Indexed: 03/19/2025]
Abstract
Early and precise diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) is crucial for slowing their progression and enhancing patient outcomes. Exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) are emerging as promising biomarkers due to their ability to reflect the diseases' pathology, yet their low abundance poses significant detection hurdles. This review article delves into the burgeoning field of electrochemical biosensors, designed for the precise detection of exosomal miRNA biomarkers. Electrochemical biosensors offer a compelling solution, combining the sensitivity required to detect low-abundance biomarkers with the specificity needed to discern miRNA profiles distinctive to neural pathological states. We explore the operational principles of these biosensors, including the electrochemical transduction mechanisms that facilitate miRNA detection. The review also summarizes advancements in nanotechnology, signal enhancement, bioreceptor anchoring, and microfluidic integration that improve sensor accuracy. The evidence of their use in neurodegenerative disease diagnosis is analyzed, focusing on the clinical impact, diagnostic precision, and obstacles faced in practical applications. Their potential integration into point-of-care testing and regulatory considerations for their market entry are discussed. Looking toward the future, the article highlights forthcoming innovations that might revolutionize early diagnostic processes. Electrochemical biosensors, with their impressive sensitivity, specificity, and point-of-care compatibility, are on track to become instrumental in the early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases, possibly transforming patient care and prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Yu
- Biotechnology
and Food Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel
Institute of Technology (GTIIT), Shantou 515063, China
- Faculty
of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel
Institute of Technology (IIT), Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Runzhi Zhou
- Biotechnology
and Food Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel
Institute of Technology (GTIIT), Shantou 515063, China
- Faculty
of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel
Institute of Technology (IIT), Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Shan Liu
- Sichuan
Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department
of Medical Genetics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan
Provincial People’s Hospital, University
of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Jintao Zheng
- Biotechnology
and Food Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel
Institute of Technology (GTIIT), Shantou 515063, China
- Faculty
of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel
Institute of Technology (IIT), Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Haoyang Yan
- Biotechnology
and Food Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel
Institute of Technology (GTIIT), Shantou 515063, China
- Faculty
of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel
Institute of Technology (IIT), Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Song Su
- Department
of Gastroenterology, The First Medical Center
of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ningli Chai
- Department
of Gastroenterology, The First Medical Center
of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ester Segal
- Faculty
of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel
Institute of Technology (IIT), Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Cheng Jiang
- School
of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong
Kong Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Keying Guo
- Biotechnology
and Food Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel
Institute of Technology (GTIIT), Shantou 515063, China
- Faculty
of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel
Institute of Technology (IIT), Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Guangdong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy
Conversion, Shantou 515063, China
- Monash Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences (MIPS), Monash
University, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Chen-zhong Li
- School
of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong
Kong Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518172, China
| |
Collapse
|
|
4
|
Chen C, Duan S, Ji J, Wu M, Yang Z, Cai M, Xue M, Wang L, Chen R, Yaron S, Guo K, Benardini S, Wang Z, Luo Y. Structured protein probes modified with selenium nanoparticle for 1-minute measurement of SARS-CoV-2 antigen. Biosens Bioelectron 2025; 268:116878. [PMID: 39499971 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2024] [Revised: 10/19/2024] [Accepted: 10/23/2024] [Indexed: 11/25/2024]
Abstract
Conventional point-of-care lateral flow immunoassays are characterized by an antibody-tagged probe irregular coupling that can limit sensitivity and require a long assay's time. We synthesized polyethylene glycol-modified selenium nanoparticles (PEG-SeNPs) by template method and developed a strategy to set antibody probes targeted and orderly by using PEG-SeNPs. Synthesized PEG-SeNPs with high stability could immobilize antibodies in the "stand-up" orientation, resulting in a faster detection time of less than 1 min by direct observer visualization without instruments or equipment. Results showed that SARS-CoV-2 antibody could be systematically structured on the chip, resulting in a detection limit of 10 pg/mL, significantly higher than conventional chips. The new device has been validated on 192 clinical samples and we found 100% negative coincidence, 93.94% positive coincidence, and 95.83% overall coincidence with reverse transcriptional PCR test. The orderly arrayed probe's stability allowed to detect throat swabs, saliva, serum, fingertip blood samples, and mutant strains without cross-reactivity with common respiratory viruses or pathogenic strains, demonstrating promising potential for a universal colorimetric platform for ultrafast field-deployable diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Chen
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujie Duan
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianing Ji
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengli Wu
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China; Medical Laboratory Department, Zhumadian Center Hospital, Zhumadian, 463000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan Yang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyang Cai
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Menghan Xue
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanju Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Sima Yaron
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (IIT), Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Keying Guo
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, 3052, Australia; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Conversion (MATEC), Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou, 515063, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sergio Benardini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing General Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401147, People's Republic of China; Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Zhizeng Wang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing General Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401147, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yang Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing General Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401147, People's Republic of China; College of Life Science and Laboratory Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650050, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|