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Wooton-Kee CR. Therapeutic implications of impaired nuclear receptor function and dysregulated metabolism in Wilson's disease. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 251:108529. [PMID: 37741465 PMCID: PMC10841433 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Copper is an essential trace element that is required for the activity of many enzymes and cellular processes, including energy homeostasis and neurotransmitter biosynthesis; however, excess copper accumulation results in significant cellular toxicity. The liver is the major organ for maintaining copper homeostasis. Inactivating mutations of the copper-transporting P-type ATPase, ATP7B, result in Wilson's disease, an autosomal recessive disorder that requires life-long medicinal therapy or liver transplantation. Current treatment protocols are limited to either sequestration of copper via chelation or reduction of copper absorption in the gut (zinc therapy). The goal of these strategies is to reduce free copper, redox stress, and cellular toxicity. Several lines of evidence in Wilson's disease animal models and patients have revealed altered hepatic metabolism and impaired hepatic nuclear receptor activity. Nuclear receptors are transcription factors that coordinate hepatic metabolism in normal and diseased livers, and several hepatic nuclear receptors have decreased activity in Wilson's disease and Atp7b-/- models. In this review, we summarize the basic physiology that underlies Wilson's disease pathology, Wilson's disease animal models, and the possibility of targeting nuclear receptor activity in Wilson's disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clavia Ruth Wooton-Kee
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics-Nutrition, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, United States of America.
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Kaldunski ML, Smith JR, Hayman GT, Brodie K, De Pons JL, Demos WM, Gibson AC, Hill ML, Hoffman MJ, Lamers L, Laulederkind SJF, Nalabolu HS, Thorat K, Thota J, Tutaj M, Tutaj MA, Vedi M, Wang SJ, Zacher S, Dwinell MR, Kwitek AE. The Rat Genome Database (RGD) facilitates genomic and phenotypic data integration across multiple species for biomedical research. Mamm Genome 2021; 33:66-80. [PMID: 34741192 PMCID: PMC8570235 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-021-09932-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Model organism research is essential for discovering the mechanisms of human diseases by defining biologically meaningful gene to disease relationships. The Rat Genome Database (RGD, ( https://rgd.mcw.edu )) is a cross-species knowledgebase and the premier online resource for rat genetic and physiologic data. This rich resource is enhanced by the inclusion and integration of comparative data for human and mouse, as well as other human disease models including chinchilla, dog, bonobo, pig, 13-lined ground squirrel, green monkey, and naked mole-rat. Functional information has been added to records via the assignment of annotations based on sequence similarity to human, rat, and mouse genes. RGD has also imported well-supported cross-species data from external resources. To enable use of these data, RGD has developed a robust infrastructure of standardized ontologies, data formats, and disease- and species-centric portals, complemented with a suite of innovative tools for discovery and analysis. Using examples of single-gene and polygenic human diseases, we illustrate how data from multiple species can help to identify or confirm a gene as involved in a disease and to identify model organisms that can be studied to understand the pathophysiology of a gene or pathway. The ultimate aim of this report is to demonstrate the utility of RGD not only as the core resource for the rat research community but also as a source of bioinformatic tools to support a wider audience, empowering the search for appropriate models for human afflictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Kaldunski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - J R Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - G T Hayman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - K Brodie
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - J L De Pons
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - W M Demos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - A C Gibson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - M L Hill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - M J Hoffman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - L Lamers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - S J F Laulederkind
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - H S Nalabolu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - K Thorat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - J Thota
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - M Tutaj
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - M A Tutaj
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - M Vedi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - S J Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - S Zacher
- Information Services, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - M R Dwinell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - A E Kwitek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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Corbee RJ, Penning LC. COMMD1 Exemplifies the Power of Inbred Dogs to Dissect Genetic Causes of Rare Copper-Related Disorders. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030601. [PMID: 33668783 PMCID: PMC7996361 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wilson's Disease is a rare autosomal recessive disorder in humans, often presenting with hepatic copper overload. Finding the genetic cause of a rare disease, especially if it is related to food constituents like the trace element copper, is a Herculean task. This review describes examples of how the unique population structure of in-bred dog strains led to the discovery of a novel gene and two modifier genes involved in inherited copper toxicosis. COMMD1, after the discovery in 2002, was shown to be a highly promiscuous protein involved in copper transport, protein trafficking/degradation, regulation of virus replication, and inflammation. Mutations in the ATP7A and ATP7B proteins in Labrador retrievers and Dobermann dogs resulted in a wide variation in hepatic copper levels in these breeds. To our knowledge, numerous dog breeds with inherited copper toxicosis of unknown genetic origin exist. Therefore, the possibility that men's best friend will provide new leads in rare copper storage diseases seems realistic.
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Singla A, Chen Q, Suzuki K, Song J, Fedoseienko A, Wijers M, Lopez A, Billadeau DD, van de Sluis B, Burstein E. Regulation of murine copper homeostasis by members of the COMMD protein family. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm.045963. [PMID: 33262129 PMCID: PMC7803461 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.045963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper is an essential transition metal for all eukaryotes. In mammals, intestinal copper absorption is mediated by the ATP7A copper transporter, whereas copper excretion occurs predominantly through the biliary route and is mediated by the paralog ATP7B. Both transporters have been shown to be recycled actively between the endosomal network and the plasma membrane by a molecular machinery known as the COMMD/CCDC22/CCDC93 or CCC complex. In fact, mutations in COMMD1 can lead to impaired biliary copper excretion and liver pathology in dogs and in mice with liver-specific Commd1 deficiency, recapitulating aspects of this phenotype. Nonetheless, the role of the CCC complex in intestinal copper absorption in vivo has not been studied, and the potential redundancy of various COMMD family members has not been tested. In this study, we examined copper homeostasis in enterocyte-specific and hepatocyte-specific COMMD gene-deficient mice. We found that, in contrast to effects in cell lines in culture, COMMD protein deficiency induced minimal changes in ATP7A in enterocytes and did not lead to altered copper levels under low- or high-copper diets, suggesting that regulation of ATP7A in enterocytes is not of physiological consequence. By contrast, deficiency of any of three COMMD genes (Commd1, Commd6 or Commd9) resulted in hepatic copper accumulation under high-copper diets. We found that each of these deficiencies caused destabilization of the entire CCC complex and suggest that this might explain their shared phenotype. Overall, we conclude that the CCC complex plays an important role in ATP7B endosomal recycling and function. Summary: Examination of copper homeostasis in enterocyte-specific and hepatocyte-specific COMMD gene-deficient mice revealed that homologs of COMMD1, which has been linked previously by genetic studies to copper regulation, also regulate copper handling in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amika Singla
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Department of General Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Kohei Suzuki
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jie Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Alina Fedoseienko
- Section of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.,Division of Oncology Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Melinde Wijers
- Section of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adam Lopez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Daniel D Billadeau
- Division of Oncology Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- Section of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ezra Burstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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