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Malik S, Singh J, Saini K, Chaudhary V, Umar A, Ibrahim AA, Akbar S, Baskoutas S. Paper-based sensors: affordable, versatile, and emerging analyte detection platforms. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:2777-2809. [PMID: 38639474 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay02258g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Paper-based sensors, often referred to as paper-based analytical devices (PADs), stand as a transformative technology in the field of analytical chemistry. They offer an affordable, versatile, and accessible solution for diverse analyte detection. These sensors harness the unique properties of paper substrates to provide a cost-effective and adaptable platform for rapid analyte detection, spanning chemical species, biomolecules, and pathogens. This review highlights the key attributes that make paper-based sensors an attractive choice for analyte detection. PADs demonstrate their versatility by accommodating a wide range of analytes, from ions and gases to proteins, nucleic acids, and more, with customizable designs for specific applications. Their user-friendly operation and minimal infrastructure requirements suit point-of-care diagnostics, environmental monitoring, food safety, and more. This review also explores various fabrication methods such as inkjet printing, wax printing, screen printing, dip coating, and photolithography. Incorporating nanomaterials and biorecognition elements promises even more sophisticated and sensitive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Malik
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133203, Haryana, India.
| | - Joginder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133203, Haryana, India.
| | - Kajal Saini
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133203, Haryana, India.
| | - Vivek Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133203, Haryana, India.
| | - Ahmad Umar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Najran University, Najran-11001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, OH, USA
- STEM Pioneers Training Lab, Najran University, Najran 11001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Najran University, Najran-11001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- STEM Pioneers Training Lab, Najran University, Najran 11001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheikh Akbar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, OH, USA
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Muhammed A, Hussen A, Kaneta T. Adsorption enrichment integrated with paper-based devices for detection of trace levels of hexavalent chromium in water samples. ANAL SCI 2024; 40:709-717. [PMID: 38316712 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-023-00504-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
In the present study, a sensitive microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μ-PADs) integrated with adsorption enrichment procedure was developed to analyze Cr(VI) in water samples. The affecting factors, including pH and amounts of reagents were optimized. The limit of detection of 0.0015 mg L-1 and linear range of 0.005-2 mg L-1 were achieved with good intra- and inter-day precision of 5.1 and 7.6% RSD, respectively. The results obtained by the proposed method were validated by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The recoveries of the present method and ICP-OES were ranged from 96.3 to 109.0% and 106.0 to 109.7%, respectively. The two sets of (μ-PADs and ICP-OES) results were in a good agreement as paired t-test indicated no significant differences. The proposed method could be utilized for analyzing trace levels of Cr(VI) in water samples in the absence of conventional analytical instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellah Muhammed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Wollo University, P. O. Box: 1145, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Ahmed Hussen
- Center for Environmental Science, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box: 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Takashi Kaneta
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
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Brazaca LC, Imamura AH, Blasques RV, Camargo JR, Janegitz BC, Carrilho E. The use of biological fluids in microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs): Recent advances, challenges and future perspectives. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 246:115846. [PMID: 38006702 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
The use of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) for aiding medical diagnosis is a growing trend in the literature mainly due to their low cost, easy use, simple manufacturing, and great potential for application in low-resource settings. Many important biomarkers (proteins, ions, lipids, hormones, DNA, RNA, drugs, whole cells, and more) and biofluids are available for precise detection and diagnosis. We have reviewed the advances μPADs in medical diagnostics have achieved in the last few years, focusing on the most common human biofluids (whole blood/plasma, sweat, urine, tears, and saliva). The challenges of detecting specific biomarkers in each sample are discussed, along with innovative techniques that overcome such limitations. Finally, the difficulties of commercializing μPADs are considered, and future trends are presented, including wearable devices and integrating multiple steps in a single platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Canniatti Brazaca
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13566-590, Brazil.
| | - Amanda Hikari Imamura
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13566-590, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica-INCTBio, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Vieira Blasques
- Departamento de Ciências da Natureza, Matemática e Educação, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Araras, SP, 13600-970, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Rocha Camargo
- Departamento de Ciências da Natureza, Matemática e Educação, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Araras, SP, 13600-970, Brazil
| | - Bruno Campos Janegitz
- Departamento de Ciências da Natureza, Matemática e Educação, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Araras, SP, 13600-970, Brazil
| | - Emanuel Carrilho
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13566-590, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica-INCTBio, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
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González-Martínez E, Rekas A, Moran-Mirabal J. Simple and Inexpensive Fabrication of High Surface-Area Paper-Based Gold Electrodes for Electrochemical and Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:55183-55192. [PMID: 37972391 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Paper has emerged as an excellent alternative to create environmentally benign disposable electrochemical sensing devices. The critical step to fabricating electrochemical sensors is making paper conductive. In this work, paper-based electrodes with a high electroactive surface area (ESA) were fabricated using a simple electroless deposition technique. The polymerization time of a polydopamine adhesion layer and the gold salt concentration during the electroless deposition step were optimized to obtain uniformly conductive paper-based electrodes. The optimization of these fabrication parameters was key to obtaining the highest ESA possible. Roughening factors (Rf) of 7.2 and 2.3 were obtained when cyclic voltammetry was done in sulfuric acid and potassium ferricyanide, respectively, demonstrating a surface prone to fast electron transfer. As a proof of concept, mercury detection was done through anodic stripping, achieving a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.9 ppb. By changing the metal deposition conditions, the roughness of the metalized papers could also be tuned for their use as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensors. Metallized papers with the highest SERS signal for thiophenol detection yielded a LOQ of 10 ppb. We anticipate that this method of fabricating nanostructured paper-based electrodes can accelerate the development of simple, cost-effective, and highly sensitive electrochemical and SERS sensing platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrianna Rekas
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Jose Moran-Mirabal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Light Microscopy, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
- Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
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Rawat S, Misra N, Shelkar SA, Kumar V. Tailoring Acid Free-Paper based Analytical Devices (Af-PADs) via radiation assisted modification of cellulose paper. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 317:121116. [PMID: 37364946 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
A novel green fabrication approach is being proposed based on radiation assisted modification of Whatman filter paper 1 (WFP) for development of Acid Free-Paper based Analytical Devices (Af-PADs). Af-PADs exude immense potential as handy tools for on-site detection of toxic pollutants such as, Cr(VI), boron, etc., which have established detection protocols involving acid mediated colorimetric reactions that necessitate external acid addition. The proposed Af-PAD fabrication protocol asserts its novelty through elimination of external acid addition step, making the detection process safer and simpler. To achieve this, poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) was grafted onto WFP via a single step, room temperature process of gamma radiation induced simultaneous irradiation grafting, introducing acidic -COOH groups in the paper thereon. Grafting parameters namely, absorbed dose and concentrations of monomer, homopolymer inhibitor and acid were optimized. The -COOH groups incorporated in PAA-grafted-WFP (PAA-g-WFP) provide localized acidic conditions for colorimetric reactions between pollutants and their sensing agents, anchored on the PAA-g-WFP. Af-PADs loaded with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide (DPC) have been ably demonstrated for visual detection and quantitative estimation of Cr(VI) in water samples using RGB image analysis, with LOD value of 1.2 mg.L-1 and a measurement range comparable to that of commercially available PADs based Cr(VI) visual detection kits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarnima Rawat
- Radiation Technology Development Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India.
| | - Nilanjal Misra
- Radiation Technology Development Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Shubhangi A Shelkar
- Radiation Technology Development Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Virendra Kumar
- Radiation Technology Development Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
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Ben Jaballah M, Karrat A, Amine A, Dridi C. Immobilization of diphenylcarbazide on paper-based analytical devices for the pre-concentration and detection of chromium VI in water samples. Talanta 2023; 265:124889. [PMID: 37399649 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach using a smartphone for the detection of Cr (VI) has been developed. In this context, two different platforms were designed for the detection of Cr (VI). The first one was synthesized via a crosslinking reaction of chitosan with 1,5-Diphenylcarbazide (DPC-CS). The obtained material was integrated into a paper to develop a new paper-based analytical device (DPC-CS-PAD). The DPC-CS-PAD exhibited high specificity toward Cr (VI). The second platform (DPC-Nylon PAD) was prepared by covalent immobilization of DPC onto a Nylon paper and then its analytical performances regarding Cr (VI) extraction and detection were evaluated. DPC-CS-PAD presented a linear range of 0.1-5 ppm with detection and quantification limits of about 0.04 and 0.12 ppm, respectively. The DPC-Nylon-PAD exhibited a linear response of 0.1-2.5 ppm with detection and quantification limits of 0.06 and 0.2 ppm, respectively. Furthermore, the developed platforms were effectively applied for testing the effect of the loading solution volume for trace Cr (IV) detection. For the DPC-CS material, a volume of 20 mL allowed the detection of 4 ppb of Cr (VI). In the case of DPC-Nylon-PAD, the loading volume of 1 mL permitted the detection of the critical concentration of Cr (VI) in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menyar Ben Jaballah
- NANOMISENE Laboratory, Centre for Research on Microelectronics and Nanotechnology CRMN of Sousse Technopole, B.P. 334, LR16CRMN01, Sahloul, Sousse, 4054, Tunisia
| | - Abdelhafid Karrat
- Laboratory of Process Engineering and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan II University of Casablanca, P.A. 146., Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - Aziz Amine
- Laboratory of Process Engineering and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan II University of Casablanca, P.A. 146., Mohammedia, Morocco.
| | - Chérif Dridi
- NANOMISENE Laboratory, Centre for Research on Microelectronics and Nanotechnology CRMN of Sousse Technopole, B.P. 334, LR16CRMN01, Sahloul, Sousse, 4054, Tunisia.
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Chen Y, Xu A, Li J, Zhu X, Zou M, Liu S. Highly sensitive paper-based immunoassay: Combining nanomaterials modified cellulose with covalent and oriented immobilization of antibody. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 231:115389. [PMID: 37087775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Among the analytical tools, paper-based analytical devices (PADs) have become a leading alternative for point-of care testing (POCT). In this study, PADs were fabricated using an office laser printer. Then, the paper zone was modified with graphene oxide (GO) and pyrene derivatives, which provide a sufficient amount of carboxylic groups for conjugating antibodies. At an optimal pH, antibodies were covalently bound onto carboxylated cellulose surface in an oriented manner through a two-step strategy: electrostatic adsorption was followed by EDC/NHS coupling. α-fetoprotein (AFP) as a detection model, we compared with cellulose powder modified and unmodified paper zone. The results showed the color intensity and color uniformity on GO modified paper was improved. The activity of immobilized antibodies on GO/1-pyrenebutyric acid (GO/PBA) modified was three times higher than that of GO modified and about 1.8-fold higher than that of GO/1-pyrenecarboxylic acid (GO/PCA) modified. The GO/PBA modified paper-based immunoassay has enhanced sensitivity and low detection limit. A linear correlation between color intensity and concentration of AFP in the range of 0.01~16.5 ng mL-1 with a detection limit of 9.0 pg mL-1 were achieved, respectively. The obtained results point towards rapid, sensitive, and specific early diagnosis of liver cancer at the point of care and other low-resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafang Chen
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Anan Xu
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Jiajia Li
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhu
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China.
| | - Meiyin Zou
- The Third People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong 226007, China.
| | - Shan Liu
- The Ninth People's Hospital of Suzhou, Suzhou 215200, China
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Kohama N, Okazaki T, Sazawa K, Hata N, Kuramitz H, Taguchi S. Simple solid-phase colorimetry for trace Cr(VI) by combination of complexation with diphenylcarbazide and ion-pair solid-phase extraction with sedimentable dispersed particulates. ANAL SCI 2023; 39:857-865. [PMID: 36795319 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-023-00286-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive and simple solid-phase colorimetry for Cr(VI) was proposed. It was based on the ion-pair solid-phase extraction of Cr-diphenylcarbazide (DPC) complex with sedimentable dispersed particulates. The concentration of Cr(VI) was measured from the color tones obtained by image analysis of the photo of sediment. Various conditions, e.g., material and amounts of adsorbent particulates, chemical properties and concentration of counter ions, and pH, were optimized for the formation and quantitative extraction of the complex. In the recommended procedure, 1 mL of sample was put into a 1.5 mL microtube where powder form adsorbent and reagents, i.e., XAD-7HP particles, DPC, sodium dodecyl sulfate, amido sulfuric acid, and sodium chloride had been packed. The analytical operation was completed within 5 min by gently shaking the microtube and allowing it to stand until enough amounts of particulates were deposited to take a picture. Chromium (VI) up to 2.0 ppm was determined, and the detection limit was 0.0034 ppm. The sensitivity was enough to determine Cr(VI) at lower concentrations than the water quality of standard (0.02 ppm). This method was successfully applied to the analysis of simulated industrial wastewater samples. The stoichiometry of the extracted chemical species was also investigated by applying the same equilibrium model as the ion-pair solvent extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Kohama
- Department of Environmental Biology and Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Research, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan
| | - Takuya Okazaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Kazuto Sazawa
- Department of Environmental Biology and Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Research, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan
| | - Noriko Hata
- Department of Environmental Biology and Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Research, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan
| | - Hideki Kuramitz
- Department of Environmental Biology and Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Research, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan.
| | - Shigeru Taguchi
- Department of Environmental Biology and Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Research, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan
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Adsorptive colorimetric determination of chromium(VI) ions at ultratrace levels using amine functionalized mesoporous silica. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5673. [PMID: 35383234 PMCID: PMC8983689 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09689-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for a rapid, affordable and sensitive analytical method for periodic monitoring of heavy metals in water bodies. Herein, we report for the first time a versatile method for ultratrace level metal detection based on colorimetric sensing. The method integrates preconcentration using a nanomaterial with a colorimetric assay performed directly on the metal-enriched nanomaterial surface. This method circumvents the need for tedious sample pre-processing steps and the complex development of colorimetric probes, thereby reducing the complexity of the analytical procedure. The efficacy of the proposed method was demonstrated for chromium(VI) ions detection in water samples. Amine functionalized mesoporous silica (AMS) obtained from a one-pot synthesis was utilized as a pre-concentration material. The structural and chemical analysis of AMS was conducted to confirm its physico-chemical properties. The pre-concentration conditions were optimized to maximise the colorimetric signal. AMS exhibited a discernible colour change from white to purple (visible to the naked eye) for trace Cr(VI) ions concentration as low as 0.5 μg L-1. This method shows high selectivity for Cr(VI) ions with no colorimetric signal from other metal ions. We believe our method of analysis has a high scope for de-centralized monitoring of organic/inorganic pollutants in resource-constrained settings.
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Gong X, Shao J, Guo S, Pan J, Fan X. Determination of inhibitory activity of Salvia miltiorrhiza extracts on xanthine oxidase with a paper-based analytical device. J Pharm Anal 2021; 11:603-610. [PMID: 34765273 PMCID: PMC8572718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel paper-based analytical device (PAD) was prepared and applied to determine the xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibitory activity of Salvia miltiorrhiza extracts (SME). First, polycaprolactone was 3D printed on filter paper and heated to form hydrophobic barriers. Then the modified paper was cut according to the specific design. Necessary reagents including XOD for the colorimetric assay were immobilized on two separate pieces of paper. By simply adding phosphate buffer, the reaction was performed on the double-layer PAD. Quantitative results were obtained by analyzing the color intensity with the specialized device system (consisting of a smartphone, a detection box and sandwich plates). The 3D-printed detection box was small, with a size of 9.0 cm × 7.0 cm × 11.5 cm. Color component G performed well in terms of linearity and detection limits and thus was identified as the index. The reaction conditions were optimized using a definitive screening design. Moreover, a 10% glycerol solution was found to be a suitable stabilizer. When the stabilizer was added, the activity of XOD could be maintained for at least 15 days under 4 °C or −20 °C storage conditions. The inhibitory activity of SME was investigated and compared to that of allopurinol. The results obtained with the PAD showed agreement with those obtained with the microplate method. In conclusion, the proposed PAD method is simple, accurate and has a potential for point-of-care testing. It also holds promise for use in rapid quality testing of medicinal herbs, intermediate products, and preparations of traditional Chinese medicines. The inhibitory activity of Salvia miltiorrhiza extracts on xanthine oxidase was determined with PADs. A double-layer structure of PAD was designed to avoid enzyme-substrate reactions during storage. A reaction device and a detection system were suitable for point-of-care test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchu Gong
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jingyuan Shao
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shangxin Guo
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jingjing Pan
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaohui Fan
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Alahmad W, Sahragard A, Varanusupakul P. An overview of the recent developments of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices for the detection of chromium species. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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ASANO H, MAEDA T, SHIRAISHI Y. Sensitive Determination of Hexavalent Chromium Using a Microfluidic Paper-based Analytical Device with Solid Phase Extraction. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2021. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.70.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi ASANO
- Center for Liberal Arts and Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University
| | - Taishiro MAEDA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Sanyo-Onoda City University
| | - Yukihide SHIRAISHI
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Sanyo-Onoda City University
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Gölcez T, Kiliç V, Sen M. A Portable Smartphone-based Platform with an Offline Image-processing Tool for the Rapid Paper-based Colorimetric Detection of Glucose in Artificial Saliva. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:561-567. [PMID: 33012755 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20p262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) was integrated with a smartphone app capable of offline (without internet access) image processing and analysis for the rapid colorimetric detection of glucose. A self-inking stamp was used to form hydrophobic channels on a piece of paper-towel due to its superior water absorption efficiency. As demonstrated, the developed sensor was employed for the colorimetric detection of glucose in artificial saliva in the linear scope of 0 - 1 mM with a calculated detection limit of 29.65 μM. The experimental results show that the quantitative analysis of glucose with the proposed smartphone platform could be completed in less than one minute. The app developed for the smartphone platform is capable of extracting the color-changing area with an embedded image processing tool which could address the problem of color uniformity in the detection zones of μPAD. The integrated platform has great potential to be used for non-invasive measurements of glucose in body fluids, like tears, sweat and saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tansu Gölcez
- Biomedical Technologies Graduate Program, Izmir Katip Celebi University
| | - Volkan Kiliç
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Izmir Katip Celebi University
| | - Mustafa Sen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Izmir Katip Celebi University
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Muhammed A, Hussen A, Redi M, Kaneta T. Remote Investigation of Total Chromium Determination in Environmental Samples of the Kombolcha Industrial Zone, Ethiopia, Using Microfluidic Paper-based Analytical Devices. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:585-592. [PMID: 33041309 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20p325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μ-PADs) fabricated in Japan were employed for the determination of total chromium (Cr) in water, soil, and lettuce irrigated with wastewater in Ethiopia. The μ-PADs, which were printed by wax printing in Japan, were transported to Ethiopia and prepared for the determination of total Cr by adding appropriate reagents to the pretreatment and detection zones. Soil and lettuce samples were determined by the μ-PADs and a UV-Vis spectrophotometer in Ethiopia. A paired t-test showed that the mean total Cr concentrations determined in the soil and lettuce samples were not significantly different between μ-PADs and UV-Vis spectrophotometric analysis at the 5% level of significance. This implies that the μ-PADs have good accuracy and reliability, and could be employed to monitor Cr in environmental samples. We found that the total Cr concentrations in all soil and lettuce samples were above the permissible limit. Moreover, evaluating Cr contamination level using the geo-accumulation index indicated that the soils were contaminated with Cr moderately to heavily. Thus, the present work successfully demonstrated the potential of remote investigations of pollution in a less-equipped laboratory by transporting the μ-PADs fabricated in another laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellah Muhammed
- Center for Environmental Science, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University
| | - Ahmed Hussen
- Center for Environmental Science, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University
| | - Mesfin Redi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University
| | - Takashi Kaneta
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University
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15
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Speciation of chromium in water samples using microfluidic paper-based analytical devices with online oxidation of trivalent chromium. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:3339-3347. [PMID: 33715041 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03274-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Speciation of chromium (Cr) was demonstrated using microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μ-PADs) that permit the colorimetric determination of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) and trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) via online oxidation. The μ-PADs consist of left and right channels that allow the simultaneous measurements of Cr(VI) and total Cr based on the colorimetric reaction of Cr(VI) with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide (DPC). For the determination of Cr(VI), a sample solution was directly reacted with DPC in the left channels whereas total Cr was determined in the right channels, which permitted online oxidation in the pretreatment zone containing cerium (IV) (Ce(IV)) followed by a colorimetric reaction with DPC. We found that the online oxidation of Cr(III) proceeded 100% whereas Ce(IV) inhibited the reaction of Cr(VI) with DPC. Therefore, speciation can be achieved by measuring the Cr(VI) and total Cr in the left and right channels followed by the subtraction of Cr(VI) from total Cr. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.008 and 0.02 mg L-1 for Cr(VI) and 0.07 and 0.1 mg L-1 for Cr(III) or total Cr, respectively. The linear dynamic ranges were 0.02-100 mg L-1 and 0.1-60 mg L-1 for Cr(VI) and Cr(III), respectively. The RSDs were less than 7.5%. The results obtained using μ-PADs were in good agreement with those obtained via ICP-OES with recoveries of 92-108% for Cr(III) and 108-110% for Cr (VI) using μ-PADs, and 106-110% for total Cr using ICP-OES. Thus, the μ-PADs could potentially be utilized for the speciation of chromium in developing countries where environmental pollution and the availability of sophisticated instruments are significant problems.
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16
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Sriprom W, Choodum A, Phawachalotorn C, Wongniramaikul W, Limsakul W. Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide-doped Starch Film as a Colorimetric Sensor for Trinitrotoluene Detection. ANAL SCI 2020; 36:1261-1267. [PMID: 32475897 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20p117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH)-doped starch film was developed for trinitrotoluene (TNT) detection. A purple Janowsky anion was obtained from the reaction of TNT with released TMAH. When the film was used in conjunction with digital image colorimetry (DIC), rapid quantitative analysis of TNT was achieved. The Red-Green-Blue (RGB) intensities analyzed from digital photographs of the purple product were used to establish calibration curves for TNT. A wide linear range (2.5 to 50 mgL-1) with good linearity (R2 > 0.99) was achieved for the quantification of TNT. Good precision (1.73 to 3.74%RSD) was obtained for inter-day tests (n = 5). The films were applied to test four post-blast soil samples and two positive results were observed. The concentrations quantified by DIC were in good agreement with spectrophotometry. The film was able to be stored in a freezer for 3 months with <4.3% change in performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilasinee Sriprom
- Integrated Science and Technology Research Center, Faculty of Technology and Environment, Prince of Songkla University
| | - Aree Choodum
- Integrated Science and Technology Research Center, Faculty of Technology and Environment, Prince of Songkla University
| | - Chanadda Phawachalotorn
- Department of Applied Science and Business Management, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Prince of Chumphon Campus
| | - Worawit Wongniramaikul
- Integrated Science and Technology Research Center, Faculty of Technology and Environment, Prince of Songkla University.,Research Program: The Development of Management System for Reduction and Control of Water Contamination and Distribution in Songkhla Lake Basin and the Western Coastline of the South of Thailand, Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM)
| | - Wadcharawadee Limsakul
- Integrated Science and Technology Research Center, Faculty of Technology and Environment, Prince of Songkla University
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Mitsushio
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
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18
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Chromium speciation using paper-based analytical devices by direct determination and with electromembrane microextraction. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1085:98-106. [PMID: 31522736 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed and compared three different methods for chromium speciation in water samples using microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs). In all methods, detection was based on the complexation reaction of Cr(VI) with diphenylcarbazide on the μPADs. Cr(III) ions were oxidized to Cr(VI) by Ce(IV) prior to colorimetric detection on the μPADs. In the first method, oxidization of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) in the solution containing both trivalent and hexavalent chromium was performed using a batch procedure to obtain total chromium. A dual electromembrane extraction (DEME) technique for simultaneous preconcentration and extraction of chromium species and a single electromembrane extraction (SEME) for preconcentration and extraction of Cr(VI)/total chromium [quantified as Cr(VI) content after oxidation of Cr(III) ions to Cr(VI)] were used in the second and third methods, respectively. The electromembrane extraction was based on the electrokinetic migration of cationic Cr(III) and anionic Cr(VI) toward the cathode and anode, respectively, into the two different hollow fibres. Octanol-1 and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (DEHP) in octanol-1 (0.7% v/v) were the most suitable supported liquid membranes for extraction of Cr(VI) and Cr(III), respectively. Among these methods, SEME showed the lowest limits of detection for both analytes. Under optimized conditions, linear calibrations were obtained for Cr(III) from 3 to 30 μg L-1 and for Cr(VI) from 3 to 70 μg L-1. The detection limits were 1.0 μg L-1 and 0.7 μg L-1 for Cr(III) and Cr(VI), respectively. Our developed method was applied to analyse water samples spiked with different concentrations of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) at the parts-per-billion (ppb) level. The statistical evaluation showed that the proposed method agreed well with the validation method, i.e., inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Iki
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University
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20
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Wang J, Zhang L, Li X, Zhang X, Yu HZ. From kirigami to three-dimensional paper-based micro-analytical device: cut-and-paste fabrication and mobile app quantitation. RSC Adv 2019; 9:23267-23275. [PMID: 35514509 PMCID: PMC9067308 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04014e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays quantitative chemical analysis is usually costly, instrument-dependent, and time-consuming, which limits its implementation for remote locations and resource-limited regions. Inspired by the ancient papercutting art (kirigami), we herein introduce a novel cut-and-paste protocol to fabricate 3D microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) that are suitable for on-site quantitative assay applications. The preparation of the device is fast, simple, and independent of any lithographic devices or masks. Particularly designed reaction “channels” were pre-cut from a piece of filter paper, then assembled back to the silanized, superhydrophobic paper pads. The different layers of the device were assembled using a chemically-inert adhesive spray. The fabricated device has high efficiency of liquid handling (up to 60 times faster than conventional methods) and it is particularly inexpensive. Beyond the benchtop fabrication advantage, in conjunction with a custom mobile app developed for colorimetric analysis, we were able to quantify representative environmental contaminants (i.e., the amount of Cr(vi) and nitrite ions) in various water samples with the cut-and-paste μPADs (namely kPADs). Their detection limits (0.7 μg mL−1 for Cr(vi) and 0.4 μg mL−1 for nitrite ions, respectively) are comparable with conventional spectrophotometric methods, which confirm the potential of kPADs for on-site environmental/sanitary monitoring and food toxin pre-screening. The ancient papercutting art (kirigami) inspired a novel cut-and-paste protocol to fabricate paper-based micro-analytical devices for on-site quantitative assays.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Wang
- College of Biomedical Engineering
- Taiyuan University of Technology
- Taiyuan
- China
| | - Lishen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Simon Fraser University
- Burnaby
- Canada
| | - Xiaochun Li
- College of Biomedical Engineering
- Taiyuan University of Technology
- Taiyuan
- China
| | - Xiaoliang Zhang
- College of Biomedical Engineering
- Taiyuan University of Technology
- Taiyuan
- China
| | - Hua-Zhong Yu
- College of Biomedical Engineering
- Taiyuan University of Technology
- Taiyuan
- China
- Department of Chemistry
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21
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Alahmad W, Tungkijanansin N, Kaneta T, Varanusupakul P. A colorimetric paper-based analytical device coupled with hollow fiber membrane liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME) for highly sensitive detection of hexavalent chromium in water samples. Talanta 2018; 190:78-84. [PMID: 30172544 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A simple and highly sensitive procedure based on the combination of hollow fiber membrane liquid phase microextraction and a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (µPAD) was developed for pre-concentration and determination of hexavalent chromium in water samples. The hexavalent chromium was pre-concentrated using the HF-LPME technique via ion exchange or a coupled transport process through a supported ionic liquid (Aliquat 336) prior to colorimetric detection with diphenylcarbazide on the µPAD. The violet colour could be seen by the naked eye. Images from the µPADs were scanned using a commercial desktop scanner at 600 dpi resolution. ImageJ software was used for quantitative analysis by measuring the intensity values at green colour channel since it gave the best sensitivity among the RGB colour. Under optimal conditions, the calibration curve was linear in the range 10-90 µg L-1, with a limit of detection of 3 µg L-1. The developed method was successfully applied to determine the level of hexavalent chromium spiked into natural water samples at the parts-per-billion (ppb) level, and the results were in good agreement with those obtained using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The developed method was able to improve the detection limit of the conventional µPAD, and was expected to be used for the effective analysis of hexavalent chromium in natural water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Alahmad
- Chemical Approaches for Food Applications Research Group, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Nuttanee Tungkijanansin
- Chemical Approaches for Food Applications Research Group, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Takashi Kaneta
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Pakorn Varanusupakul
- Chemical Approaches for Food Applications Research Group, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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SIRIVIBULKOVIT K, NOUANTHAVONG S, SAMEENOI Y. Paper-based DPPH Assay for Antioxidant Activity Analysis. ANAL SCI 2018; 34:795-800. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18p014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kitima SIRIVIBULKOVIT
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Burapha University
| | - Souksanh NOUANTHAVONG
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Burapha University
- Savannakhet Teacher Training College
| | - Yupaporn SAMEENOI
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Burapha University
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