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Bőthe B, Nagy L, Koós M, Demetrovics Z, Potenza MN, Kraus SW. Problematic pornography use across countries, genders, and sexual orientations: Insights from the International Sex Survey and comparison of different assessment tools. Addiction 2024; 119:928-950. [PMID: 38413365 DOI: 10.1111/add.16431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Problematic pornography use (PPU) is a common manifestation of the newly introduced Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder diagnosis in the 11th edition of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. Although cultural, gender- and sexual orientation-related differences in sexual behaviors are well documented, there is a relative absence of data on PPU outside Western countries and among women as well as gender- and sexually-diverse individuals. We addressed these gaps by (a) validating the long and short versions of the Problematic Pornography Consumption Scale (PPCS and PPCS-6, respectively) and the Brief Pornography Screen (BPS) and (b) measuring PPU risk across diverse populations. METHODS Using data from the pre-registered International Sex Survey [n = 82 243; mean age (Mage) = 32.4 years, standard deviation = 12.5], a study across 42 countries from five continents, we evaluated the psychometric properties (i.e. factor structure, measurement invariance, and reliability) of the PPCS, PPCS-6, and BPS and examined their associations with relevant correlates (e.g. treatment-seeking). We also compared PPU risk among diverse groups (e.g. three genders). RESULTS The PPCS, PPCS-6, and BPS demonstrated excellent psychometric properties [for example, comparative fit index = 0.985, Tucker-Lewis Index = 0.981, root mean square error of approximation = 0.060 (90% confidence interval = 0.059-0.060)] in the confirmatory factor analysis, with all PPCS' inter-factor correlations positive and strong (rs = 0.72-0.96). A total of 3.2% of participants were at risk of experiencing PPU (PPU+) based on the PPCS, with significant country- and gender-based differences (e.g. men reported the highest levels of PPU). No sexual orientation-based differences were observed. Only 4-10% of individuals in the PPU+ group had ever sought treatment for PPU, while an additional 21-37% wanted to, but did not do so for specific reasons (e.g. unaffordability). CONCLUSIONS This study validated three measures to assess the severity of problematic pornography use across languages, countries, genders, and sexual orientations in 26 languages: the Problematic Pornography Consumption Scale (PPCS, and PPCS-6, respectively), and the Brief Pornography Screen (BPS). The problematic pornography use risk is estimated to be 3.2-16.6% of the population of 42 countries, and varies among different groups (e.g. genders) and based on the measure used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Bőthe
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Léna Nagy
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mónika Koós
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar, Gibraltar
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, USA
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shane W Kraus
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
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McElroy EE, Perry SL, Grubbs JB. How Much Pornography Use Do Americans Think Is "Average" for a Man and Woman? Findings from a National Survey. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2023:1-16. [PMID: 37410677 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2023.2229317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Though research has examined pornography viewing frequency and its correlates in national samples, researchers have yet to assess how much pornography use the general population thinks is "average" for men and women. Drawing on data from a nationally representative sample of American adults (Men: N = 1,127; Women = 1,382; total mean age = 50.0, SD = 17.4), it was hypothesized that Americans' estimations of how much pornography use is average for men and women would be shaped by perceptual mechanisms as well as the influence of religious subculture. Results show that age, personal pornography use, self-reported addiction to pornography, and religiosity (for men), were associated with Americans' perceptions of what is average for others. The association with personal pornography use was amplified for same-gender estimations, and Americans estimated the average man views pornography more frequently than the average woman. Americans rarely reported viewing pornography at higher rates than what they estimated for others. This study provides initial steps toward understanding gendered impressions of average pornography use and provides recommendations for how future research could explore differing mechanisms of same-gender and cross-gender perceptions.
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Hoagland KC, Rotruck HL, Moore JN, Grubbs JB. Reasons for Moral-Based Opposition to Pornography in a U.S. Nationally Representative Sample. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2023; 49:717-738. [PMID: 36916293 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2023.2186992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pornography use is a common-but-controversial activity that many people object to or morally disapprove of. Despite this, there is a limited understanding of the reasons for such moral opposition. Although some prior research has assessed characteristics that influence moral opposition to pornography, most research has done so using various forced-choice methods. The present study aimed to better understand the reasoning behind moral-based opposition to pornography by using open-ended questioning and exploring the relationship between these reasons and pornography use habits. To achieve these aims, we analyzed data from a nationally representative U.S. sample, specifically studying individuals who reported moral beliefs opposing pornography (N = 1,020). Results revealed 14 general themes (e.g., religion/spirituality; concerns about abuse; disgust) in the reasons participants reported for their moral disapproval of pornography, many of which were related to individual difference variables such as gender, age, religiousness, and political preferences. Implications, limitations, and directions for future research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Camille Hoagland
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Halle L Rotruck
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Jace N Moore
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Joshua B Grubbs
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
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Grubbs JB, Floyd CG, Kraus SW. Pornography Use and Public Health: Examining the Importance of Online Sexual Behavior in the Health Sciences. Am J Public Health 2023; 113:22-26. [PMID: 36516393 PMCID: PMC9755930 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2022.307146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Grubbs
- Joshua B. Grubbs and Christopher G. Floyd are with the Department of Psychology at Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH. Shane W. Kraus is with the Department of Psychology at the University of Nevada Las Vegas
| | - Christopher G Floyd
- Joshua B. Grubbs and Christopher G. Floyd are with the Department of Psychology at Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH. Shane W. Kraus is with the Department of Psychology at the University of Nevada Las Vegas
| | - Shane W Kraus
- Joshua B. Grubbs and Christopher G. Floyd are with the Department of Psychology at Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH. Shane W. Kraus is with the Department of Psychology at the University of Nevada Las Vegas
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Štulhofer A, Wiessner C, Koletić G, Pietras L, Briken P. Religiosity, Perceived Effects of Pornography Use on Personal Sex Life, and Moral Incongruence: Insights from the German Health and Sexuality Survey (GeSiD). JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2022; 59:720-730. [PMID: 33945359 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2021.1916422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although online pornography use appears to be a mainstream activity, there is little information, particularly outside of the USA, about how consumers perceive its impact on their sexuality. Considering increasing concerns about pornography use, this lack of evidence has sociocultural and clinical ramifications - especially because the recently proposed Moral Incongruence model (MI) suggests that some individuals may see their pornography use as problematic independently of the frequency of use. Using data from 4,177 adults from the 2018-2019 national probability-based German Health and Sexuality Survey, we explored self-perceived impact of pornography use on personal sex life and the role of MI. Most participants (61.7%) reported no impact of pornography. Women were characterized by significantly higher odds of reporting positive relative to no impact, while men had higher odds of reporting mixed/negative compared to no impact. Participants in both the positive and the mixed impact group reported a significantly higher frequency of pornography use than participants in the no impact group. In line with the MI model, we observed a significant relationship between participants' religious upbringing and self-perceived negative (relative to mixed) impact of pornography use. Social relevance and clinical implications of the findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Štulhofer
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb
| | - Christian Wiessner
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf
| | - Goran Koletić
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb
| | - Laura Pietras
- Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine and Forensic Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf
| | - Peer Briken
- Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine and Forensic Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf
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Floyd CG, Grubbs JB. Context Matters: How Religion and Morality Shape Pornography Use Effects. CURRENT SEXUAL HEALTH REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11930-022-00329-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Fritz N, Malic V, Fu TC, Paul B, Zhou Y, Dodge B, Fortenberry JD, Herbenick D. Porn Sex versus Real Sex: Sexual Behaviors Reported by a U.S. Probability Survey Compared to Depictions of Sex in Mainstream Internet-Based Male-Female Pornography. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2022; 51:1187-1200. [PMID: 35165802 PMCID: PMC8853281 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-02175-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Using data from a 2014 U.S. nationally representative probability survey and a 2014 content analysis of 2562 male-female videos from two popular pornographic websites, this study aimed to: (1) compare the prevalence of survey respondents' event-level sexual behaviors with those depicted in mainstream pornography online videos; (2) compare event-level condom use with condom use prevalence in pornographic videos; (3) compare event-level orgasm with prevalence of orgasms in pornographic videos; and (4) assess whether respondents' partnered use of pornography was associated with the sexual behaviors in which they report engaging. We found that kissing, male orgasm, female orgasm, and condom use were significantly less prevalent in the pornographic videos than in survey respondents' most recent sexual experiences. Conversely, penile-anal intercourse and fellatio were significantly more prevalent in the pornographic videos than in participants' reports of their most recent sexual experience. There were no significant differences between the prevalence of cunnilingus or sex toy use represented in the videos as compared to survey respondents' reports. Finally, we found that individuals who reported partnered pornography use during their most recent sexual experience were more likely to report having engaged in oral sex, penile-anal intercourse, and sex toy use and were also more likely to report female orgasm during their most recent sexual experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Fritz
- The Media School, Indiana University-Bloomington, 601 E Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
| | - Vinny Malic
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Tsung-Chieh Fu
- Center for Sexual Health Promotion, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Bryant Paul
- The Media School, Indiana University-Bloomington, 601 E Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Yanyan Zhou
- The Media School, Indiana University-Bloomington, 601 E Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Brian Dodge
- Center for Sexual Health Promotion, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - J Dennis Fortenberry
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Debby Herbenick
- Center for Sexual Health Promotion, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN, USA
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Kågesten A, van Reeuwijk M. Healthy sexuality development in adolescence: proposing a competency-based framework to inform programmes and research. Sex Reprod Health Matters 2021; 29:1996116. [PMID: 34937528 PMCID: PMC8725766 DOI: 10.1080/26410397.2021.1996116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive aspects of sexuality remain understudied among young people globally, and consensus is lacking on how to conceptualise different aspects of healthy adolescent sexuality development in order to guide programmes, research, and policy. We propose a conceptual framework that draws on theories and literature related to positive youth development, empowerment, human rights, gender, social-ecological and life-course perspectives. The framework highlights six key competencies for healthy adolescent sexuality development: (1) sexual literacy, (2) gender-equal attitudes, (3) respect for human rights and understanding consent, (4) critical reflection skills, (5) coping skills, and (6) interpersonal skills. These competencies have the potential to strengthen or impede adolescents’ sense of sexual wellbeing in relation to both themselves (e.g. body image, self-efficacy) and others (e.g. mutually respectful relationships). Whether adolescents are able to translate competencies into desired actions and achieve a sense of sexual wellbeing depends on the resources available to them, their agency, and on the influence of social-ecological opportunity structures. The framework can provide concrete direction for sexual and reproductive health practitioners and researchers by providing a platform for recognising and operationalising indicators of healthy sexuality development, and serve as a Theory of Change for programmes aiming to improve adolescent sexual and reproductive health and wellbeing. Our assets-based, life-course approach can also be used to make the case to donors and policymakers for why early investments and positive approaches to adolescent sexuality are needed to achieve sexual wellbeing over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kågesten
- Assistant Professor, Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Correspondence:
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McKee A, Litsou K, Byron P, Ingham R. The relationship between consumption of pornography and consensual sexual practice: Results of a mixed method systematic review. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN SEXUALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3138/cjhs.2021-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This article reports on the findings of a systematic review of literature on pornography use and sexual consent published between January 2000 and December 2017. The review found that there exists little research explicitly addressing consent. There exists an extensive literature on the relationship between the consumption of pornography and sexual aggression/violence; however, this work fails to distinguish between consensual (kink, spanking, BDSM) and nonconsensual acts (sexual harassment and rape). Our thematic analysis found that there is no agreement in the literature reviewed as to whether consumption of pornography is correlated with better or worse understandings or practices of sexual consent. The majority of articles that identified correlations between aspects of sexual health and pornography consumption incorrectly assigned causality to pornography consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan McKee
- Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katerina Litsou
- Centre for Sexual Health Research, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Byron
- Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Roger Ingham
- Centre for Sexual Health Research, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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10
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Droubay BA, Shafer K, Miles RJ, Butters RP, Grubbs JB. Secrecy and deception: values, shame, and endorsement of hiding one’s pornography viewing. SEXUAL AND RELATIONSHIP THERAPY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/14681994.2021.1976403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian A. Droubay
- Department of Social Work, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Kevin Shafer
- Department of Sociology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Rashun J. Miles
- Department of Social Work, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | | | - Joshua B. Grubbs
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
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Sharpe M, Mead D. Problematic Pornography Use: Legal and Health Policy Considerations. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2021; 8:556-567. [PMID: 34518793 PMCID: PMC8426110 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-021-00390-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Reports of sexual violence, especially towards women and children, are rapidly increasing. At the same time, rates of problematic pornography use (PPU) are accelerating across the world too. The purpose of this review is to consider the recent research on PPU and its contribution to sexual violence. The article offers guidance to governments on possible health policy interventions and legal actions to prevent the development of PPU and to reduce the incidence of sexual violence in society. Recent Findings Working from the consumer’s point of view, we identify PPU and ask how much pornography is needed to cause PPU. We examine how PPU drives sexual offending in children, adolescents and adults. The impact of PPU on some consumers’ behaviour suggests significant links to domestic violence. Sexual strangulation is highlighted as an example. Artificial intelligence algorithms play a key role in the pornography industry and appear to be driving escalation to more violent material, inducing high levels of sexual dysfunction in consumers and creating appetites for viewing child sexual abuse material (CSAM). Summary Easy access to internet pornography has led to an increase in PPU and sexual violence. Diagnoses and treatments for PPU are examined, as are legal transgressions of a civil and criminal nature arising from PPU. Legal remedies and government policy implications are discussed from the point of view of the precautionary principle. Strategies covered include age verification for pornography, public health campaigns and embedded health and legal warnings for users at the start of pornography sessions along with lessons for pupils about pornography’s impact on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Sharpe
- The Reward Foundation, The Melting Pot, 15 Calton Road, Edinburgh, EH8 8DL UK.,Lucy Cavendish College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0BU UK
| | - Darryl Mead
- The Reward Foundation, The Melting Pot, 15 Calton Road, Edinburgh, EH8 8DL UK
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Kohut T, Dobson KA, Balzarini RN, Rogge RD, Shaw AM, McNulty JK, Russell VM, Fisher WA, Campbell L. But What's Your Partner Up to? Associations Between Relationship Quality and Pornography Use Depend on Contextual Patterns of Use Within the Couple. Front Psychol 2021; 12:661347. [PMID: 34393898 PMCID: PMC8362880 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.661347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is commonly assumed that exposure to pornography harms relationships because pornography changes the way that individuals think, feel, and behave in problematic ways. In the current research, we contribute to a small but growing body of work that challenges this assumption by carefully scrutinizing the relational context of pornography use. In contrast to dominant theoretical explanations in this field, we argue that at least some of the apparent negative “impacts” of pornography use on relationship quality may reflect partner dissimilarity in pornography use behavior rather than the consequences of exposure to such materials. Moreover, we further examine a particular type of pornography use – shared use with a partner – which previous evidence suggests may be positively associated with relationship quality. To this end, we sought to test whether dyadic patterns of pornography use, and related attributes, were associated with sexual and relationship satisfaction in two cross-sectional (N1 = 200; N3 = 207) and two longitudinal (N2 = 77; N4 = 277) samples of heterosexual couples. Across these samples, we found consistent evidence that partners who watch pornography together report higher relationship and sexual satisfaction than partners who do not, and notably, this association was not moderated by gender. Independent of this association, we also found evidence of a similarity-dissimilarity effect, such that the solitary pornography use of one partner was negatively associated with their own relationship and sexual satisfaction, but only in cases where their romantic partners used little or no pornography alone. Further consideration of several correlates of pornography use established comparable patterns of results for dissimilarity in attitudes toward pornography, erotophobia-erotophilia, sexual preferences, and sex drive. Importantly, only dissimilarity in sex drive statistically accounted for dissimilarity in solitary pornography use, suggesting that differences in sex drive may be implicated in the associations between pornography use and relationship quality. These findings demonstrate that links between pornography use and relationship health are partially a function of different dyadic patterns of pornography use within couples and do not always suggest relational harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Kohut
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Ronald D Rogge
- Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Amanda M Shaw
- Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - James K McNulty
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - V Michelle Russell
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - William A Fisher
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Lorne Campbell
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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Morabia A. 2020 in AJPH: A Review and Thank You to Our Authors. Am J Public Health 2021; 111:e1-e14. [PMID: 33950738 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2021.306298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Morabia
- Alfredo Morabia is the editor-in-chief of AJPH, Washington, DC
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14
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Hoagland KC, Grubbs JB. Pornography Use and Holistic Sexual Functioning: a Systematic Review of Recent Research. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-021-00378-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Pornography Use and Perceived Gender Norms Among Young Adolescents in Urban Poor Environments: A Cross-site Study. J Adolesc Health 2021; 69:S31-S38. [PMID: 34217457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the study is to assess the prevalence of pornography use and its association with a range of perceived gender norms among adolescents aged 10-14 years across five urban poor settings globally. METHODS The study includes 9,250 adolescents aged 10-14 years from Belgium, China, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ecuador, and Indonesia, as part of the Global Early Adolescent Study. We examined the percentage of pornography use by sex and site and conducted multivariate logistic regressions to examine the relation between gender norm perceptions and pornography use, adjusting for individual, family, peer, and media exposures. RESULTS Ever-use of pornography ranged from 14.5% in Ecuador to 33.0% in Belgium and was more common among boys than girls. Overall, boys who perceived greater permissiveness about romantic relations, adolescents who engaged in such relations, and adolescents who assumed that their friends were sexually active had greater pornography exposure. Pornography use did not systematically correlate with unequal gender norms. Such correlations only exist among boys in two Asian sites, where a supportive school environment, more caregiver awareness, and/or neighborhood cohesion were related to less pornography use. CONCLUSIONS Pornography use is a gendered experience that begins in early adolescence. Although factors of pornography use vary across the social context, the exposure to pornography has become a normative part of adolescent sexuality development. Young people, especially those from where sexuality remains taboo, need the ability to critically process information and avoid potential risks associated with pornographic gendered and sexual stereotypes, calling for comprehensive sexuality education programs to help them build the knowledge and confidence they need.
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Koletić G, Štulhofer A, Hald GM, Træen B. Self-Assessed Effects of Pornography Use on Personal Sex Life: Results from a Large-Scale Study of Norwegian Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SEXUAL HEALTH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEXUAL HEALTH 2021; 33:342-356. [PMID: 38595747 PMCID: PMC10903670 DOI: 10.1080/19317611.2021.1918310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Objectives: The study explored characteristics associated with the self-assessed effects of pornography use on one's personal sex life. Methods: Data were collected in a probability-based sample of Norwegian adults (n = 4,160). Results: Most participants (41.3%) did not believe that pornography affected their sex life. More participants reported positive (33.2%) than mixed/negative (25.5%) effects of pornography use. Sociodemographic and sexual characteristics that predicted these self-assessments were examined. Among participants in a steady relationship, emotional intimacy and relationship satisfaction were unrelated to the self-assessed effects. Conclusions: The current study findings add to scant literature about the self-assessed effects of pornography usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Koletić
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Sociology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Aleksandar Štulhofer
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Sociology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gert Martin Hald
- School of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Træen
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Vaillancourt-Morel MP, Rosen NO, Štulhofer A, Bosisio M, Bergeron S. Pornography Use and Sexual Health among Same-Sex and Mixed-Sex Couples: An Event-Level Dyadic Analysis. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2021; 50:667-681. [PMID: 33398695 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-020-01839-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A large number of partnered individuals regularly use or are in a relationship with someone who uses pornography. However, knowledge concerning the association between pornography use and partnered sexual health-sexual satisfaction, distress, and function-is fragmentary. The current study used an event-level dyadic design to examine the associations between pornography use and sexual satisfaction, distress, and function on days when partnered sexual activity occurred. A convenience sample of 217 couples (Mage = 30.2; SD = 8.3; 72 same-sex couples) completed a short survey on days of sexual activity with their partner, over a 35-day period. Self-report measures included questions about daily pornography use and masturbation as well as daily sexual satisfaction, distress, and function. Using pornography on days of partnered sexual activity was reported by half of the couples. An individual's solitary pornography use on days of partnered sexual activity was related to their partner's higher sexual distress and, for women's use only, to their own higher quality of lubrication, compared to sex days without solitary pornography use. There was no evidence of an association between pornography use on sex days, whether alone or with the partner, and all other aspects of sexual health including sexual satisfaction. Our findings capture the complexity of the associations between pornography and sexual health. Men and women's pornography use may create idealized fantasies around appearance and performance, which may lead the partner to feel distressed about their sex life. Women's pornography use might facilitate their sexual responsiveness during partnered sexual activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pier Vaillancourt-Morel
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Pavillon Michel-Sarrazin, 3600 rue Sainte-Marguerite, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada.
| | - Natalie O Rosen
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, IWK Health Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - Myriam Bosisio
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sophie Bergeron
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Rothman EF, Beckmeyer JJ, Herbenick D, Fu TC, Dodge B, Fortenberry JD. The Prevalence of Using Pornography for Information About How to Have Sex: Findings from a Nationally Representative Survey of U.S. Adolescents and Young Adults. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2021; 50:629-646. [PMID: 33398696 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-020-01877-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed cross-sectional data collected from a U.S. nationally representative survey of individuals ages 14-24 years old on what sources of information from the past year they considered to be the most helpful about how to have sex (n = 600 adolescents ages 14-17 years old, and n = 666 young adults ages 18-24 years old). Among the 324 adolescents who indicated that they had been helped by at least one source of information, helpful information was most likely to have come from parents (31.0%) and friends (21.6%). Only 8.4% of adolescents said pornography was helpful. However, for those in the 18-24-year-old age group, pornography was the most commonly endorsed helpful source (24.5%), as compared to other possible options such as sexual partners, friends, media, and health care professionals. Multivariable regression analyses revealed that indicating that pornography was the most helpful source of information about how to have sex, compared to the other sources, was inversely associated with being female (OR = 0.32, p = .001), inversely associated with identifying as bisexual compared to heterosexual (OR = 0.15, p = .038), positively associated with being Black compared to being white non-Hispanic (OR = 4.26, p = .021), inversely associated with reporting a household income of either $25 K to $49,999 (OR = 0.31, p = .010) or $50 K to $74,999 (OR = 0.36, p = .019) compared to more than $75 K, and positively associated with having masturbated (OR = 13.20, p = .005). Subsequent research should investigate the role of pornography in both adolescent and adult sexual development, including why one-quarter of U.S. young adults say that pornography is a helpful source of information about how to have sex and what they think that they are learning from it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily F Rothman
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Ave., Floor 4, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Jonathon J Beckmeyer
- Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Center for Sexual Health Promotion, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Debby Herbenick
- Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Center for Sexual Health Promotion, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Tsung-Chieh Fu
- Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Center for Sexual Health Promotion, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Brian Dodge
- Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Center for Sexual Health Promotion, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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