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Epidemiology and Economic Burden of Acute Infectious Gastroenteritis Among Adults Treated in Outpatient Settings in US Health Systems. Am J Gastroenterol 2023:00000434-990000000-00647. [PMID: 36728224 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000002186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute infectious gastroenteritis (AGE) is a common reason for outpatient visits and hospitalizations in the United States. This study aimed to understand the demographic and clinical characteristics, common pathogens detected, health care resource utilization (HRU), and cost among adult outpatients with AGE visiting US health systems. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted using one of the largest hospital discharge databases (PINC AI Healthcare Database) in the United States. Adult patients (aged ≥18 years) with a principal diagnosis of AGE during an outpatient visit between January 1, 2016, and June 30, 2021, were included. Pathogen detection analysis was performed in those with microbiology data available. RESULTS Among 248,896 patients, the mean age was 44.3 years (range 18-89+ years), 62.9% were female, and 68.5% were White. More than half (62.0%) of the patients did not have any preexisting comorbidity, and only 18.3% underwent stool workup at the hospital. Most patients (84.7%) were seen in the emergency department, and most (96.4%) were discharged home. Within 30 days of discharge, 1.0% were hospitalized, and 2.8% had another outpatient visit due to AGE. The mean cost of the index visit plus 30-day AGE-related follow-up was $1,338 per patient, amounting to $333,060,182 for the total study population. Among patients with microbiology data available (n = 12,469), common pathogens detected were Clostridioides difficile (32.2%), norovirus (6.3%), and Campylobacter spp. (4.0%). DISCUSSION AGE is a common and costly disease affecting adults of all ages and more females than males, including individuals with or without baseline conditions in a hospital-based outpatient setting. C. difficile was the most common pathogen detected.
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Barr KL, Sturdivant RX, Williams DN, Harris D. Bacteria Associated with Healthcare-Associated Infections on Environmental Samples Obtained from Two Fire Departments. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182211885. [PMID: 34831638 PMCID: PMC8621870 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182211885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Firefighters spend about 64% of their time responding to medical emergencies and providing medical care without a patient history, which can render them vulnerable to healthcare-associated infections (HAI). Infection prevention, control, and surveillance systems have been instituted at hospitals. However, the prevalence of firefighters’ exposure to HAI is unknown. The objective of this study was to document evidence of HAI on surfaces in fire stations and engines to inform disinfection procedures and identify which pathogens might contribute to occupational exposures. (2) Methods: High-touch or high-use surfaces of two fire departments were sampled during five separate occasions. One fire station from one fire department was sampled over a 4-week period, whereas four fire stations were sampled from a different fire department only once. Sampled surfaces included: entryway floor, washing machine, medical bag, back seat of engine, keyboard of reporting computer, engine console, and uniform pants. (3) Results: Multiple statistical models determined that bacterial contamination was similar between the two fire departments and their stations. Keyboards were the most contaminated surface for all fire stations and departments, E. coli was the most common bacteria detected, and C. difficile was the least detected bacteria. Adjustments for rates of contamination found that contamination rates varied between fire stations. (4) Conclusions: Comprehensive environmental sampling and clinical studies are needed to better understand occupational exposures of firefighters to HAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli L. Barr
- Center for Global Health Infectious Disease Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 10921, USA;
| | | | - Denise N. Williams
- Department of Human Sciences and Design, College of Health and Human Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA;
| | - Debra Harris
- Department of Human Sciences and Design, College of Health and Human Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-254-710-7255
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Kondapi DS, Ramani S, Estes MK, Atmar RL, Okhuysen PC. Norovirus in Cancer Patients: A Review. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab126. [PMID: 34189156 PMCID: PMC8232388 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of viral-related diarrhea in cancer patients, in whom it can be chronic, contributing to decreased quality of life, interruption of cancer care, malnutrition, and altered mucosal barrier function. Immunosuppressed cancer patients shed NoV for longer periods of time than immunocompetent hosts, favoring quasispecies development and emergence of novel NoV variants. While nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) for NoV diagnosis have revolutionized our understanding of NoV burden of disease, not all NAATs provide information on viral load or infecting genotype. There is currently no effective antiviral or vaccine for chronic NoV infections. Screening for inhibitors of NoV replication in intestinal organoid culture models and creation of NoV-specific adoptive T cells are promising new strategies to develop treatments for chronic NoV in immunosuppressed patients. Herein we summarize data on the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic challenges, and treatment of NoV infection in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Samantha Kondapi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert L Atmar
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pablo C Okhuysen
- Infection Control and Employee Health, Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Lyerly DM, Boone JH, Carman RJ, Tillotson GS. Clostridioides difficile Infection: The Challenge, Tests, and Guidelines. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:2818-2829. [PMID: 32960044 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is a dangerous human pathogen because it can grow to high numbers in the intestine, cause colitis with its potent toxins, and persist as spores. C. difficile infection (CDI) is the primary hospital-acquired infection in North America and Europe, and it now is a global disease. Even with newer laboratory tests, there still is confusion on accurately diagnosing this disease. Three guidelines from three different healthcare-affiliated societies have recently been published. Consensus consolidated recommendations from these guidelines should be recognized by healthcare professionals, who need to understand why this disease continues to be difficult to diagnose and need a clear understanding of the advantages and limitations of current tests. Hopefully, these combined efforts will lead to an improvement in the recognition of this pathogen and a reduction in the suffering and economic loss caused by CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Lyerly
- TechLab, Inc., 2001 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - James H Boone
- TechLab, Inc., 2001 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Robert J Carman
- TechLab, Inc., 2001 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
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Korhonen L, Cohen J, Gregoricus N, Farley MM, Perlmutter R, Holzbauer SM, Dumyati G, Beldavs Z, Paulick A, Vinjé J, Limbago BM, Lessa FC, Guh AY. Evaluation of viral co-infections among patients with community-associated Clostridioides difficile infection. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240549. [PMID: 33075113 PMCID: PMC7571680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We assessed viral co-infections in 155 patients with community-associated Clostridioides difficile infection in five U.S. sites during December 2012–February 2013. Eighteen patients (12%) tested positive for norovirus (n = 10), adenovirus (n = 4), rotavirus (n = 3), or sapovirus (n = 1). Co-infected patients were more likely than non-co-infected patients to have nausea or vomiting (56% vs 31%; p = 0.04), suggesting that viral co-pathogens contributed to symptoms in some patients. There were no significant differences in prior healthcare or medication exposures or in CDI complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Korhonen
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Jessica Cohen
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nicole Gregoricus
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Monica M. Farley
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Perlmutter
- Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stacy M. Holzbauer
- Minnesota Department of Health, St Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Career Epidemiology Field Officer Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ghinwa Dumyati
- New York Emerging Infections Program and University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Zintars Beldavs
- Oregon Health Authority, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Ashley Paulick
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Jan Vinjé
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Brandi M. Limbago
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Fernanda C. Lessa
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Alice Y. Guh
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Shuai H, Bian Q, Luo Y, Zhou X, Song X, Ye J, Huang Q, Peng Z, Wu J, Jiang J, Jin D. Molecular characteristics of Clostridium difficile in children with acute gastroenteritis from Zhejiang. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:343. [PMID: 32404060 PMCID: PMC7222317 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) has an increasing pediatric prevalence worldwide. However, molecular characteristics of C. difficile in Chinese children with acute gastroenteritis have not been reported. Methods A five-year cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary children’s hospital in Zhejiang. Consecutive stool specimens from outpatient children with acute gastroenteritis were cultured for C. difficile, and isolates then were analyzed for toxin genes, multi-locus sequence type and antimicrobial resistance. Diarrhea-related viruses were detected, and demographic data were collected. Results A total of 115 CDI cases (14.3%), and 69 co-infected cases with both viruses and toxigenic C. difficile, were found in the 804 stool samples. The 186 C. difficile isolates included 6 of toxin A-positive/toxin B-positive/binary toxin-positive (A+B+CDT+), 139 of A+B+CDT−, 3 of A−B+CDT+, 36 of A−B+CDT− and 2 of A−B−CDT−. Sequence types 26 (17.7%), 35 (11.3%), 39 (12.4%), 54 (16.7%), and 152 (11.3%) were major genotypes with significant differences among different antimicrobial resistances (Fisher's exact test, P < 0.001). The A−B+ isolates had significantly higher resistance, compared to erythromycin, rifampin, moxifloxacin, and gatifloxacin, than that of the A+B+ (χ2 = 7.78 to 29.26, P < 0.01). The positive CDI rate in infants (16.2%) was significantly higher than that of children over 1 year old (10.8%) (χ2 = 4.39, P = 0.036). Conclusions CDI has been revealed as a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in children with various genotypes. The role of toxigenic C. difficile and risk factors of CDI should be emphatically considered in subsequent diarrhea surveillance in children from China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqun Shuai
- Xiacheng District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiao Bian
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yun Luo
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China.,School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- Xiacheng District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Song
- Centre of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Julian Ye
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qinghong Huang
- Xiacheng District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyang Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Lin'an District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory of Vaccine, Prevention and Control of Infectious Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Dazhi Jin
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, No. 481, Binwen Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Characterization of Circulating Clostridium difficile Strains, Host Response and Intestinal Microbiome in Hospitalized Children With Diarrhea. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2020; 39:221-228. [PMID: 31876614 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clostridium difficile is capable of causing severe enterocolitis in adults. The significance of toxin-producing C. difficile in children with diarrhea is unclear and practice differs on whether to institute treatment. We aimed to characterize the microbiome in relation to the presence of C. difficile and co-infection with other pathogens and to describe host response to infection. METHODS Participants were children with acute diarrhea, 0-16 years of age, from whom stool samples had been submitted to the hospital laboratory for routine microbiology/virology. Convenience sampling was used for 50 prospective and 150 retrospective samples. No participants were treated for C. difficile. Rates of culture positivity for C. difficile, presence of toxin and PCR-ribotype were compared between age groups. Presence of other potential pathogens, comorbidities and complications were recorded. Microbiotal diversity was measured by 16S profiling. RESULTS Nineteen of 77 (25%) children <2 years of age and 13 of 119 (11%) children >2 years of age were C. difficile positive, of whom 10 (53%) and 9 (69%), respectively, carried toxigenic strains. Increased Shannon diversity was seen in children carrying C. difficile, with altered milieu. Presence of C. difficile was not associated with adverse clinical outcomes. In stools containing both Norovirus and C. difficile, there was increased relative abundance of verrucomicrobia. CONCLUSIONS Children with diarrhea regularly carried toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains of C. difficile, demonstrating enhanced microbiotal diversity, and change in milieu, without apparent morbidity. This unexpected finding is contrary to that seen in adults with C. difficile disease.
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Shafiq M, Alturkmani H, Zafar Y, Mittal V, Lodhi H, Ullah W, Brewer J. Effects of co-infection on the clinical outcomes of Clostridium difficile infection. Gut Pathog 2020; 12:9. [PMID: 32123545 PMCID: PMC7041107 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-020-00348-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) is a spore-forming, Gram-positive rod that is known to be associated with antibiotic use. It is one of the leading causes of nosocomial diarrhea in the industrialized world and therefore warrants further study of its nature. It isn't clear if co-infection by other organisms can affect the outcome of C. difficile infection (CDI). Methods A single center retrospective study was done and it used inclusion criteria of 18 years of age and being tested positive for CDI on FilmArray® multiplex gastro-intestinal (GI) panel. Exclusion criteria were a GI panel performed on an outpatient basis, recurrent CDI, and the presence of end-stage renal disease, cirrhosis, or a non-GI infection. The stool sample for all patients were collected within 48 h of presentation to the hospital. There were 235 of 2576 GI panels selected for a retrospective chart review based on the above criteria. Among these 235 patients, 38 had a co-infection (CDI+ another GI infection = group A or cases) and the rest had only CDI (group B or controls). Group A was compared with group B for CDI severity, its response to treatment, recurrence, and length of the hospital stay, using 0.05 as the alpha criterion. Results Most patients with CDI were female and above the age of 60 years. Co infection did not increase the severity of CDI based both on the American College of Gastroenterology criteria (p 0.16) as well as Infectious Disease Society of America criteria (p 0.77). Co infection group also didn't have significantly different CDI related treatment failure rate (p 0.23), or CDI recurrence rate (p 0.49). Co-infection was also not associated with lengthier hospital stay (p 0.41). Conclusion Our study suggests that co-infection doesn't affect the severity of CDI or can cause treatment failures. Additionally, there was no significant increase in hospital stay, or increase in CDI recurrence associated with co-infection. Therefore, if CDI is the leading clinical diagnosis and a patient is tested positive for co-infection in addition to CDI on FilmArray® multiplex GI panel, this co-infection shouldn't change the management for CDI. Limitations of this study (including retrospective nature of the study, small sample size, single site study, not including all microbiome and non-inclusion of race) should also be taken into account, while considering the applicability of the results of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shafiq
- 1University of Kansas Medical Center, 4000 Cambridge St, 6040 Delp, MS 1020, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Hani Alturkmani
- 2Truman Medical Center, 2301 Holmes Street, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA
| | - Yousaf Zafar
- 3NCH Healthcare System, 311 9th Street North, Suite 201, Naples, FL 34102 USA
| | - Vishal Mittal
- 4University of Missouri Kansas City, 2411 Holmes Street, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA
| | - Hafsa Lodhi
- 5St. Louis Children's Hospital, One Children's Place, CB 8116, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Waqas Ullah
- 6Abington Hospital-Jefferson Health, 1200 Old York Road, Abington, PA 19001 USA
| | - Joseph Brewer
- 7Saint Luke's Hospital, 4401 Wornall Rd, Kansas City, MO 64111 USA
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Recurrent community-acquired Clostridium(Clostridioides)difficile infection in Serbianchildren. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 39:509-516. [PMID: 31713000 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-019-03751-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Information on recurrent Clostridium difficile infections (rCDI) in children is rare and limited, especially community acquired (CA-CDI).This study was designed to identify risk factors for rCA-CDI in Serbian pediatric population. The study group included 71 children (aged from 1 to 14 years) with a first episode of CDI. Data were collected from 56 (78.87%) children with only one episode of CA-CDI and from 15 (21.13%) children with rCA-CDI were mutually compared. The following parameters were found to be statistically significantly more frequent in the children with rCA-CDI group (p < 0.05); leukemia as underlying disease, treatment with immunosuppressive and-or cytostatic drugs, and treatment with antibiotics. Similarly, previously visits to outpatient facilities, daycare hospitals and hospitals were also associated with rCDI. Analysis of clinical symptoms and laboratory parameters, revealed a statistically significant association of the severity of the first episode of CDI (determined by an increase in body temperature, higher maximum WBC and higher CRP) with development of a rCDI. Ribotype (RT) 027 was more common in children with rCA-CDI (66.7%, p = 0.006). During the seven-year research period, we found a rate of rCA-CDI rate in children of 21.13%. Our study identified several parameters statistically significantly more frequently in children with rCA-CDI. The obtained results will serve as a basis for future larger studies, but new prospective, studies are necessary to build a prediction model of rCDI in children that can be used to guide the treatment to prevent rCDI.
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Wilcox MH, Cornely OA, Guery B, Longshaw C, Georgopali A, Karas A, Kazeem G, Palacios-Fabrega JA, Vehreschild MJGT. Microbiological Characterization and Clinical Outcomes After Extended-Pulsed Fidaxomicin Treatment for Clostridioides difficile Infection in the EXTEND Study. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019; 6:ofz436. [PMID: 31723569 PMCID: PMC6834086 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile infection (CDI) is diagnosed using clinical signs and symptoms plus positive laboratory tests. Recurrence of CDI after treatment is common, and coinfection with other enteric pathogens may influence clinical outcomes. Methods We aimed to assess rates of C difficile positivity, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) toxin A/B and BioFire FilmArray, and the effect of enteric coinfection on clinical outcomes, using samples from the EXTEND study of extended-pulsed fidaxomicin (EPFX) versus standard vancomycin. Results All 356 randomized and treated patients tested positive for C difficile toxin A/B by local tests; a majority (225 of 356, 63.2%) also tested positive by both ELISA and BioFire. Most stool samples taken at screening tested positive for C difficile only using BioFire (EPFX: 112 of 165, 69.7%; vancomycin: 118 of 162, 72.8%). Of the 5 patients who failed treatment and had stool samples available, all (1) had tested negative for C difficile by BioFire at screening and (2) were negative by ELISA at time of treatment failure. When analyzed by BioFire results at screening, rates of sustained clinical cure at 30 days after end of treatment were numerically higher with EPFX than with vancomycin for almost all patients, except for those who tested negative for C difficile but positive for another pathogen. However, these outcome differences by presence of coinfection did not reach statistical significance. Whole-genome sequencing analysis determined that 20 of 26 paired samples from patients with recurrence were reinfections with the same C difficile strain. Conclusions Testing for presence of copathogens in clinical trials of antibiotics could help to explain clinical failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Wilcox
- Department of Microbiology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals and University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Healthcare Associated Infections Research Group, Section of Molecular Gastroenterology, Leeds Institute for Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver A Cornely
- Clinical Trials Centre Cologne, ZKS Köln, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne and German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Benoit Guery
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chris Longshaw
- Astellas Pharma Europe Ltd., Chertsey, United Kingdom.,Department of Microbiology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals and University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Gbenga Kazeem
- Astellas Pharma Europe Ltd., Chertsey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Maria J G T Vehreschild
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne and German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Medical Clinic II, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Hill DR, Spence JR. Gastrointestinal Organoids: Understanding the Molecular Basis of the Host-Microbe Interface. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 3:138-149. [PMID: 28275681 PMCID: PMC5331777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, increasing attention has been devoted to the concept that microorganisms play an integral role in human physiology and pathophysiology. Despite this, the molecular basis of host-pathogen and host-symbiont interactions in the human intestine remains poorly understood owing to the limited availability of human tissue, and the biological complexity of host-microbe interactions. Over the past decade, technological advances have enabled long-term culture of organotypic intestinal tissue derived from human subjects and from human pluripotent stem cells, and these in vitro culture systems already have shown the potential to inform our understanding significantly of host-microbe interactions. Gastrointestinal organoids represent a substantial advance in structural and functional complexity over traditional in vitro cell culture models of the human gastrointestinal epithelium while retaining much of the genetic and molecular tractability that makes in vitro experimentation so appealing. The opportunity to model epithelial barrier dynamics, cellular differentiation, and proliferation more accurately in specific intestinal segments and in tissue containing a proportional representation of the diverse epithelial subtypes found in the native gut greatly enhances the translational potential of organotypic gastrointestinal culture systems. By using these tools, researchers have uncovered novel aspects of host-pathogen and host-symbiont interactions with the intestinal epithelium. Application of these tools promises to reveal new insights into the pathogenesis of infectious disease, inflammation, cancer, and the role of microorganisms in intestinal development. This review summarizes research on the use of gastrointestinal organoids as a model of the host-microbe interface.
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Key Words
- 3D, 3-dimensional
- CDI, Clostridium difficile infection
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- Enteroids
- Epithelium
- GI, gastrointestinal
- HIO, human intestinal organoids
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- Intestine
- Model Systems
- NEC, necrotizing enterocolitis
- Pathogenesis
- SCFA, short-chain fatty acid
- Symbiosis
- TcdB, C difficile toxin B
- hPSC, human pluripotent stem cell
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Hill
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jason R. Spence
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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12
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No! When the immunologist becomes a virologist: Norovirus – an emerging infection in immune deficiency diseases. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 16:557-564. [DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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