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Ruiz-Llorente L, Vega MC, Fernández FJ, Langa C, Morrell NW, Upton PD, Bernabeu C. Generation of a Soluble Form of Human Endoglin Fused to Green Fluorescent Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011282. [PMID: 34681942 PMCID: PMC8539536 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoglin (Eng, CD105) is a type I membrane glycoprotein that functions in endothelial cells as an auxiliary receptor for transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family members and as an integrin ligand, modulating the vascular pathophysiology. Besides the membrane-bound endoglin, there is a soluble form of endoglin (sEng) that can be generated by the action of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-14 or -12 on the juxtamembrane region of its ectodomain. High levels of sEng have been reported in patients with preeclampsia, hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis and cancer. In addition, sEng is a marker of cardiovascular damage in patients with hypertension and diabetes, plays a pathogenic role in preeclampsia, and inhibits angiogenesis and tumor proliferation, migration, and invasion in cancer. However, the mechanisms of action of sEng have not yet been elucidated, and new tools and experimental approaches are necessary to advance in this field. To this end, we aimed to obtain a fluorescent form of sEng as a new tool for biological imaging. Thus, we cloned the extracellular domain of endoglin in the pEGFP-N1 plasmid to generate a fusion protein with green fluorescent protein (GFP), giving rise to pEGFP-N1/Eng.EC. The recombinant fusion protein was characterized by transient and stable transfections in CHO-K1 cells using fluorescence microscopy, SDS-PAGE, immunodetection, and ELISA techniques. Upon transfection with pEGFP-N1/Eng.EC, fluorescence was readily detected in cells, indicating that the GFP contained in the recombinant protein was properly folded into the cytosol. Furthermore, as evidenced by Western blot analysis, the secreted fusion protein yielded the expected molecular mass and displayed a specific fluorescent signal. The fusion protein was also able to bind to BMP9 and BMP10 in vitro. Therefore, the construct described here could be used as a tool for functional in vitro studies of the extracellular domain of endoglin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Ruiz-Llorente
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.R.-L.); (M.C.V.); (F.J.F.); (C.L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of System Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Cristina Vega
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.R.-L.); (M.C.V.); (F.J.F.); (C.L.)
| | - Francisco J. Fernández
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.R.-L.); (M.C.V.); (F.J.F.); (C.L.)
| | - Carmen Langa
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.R.-L.); (M.C.V.); (F.J.F.); (C.L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicholas W. Morrell
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (N.W.M.); (P.D.U.)
| | - Paul D. Upton
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (N.W.M.); (P.D.U.)
| | - Carmelo Bernabeu
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.R.-L.); (M.C.V.); (F.J.F.); (C.L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Vicen M, Igreja Sá IC, Tripská K, Vitverová B, Najmanová I, Eissazadeh S, Micuda S, Nachtigal P. Membrane and soluble endoglin role in cardiovascular and metabolic disorders related to metabolic syndrome. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:2405-2418. [PMID: 33185696 PMCID: PMC11072708 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03701-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Membrane endoglin (Eng, CD105) is a transmembrane glycoprotein essential for the proper function of vascular endothelium. It might be cleaved by matrix metalloproteinases to form soluble endoglin (sEng), which is released into the circulation. Metabolic syndrome comprises conditions/symptoms that usually coincide (endothelial dysfunction, arterial hypertension, hyperglycemia, obesity-related insulin resistance, and hypercholesterolemia), and are considered risk factors for cardiometabolic disorders such as atherosclerosis, type II diabetes mellitus, and liver disorders. The purpose of this review is to highlight current knowledge about the role of Eng and sEng in the disorders mentioned above, in vivo and in vitro extent, where we can find a wide range of contradictory results. We propose that reduced Eng expression is a hallmark of endothelial dysfunction development in chronic pathologies related to metabolic syndrome. Eng expression is also essential for leukocyte transmigration and acute inflammation, suggesting that Eng is crucial for the regulation of endothelial function during the acute phase of vascular defense reaction to harmful conditions. sEng was shown to be a circulating biomarker of preeclampsia, and we propose that it might be a biomarker of metabolic syndrome-related symptoms and pathologies, including hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemia, arterial hypertension, and diabetes mellitus as well, despite the fact that some contradictory findings have been reported. Besides, sEng can participate in the development of endothelial dysfunction and promote the development of arterial hypertension, suggesting that high levels of sEng promote metabolic syndrome symptoms and complications. Therefore, we suggest that the treatment of metabolic syndrome should take into account the importance of Eng in the endothelial function and levels of sEng as a biomarker and risk factor of related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Vicen
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 500 03, Czech Republic
| | - Ivone Cristina Igreja Sá
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 500 03, Czech Republic
| | - Katarína Tripská
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 500 03, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Vitverová
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 500 03, Czech Republic
| | - Iveta Najmanová
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 500 03, Czech Republic
| | - Samira Eissazadeh
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 500 03, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Micuda
- Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Department of Pharmacology, Charles University, Simkova 870, Hradec Kralove, 500 03, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Nachtigal
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 500 03, Czech Republic.
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Choudhury B, Brown J, Ransy DG, Brophy J, Kakkar F, Bitnun A, Samson L, Read S, Soudeyns H, Vaudry W, Houston S, Hawkes MT. Endothelial activation is associated with intestinal epithelial injury, systemic inflammation and treatment regimen in children living with vertically acquired HIV-1 infection. HIV Med 2020; 22:273-282. [PMID: 33151601 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Premature development of cardiovascular disease in children living with HIV-1 (CLWH) may be associated with compromised gut barrier function, microbial translocation, immune activation, systemic inflammation and endothelial activation. Biomarkers of these pathways may provide insights into pathogenesis of atherosclerotic disease in CLWH. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study of CLWH enrolled in the multicentre Early Pediatric Initiation-Canadian Child Cure Cohort (EPIC4 ) who were on antiretroviral therapy (ART) with undetectable viral load. Plasma biomarkers of intestinal epithelial injury [intestinal fatty acid binding protein-1 (IFABP)], systemic inflammation [tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)] and endothelial activation [angiopoietin-2 (Ang2), soluble vascular endothelial growth factor-1 (sVEGFR1) and soluble endoglin (sEng)] were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Correlation and factor analysis of biomarkers were used to examine associations between innate immune pathways. RESULTS Among 90 CLWH, 16% of Ang2, 15% of sVEGFR1 and 23% of sEng levels were elevated relative to healthy historic controls. Pairwise rank correlations between the three markers of endothelial activation were statistically significant (ρ = 0.69, ρ = 0.61 and ρ = 0.65, P < 0.001 for all correlations). An endothelial activation index, derived by factor analysis of the three endothelial biomarkers, was correlated with TNF (ρ = 0.47, P < 0.001), IL-6 (ρ = 0.60, P < 0.001) and intestinal fatty acid binding protein-1 (ρ = 0.67, P < 0.001). Current or past treatment with ritonavir-boosted lopinavir (LPV/r) was associated with endothelial activation (odds ratio = 5.0, 95% CI: 1.7-17, P = 0.0020). CONCLUSIONS Endothelial activation is prevalent in CLWH despite viral suppression with combination ART and is associated with intestinal epithelial injury, systemic inflammation and treatment with LPV/r.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Choudhury
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - J Brown
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - D G Ransy
- Unité d'immunopathologie virale, Centre de recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - J Brophy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - F Kakkar
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - A Bitnun
- Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - L Samson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - S Read
- Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - H Soudeyns
- Unité d'immunopathologie virale, Centre de recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - W Vaudry
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - S Houston
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - M T Hawkes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Stollery Science Lab, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Gallardo-Vara E, Gamella-Pozuelo L, Perez-Roque L, Bartha JL, Garcia-Palmero I, Casal JI, López-Novoa JM, Pericacho M, Bernabeu C. Potential Role of Circulating Endoglin in Hypertension via the Upregulated Expression of BMP4. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040988. [PMID: 32316263 PMCID: PMC7226995 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoglin is a membrane glycoprotein primarily expressed by the vascular endothelium and involved in cardiovascular diseases. Upon the proteolytic processing of the membrane-bound protein, a circulating form of endoglin (soluble endoglin, sEng) can be released, and high levels of sEng have been observed in several endothelial-related pathological conditions, where it appears to contribute to endothelial dysfunction. Preeclampsia is a multisystem disorder of high prevalence in pregnant women characterized by the onset of high blood pressure and associated with increased levels of sEng. Although a pathogenic role for sEng involving hypertension has been reported in several animal models of preeclampsia, the exact molecular mechanisms implicated remain to be identified. To search for sEng-induced mediators of hypertension, we analyzed the protein secretome of human endothelial cells in the presence of sEng. We found that sEng induces the expression of BMP4 in endothelial cells, as evidenced by their proteomic signature, gene transcript levels, and BMP4 promoter activity. A mouse model of preeclampsia with high sEng plasma levels (sEng+) showed increased transcript levels of BMP4 in lungs, stomach, and duodenum, and increased circulating levels of BMP4, compared to those of control animals. In addition, after crossing female wild type with male sEng+ mice, hypertension appeared 18 days after mating, coinciding with the appearance of high plasma levels of BMP4. Also, serum levels of sEng and BMP4 were positively correlated in pregnant women with and without preeclampsia. Interestingly, sEng-induced arterial pressure elevation in sEng+ mice was abolished in the presence of the BMP4 inhibitor noggin, suggesting that BMP4 is a downstream mediator of sEng. These results provide a better understanding on the role of sEng in the physiopathology of preeclampsia and other cardiovascular diseases, where sEng levels are increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunate Gallardo-Vara
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.G.-V.); (L.G.-P.); (I.G.-P.); (J.I.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Luis Gamella-Pozuelo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.G.-V.); (L.G.-P.); (I.G.-P.); (J.I.C.)
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL) and Renal and Cardiovascular Physiopathology Unit, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (L.P.-R.); (J.M.L.-N.)
| | - Lucía Perez-Roque
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL) and Renal and Cardiovascular Physiopathology Unit, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (L.P.-R.); (J.M.L.-N.)
| | - José L. Bartha
- Division of Obstetrics and Maternal and Fetal Medicine, University Hospital La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Irene Garcia-Palmero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.G.-V.); (L.G.-P.); (I.G.-P.); (J.I.C.)
| | - J. Ignacio Casal
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.G.-V.); (L.G.-P.); (I.G.-P.); (J.I.C.)
| | - José M. López-Novoa
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL) and Renal and Cardiovascular Physiopathology Unit, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (L.P.-R.); (J.M.L.-N.)
| | - Miguel Pericacho
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL) and Renal and Cardiovascular Physiopathology Unit, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (L.P.-R.); (J.M.L.-N.)
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Carmelo Bernabeu
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.G.-V.); (L.G.-P.); (I.G.-P.); (J.I.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (C.B.)
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Buda V, Andor M, Cristescu C, Tomescu MC, Muntean DM, Bâibâță DE, Bordejevic DA, Danciu C, Dalleur O, Coricovac D, Crainiceanu Z, Tudor A, Ledeti I, Petrescu L. Thrombospondin-1 Serum Levels In Hypertensive Patients With Endothelial Dysfunction After One Year Of Treatment With Perindopril. Drug Des Devel Ther 2019; 13:3515-3526. [PMID: 31631975 PMCID: PMC6791256 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s218428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is a matricellular functional protein of the extracellular matrix. As it is not constitutively present extracellularly, its secretion is enhanced in several situations, namely injury, chronic pathology, tissue remodeling, angiogenesis, and aging. Over the last decade, TSP-1 has been reported to be involved in complex and opposing biological effects on vasculature in the context of NO signaling. Several studies have reported high patient TSP-1 plasma levels, indicating that the protein can potentially serve as a prognostic marker for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Materials and methods Here, we aimed to quantify TSP-1 serum levels in hypertensive patients with endothelial dysfunction before and after one year of treatment with Perindopril (an antihypertensive drug with vasoprotective properties). Results After one year of treatment, TSP-1 levels increased in hypertensive patients compared to baseline (T0: 8061.9 ± 3684.80 vs T1: 15380±5887 ng/mL, p<0.001) and compared to non-hypertensive controls (9221.03 ± 6510.21 ng/mL). In contrast, pentraxin-3 plasma levels were decreased after one year of Perindopril treatment in both hypertensive (T0: 0.91 ± 0.51 vs T1: 0.50 ± 0.24 ng/mL, p<0.001) and control group (1.36 ±1.5 ng/mL) patients, although flow-mediated vasodilation and intima-media thickness assessment parameters were not significantly changed. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure values as well as levels of fibrinogen, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, triglycerides, and alanine aminotransferase were found to be significantly lower after one year of treatment with Perindopril. High levels of TSP-1 strongly correlated with platelet count (positive), lymphocytes (positive), red cell distribution width-CV (positive), systolic blood pressure (negative), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (negative) after one year of treatment. Blood urea nitrogen was found to be a protective factor for TSP-1, while glucose and heart rate were found to be risk factors prior to and after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Buda
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara 300041, Romania
| | - Minodora Andor
- Department of Medical Semiotics, Faculty of Medicine, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara 300041, Romania
| | - Carmen Cristescu
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara 300041, Romania
| | - Mirela Cleopatra Tomescu
- Department of Medical Semiotics, Faculty of Medicine, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara 300041, Romania
| | - Danina M Muntean
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara 300041, Romania
| | - Dana Emilia Bâibâță
- Department of Cardiology VI, Faculty of Medicine, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara 300041, Romania.,Cardiovascular Diseases Institute, Timisoara 300310, Romania
| | - Diana Aurora Bordejevic
- Department of Cardiology VI, Faculty of Medicine, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara 300041, Romania.,Cardiovascular Diseases Institute, Timisoara 300310, Romania
| | - Corina Danciu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara 300041, Romania
| | - Olivia Dalleur
- Clinical Pharmacy Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique De Louvain, Woluwe-Saint-Lambert 1200, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Dorina Coricovac
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara 300041, Romania
| | - Zorin Crainiceanu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara 300041, Romania
| | - Anca Tudor
- Department of Statistics and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara 300041, Romania
| | - Ionut Ledeti
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara 300041, Romania
| | - Lucian Petrescu
- Department of Cardiology VI, Faculty of Medicine, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara 300041, Romania.,Cardiovascular Diseases Institute, Timisoara 300310, Romania
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