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Kessler M, Thumé E, Facchini LA, Moro LC, Tomasi E. Quality of home visits by community health workers in primary care and associated factors. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2024; 32:e4398. [PMID: 39607220 PMCID: PMC11653742 DOI: 10.1590/1518-8345.7203.4398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024] Open
Abstract
to evaluate community health workers' and quality of home visits associated factors. a cross-sectional study of 38,865 teams and 140,444 Primary Care Access and Quality Improvement Program users. We established the "quality of home visits" and its association with the characteristics of the municipalities, teams and individuals, estimated by the prevalence ratio and 95% confidence intervals. 139,362 (99.2%) users said the health team had community workers. The prevalence of quality was 51.9%. After adjustments, the prevalence was higher in the Northeast (Prevalence Ratio: 1.19 [1.18-1.21]), smaller municipalities (PR: 1.06 [1.03-1.09]), among teams with area definition (PR: 1.15 [1.06-1.25]), evaluation of indicators (PR: 1.14 [1.12-1.17]) and user satisfaction (PR: 1.11 [1.08-1.13]), that considered risk and vulnerability criteria for defining the number of people under responsibility (PR: 1.05 [1.04-1.07]) and without an uncovered population of workers (PR: 1.03 [1.01-1.04]); among users with chronic diseases (PR: 1.02 [1.01-1.05]) and with someone at home with walking difficulties (PR: 1.05 [1.02-1.07]). the importance of organizing the teams' work process for the quality of the worker's home visits and their role in health equity is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marciane Kessler
- Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões, Curso de Enfermagem, Erechim, RS, Brazil
- Scholarship holder at the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Elaine Thumé
- Scholarship holder at the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiz Augusto Facchini
- Scholarship holder at the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Departamento de Medicina Social, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Elaine Tomasi
- Scholarship holder at the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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Geng EH, Mocumbi A, Mutale W, Davila-Roman V, Reid M. Primary care to further improve vertical HIV programming outcomes: From spillover to strategy. PLoS Med 2024; 21:e1004434. [PMID: 39102418 PMCID: PMC11332994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elvin H. Geng
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ana Mocumbi
- Universidade Eduadrdo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | - Victor Davila-Roman
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael Reid
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- PEPFAR, Bureau of Global Health Security and Diplomacy, US State Department National Public Health Institute, Washington DC, United States of America
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Pinto PFPS, Macinko J, Silva AF, Lua I, Jesus G, Magno L, Santos CAST, Ichihara MY, Barreto ML, Moucheraud C, Souza LE, Dourado I, Rasella D. The impact of primary health care on AIDS incidence and mortality: A cohort study of 3.4 million Brazilians. PLoS Med 2024; 21:e1004302. [PMID: 38991004 PMCID: PMC11272382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary Health Care (PHC) is essential for effective, efficient, and more equitable health systems for all people, including those living with HIV/AIDS. This study evaluated the impact of the exposure to one of the largest community-based PHC programs in the world, the Brazilian Family Health Strategy (FHS), on AIDS incidence and mortality. METHODS AND FINDINGS A retrospective cohort study carried out in Brazil from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2015. We conducted an impact evaluation using a cohort of 3,435,068 ≥13 years low-income individuals who were members of the 100 Million Brazilians Cohort, linked to AIDS diagnoses and deaths registries. We evaluated the impact of FHS on AIDS incidence and mortality and compared outcomes between residents of municipalities with low or no FHS coverage (unexposed) with those in municipalities with 100% FHS coverage (exposed). We used multivariable Poisson regressions adjusted for all relevant municipal and individual-level demographic, socioeconomic, and contextual variables, and weighted with inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW). We also estimated the FHS impact by sex and age and performed a wide range of sensitivity and triangulation analyses; 100% FHS coverage was associated with lower AIDS incidence (rate ratio [RR]: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.68 to 0.84) and mortality (RR: 0.68, 95%CI: 0.56 to 0.82). FHS impact was similar between men and women, but was larger in people aged ≥35 years old both for incidence (RR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.53 to 0.72) and mortality (RR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.43 to 0.72). The absence of important confounding variables (e.g., sexual behavior) is a key limitation of this study. CONCLUSIONS AIDS should be an avoidable outcome for most people living with HIV today and our study shows that FHS coverage could significantly reduce AIDS incidence and mortality among low-income populations in Brazil. Universal access to comprehensive healthcare through community-based PHC programs should be promoted to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals of ending AIDS by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila F. P. S. Pinto
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia (ISC/UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
- The Centre for Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS-Fiocruz), Salvador, Brazil
| | - James Macinko
- Departments of Health Policy and Management and Community Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Andréa F. Silva
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia (ISC/UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
- The Centre for Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS-Fiocruz), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Iracema Lua
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia (ISC/UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
- The Centre for Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS-Fiocruz), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Jesus
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia (ISC/UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
- The Centre for Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS-Fiocruz), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Laio Magno
- Department of Life Sciences, State University of Bahia (UNEB), Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Yury Ichihara
- The Centre for Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS-Fiocruz), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Mauricio L. Barreto
- The Centre for Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS-Fiocruz), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Corrina Moucheraud
- Departments of Health Policy and Management and Community Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Luis E. Souza
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia (ISC/UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Inês Dourado
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia (ISC/UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Davide Rasella
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia (ISC/UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto de Salud Global Barcelona (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic—Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Pinto PFPS, Macinko J, Silva AF, Lua I, Jesus G, Magno L, Santos CAST, Ichihara MY, Barreto ML, Moucheraud C, Souza LE, Dourado I, Rasella D. The effect of primary health care on AIDS incidence and mortality: a cohort study of 3.4 million Brazilians. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.10.02.23296417. [PMID: 37873240 PMCID: PMC10593023 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.02.23296417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Background Primary Health Care (PHC) is essential for the health and wellbeing of people living with HIV/AIDS. This study evaluated the effects of one of the largest community-based PHC programs in the world, the Brazilian Family Health Strategy (FHS), on AIDS incidence and mortality. Methods A retrospective cohort study carried out in Brazil, from January 1 2007 to December 31 2015. We conducted a quasi-experimental effect evaluation using a cohort of 3,435,068 ≥13 years low-income individuals who were members of the 100 Million Brazilians Cohort, linked to AIDS diagnoses and deaths registries. We evaluated the effect of FHS on AIDS incidence and mortality and comparing outcomes between residents of municipalities with no FHS coverage with those in municipalities with full FHS coverage. We used multivariable Poisson regressions adjusted for all relevant municipal and individual-level demographic, socioeconomic, and contextual variables, and weighted with inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW). We also estimated FHS effect by sex and age, and performed a wide range of sensitivity and triangulation analyses. Findings FHS coverage was associated with lower AIDS incidence (rate ratio [RR]:0.76, 95%CI:0.68-0.84) and mortality (RR:0.68,95%CI:0.56-0.82). FHS effect was similar between men and women, but was larger in people aged ≥35 years old both for incidence (RR 0.62, 95%CI:0.53-0.72) and mortality (RR 0.56, 95%CI:0.43-0.72). Conclusions AIDS should be an avoidable outcome for most people living with HIV today, and our study shows that FHS coverage could significantly reduce AIDS incidence and mortality among low-income populations in Brazil. Universal access to comprehensive healthcare through community-based PHC programs should be promoted to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals of ending AIDS by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila FPS Pinto
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia (ISC/UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
- The Centre for Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS-Fiocruz), Salvador, Brazil
| | - James Macinko
- Departments of Health Policy and Management and Community Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, The United States of America (USA)
| | - Andréa F Silva
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia (ISC/UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
- The Centre for Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS-Fiocruz), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Iracema Lua
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia (ISC/UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
- The Centre for Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS-Fiocruz), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Jesus
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia (ISC/UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
- The Centre for Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS-Fiocruz), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Laio Magno
- Department of Life Sciences, State University of Bahia (UNEB), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Carlos AS Teles Santos
- The Centre for Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS-Fiocruz), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Maria Yury Ichihara
- The Centre for Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS-Fiocruz), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Mauricio L Barreto
- The Centre for Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS-Fiocruz), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Corrina Moucheraud
- Departments of Health Policy and Management and Community Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, The United States of America (USA)
| | - Luis E Souza
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia (ISC/UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Inês Dourado
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia (ISC/UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Davide Rasella
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia (ISC/UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto de Salud Global Barcelona (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Kessler M, Thumé E, Facchini LA, Tomasi E. Prevalence of not receiving a home visit by Community Health Agents in Brazil and associated factors. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1413-812320222711.17072021en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract This article aimed to identify the prevalence of not receiving a home visit by a community health agent (CHA) and the factors associated with it. This was a cross-sectional study, conducted with 38,865 health teams and 140,444 users in the entire country, who participated in the external evaluation of the Program of Access and Quality Improvement in Primary Health (PMAQ-AB, in Portuguese) in 2017/2018. The association between not receiving a home visit by a CHA and the characteristics of the towns, teams, and individuals were estimated by the prevalence ratio (PR) with 95% confidence intervals. The prevalence of not receiving a home visit by a CHA was 18.6% and the main causes were: CHA did not visit the home, lack of knowledge of the existence of CHAs in the neighborhood or unit, and no one present at the home when the CHA visited. The probability of receiving a home visit was higher in poorer regions like the Northeast Region of the country; in towns with a smaller population; among older age users with a lower income, users with chronic health conditions, or users who have someone with a physical disability at home. The results showed that there is a need to increase the coverage of CHA visits in the country, considering that their home visits improve equity in health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marciane Kessler
- Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões, Brazil; UFPel, Brazil
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Kessler M, Thumé E, Facchini LA, Tomasi E. Prevalência do não recebimento de visita domiciliar pelo Agente Comunitário de Saúde no Brasil e fatores associados. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2022; 27:4253-4263. [DOI: 10.1590/1413-812320222711.17072021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo O objetivo do artigo é identificar a prevalência de não recebimento de visita domiciliar por Agente Comunitário de Saúde (ACS) e os fatores associados. Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com 38.865 equipes e 140.444 usuários em todo o território nacional, que participaram da avaliação externa do Programa de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica em 2017/2018. A associação de não recebimento de visita domiciliar por ACS e características dos municípios, equipes e indivíduos foi estimada pela razão de prevalência e intervalos de confiança de 95%. A prevalência de não recebimento de visita domiciliar pelo ACS foi de 18,6% e os principais motivos foram: ACS não realiza visita na casa, desconhecimento da existência de ACS no bairro ou unidade, e não tem ninguém em casa para atendê-lo. A probabilidade de receber visita domiciliar foi maior em regiões mais pobres como o Nordeste, em municípios com menor porte populacional, entre usuários com maior idade e menor renda, com condições crônicas de saúde ou que possuem alguém com dificuldade de locomoção no domicílio. Os resultados evidenciam a necessidade de aumento da cobertura de ACS no país, considerando que sua visita domiciliar promove equidade em saúde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marciane Kessler
- Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões, Brazil; UFPel, Brazil
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Multimorbidity patterns and hospitalisation occurrence in adults and older adults aged 50 years or over. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11643. [PMID: 35804008 PMCID: PMC9270321 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15723-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multimorbidity is highly prevalent in older adults and can lead to hospitalisation. We investigate the prevalence, associated factors, and multimorbidity pattern associated to hospitalisation, readmission, and length of stay in the population aged 50 years and older. We analysed baseline data (2015–2016) from the ELSI-Brazil cohort, a representative sample of non-institutionalised Brazilians aged ≥ 50 years. In total, 8807 individuals aged ≥ 50 years were included. Poisson regression with robust variance adjusted for confounders was used to verify the associations with hospitalisation. Multiple linear regression was used to analyse the associations with readmission and length of stay. Network analysis was conducted using 19 morbidities and the outcome variables. In 8807 participants, the prevalence of hospitalisation was 10.0% (95% CI 9.1, 11), mean readmissions was 1.55 ± 1.191, and mean length of stay was 6.43 ± 10.46 days. Hospitalisation was positively associated with male gender, not living with a partner, not having ingested alcoholic beverages in the last month, and multimorbidity. For hospital readmission, only multimorbidity ≥ 3 chronic conditions showed a statistically significant association. Regarding the length of stay, the risk was positive for males and negative for living in rural areas. Five disease groups connected to hospitalisation, readmission and length of stay were identified. To conclude, sociodemographic variables, such as gender, age group, and living in urban areas, and multimorbidity increased the risk of hospitalisation, mean number of readmissions, and mean length of stay. Through network analysis, we identified the groups of diseases that increased the risk of hospitalisation, readmissions, and length of stay.
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Kessler M, Volz PM, Bender JD, Nunes BP, Machado KP, Saes MDO, Soares MU, Facchini LA, Thumé E. Efeito da incontinência urinária na autopercepção negativa da saúde e depressão em idosos: uma coorte de base populacional. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2022; 27:2259-2267. [DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232022276.10462021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo Objetivou-se medir a prevalência de autopercepção negativa da saúde e sintomas depressivos em idosos segundo a presença de incontinência urinária, após nove anos de acompanhamento. Trata-se de um estudo de coorte prospectivo de base populacional intitulado Saúde do Idoso Gaúcho de Bagé, no Rio Grande do Sul. Foram entrevistados 1.593 idosos no estudo de linha de base (2008) e 735 entre setembro de 2016 e agosto de 2017. A exposição “incontinência urinária (IU)” foi avaliada no estudo de linha de base e os desfechos “autopercepção negativa da saúde” e “sintomas depressivos” em 2016/17. A razão de odds e o intervalo de confiança de 95% foram calculados com regressão logística bruta e ajustada para variáveis demográficas, sociais, comportamentais e de condições de saúde. A prevalência de IU foi 20,7% em 2008 e 24,5% em 2016/17; a incidência foi de 19,8%, sendo 23,8% entre as mulheres e 14,6% entre os homens (p = 0,009). Idosos com IU no estudo de linha de base apresentaram chances 4,0 (IC95%:1,8-8,8) e 3,4 (IC95%:1,8-6,2) vezes maior de desenvolver autopercepção negativa da saúde e sintomas depressivos, respectivamente, após nove anos de acompanhamento, comparados àqueles sem IU. Os resultados evidenciam maior chance de problemas mentais entre idosos com IU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marciane Kessler
- Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões, Brazil
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Thumé E, Kessler M, Machado KP, Nunes BP, Volz PM, Wachs LS, Soares MU, Saes MO, Duro SM, Dilélio AS, Facchini LA. Cohort study of ageing from Bagé (SIGa-Bagé), Brazil: profile and methodology. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1089. [PMID: 34098933 PMCID: PMC8182998 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11078-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Bagé Cohort Study of Ageing is a population-based cohort study that has recently completed the first follow-up of a representative sample of older adults from Bagé, a city with more than 100,000 inhabitants located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. This is one of the first longitudinal studies to assess the impact of primary health care coverage on health conditions and inequalities. Our aim is to investigate the prevalence, incidence and trends of risk factors, health behaviours, social relationships, non-communicable diseases, geriatric diseases and disorders, hospitalisation, self-perceived health, and all-cause and specific-cause mortality. In addition, we aim to evaluate socioeconomic and health inequalities and the impact of primary health care on the outcomes under study. METHODS/DESIGN The study covers participants aged 60 or over, selected by probabilistic (representative) sampling of the urban area of the city of Bagé, which is covered by Primary Health Care Services. The baseline examination included 1593 older adults and was conducted from July 2008 to November 2008. After eight to nine years (2016/2017), the first follow-up was conducted from September 2016 to August 2017. All participants underwent an extensive core assessment programme including structured interviews, questionnaires, cognitive testing (baseline and follow-up), physical examinations and anthropometric measurements (follow-up). RESULTS Of the original participants, 1395 (87.6%) were located for follow-up: 757 elderly individuals (47.5%) were re-interviewed, but losses in data transfer occurred for 22. The remaining 638 (40.1%) had died. In addition, we had 81 (5.1%) refusals and 117 (7.3%) losses. Among the 1373 older adults who were followed down, there was a higher proportion of female interviewees (p=0.042) and a higher proportion of male deaths (p=0.001) in 2016/2017. There were no differences in losses and refusals according to gender (p=0.102). There was a difference in average age between the interviewees (68.8 years; SD ±6.5) and non-interviewees (73.2 years; SD ±9.0) (p<0.001). Data are available at the Department of Social Medicine in Federal University of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, for any collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Thumé
- Post-Graduate Programme in Nursing, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
| | - Marciane Kessler
- Post-Graduate Programme in Nursing, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
- Institute of Health Equity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Karla P Machado
- Post-Graduate Programme in Nursing, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Bruno P Nunes
- Post-Graduate Programme in Nursing, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Pamela M Volz
- Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Louriele S Wachs
- Post-Graduate Programme in Nursing, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Mariangela U Soares
- Post-Graduate Programme in Nursing, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Mirelle O Saes
- Post-Graduate Programme in Health Science, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Suele M Duro
- Post-Graduate Programme in Nursing, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz A Facchini
- Post-Graduate Programme in Nursing, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Programme in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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