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Xiao Q, Liu Y, Li T, Wang C, He S, Zhai L, Yang Z, Zhang X, Wu Y, Liu Y. Viral oncogenesis in cancer: from mechanisms to therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2025; 10:151. [PMID: 40350456 PMCID: PMC12066790 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-025-02197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2024] [Revised: 01/22/2025] [Accepted: 03/03/2025] [Indexed: 05/14/2025] Open
Abstract
The year 2024 marks the 60th anniversary of the discovery of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), the first virus confirmed to cause human cancer. Viral infections significantly contribute to the global cancer burden, with seven known Group 1 oncogenic viruses, including hepatitis B virus (HBV), human papillomavirus (HPV), EBV, Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). These oncogenic viruses induce cellular transformation and cancer development by altering various biological processes within host cells, particularly under immunosuppression or co-carcinogenic exposures. These viruses are primarily associated with hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric cancer, cervical cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Kaposi sarcoma, lymphoma, and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Understanding the mechanisms of viral oncogenesis is crucial for identifying and characterizing the early biological processes of virus-related cancers, providing new targets and strategies for treatment or prevention. This review first outlines the global epidemiology of virus-related tumors, milestone events in research, and the process by which oncogenic viruses infect target cells. It then focuses on the molecular mechanisms by which these viruses induce tumors directly or indirectly, including the regulation of oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, induction of genomic instability, disruption of regular life cycle of cells, immune suppression, chronic inflammation, and inducing angiogenesis. Finally, current therapeutic strategies for virus-related tumors and recent advances in preclinical and clinical research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xiao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Chaoyu Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Sanxiu He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Liuyue Zhai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Zailin Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China.
| | - Yongzhong Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China.
| | - Yao Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China.
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Huang R, Wang X, Yan H, Tan X, Ma Y, Wang M, Han X, Liu J, Gao L, Gao L, Jing G, Zhang C, Wen Q, Zhang X. Safety and efficacy of CD33-targeted CAR-NK cell therapy for relapsed/refractory AML: preclinical evaluation and phase I trial. Exp Hematol Oncol 2025; 14:1. [PMID: 39748428 PMCID: PMC11694373 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-024-00592-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2024] [Accepted: 12/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/04/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the lack of effective treatment options, the prognosis of patients with relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia (R/R AML) remains poor. Although chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T-cell therapy has shown promising effects in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and lymphoma, its application in R/R AML is limited by "off-target" effects, which lead to severe bone marrow suppression and limit its clinical application. CAR-natural killer (NK) cells not only exhibit antitumor effects but also demonstrate increased safety and universality. We have developed a new CAR construct that targets CD33 and modified NK cells, specifically eliminating AML cells while reducing severe side effects on stem cells. METHODS The CD33-targeting domain was selected by CAR-T cells, and this optimized CAR construct was subsequently transduced into umbilical cord-derived NK cells via a retroviral vector. Preclinical efficacy and safety studies were conducted both in vitro and in vivo. Ten eligible patients with R/R AML aged 18-65 years who received one or more infusions of anti-CD33 CAR-NK cells following the preconditioning regimen were enrolled. We assessed the response rates and treatment-related side effects post-infusion, while also documenting the long-term efficacy of the therapy. RESULTS The CD33 sequence was selected on the basis of its antitumor efficacy and safety in CAR-T-cell studies conducted both in vitro and in vivo. CD33 CAR-NK cells demonstrated efficacy comparable to that of CD33 CAR-T cells but showed limited toxicity to hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Ten patients, with a median of five prior lines of treatment, completed the efficacy evaluation (range, 3-8). No grade 3-4 adverse events were observed, except bone marrow suppression, which was relieved within one month. No cases of immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) or graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) were reported following CAR-NK cell infusion. Only one patient experienced grade 2 cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and presented with persistent fever. By day 28, six of ten patients had achieved minimal residual disease (MRD)-negative complete remission. CONCLUSIONS Our preclinical and clinical data demonstrated the primary efficacy and safety of CD33 CAR-NK cells for patients with R/R AML. Expanded samples and longer follow-up periods are needed to provide further efficacy data. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT05008575 ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05008575 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihao Huang
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hematology and Microenvironment, Chongqing, 400037, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Xiaoqi Wang
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hematology and Microenvironment, Chongqing, 400037, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Hongju Yan
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hematology and Microenvironment, Chongqing, 400037, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Xu Tan
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hematology and Microenvironment, Chongqing, 400037, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Yingying Ma
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hematology and Microenvironment, Chongqing, 400037, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Maihong Wang
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hematology and Microenvironment, Chongqing, 400037, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hematology and Microenvironment, Chongqing, 400037, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hematology and Microenvironment, Chongqing, 400037, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Li Gao
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hematology and Microenvironment, Chongqing, 400037, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hematology and Microenvironment, Chongqing, 400037, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | | | - Cheng Zhang
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hematology and Microenvironment, Chongqing, 400037, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
| | - Qin Wen
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hematology and Microenvironment, Chongqing, 400037, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
| | - Xi Zhang
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hematology and Microenvironment, Chongqing, 400037, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing, 401329, China.
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Zhang C, Wang X, Yi H, Wang Y, Yan Z, Zhou J, Yang T, Liang A, Wang Z, Ma Y, Wen Q, Gao L, Gao L, Kong P, Tan X, Jiang E, Zhang X. Long-term survival with donor CD19 CAR-T cell treatment for relapsed patients after allogeneic hematopietic stem cell transplantation. J Hematol Oncol 2024; 17:103. [PMID: 39468581 PMCID: PMC11520587 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-024-01626-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2024] [Accepted: 10/18/2024] [Indexed: 10/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Chimeric Antigen Receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy has significantly advanced in treating B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and has shown efficacy in managing relapsed B-ALL after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Donor-derived CAR-T cell offer both high efficacy and rapid response. Although promising results exist, current research lacks definitive evidence of long-term survival benefits for patients treated with donor-derived CAR-T therapy. We report the long-term survival of 32 patients with post-transplant relapsed B-ALL treated with donor-derived CD19 CAR-T cell, achieving either complete Remission (CR) or CR with incomplete peripheral blood recovery (CRi). The median follow-up was 42 months, with 2-year overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) rates of 56.25% and 50.0%, respectively. The 5-year OS and EFS rates were 53.13% and 46.88%, with no new long-term adverse events observed. These findings demonstrate good long-term safety, supporting donor-derived CAR-T cell as a recommended treatment option for relapsed B-ALL patients post-transplantation. Trial registration: https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=14315 . Registration number: ChiCTR-OOC-16008447.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hematology and Microenvironment, Chongqing, 400037, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Xiaoqi Wang
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hematology and Microenvironment, Chongqing, 400037, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Hai Yi
- Department of Hematology, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Hematological Disease. Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Hematological Disease, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shaanxi Provincial Peoples Hospital, Xi'an, 710068, China
| | - Zhiling Yan
- Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Haematology, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Henan, 450008, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Department of Hematology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Aibin Liang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Hematology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Henan University, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Yingying Ma
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hematology and Microenvironment, Chongqing, 400037, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Qin Wen
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hematology and Microenvironment, Chongqing, 400037, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hematology and Microenvironment, Chongqing, 400037, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Li Gao
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hematology and Microenvironment, Chongqing, 400037, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Peiyan Kong
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hematology and Microenvironment, Chongqing, 400037, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Xu Tan
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hematology and Microenvironment, Chongqing, 400037, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Erlie Jiang
- Center of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300200, China.
| | - Xi Zhang
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hematology and Microenvironment, Chongqing, 400037, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
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Zhang S, Liu X, Li L, Qiu L, Qian Z, Zhou S, Wang X, Zhang H. Hodgkin's lymphoma: 2023 update on treatment. Cancer Biol Med 2023; 21:j.issn.2095-3941.2023.0427. [PMID: 38164723 PMCID: PMC11033717 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2023.0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sicong Zhang
- Department of Lymphoma, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Druggability Evaluation and Systematic Translational Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, the Sino-US Center for Lymphoma and Leukemia Research, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Xianming Liu
- Department of Lymphoma, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Druggability Evaluation and Systematic Translational Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, the Sino-US Center for Lymphoma and Leukemia Research, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Lanfang Li
- Department of Lymphoma, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Druggability Evaluation and Systematic Translational Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, the Sino-US Center for Lymphoma and Leukemia Research, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Lihua Qiu
- Department of Lymphoma, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Druggability Evaluation and Systematic Translational Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, the Sino-US Center for Lymphoma and Leukemia Research, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Zhengzi Qian
- Department of Lymphoma, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Druggability Evaluation and Systematic Translational Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, the Sino-US Center for Lymphoma and Leukemia Research, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Shiyong Zhou
- Department of Lymphoma, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Druggability Evaluation and Systematic Translational Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, the Sino-US Center for Lymphoma and Leukemia Research, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Xianhuo Wang
- Department of Lymphoma, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Druggability Evaluation and Systematic Translational Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, the Sino-US Center for Lymphoma and Leukemia Research, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Huilai Zhang
- Department of Lymphoma, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Druggability Evaluation and Systematic Translational Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, the Sino-US Center for Lymphoma and Leukemia Research, Tianjin 300060, China
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