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Niga Y, Fujioka E, Heim O, Nomi A, Fukui D, Hiryu S. A glimpse into the foraging and movement behaviour of Nyctalus aviator; a complementary study by acoustic recording and GPS tracking. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230035. [PMID: 37388314 PMCID: PMC10300664 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Species of open-space bats that are relatively large, such as bats from the genus Nyctalus, are considered as high-risk species for collisions with wind turbines (WTs). However, important information on their behaviour and movement ecology, such as the locations and altitudes at which they forage, is still fragmentary, while crucial for their conservation in light of the increasing threat posed by progressing WT construction. We adopted two different methods of microphone array recordings and GPS-tracking capturing data from different spatio-temporal scales in order to gain a complementary understanding of the echolocation and movement ecology of Nyctalus aviator, the largest open-space bat in Japan. Based on microphone array recordings, we found that echolocation calls during natural foraging are adapted for fast flight in open-space optimal for aerial-hawking. In addition, we attached a GPS tag that can simultaneously monitor feeding buzz occurrence, and confirmed that foraging occurred at 300 m altitude and that the flight altitude in mountainous areas is consistent with the turbine conflict zone, suggesting that the birdlike noctule is a high-risk species in Japan. Further investigations on this species could provide valuable insights into their foraging and movement ecology, facilitating the development of a risk assessment regarding WTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Niga
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Emyo Fujioka
- Organization for Research Initiatives and Development, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
- The University of Tokyo Hokkaido Forest, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 9-61, Yamabe-Higashimachi, Furano, Hokkaido 079-1563, Japan
| | - Olga Heim
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Akito Nomi
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Dai Fukui
- The University of Tokyo Hokkaido Forest, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 9-61, Yamabe-Higashimachi, Furano, Hokkaido 079-1563, Japan
| | - Shizuko Hiryu
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
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2
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Wang H, Sun R, Xu N, Wang X, Bao M, Li X, Li J, Lin A, Feng J. Untargeted metabolomics of the cochleae from two laryngeally echolocating bats. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1171366. [PMID: 37152899 PMCID: PMC10154556 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1171366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
High-frequency hearing is regarded as one of the most functionally important traits in laryngeally echolocating bats. Abundant candidate hearing-related genes have been identified to be the important genetic bases underlying high-frequency hearing for laryngeally echolocating bats, however, extensive metabolites presented in the cochleae have not been studied. In this study, we identified 4,717 annotated metabolites in the cochleae of two typical laryngeally echolocating bats using the liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy technology, metabolites classified as amino acids, peptides, and fatty acid esters were identified as the most abundant in the cochleae of these two echolocating bat species, Rhinolophus sinicus and Vespertilio sinensis. Furthermore, 357 metabolites were identified as significant differentially accumulated (adjusted p-value <0.05) in the cochleae of these two bat species with distinct echolocating dominant frequencies. Downstream KEGG enrichment analyses indicated that multiple biological processes, including signaling pathways, nervous system, and metabolic process, were putatively different in the cochleae of R. sinicus and V. sinensis. For the first time, this study investigated the extensive metabolites and associated biological pathways in the cochleae of two laryngeal echolocating bats and expanded our knowledge of the metabolic molecular bases underlying high-frequency hearing in the cochleae of echolocating bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Wang, ; Jiang Feng,
| | - Ruyi Sun
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Ningning Xu
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingyue Bao
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiqian Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Aiqing Lin
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiang Feng
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Wang, ; Jiang Feng,
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3
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Posterior probabilities of membership of repertoires in acoustic clades. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267501. [PMID: 35452481 PMCID: PMC9032417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recordings of calls may be used to assess population structure for acoustic species. This can be particularly effective if there are identity calls, produced nearly exclusively by just one population segment. The identity call method, IDcall, classifies calls into types using contaminated mixture models, and then clusters repertoires of calls into identity clades (potential population segments) using identity calls that are characteristic of the repertoires in each identity clade. We show how to calculate the Bayesian posterior probabilities that each repertoire is a member of each identity clade, and display this information as a stacked bar graph. This methodology (IDcallPP) is introduced using the output of IDcall but could easily be adapted to estimate posterior probabilities of clade membership when acoustic clades are delineated using other methods. This output is similar to that of the STRUCTURE software which uses molecular genetic data to assess population structure and has become a standard in conservation genetics. The technique introduced here should be a valuable asset to those who use acoustic data to address evolution, ecology, or conservation, and creates a methodological and conceptual bridge between geneticists and acousticians who aim to assess population structure.
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Mizuguchi Y, Fujioka E, Heim O, Fukui D, Hiryu S. Discriminating predation attempt outcomes during natural foraging using the post-buzz pause in Japanese large-footed bat Myotis macrodactylus. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:274957. [PMID: 35202457 PMCID: PMC9080750 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bats emit a series of echolocation calls with an increasing repetition rate (the terminal buzz) when attempting to capture prey. This is often used as an acoustic indicator of prey-capture attempts. However, because it is directly linked to foraging efficiency, predation success is a more useful measure than predation attempts in ecological research. The characteristics of echolocation calls that consistently signify predation success across different situations have not been identified. Owing to additional influencing factors, identification of these characteristics is particularly challenging for wild bats foraging in their natural environment compared with those in flight chambers. This study documented the natural foraging behavior of wild Japanese large-footed bats (Myotis macrodactylus) using synchronized acoustic and video recordings. From the video recordings, we could assign 137 attacks to three outcome categories: prey captured (51.8%), prey dropped (29.2%) and failed attempt (19%). Based on previous indications from laboratory studies that the length of the silent interval following the terminal buzz (post-buzz pause) might reflect the prey-capture outcome, we compared post-buzz pause durations among categories of attack outcomes. The post-buzz pause was longest in the case of successful capture, suggesting that the length of the post-buzz pause is a useful acoustic indicator of predation success during natural foraging in M. macrodactylus. Our finding will advance the study of bat foraging behavior using acoustic data, including estimations of foraging efficiency and analyses of feeding habitat quality. Summary: Investigation of the natural foraging behavior of wild Myotis macrodactylus demostrates that the length of the post-buzz pause is a useful acoustic indicator of predation success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuka Mizuguchi
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Emyo Fujioka
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan.,Organization for Research Initiatives and Development, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara-miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Olga Heim
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan.,JSPS International Research Fellow, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Kojimachi Business Center Building, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Dai Fukui
- The University of Tokyo Hokkaido Forest, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 9-61, Yamabe-Higashimachi, Furano, Hokkaido 079-1563, Japan
| | - Shizuko Hiryu
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
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5
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Heim O, Puisto AIE, Sääksjärvi I, Fukui D, Vesterinen EJ. Dietary analysis reveals differences in the prey use of two sympatric bat species. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:18651-18661. [PMID: 35003699 PMCID: PMC8717349 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
One mechanism for morphologically similar and sympatric species to avoid competition and facilitate coexistence is to feed on different prey items within different microhabitats. In the current study, we investigated and compared the diet of the two most common and similar-sized bat species in Japan-Murina ussuriensis (Ognev, 1913) and Myotis ikonnikovi (Ognev, 1912)-to gain more knowledge about the degree of overlap in their diet and their foraging behavior. We found that both bat species consumed prey from the orders of Lepidoptera and Diptera most frequently, while the proportion of Dipterans was higher in the diet of M. ikonnikovi. Furthermore, we found a higher prey diversity in the diet of M. ikonnikovi compared to that of M. ussuriensis that might indicate that the former is a more generalist predator than the latter. In contrast, the diet of M. ussuriensis contained many Lepidopteran families. The higher probability of prey items likely captured via gleaning to occur in the diet of M. ussuriensis in contrast to M. ikonnikovi indicates that M. ussuriensis might switch between aerial-hawking and gleaning modes of foraging behavior. We encourage further studies across various types of habitats and seasons to investigate the flexibility of the diet composition and foraging behavior of these two bat species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Heim
- Faculty of Life and Medical SciencesDoshisha UniversityKyotanabeJapan
| | - Anna I. E. Puisto
- Centre for Population Health ResearchUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | | | - Dai Fukui
- The University of Tokyo Hokkaido ForestThe University of TokyoFuranoJapan
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6
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Hending D, Drew H, Holderied MW. Habitat Use of Constant Frequency Echolocating Bats in North-West Madagascar with Acoustic Evidence for a Possible New Species. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2021. [DOI: 10.3161/15081109acc2021.23.1.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hending
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Drew
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
| | - Marc W. Holderied
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
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7
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Gong L, Shi B, Wu H, Feng J, Jiang T. Who's for dinner? Bird prey diversity and choice in the great evening bat, Ia io. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:8400-8409. [PMID: 34257905 PMCID: PMC8258197 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The mysterious predator-prey interaction between bats and nocturnally migrating birds is a very rare and incredible process in natural ecosystems. So far only three avivorous bat species, including two noctule bats (Nyctalus lasiopterus and Nyctalus aviator) and the great evening bat (Ia io), are known to regularly prey on songbirds during nocturnal avian migration. The information related to the diversity and the characteristics of the birds as prey and the hunting strategy in both species of noctule bats are already clear. However, the diversity of bird prey in the diet of I. io as confirmed by molecular identification remains unknown. Moreover, like hunting insects, it remains unclear whether the avivorous bats opportunistically prey on birds. Here, we used DNA metabarcoding to investigate the bird prey composition, diversity, and choice in diets of I. io. We found I. io consumed 22 species of seven families from Passeriformes with a body mass of 6-19 g, and preferentially selected small-sized passerine birds for optimizing the benefit/risk trade-off. Moreover, most of the species preyed upon were migratory birds, while four species were local resident birds, indicating that I. io may adopt both aerial-hawking and gleaning strategies on songbirds as do the other two noctules. Further, I. io body mass did not influence in prey choice and predation richness on birds, suggesting I. io is an opportunistic avivorous predator. This study provides novel insights into the avian dietary ecology of I. io and completes the analysis of predator/prey interaction between three avivorous bats and nocturnally migrating birds. Our results also indicate bat predation on birds which occurs as an act of ecological opportunity may subject bats to intense natural selection pressure, causing them access to the new diet-defined adaptive zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Gong
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and UtilizationNortheast Normal UniversityChangchunChina
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of Education MinistryInstitute of Grassland ScienceNortheast Normal UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Biye Shi
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and UtilizationNortheast Normal UniversityChangchunChina
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of Education MinistryInstitute of Grassland ScienceNortheast Normal UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Hui Wu
- College of Life ScienceJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Jiang Feng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and UtilizationNortheast Normal UniversityChangchunChina
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of Education MinistryInstitute of Grassland ScienceNortheast Normal UniversityChangchunChina
- College of Life ScienceJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Tinglei Jiang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and UtilizationNortheast Normal UniversityChangchunChina
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of Education MinistryInstitute of Grassland ScienceNortheast Normal UniversityChangchunChina
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8
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López-Bosch D, Huang JCC, Wang Y, Palmeirim AF, Gibson L, López-Baucells A. Bat echolocation in continental China: a systematic review and first acoustic identification key for the country. MAMMAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13364-021-00570-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Development of a species identification system of Japanese bats from echolocation calls using convolutional neural networks. ECOL INFORM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2021.101253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Nojiri T, Fukui D, Werneburg I, Saitoh T, Endo H, Koyabu D. Embryonic staging of bats with special reference to Vespertilio sinensis and its cochlear development. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:1140-1159. [PMID: 33683772 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND How bats deviate heterochronically from other mammals remains largely unresolved, reflecting the lack of a quantitative staging framework allowing comparison among species. The standard event system (SES) is an embryonic staging system allowing quantitative detection of interspecific developmental variations. Here, the first SES-based staging system for bats, using Asian parti-colored bat (Vespertilio sinensis) is introduced. General aspects of normal embryonic development and the three-dimensional development of the bat cochlea were described for the first time. Recoding the embryonic staging tables of 18 previously reported bat species and Mus musculus into the SES system, quantitative developmental comparisons were performed. RESULTS It was found that limb bud development of V. sinensis is relatively late among 19 bat species and late limb development is a shared trait of vespertilionid bats. The inner ear cochlear canal forms before the semicircular canal in V. sinensis while the cochlear canal forms after the semicircular canal in non-volant mammals. CONCLUSIONS The present approach using the SES system provides a powerful framework to detect the peculiarities of bat development. Incorporating the timing of gene expression patterns into the SES framework will further contribute to the understanding of the evolution of specialized features in bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Nojiri
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Dai Fukui
- The University of Tokyo Hokkaido Forest, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Furano, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ingmar Werneburg
- Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment an der Eberhard Karls Universität, Tübingen, Germany.,Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Eberhard Karls Universität, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Takashi Saitoh
- Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hideki Endo
- The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koyabu
- Research and Development Center for Precision Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Department of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Preble JH, Ohte N, Vincenot CE. In the shadow of the rising sun: a systematic review of Japanese bat research and conservation. Mamm Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason H. Preble
- Department of Social Informatics Graduate School of Informatics Island Bat Research Group (IBRG) Kyoto University Yoshida‐honmachi Kyoto606‐8501 Japan
| | - Nobuhito Ohte
- Department of Social Informatics Graduate School of Informatics Island Bat Research Group (IBRG) Kyoto University Yoshida‐honmachi Kyoto606‐8501 Japan
| | - Christian E. Vincenot
- Department of Social Informatics Graduate School of Informatics Island Bat Research Group (IBRG) Kyoto University Yoshida‐honmachi Kyoto606‐8501 Japan
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12
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Ibáñez C, Fukui D, Popa‐Lisseanu A.G, Pastor‐Beviá D, García‐Mudarra JL, Juste J. Molecular identification of bird species in the diet of the bird‐like noctule bat in Japan. J Zool (1987) 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Ibáñez
- Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC) Sevilla Spain
| | - D. Fukui
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo Hokkaido Forest The University of Tokyo Furano Hokkaido Japan
| | | | | | | | - J. Juste
- Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC) Sevilla Spain
- CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP) Madrid Spain
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13
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Dinets V, Friedman NR, Yoshimura M, Ogasawara M, Economo EP. Acoustic Detection of an Unknown Bat Species in Okinawa. MAMMAL STUDY 2020. [DOI: 10.3106/ms2019-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Dinets
- Science and Technology Group, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Nicholas R. Friedman
- Biodoversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Masashi Yoshimura
- Biodoversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Masako Ogasawara
- Biodoversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Evan P. Economo
- Biodoversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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14
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Ikeda Y, Jiang T, Oh H, Csorba G, Motokawa M. Geographic variations of skull morphology in the Rhinolophus ferrumequinum species complex (Mammalia: Chiroptera). ZOOL ANZ 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Wu H, Jiang T, Liu S, Lu G, Feng J. Acoustic identification of two morphologically similar bat species, Miniopterus magnater and Miniopterus fuliginosus (Chiroptera, Miniopteridae). MAMMALIA 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2018-0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Bats play important roles in ecosystems, and are thus considered bioindicators. Libraries of echolocation calls provide huge potential resources for bat species identifications, ecological studies and conservation surveys. Here, the echolocation calls of two morphologically similar bat species (Miniopterus magnater and Miniopterus fuliginosus) were recorded and described in order to characterize vocal signatures for field identification in China. Both M. magnater and M. fuliginosus emitted short frequency modulated echolocation calls with narrow bandwidths. Each call of the former species included two harmonics, with the first harmonic being the strongest, whereas calls of the latter species normally contained one harmonic. Although call durations were similar between the two species, there were significant differences in start, end and peak frequencies between M. magnater and M. fuliginous. The results showed that 92.3% of all calls recorded in China were attributed to the correct species based on spectral features of echolocation calls. We concluded that echolocation calls are valuable characters for the identification of morphologically similar bat species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wu
- College of Life Science , Jilin Agricultural University , Xincheng ST 2888 , Changchun 130118 , China
| | - Tinglei Jiang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization , Northeast Normal University , 2555 Jingyue Street , Changchun , China
| | - Sen Liu
- Institute of Resources and Environment , Henan Polytechnic University , Jiaozuo 454000 , China
| | - Guanjun Lu
- College of Urban and Environment Science , Changchun Normal University , Changchun, 130032 , China
| | - Jiang Feng
- College of Life Science , Jilin Agricultural University , Xincheng ST 2888 , Changchun 130118 , China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization , Northeast Normal University , 2555 Jingyue Street , Changchun , China
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16
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Guo D, Luo B, Zhang K, Liu M, Metzner W, Liu Y, Feng J. Social vocalizations of big-footed myotis (Myotis macrodactylus) during foraging. Integr Zool 2019; 14:446-459. [PMID: 30585415 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Acoustic signals play a crucial role in transmitting information and maintaining social stability in gregarious animals, especially in echolocating bats, which rely primarily on biological sonar for navigating in the dark. In the context of foraging without relying on tactile, visual or olfactory cues, acoustic signals convey information not only on food but also on ownership and defense of resources. However, studies on such information remain fragmentary. In the present study, we aim to document the social vocal repertoire of Myotis macrodactylus at natural foraging sites. Multiple acoustic analyses and spectrographic classification revealed a rich foraging vocal repertoire comprising 6 simple syllables and 2 composites. Discriminant function analyses associated with a subset-validation procedure provided an optimal method to spectrographically classify all recorded sounds into different syllable types. Multidimensional scaling of median values of multiple parameters further confirmed notable differences among these syllables in a 3-D space. In addition, Euclidean distance analysis showed that there were some spectral similarities between specific social vocal syllables and feeding buzzes, which implied a potential jamming role. Altogether, the data indicate that bats at foraging sites under natural conditions used variant social vocalizations with different functions in addition to echolocation calls, providing supporting evidence for further work on the function and vocal mechanisms of acoustic communication in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongge Guo
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Luo
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Kangkang Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Muxun Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Walter Metzner
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiang Feng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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17
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18
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Obrist M, Boesch R. BatScope manages acoustic recordings, analyses calls, and classifies bat species automatically. CAN J ZOOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2017-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BatScope is a free application for processing acoustic high-frequency recordings of bats. It can import data, including meta-data information, from recorders such as Batlogger. The resulting content can be filtered visually as spectrograms or according to data fields and can be displayed. Automated processing includes detecting and extracting of echolocation calls, filtering noise, and measuring statistical parameters. Calls are classified to species by statistically matching to a reference database. A weighted list of classifiers helps to assign the most likely species per call. Classifiers were trained on 19 636 echolocation calls of 27 European bat species. When classifiers all agree on a species (76.4% of all cases), the mean correct classification rate reaches 95.7%. A sequence’s summary statistic indicates the most likely species occurring therein. Classifications can be verified visually, by filtering, and by acoustic comparison with reference calls. Procedures are available for, e.g., excluding dubious cutouts from the statistics and for accepting or overriding the proposed species assignment. Acoustic recordings can be exported and exchanged with other users. Finally, the verified results can be exported to spreadsheets for further analyses and reporting. We currently reprogram BatScope using Java, PostgreSQL, and R to reach a unified and portable software architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.K. Obrist
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - R. Boesch
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Landscape Dynamics, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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Volodin IA, Panyutina AA, Abramov AV, Ilchenko OG, Volodina EV. Ultrasonic bouts of a blind climbing rodent (Typhlomys chapensis): acoustic analysis. BIOACOUSTICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09524622.2018.1509374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilya A. Volodin
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Scientific Research Department, Moscow Zoo, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Alexei V. Abramov
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Joint Vietnam–Russian Tropical Research and Technological Centre, Nguyen Van Huyen, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Egloff W, Agosti D, Kishor P, Patterson D, Miller J. Copyright and the Use of Images as Biodiversity Data. RESEARCH IDEAS AND OUTCOMES 2017. [DOI: 10.3897/rio.3.e12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Taxonomy is the discipline responsible for charting the world’s organismic diversity, understanding ancestor/descendant relationships, and organizing all species according to a unified taxonomic classification system. Taxonomists document the attributes (characters) of organisms, with emphasis on those can be used to distinguish species from each other. Character information is compiled in the scientific literature as text, tables, and images. The information is presented according to conventions that vary among taxonomic domains; such conventions facilitate comparison among similar species, even when descriptions are published by different authors.
There is considerable uncertainty within the taxonomic community as to how to re-use images that were included in taxonomic publications, especially in regard to whether copyright applies. This article deals with the principles and application of copyright law, database protection, and protection against unfair competition, as applied to images. We conclude that copyright does not apply to most images in taxonomic literature because they are presented in a standardized way and lack the individuality that is required to qualify as ‘copyrightable works’. There are exceptions, such as wildlife photographs, drawings and artwork produced in a distinctive individual form and intended for other than comparative purposes (such as visual art). Further exceptions may apply to collections of images that qualify as a database in the sense of European database protection law. In a few European countries, there is legal protection for photographs that do not qualify as works in the usual sense of copyright. It follows that most images found in taxonomic literature can be re-used for research or many other purposes without seeking permission, regardless of any copyright declaration. In observance of ethical and scholarly standards, re-users are expected to cite the author and original source of any image that they use.
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Nakano R, Ihara F, Mishiro K, Toyama M, Toda S. High duty cycle pulses suppress orientation flights of crambid moths. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 83:15-21. [PMID: 26549128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bat-and-moth is a good model system for understanding predator-prey interactions resulting from interspecific coevolution. Night-flying insects have been under predation pressure from echolocating bats for 65Myr, pressuring vulnerable moths to evolve ultrasound detection and evasive maneuvers as counter tactics. Past studies of defensive behaviors against attacking bats have been biased toward noctuoid moth responses to short duration pulses of low-duty-cycle (LDC) bat calls. Depending on the region, however, moths have been exposed to predation pressure from high-duty-cycle (HDC) bats as well. Here, we reveal that long duration pulse of the sympatric HDC bat (e.g., greater horseshoe bat) is easily detected by the auditory nerve of Japanese crambid moths (yellow peach moth and Asian corn borer) and suppress both mate-finding flights of virgin males and host-finding flights of mated females. The hearing sensitivities for the duration of pulse stimuli significantly dropped non-linearly in both the two moth species as the pulse duration shortened. These hearing properties support the energy integrator model; however, the threshold reduction per doubling the duration has slightly larger than those of other moth species hitherto reported. And also, Asian corn borer showed a lower auditory sensitivity and a lower flight suppression to short duration pulse than yellow peach moth did. Therefore, flight disruption of moth might be more frequently achieved by the pulse structure of HDC calls. The combination of long pulses and inter-pulse intervals, which moths can readily continue detecting, will be useful for repelling moth pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Nakano
- Breeding and Pest Management Division, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8605, Japan; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Fumio Ihara
- Breeding and Pest Management Division, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8605, Japan
| | - Koji Mishiro
- Breeding and Pest Management Division, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8605, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Toyama
- Grape and Persimmon Research Division, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, 301-2 Mitsu, Akitsu, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-2494, Japan
| | - Satoshi Toda
- Breeding and Pest Management Division, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8605, Japan
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Fukui D, Hill DA, Kim SS, Han SH. Echolocation Call Structure of Fourteen Bat Species in Korea. ANIMAL SYSTEMATICS, EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY 2015. [DOI: 10.5635/ased.2015.31.3.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Yoon GB, Park YC. The complete mitogenome of the Korean greater tube-nosed bat, Murina leucogaster (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2014; 27:2145-6. [PMID: 25423531 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2014.982598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The complete mitogenome of the Korean greater tube-nosed bat Murina leucogaster (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) was determined. The mitogenome of M. leucogaster is 16,723 bp in length with a total base composition of 32.8% A, 27.5% T, 25.3% C and 14.4% G. All the protein-coding genes (total length of 11,404 bp) were encoded in H-strand except for ND6 in L-strand. Total length of 22 tRNA genes was 1508 bp varying from 62 bp (tRNA(Ser(AGY))) to 74 bp (tRNA(Leu(UUR)) and tRNA(Gln)). The 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA genes were 972 and 1558 bp in length, respectively. The D-loop region was 1383 bp in length and included 54 copies of 6 bp tandem repeat (ACGCAT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwang Bae Yoon
- a College of Forest and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University , Chuncheon , Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Chul Park
- a College of Forest and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University , Chuncheon , Republic of Korea
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Yen SC, Shieh BS, Wang YT, Wang Y. Rutting Vocalizations of Formosan Sika DeerCervus nippon taiouanus—Acoustic Structure, Seasonal and Diurnal Variations, and Individuality. Zoolog Sci 2013; 30:1025-31. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.30.1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Jaiswara R, Nandi D, Balakrishnan R. Examining the effectiveness of discriminant function analysis and cluster analysis in species identification of male field crickets based on their calling songs. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75930. [PMID: 24086666 PMCID: PMC3783383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional taxonomy based on morphology has often failed in accurate species identification owing to the occurrence of cryptic species, which are reproductively isolated but morphologically identical. Molecular data have thus been used to complement morphology in species identification. The sexual advertisement calls in several groups of acoustically communicating animals are species-specific and can thus complement molecular data as non-invasive tools for identification. Several statistical tools and automated identifier algorithms have been used to investigate the efficiency of acoustic signals in species identification. Despite a plethora of such methods, there is a general lack of knowledge regarding the appropriate usage of these methods in specific taxa. In this study, we investigated the performance of two commonly used statistical methods, discriminant function analysis (DFA) and cluster analysis, in identification and classification based on acoustic signals of field cricket species belonging to the subfamily Gryllinae. Using a comparative approach we evaluated the optimal number of species and calling song characteristics for both the methods that lead to most accurate classification and identification. The accuracy of classification using DFA was high and was not affected by the number of taxa used. However, a constraint in using discriminant function analysis is the need for a priori classification of songs. Accuracy of classification using cluster analysis, which does not require a priori knowledge, was maximum for 6-7 taxa and decreased significantly when more than ten taxa were analysed together. We also investigated the efficacy of two novel derived acoustic features in improving the accuracy of identification. Our results show that DFA is a reliable statistical tool for species identification using acoustic signals. Our results also show that cluster analysis of acoustic signals in crickets works effectively for species classification and identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjana Jaiswara
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Diptarup Nandi
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Rohini Balakrishnan
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- * E-mail:
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Fukui D, Mochida M, Yamamoto A, Kawai K. Roost and Echolocation Call Structure of the Alashanian PipistrelleHypsugo alaschanicus: First Confirmation as a Resident Species in Japan. MAMMAL STUDY 2013. [DOI: 10.3106/041.038.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Fukui D, Hill DA, Matsumura S. Maternity Roosts and Behaviour of the Ussurian Tube-Nosed BatMurina ussuriensis. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2012. [DOI: 10.3161/150811012x654303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Jones MR, Witt CC. Utility of vocal formant spacing for monitoring sandhill crane subspecies. WILDLIFE SOC B 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Skalak SL, Sherwin RE, Brigham RM. Sampling period, size and duration influence measures of bat species richness from acoustic surveys. Methods Ecol Evol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-210x.2011.00177.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fukui D, Agetsuma N. Seasonal Change in the Diet Composition of the Asian Parti-Coloured BatVespertilio sinensis. MAMMAL STUDY 2010. [DOI: 10.3106/041.035.0402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Armitage DW, Ober HK. A comparison of supervised learning techniques in the classification of bat echolocation calls. ECOL INFORM 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Characterization of the Echolocation Calls of Bats from Exuma, Bahamas. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2009. [DOI: 10.3161/150811009x485639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zhang L, Jones G, Zhang J, Zhu G, Parsons S, Rossiter SJ, Zhang S. Recent Surveys of Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from China. I. Rhinolophidae and Hipposideridae. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2009. [DOI: 10.3161/150811009x465703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Flanders J, Jones G, Benda P, Dietz C, Zhang S, Li G, Sharifi M, Rossiter SJ. Phylogeography of the greater horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum: contrasting results from mitochondrial and microsatellite data. Mol Ecol 2009; 18:306-18. [PMID: 19192181 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.04021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phylogeographical studies are typically based on haplotype data, occasionally on nuclear markers such as microsatellites, but rarely combine both. This is unfortunate because the use of markers with contrasting modes of inheritance and rates of evolution might provide a more accurate and comprehensive understanding of a species' history. Here we present a detailed study of the phylogeography of the greater horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, using 1098 bp of the mitochondrial ND2 gene from 45 localities from across its Palaearctic range to infer population history. In addition, we re-analysed a large microsatellite data set available for this species and compared the results of both markers to infer population relationships and the historical processes influencing them. We show that mtDNA, the most popular marker in phylogeography studies, yielded a misleading result, and would have led us to conclude erroneously that a single expansion had taken place in Europe. Only by combining the mitochondrial and microsatellite data sets are we able to reconstruct the species' history and show two colonization events in Europe, one before the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and one after it. Combining markers also revealed the importance of Asia Minor as an ancient refugium for this species and a source population for the expansion of the greater horseshoe bat into Europe before the LGM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Flanders
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
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ROSSITER STEPHENJ, BENDA PETR, DIETZ CHRISTIAN, ZHANG SHUYI, JONES GARETH. Rangewide phylogeography in the greater horseshoe bat inferred from microsatellites: implications for population history, taxonomy and conservation. Mol Ecol 2007; 16:4699-714. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03546.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dietary composition and echolocation call design of three sympatric insectivorous bat species from China. Ecol Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-007-0344-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Fukui D, Murakami M, Nakano S, Aoi T. Effect of emergent aquatic insects on bat foraging in a riparian forest. J Anim Ecol 2006; 75:1252-8. [PMID: 17032357 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01146.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
1. Riparian zones serve several ecological functions for bats. They provide a source of prey and likely provide favourable structural habitats and shelter from predators. Many studies have shown that bats use the space above streams, ponds or riparian vegetation as feeding habitat. These studies, however, have never distinguished between the effects of habitat structure and prey availability on the foraging activities of bats. Such effects can only be distinguished by an experimental approach. We predicted that bat activity along a stream is influenced by the number of emerged aquatic insects. 2. We evaluated the response of terrestrial consumers, insectivorous bats, to changes in the abundance of emergent aquatic insects by conducting a manipulative field experiment. In a deciduous riparian forest in Japan, aquatic insect flux from the stream to the riparian zone was controlled with an insect-proof cover over a 1.2 km stream reach. 3. We estimated the abundance of emergent aquatic and flying terrestrial arthropods near the treatment and control reaches using Malaise traps. The foraging activity of bats was evaluated in both treatment and control reaches using ultrasonic detectors. 4. The insect-proof cover effectively reduced the flux of emergent aquatic insects to the riparian zone adjacent to the treatment reach. Adjacent to the control reach, adult aquatic insect biomass was highest in spring, and then decreased gradually. Terrestrial insect biomass increased gradually during the summer at both treatment and control reaches. 5. Foraging activity of bats was correlated with insect abundance. In spring, foraging activity of bats at the control reach was significantly greater than at the treatment reach, and increased at both sites with increasing terrestrial insect abundance. 6. Our result suggests that the flux of aquatic insects emerging from streams is one of the most important factors affecting the distribution of riparian-foraging bats. As is the case with other riparian consumers, resource subsidies from streams can directly enhance the performance or population density of riparian-dependent bats. To conserve and manage bat populations, it is important to protect not only forest ecosystems, but also adjacent aquatic systems such as streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Fukui
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Hirano-cho, Kamitanakami, Otsu, 520-2113, Shiga, Japan.
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