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Sghier K, Mur M, Veiga F, Paiva-Santos AC, Pires PC. Novel Therapeutic Hybrid Systems Using Hydrogels and Nanotechnology: A Focus on Nanoemulgels for the Treatment of Skin Diseases. Gels 2024; 10:45. [PMID: 38247768 PMCID: PMC10815052 DOI: 10.3390/gels10010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Topical and transdermal drug delivery are advantageous administration routes, especially when treating diseases and conditions with a skin etiology. Nevertheless, conventional dosage forms often lead to low therapeutic efficacy, safety issues, and patient noncompliance. To tackle these issues, novel topical and transdermal platforms involving nanotechnology have been developed. This review focuses on the latest advances regarding the development of nanoemulgels for skin application, encapsulating a wide variety of molecules, including already marketed drugs (miconazole, ketoconazole, fusidic acid, imiquimod, meloxicam), repurposed marketed drugs (atorvastatin, omeprazole, leflunomide), natural-derived compounds (eucalyptol, naringenin, thymoquinone, curcumin, chrysin, brucine, capsaicin), and other synthetic molecules (ebselen, tocotrienols, retinyl palmitate), for wound healing, skin and skin appendage infections, skin inflammatory diseases, skin cancer, neuropathy, or anti-aging purposes. Developed formulations revealed adequate droplet size, PDI, viscosity, spreadability, pH, stability, drug release, and drug permeation and/or retention capacity, having more advantageous characteristics than current marketed formulations. In vitro and/or in vivo studies established the safety and efficacy of the developed formulations, confirming their therapeutic potential, and making them promising platforms for the replacement of current therapies, or as possible adjuvant treatments, which might someday effectively reach the market to help fight highly incident skin or systemic diseases and conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Sghier
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, Palackého tř. 1946, Brno-Královo Pole, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Maja Mur
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva c. 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Francisco Veiga
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Cláudia Paiva-Santos
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Patrícia C. Pires
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
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2
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Şahin Bektay H, Sağıroğlu AA, Bozali K, Güler EM, Güngör S. The Design and Optimization of Ceramide NP-Loaded Liposomes to Restore the Skin Barrier. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2685. [PMID: 38140026 PMCID: PMC10747297 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The impairment of skin integrity derived from derangement of the orthorhombic lateral organization is mainly caused by dysregulation of ceramide amounts in the skin barrier. Ceramides, fatty acids, and cholesterol-containing nano-based formulations have been used to impair the skin barrier. However, there is still a challenge to formulate novel formulations consisting of ceramides due to their chemical structure, poor aqueous solubility, and high molecular weight. In this study, the design and optimization of Ceramide 3 (CER-NP)-loaded liposomes are implemented based on response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum CER-NP-loaded liposome was selected based on its particle size (PS) and polydispersity index (PDI). The optimum CER-NP-loaded liposome was imagined by observing the encapsulation by using a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) within fluorescently labeled CER-NP. The characteristic liquid crystalline phase and lipid chain conformation of CER-NP-loaded liposomes were determined using attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR). The CER-NP-loaded liposomes were imagined using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). Finally, the in vitro release of CER-NP from liposomes was examined using modified Franz Cells. The experimental and predicted results were well correlated. The CLSM images of optimized liposomes were conformable with the other studies, and the encapsulation efficiency of CER-NP was 93.84 ± 0.87%. ATR-IR analysis supported the characteristics of the CER-NP-loaded liposome. In addition, the lipid chain conformation shows similarity with skin barrier lipid organization. The release pattern of CER-NP liposomes was fitted with the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. The cytotoxicity studies carried out on HaCaT keratinocytes supported the idea that the liposomes for topical administration of CER-NP could be considered relatively safe. In conclusion, the optimized CER-NP-loaded liposomes could have the potential to restore the skin barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hümeyra Şahin Bektay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34116, Türkiye
- Health Science Institute, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34126, Türkiye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakıf University, Istanbul 34093, Türkiye
| | - Ali Asram Sağıroğlu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakıf University, Istanbul 34093, Türkiye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul 34500, Türkiye
| | - Kübra Bozali
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Hamidiye Medicine, University of Health Science, Istanbul 34668, Türkiye
| | - Eray Metin Güler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Hamidiye Medicine, University of Health Science, Istanbul 34668, Türkiye
| | - Sevgi Güngör
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34116, Türkiye
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Usach I, Martínez-Álvarez P, Peris JE. Topical delivery systems containing clotrimazole for the management of candidiasis: Effect of different excipients and enhanced antifungal activity of nanovesicles. Int J Pharm 2023; 644:123287. [PMID: 37536641 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
WHO classified Candida albicans as one of the four critical priority fungi for public health worldwide in 2022. Conventional topical formulations commercially available for the treatment of cutaneous candidiasis are associated with low drug bioavailability at the infection site and the lack of a sustained therapeutic effect. The main objectives of this work were to develop new topical administration systems of clotrimazole (CLT) and study the influence of surfactants on the antifungal inhibitory efficacy. Therefore, the minimum concentration of CLT required to inhibit 50 % of growth (MIC50) was determined, obtaining a value of approximately 15 ng/mL. A non-ionic emulsion type 1, Beeler base cream, hydrogel and liposomes containing CLT were designed, prepared, characterized and their antifungal activity against C. albicans was tested. CLT loaded liposomes were small in size (102 nm), homogeneous (polydispersity index = 0.3) and uncharged (+0.07 mV), showing higher antifungal activity against C. albicans than that of the commercially available cream Canesten®. Furthermore, the antifungal activity of CLT was reduced in combination with surfactants such as Tween-80/Span-80 or Brij-S10. Sodium lauryl sulphate showed a fungicidal effect that disappeared when formulated as part of the Beeler base cream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Usach
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. V. Andrés Estellés, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Paula Martínez-Álvarez
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. V. Andrés Estellés, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - José-Esteban Peris
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. V. Andrés Estellés, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Keshwania P, Kaur N, Chauhan J, Sharma G, Afzal O, Alfawaz Altamimi AS, Almalki WH. Superficial Dermatophytosis across the World's Populations: Potential Benefits from Nanocarrier-Based Therapies and Rising Challenges. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:31575-31599. [PMID: 37692246 PMCID: PMC10483660 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The most prevalent infection in the world is dermatophytosis, which is a major issue with high recurrence and can affect the entire body including the skin, hair, and nails. The major goal of this Review is to acquire knowledge about cutting-edge approaches for treating dermatophytosis efficiently by adding antifungals to formulations based on nanocarriers in order to overcome the shortcomings of standard treatment methods. Updates on nanosystems and research developments on animal and clinical investigations are also presented. Along with the currently licensed formulations, the investigation also emphasizes novel therapies and existing therapeutic alternatives that can be used to control dermatophytosis. The Review also summarizes recent developments on the prevalence, management approaches, and disadvantages of standard dosage types. There are a number of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of dermatophytosis that have good clinical cure rates but also drawbacks such as antifungal drug resistance and unfavorable side effects. To improve therapeutic activity and get around the drawbacks of the traditional therapy approaches for dermatophytosis, efforts have been described in recent years to combine several antifungal drugs into new carriers. These formulations have been successful in providing improved antifungal activity, longer drug retention, improved effectiveness, higher skin penetration, and sustained drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Keshwania
- Department
of Microbiology, Maharishi Markandeshwar
Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Narinder Kaur
- Department
of Microbiology, Maharishi Markandeshwar
Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Jyoti Chauhan
- Department
of Microbiology, Maharishi Markandeshwar
Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Gajanand Sharma
- University
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Obaid Afzal
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Waleed H. Almalki
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21961, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Thirumal D, Sindhu RK, Goyal S, Sehgal A, Kumar A, Babu MA, Kumar P. Pathology and Treatment of Psoriasis Using Nanoformulations. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1589. [PMID: 37371684 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis (PSO) is an inflammatory skin condition that causes a variety of diseases and significantly decreases the life characteristics of patients, and substantially diminishes patients' quality of life. PSO usually impairs the skin and is linked to various disorders. Inflammation pathology does not only damage psoriatic skin; it shows how PSO impinges other body parts. Many variables interact with one another and can impact the etiology of psoriasis directly or indirectly. PSO has an effect on approximately 2% of the world's population, and significant progress has been made in comprehending and treating the alternative PSO by novel drug delivery systems. Topical, systemic, biological, biomaterials, and phototherapy are some of the useful therapies for PSO. Nonetheless, topical treatments remain the gold standard for treating moderate PSO. The applicability of several nanocarrier systems, such as lipid nanoparticles, metallic nanoparticles, and certain phytocompounds, has been briefly explored. The present review focuses mainly on traditional therapeutic strategies as well as on breakthroughs in nanoformulations and drug delivery methods for several anti-psoriatic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Thirumal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India
| | - Rakesh K Sindhu
- School of Pharmacy, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shuchi Goyal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Department of Pharmacology, G.H.G. Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Gurusar Sadhar, Ludhiana 141014, Punjab, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Cardiology, Sadbhwana Hospital, Fatehabad 125050, Haryana, India
| | | | - Pradeep Kumar
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Therapeutic Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
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Chaiyabutr C, Punnakitikashem P, Silpa-archa N, Wongpraprarut C, Chularojanamontri L. The Anti-Psoriatic Efficacy and Safety Profile of Topical and Intralesional Methotrexate: A Literature Review. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2022; 15:2253-2274. [PMID: 36320927 PMCID: PMC9618255 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s380218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) has long been considered the first-line oral systemic pharmacotherapy for psoriasis. The drug has several well-known systemic side effects, such as bone marrow suppression and hepatotoxicity. To avoid them, the use of topical or intralesional administrations of MTX has become an interesting option. With the advent of novel drug delivery systems, especially nanocarriers, the usage of a high-efficacy and safe topical MTX for psoriasis has nearly been attained. This review examined the development, anti-psoriatic efficacy and adverse effects of topical forms of MTX (plain MTX; MTX with chemical enhancer; MTX using nanotechnology; MTX with protein transduction domains; MTX with liquid crystalline systems; and MTX with physical enhancer/laser) and intralesional MTX in psoriasis patients and psoriasis-induced animals. The efficacy of topical MTX varied with the drug delivery technology employed. Nevertheless, the overall safety profile of the topical forms was favourable. A 25 mg/mL MTX solution injected intralesionally at the nail matrix worked well for nail psoriasis recalcitrant to topical treatment. To improve the standard of care for patients with psoriasis, randomized controlled trials that establish the most effective MTX-delivery system are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayada Chaiyabutr
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Primana Punnakitikashem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narumol Silpa-archa
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanisada Wongpraprarut
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Leena Chularojanamontri
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand,Correspondence: Leena Chularojanamontri, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkok Noi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand, Tel +66 2 419 4333, Fax +66 2 411 5031, Email
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Bhat AR, Wani FA, Behera K, Khan AB, Patel R. Formulation of biocompatible microemulsions for encapsulation of anti-TB drug rifampicin: A physicochemical and spectroscopic study. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Insights from a Box-Behnken Optimization Study of Microemulsions with Salicylic Acid for Acne Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14010174. [PMID: 35057071 PMCID: PMC8778434 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study brings to attention a method to develop salicylic acid-based oil in water (O/W) microemulsions using a tensioactive system based on Tween 80, lecithin, and propylene glycol (PG), enriched with a vegetable oat oil phase and hyaluronic acid. The systems were physically characterized and the Quality by design approach was applied to optimize the attributes of microemulsions using Box–Behnken modeling, combined with response surface methodology. For this purpose, a 33 fractional factorial design was selected. The effect of independent variables namely X1: Tween 80/PG (%), X2: Lecithin (%), X3: Oil phase (%) was analyzed considering their impact upon the internal structure and evaluated parameters chosen as dependent factors: viscosity, mean droplet size, and work of adhesion. A high viscosity, a low droplet size, an adequate wettability—with a reduced mechanical work—and clarity were considered as desirable for the optimal systems. It was found that the optimal microemulsion which complied with the established conditions was based on: Tween 80/PG 40%, lecithin 0.3%, oat oil 2%, salicylic acid 0.5%, hyaluronic acid 1%, and water 56.2%. The response surface methodology was considered an appropriate tool to explain the impact of formulation factors on the physical properties of microemulsions, offering a complex pattern in the assessment of stability and quality attributes for the optimized formulation.
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Atef B, Ishak RA, Badawy SS, Osman R. Exploring the potential of oleic acid in nanotechnology-mediated dermal drug delivery: An up-to-date review. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.103032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Manyala DL, Varade D. Formation and characterization of microemulsion with novel anionic sodium N-lauroylsarcosinate for personal care. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Chen TY, Tai YY, Chang LC, Wu PC. Fabrication, optimisation and evaluation of cisplatin-loaded nanostructured carriers for improved urothelium permeability for intravesical administration. J Microencapsul 2021; 38:405-413. [PMID: 34275419 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2021.1957037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM To design microemulsions as carriers to improve cisplatin permeation capability for intravesical administration. METHOD The response surface methodology with factorial design was used to investigate and optimise the influence of the compositions e.g. capryol 90 and 5-pentanediol/transcutol mixture on the permeation accumulation amount and tissue deposition amount of cisplatin-loaded microemulsions. The in vitro permeation study and in vivo intravesical test were conducted to prove the effect of microemulsions. RESULTS The droplet size and the viscosity of all drug-loaded formulations ranged 235.8-309.3 nm and 550.8-861.7 cps, respectively. The permeation accumulation amounts significantly increased about 26-fold, by used microemulsion as carriers. In vivo study, the cisplatin deposition amount in bladder tissue significantly increased 4.1-fold (p < 0.05) and the penetration depth increased from 60 μm up 120 μm. The nanocarrier showed considerable thermodynamic stability. CONCLUSION The designed nanocarrier was considered to be a promising delivery system for cisplatin intravesical administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Yao Tai
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Li-Ching Chang
- School of Medicine for International Students, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pao-Chu Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, ROC
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Jyothi S, Krishna K, Ameena Shirin V, Sankar R, Pramod K, Gangadharappa H. Drug delivery systems for the treatment of psoriasis: Current status and prospects. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Chaturvedi S, Garg A. An insight of techniques for the assessment of permeation flux across the skin for optimization of topical and transdermal drug delivery systems. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Nanocarriers Mediated Cutaneous Drug Delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 158:105638. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Gusliakova O, Verkhovskii R, Abalymov A, Lengert E, Kozlova A, Atkin V, Nechaeva O, Morrison A, Tuchin V, Svenskaya Y. Transdermal platform for the delivery of the antifungal drug naftifine hydrochloride based on porous vaterite particles. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 119:111428. [PMID: 33321579 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Development of a skin-targeted particulate delivery system providing an extended or sustained release of the payload and a localized therapeutic effect is one of the main challenges in the treatment of fungal skin infections. In the topical administration of antifungals, the drug should penetrate into the stratum corneum and lower layers of the skin in effective concentrations. Here, we introduce biodegradable calcium carbonate carriers containing 4.9% (w/w) of naftifine hydrochloride antimycotic allowing the efficient accumulation into the skin appendages. The proposed particulate formulation ensures the enhancement of the local drug concentration, prolongation of the payload release, and control over its rate. Furthermore, it provides a highly efficient cellular uptake and excellent bioavailability in vitro and enables a deep penetration during transfollicular delivery in vivo. The enhanced fungi growth inhibition efficiency of naftifine-loaded calcium carbonate carriers compared to naftifine solution makes them a promising alternative to creams and gels currently existing on the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Gusliakova
- Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Roman Verkhovskii
- Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | | | - Ekaterina Lengert
- Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Anastasiia Kozlova
- Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Vsevolod Atkin
- Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Olga Nechaeva
- Yuri Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov, Politekhnicheskaya str. 77, 410054 Saratov, Russia
| | - Anna Morrison
- Saratov State Medical University, Bolshaya Kazachaya str. 112, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Valery Tuchin
- Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control of the RAS, Rabochaya str. 24, 410028 Saratov, Russia; National Research Tomsk State University, Lenin Ave. 36, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Yulia Svenskaya
- Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia.
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Gel-Based Nanocarrier for Intravesical Chemotherapy Delivery: In Vitro and In Vivo Study. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13110329. [PMID: 33105632 PMCID: PMC7690443 DOI: 10.3390/ph13110329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravesical administration of chemotherapeutic agents can enhance drug accumulation in tumors and reduce systemic side effects. Nanocarriers were developed for intravesical administration and exploit the permeation enhancement effect. In vitro permeation evaluation, the drug transdermal amount and accumulation amounts in the tissue of gemcitabine-loaded nanocarriers through biological membrane significantly increased about 14.8~33.0-fold and 1.5~14.1-fold respectively, when compared to a control group of 1% gemcitabine saline solution. In in vivo intravesical administration, the drug accumulation amount in bladder tissue of nanocarrier of 75.2 ± 5.4 μg was revealed as being comparably higher than that of the control group of 44.8 ± 6.4 μg. In confocal laser scanning microscopy imagery, the penetration depth of fluorescent dyes-rhodamine was increased from 80 μm up to 120 μm when a nanocarrier was used. This result implies that the nanocarrier is a promising drug delivery agent for intravesical administration.
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Sousa F, Ferreira D, Reis S, Costa P. Current Insights on Antifungal Therapy: Novel Nanotechnology Approaches for Drug Delivery Systems and New Drugs from Natural Sources. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13090248. [PMID: 32942693 PMCID: PMC7558771 DOI: 10.3390/ph13090248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The high incidence of fungal infections has become a worrisome public health issue, having been aggravated by an increase in host predisposition factors. Despite all the drugs available on the market to treat these diseases, their efficiency is questionable, and their side effects cannot be neglected. Bearing that in mind, it is of upmost importance to synthetize new and innovative carriers for these medicines not only to fight emerging fungal infections but also to avert the increase in drug-resistant strains. Although it has revealed to be a difficult job, new nano-based drug delivery systems and even new cellular targets and compounds with antifungal potential are now being investigated. This article will provide a summary of the state-of-the-art strategies that have been studied in order to improve antifungal therapy and reduce adverse effects of conventional drugs. The bidirectional relationship between Mycology and Nanotechnology will be also explained. Furthermore, the article will focus on new compounds from the marine environment which have a proven antifungal potential and may act as platforms to discover drug-like characteristics, highlighting the challenges of the translation of these natural compounds into the clinical pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Sousa
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (F.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Domingos Ferreira
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Paulo Costa
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (F.S.); (P.C.)
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Saleem MA, Yasir Siddique M, Nazar MF, Khan SUD, Ahmad A, Khan R, Hussain SZ, Mat Lazim A, Azfaralariff A, Mohamed M. Formation of Antihyperlipidemic Nano-Ezetimibe from Volatile Microemulsion Template for Enhanced Dissolution Profile. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:7908-7915. [PMID: 32551692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructures play an important role in targeting sparingly water-soluble drugs to specific sites. Because of the structural flexibility and stability, the use of template microemulsions (μEs) can produce functional nanopharmaceuticals of different sizes, shapes, and chemical properties. In this article, we report a new volatile oil-in-water (o/w) μE formulation comprising ethyl acetate/ethanol/brij-35/water to obtain the highly water-dispersible nanoparticles of an antihyperlipidemic agent, ezetimibe (EZM-NPs), to enhance its dissolution profile. A pseudoternary phase diagram was delineated in a specified brij-35/ethanol ratio (1:1) to describe the transparent, optically isotropic domain of the as-formulated μE. The water-dilutable μE formulation, comprising an optimum composition of ethyl acetate (18.0%), ethanol (25.0%), brij-35 (25.0%), and water (32.0%), showed a good dissolvability of EZM around 4.8 wt % at pH 5.2. Electron micrographs showed a fine monomodal collection of EZM-loaded μE droplets (∼45 nm) that did not coalesce even after lyophilization, forming small spherical EZM-NPs (∼60 nm). However, the maturity of nanodrug droplets observed through dynamic light scattering suggests the affinity of EZM to the nonpolar microenvironment, which was further supported through peak-to-peak correlation of infrared analysis and fluorescence measurements. Moreover, the release profile of the as-obtained EZM-nanopowder increased significantly >98% in 30 min, which indicates that a reduced drug concentration will be needed for capsules or tablets in the future and can be simply incorporated into the multidosage formulation of EZM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Salah Ud-Din Khan
- Sustainable Energy Technologies (SET) Center, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashfaq Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rawaiz Khan
- Engineer Abdullah Bugshan Research Chair for Dental and Oral Rehabilitation, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Zajif Hussain
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering (SBASSE), Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Lahore 54792, Pakistan
| | - Azwan Mat Lazim
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Azfaralariff
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia
| | - Mazlan Mohamed
- Faculty of Bioenginering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli, Kelantan 17600, Malaysia
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Erdal MS, Gürbüz A, Birteksöz Tan S, Güngör S, Özsoy Y. In Vitro Skin Permeation and Antifungal Activity of Naftifine Microemulsions. Turk J Pharm Sci 2020; 17:43-48. [PMID: 32454759 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2018.87699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Microemulsions are fluid, isotropic, colloidal systems that have been widely studied as drug delivery systems. The percutaneous transport of active agents can be enhanced by their microemulsion formulation when compared to conventional formulations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate naftifine-loaded microemulsions with the objective of improving the skin permeation of the drug. Materials and Methods Microemulsions comprising oleic acid (oil phase), Kolliphor EL or Kolliphor RH40 (surfactant), Transcutol (co-surfactant), and water were prepared and physicochemical characterization was performed. In vitro skin permeation of naftifine from microemulsions was investigated and compared with that of its conventional commercial formulation. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy was used to evaluate the interaction between the microemulsions and the stratum corneum lipids. Candida albicans American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 10231 and Candida parapsilosis were used to evaluate the antifungal susceptibility of the naftifine-loaded microemulsions. Results The microemulsion formulation containing Kolliphor RH40 as co-surfactant increased naftifine permeation through pig skin significantly when compared with the commercial topical formulation (p<0.05). ATR-FTIR spectroscopy showed that microemulsions increased the fluidity of the stratum corneum lipid bilayers. Drug-loaded microemulsions possessed superior antifungal activity against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida parapsilosis. Conclusion This study demonstrated that microemulsions could be suggested as an alternative topical carrier with potential for enhanced skin delivery of naftifine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Sedef Erdal
- İstanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Aslı Gürbüz
- İstanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Seher Birteksöz Tan
- İstanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Güngör
- İstanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Yıldız Özsoy
- İstanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, İstanbul, Turkey
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Hering I, Eilebrecht E, Parnham MJ, Günday-Türeli N, Türeli AE, Weiler M, Schäfers C, Fenske M, Wacker MG. Evaluation of potential environmental toxicity of polymeric nanomaterials and surfactants. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 76:103353. [PMID: 32086102 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have gained huge importance in various fields including nanomedicine. Nanoformulations of drugs and nanocarriers are used to increase pharmaceutical potency. However, it was seen that polymeric nanomaterials can cause negative effects. Thus, it is essential to identify nanomaterials with the least adverse effects on aquatic organisms. To determine the toxicity of polymeric nanomaterials, we investigated the effects of poly(lactic-co-glycolid) acid (PLGA), Eudragit® E 100 and hydroxylpropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP) on zebrafish embryos using the fish embryo toxicity test (FET). Furthermore, we studied Cremophor® RH40, Cremophor® A25, Pluronic® F127 and Pluronic® F68 applied in the generation of nanoformulations to identify the surfactant with minimal toxic impact. The order of ecotoxicty was HPMCP < PLGA < Eudragit® E100 and Pluronic® F68 < Pluronic® F127 < Cremophor® RH40 < Cremophor® A25. In summary, HPMCP and Pluronic® F68 displayed the least toxic impact, thus suggesting adequate environmental compatibility for the generation of nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra Hering
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Molekularbiologie und Angewandte Oekologie IME, 65926, Frankfurt, Main, Germany; Fraunhofer Institut für Molekularbiologie und Angewandte Oekologie IME, 57392, Schmallenberg, Germany; Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Elke Eilebrecht
- Fraunhofer Institut für Molekularbiologie und Angewandte Oekologie IME, 57392, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Michael J Parnham
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Molekularbiologie und Angewandte Oekologie IME, 65926, Frankfurt, Main, Germany
| | | | | | - Marc Weiler
- MJR, PharmJet GmbH, 66802, Überherrn, Germany
| | - Christoph Schäfers
- Fraunhofer Institut für Molekularbiologie und Angewandte Oekologie IME, 57392, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Martina Fenske
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Molekularbiologie und Angewandte Oekologie IME, 65926, Frankfurt, Main, Germany.
| | - Matthias G Wacker
- National University of Singapore, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117546, Singapore
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A Mixed Micellar Formulation for the Transdermal Delivery of an Indirubin Analog. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12020175. [PMID: 32093032 PMCID: PMC7076637 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Indirubin is an active component of Dang Gui Long Hui Wan, which has been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat inflammatory diseases as well as for the prevention and treatment of human cancer, such as chronic myeloid leukemia. The therapeutic effects of indirubin analogs have been underestimated due to its poor water solubility and low bioavailability. To improve the solubility and bioavailability of indirubin analogs, we prepared a mixed micellar formulation with Kolliphor® EL and Tween 80 as surfactants, and PEG 400 as a co-surfactant, followed by complexation with (2-hydroxyproply)-β-cyclodextrin at appropriate ratios. Overall, improving the solubility and skin penetration of indirubin analogs can increase clinical efficacy and provide maximum flux through the skin.
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Nazar MF, Mujeed A, Siddique MY, Zafar M, Saleem MA, Khan AM, Ashfaq M, Sumrra SH, Zubair M, Zafar MN. Structural dynamics of tween-based microemulsions for antimuscarinic drug mirabegron. Colloid Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-020-04603-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Esentürk İ, Balkan T, Özhan G, Döşler S, Güngör S, Erdal MS, Sarac AS. Voriconazole incorporated nanofiber formulations for topical application: preparation, characterization and antifungal activity studies against Candida species. Pharm Dev Technol 2020; 25:440-453. [DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2019.1706563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- İmren Esentürk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Timuçin Balkan
- Polymer Science and Technology, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
- TÜPRAS Energy Center (KUTEM), Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gül Özhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sibel Döşler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Güngör
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M. Sedef Erdal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdulkadir Sezai Sarac
- Polymer Science and Technology, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Rapalli VK, Kaul V, Gorantla S, Waghule T, Dubey SK, Pandey MM, Singhvi G. UV Spectrophotometric method for characterization of curcumin loaded nanostructured lipid nanocarriers in simulated conditions: Method development, in-vitro and ex-vivo applications in topical delivery. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 224:117392. [PMID: 31330421 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin the extract obtained from the dried rhizome of turmeric, Curcuma longa is a hydrophobic phenol that delivers numerous pharmacological actions like anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and anti-oxidant, anti-psoriasis, antidiabetic, anticancer. But curcumin has low bioavailability issues that accompany low aqueous solubility, further, when administered orally, >90% of the drug degrades rapidly in the alkaline medium. Administering the drug topically can bypass the problem as well as first-pass metabolism and therefore delivering the drug at the targeted site of action. Encapsulating curcumin in nanostructured lipid nanocarriers (NLC) is an excellent novel strategy. Further, these NLC provides both the controlled release and helps in the enhanced permeation of the drug through the skin's physiological barrier, stratum corneum. For the NLC characterization, a reliable method must be developed that can accurately and precisely determine the drug content in the formulation and also for its in-vitro and ex-vivo characterization. This experiment describes the analytical validation parameters described as per International Conference of Harmonization guidelines to develop a method using the UV-Visible spectroscopy. The method was developed in two solvent systems i.e. methanol and 6.4 pH phosphate buffer with 1.5% polysorbate 80. Methanol solvent was used for the determination of curcumin in the NLC formulation via determining the encapsulation efficiency and 6.4 pH phosphate buffer with 1.5% polysorbate 80 solvent was used for in-vitro and ex-vivo characterization of the developed NLC formulation (cream and gel). These methods were validated in response to linearity, the limit of detection, the limit of quantification, precision, accuracy, repeatability, and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vedhant Kaul
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani 333031, India.
| | - Srividya Gorantla
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani 333031, India.
| | - Tejashree Waghule
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani 333031, India.
| | - Sunil Kumar Dubey
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani 333031, India
| | - Murali Monohar Pandey
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani 333031, India
| | - Gautam Singhvi
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani 333031, India.
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Esentürk İ, Balkan T, Güngör S, Saraç S, Erdal MS. Preparation and characterization of naftifine-loaded poly(vinyl alcohol)/sodium alginate electrospun nanofibers. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902019000318440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- İmren Esentürk
- Istanbul University, Turkey; University of Health Sciences Turkey, Turkey
| | - Timuçin Balkan
- Istanbul Technical University, Turkey; Istanbul Technical University, Turkey; Koc University, Turkey
| | | | - Sezai Saraç
- Istanbul Technical University, Turkey; Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
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Saleem MA, Nazar MF, Siddique MY, Khan AM, Ashfaq M, Hussain SZ, Khalid MR, Yameen B. Soft-templated fabrication of antihypertensive nano-Irbesartan: Structural and dissolution evaluation. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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27
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Alkrad JA, AlKhatib HS, Musa RJ. Formulation, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of ferrous sulfate loaded microemulsions. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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28
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Bagde A, Patel K, Kutlehria S, Chowdhury N, Singh M. Formulation of topical ibuprofen solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) gel using hot melt extrusion technique (HME) and determining its anti-inflammatory strength. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2019; 9:816-827. [PMID: 30924025 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-019-00632-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) have been formulated using various batch processes, e.g., solvent diffusion evaporation, emulsification solvent evaporation followed by size reduction using high-pressure homogenization (HPH) or ultrasonication. However, for the manufacturing of formulations, continuous processes are always preferred over batch processes since they are more efficient and offer better quality of the end product. Hence, we developed topical SLN of ibuprofen (IBU) using hot melt extrusion (HME), prepared a gel formulation, and performed its in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Effect of different variables of HME equipment and materials used in SLN was optimized using design of experiment (DoE) approach. Stable 0.48% IBU SLN with particle size 60.2 ± 4.81 nm and entrapment efficiency 90.41 ± 3.46% were developed which further gelled using 1% carbopol 981A. Drug release study, skin deposition study, and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity studies showed 84.37 ± 4.65% drug release, 12.05 ± 0.81% drug deposition, and 40.17 ± 2.41% edema inhibition respectively in case of IBU SLN gel (IBU-SLN-G) which was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than control IBU gel (C-IBU-G) with 50.11 ± 0.57% drug release, 4.11 ± 1.10% deposition, and 20.08 ± 3.23% edema inhibition respectively. In conclusion, HME offers a single step process for manufacturing for SLN which avoids high stress particle size reduction techniques used for SLN preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Bagde
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, 32307, USA
| | - Ketan Patel
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, 32307, USA
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Shallu Kutlehria
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, 32307, USA
| | - Nusrat Chowdhury
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, 32307, USA
| | - Mandip Singh
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, 32307, USA.
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Bangia R, Sharma G, Dogra S, Katare OP. Nanotechnological interventions in dermatophytosis: from oral to topical, a fresh perspective. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2019; 16:377-396. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2019.1593962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Riya Bangia
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gajanand Sharma
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sunil Dogra
- Department of Dermatology Venereology and Leprology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Om Prakash Katare
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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30
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Mojeiko G, de Brito M, Salata GC, Lopes LB. Combination of microneedles and microemulsions to increase celecoxib topical delivery for potential application in chemoprevention of breast cancer. Int J Pharm 2019; 560:365-376. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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31
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Qurt MS, Esentürk İ, Birteksöz Tan S, Erdal MS, Araman A, Güngör S. Voriconazole and sertaconazole loaded colloidal nano-carriers for enhanced skin deposition and improved topical fungal treatment. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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32
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Nazar MF, Yasir Siddique M, Saleem MA, Zafar M, Nawaz F, Ashfaq M, Khan AM, Abd Ur Rahman HM, Tahir MB, Mat Lazim A. Fourth-Generation Antibiotic Gatifloxacin Encapsulated by Microemulsions: Structural and Probing Dynamics. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:10603-10612. [PMID: 30109940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To overcome the increased disease rate, utilization of the versatile broad spectrum antibiotic drugs in controlled drug-delivery systems has been a challenging and complex consignment. However, with the development of microemulsion (μE)-based formulations, drugs can be effectively encapsulated and transferred to the target source. Herein, two biocompatible oil-in-water (o/w) μE formulations comprising clove oil/Tween 20/ethylene glycol/water (formulation A) and clove oil/Tween 20/1-butanol/water (formulation B) were developed for encapsulating the gatifloxacin (GTF), a fourth-generation antibiotic. The pseudoternary phase diagrams were mapped at a constant surfactant/co-surfactant (1:1) ratio to bound the existence of a monophasic isotropic region for as-formulated μEs. Multiple complementary characterization techniques, namely, conductivity (σ), viscosity (η), and optical microscopy analyses, were used to study the gradual changes that occurred in the microstructure of the as-formulated μEs, indicating the presence of a percolation transformation to a bicontinuous permeate flow. GTF showed good solubility, 3.2 wt % at pH 6.2 and 4.0 wt % at pH 6.8, in optimum μE of formulation A and formulation B, respectively. Each loaded μE formulation showed long-term stability over 8 months of storage. Moreover, no observable aggregation of GTF was found, as revealed by scanning transmission electron microscopy and peak-to-peak correlation of IR analysis, indicating the stability of GTF inside the formulation. The average particle size of each μE, measured by dynamic light scattering, increased upon loading GTF, intending the accretion of drug in the interfacial layers of microdomains. Likewise, fluorescence probing sense an interfacial hydrophobic environment to GTF molecules in any of the examined formulations, which may be of significant interest for understanding the kinetics of drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Faisal Nawaz
- Department of Basic Sciences and Humanities , University of Engineering and Technology Lahore (Faisalabad Campus) , Faisalabad 54890 , Pakistan
| | | | - Asad Muhammad Khan
- Department of Chemistry , COMSATS Institute of Information Technology , Abbottabad 22060 , Pakistan
| | | | | | - Azwan Mat Lazim
- School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology , University Kebangsaan Malaysia , Bangi 43600 , Selangor , Malaysia
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Theochari I, Papadimitriou V, Papahatjis D, Assimomytis N, Pappou E, Pratsinis H, Xenakis A, Pletsa V. Oil-In-Water Microemulsions as Hosts for Benzothiophene-Based Cytotoxic Compounds: An Effective Combination. Biomimetics (Basel) 2018; 3:biomimetics3020013. [PMID: 31105235 PMCID: PMC6352693 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics3020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics in order to overcome side effects and enhance chemosensitivity remains a major issue in cancer research. In this context, biocompatible oil-in-water (O/W) microemulsions were developed as matrices for the encapsulation of DPS-2 a benzothiophene analogue, exhibiting high cytotoxicity in various cancer cell lines, among them the MW 164 skin melanoma and Caco-2 human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines. The microemulsion delivery system was structurally characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The effective release of a lipophilic encapsulated compound was evaluated via confocal microscopy. The cytotoxic effect, in the presence and absence of DPS-2, was examined through the thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell proliferation assay. When encapsulated, DPS-2 was as cytotoxic as when dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Hence, the oil cores of O/W microemulsions were proven effective biocompatible carriers of lipophilic bioactive molecules in biological assessment experiments. Further investigation through fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis, comet assay, and Western blotting, revealed that DPS-2, although non-genotoxic, induced S phase delay accompanied by cdc25A degradation and a nonapoptotic cell death in both cell lines, which implies that this benzothiophene analogue is a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Theochari
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry & Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece; (I.T.); (V.Pa.); (D.P.); (N.A.); (E.P.); (A.X.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Vassiliki Papadimitriou
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry & Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece; (I.T.); (V.Pa.); (D.P.); (N.A.); (E.P.); (A.X.)
| | - Demetris Papahatjis
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry & Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece; (I.T.); (V.Pa.); (D.P.); (N.A.); (E.P.); (A.X.)
| | - Nikos Assimomytis
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry & Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece; (I.T.); (V.Pa.); (D.P.); (N.A.); (E.P.); (A.X.)
| | - Efthimia Pappou
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry & Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece; (I.T.); (V.Pa.); (D.P.); (N.A.); (E.P.); (A.X.)
| | - Harris Pratsinis
- Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Ageing, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre of Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 11635 Athens, Greece;
| | - Aristotelis Xenakis
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry & Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece; (I.T.); (V.Pa.); (D.P.); (N.A.); (E.P.); (A.X.)
| | - Vasiliki Pletsa
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry & Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece; (I.T.); (V.Pa.); (D.P.); (N.A.); (E.P.); (A.X.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +302-107-273-7541
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Microemulsion formulation design and evaluation for hydrophobic compound: Catechin topical application. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 161:121-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Banerjee A, Ibsen K, Iwao Y, Zakrewsky M, Mitragotri S. Transdermal Protein Delivery Using Choline and Geranate (CAGE) Deep Eutectic Solvent. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28337858 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201601411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Transdermal delivery of peptides and other biological macromolecules is limited due to skin's inherent low permeability. Here, the authors report the use of a deep eutectic solvent, choline and geranate (CAGE), to enhance topical delivery of proteins such as bovine serum albumin (BSA, molecular weight: ≈66 kDa), ovalbumin (OVA, molecular weight: ≈45 kDa) and insulin (INS, molecular weight: 5.8 kDa). CAGE enhances permeation of BSA, OVA, and insulin into porcine skin ex vivo, penetrating deep into the epidermis and dermis. Studies using tritium-labeled BSA and fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled insulin show significantly enhanced delivery of proteins into and across porcine skin, penetrating the skin in a time-dependent manner. Fourier transform IR spectra of porcine stratum corneum (SC) samples before and after incubation in CAGE show a reduction in peak area attributed to SC lipid content, suggesting lipid extraction from the SC. Circular dichroism confirms that CAGE does not affect insulin's secondary conformation. In vivo studies in rats show that topical application of 10 U insulin dispersed in CAGE (25 U kg-1 insulin dose) leads to a highly significant 40% drop in blood glucose levels in 4 h that is relatively sustained for 12 h. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that CAGE is a promising vehicle for transdermal delivery of therapeutic proteins; specifically, as a noninvasive delivery alternative to injectable insulin for the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Banerjee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Bioengineering University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Kelly Ibsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Bioengineering University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Yasunori Iwao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Shizuoka Shizuoka 422‐8526 Japan
| | - Michael Zakrewsky
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Bioengineering University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Bioengineering University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
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Carvalho VF, de Lemos DP, Vieira CS, Migotto A, Lopes LB. Potential of Non-aqueous Microemulsions to Improve the Delivery of Lipophilic Drugs to the Skin. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:1739-1749. [PMID: 27757922 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0643-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, non-aqueous microemulsions were developed because of the challenges associated with finding pharmaceutically acceptable solvents for topical delivery of drugs sparingly soluble in water. The formulation irritation potential and ability to modulate the penetration of lipophilic compounds (progesterone, α-tocopherol, and lycopene) of interest for topical treatment/prevention of skin disorders were evaluated and compared to solutions and aqueous microemulsions of similar composition. The microemulsions (ME) were developed with BRIJ, vitamin E-TPGS, and ethanol as surfactant-co-surfactant blend and tributyrin, isopropyl myristate, and oleic acid as oil phase. As polar phase, propylene glycol (MEPG) or water (MEW) was used (26% w/w). The microemulsions were isotropic and based on viscosity and conductivity assessment, bicontinuous. Compared to drug solutions in lipophilic vehicles, MEPG improved drug delivery into viable skin layers by 2.5-38-fold; the magnitude of penetration enhancement mediated by MEPG into viable skin increased with drug lipophilicity, even though the absolute amount of drug delivered decreased. Delivery of progesterone and tocopherol, but not lycopene (the most lipophilic compound), increased up to 2.5-fold with MEW, and higher amounts of these two drugs were released from MEW (2-2.5-fold). Both microemulsions were considered safe for topical application, but MEPG-mediated decrease in the viability of reconstructed epidermis was more pronounced, suggesting its higher potential for irritation. We conclude that MEPG is a safe and suitable nanocarrier to deliver a variety of lipophilic drugs into viable skin layers, but the use of MEW might be more advantageous for drugs in the lower range of lipophilicity.
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Sandhu PS, Kumar R, Katare OP, Singh B. Surface-tailored nanomixed micelles containing quercetin–salicylic acid physical complex for enhanced cellular and in vivo activities: a quality by design perspective. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 12:1281-1303. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The development of surface-tailored quercetin (QCT)–salicylic acid (SA) physical complex for effective treatment of skin carcinoma. Materials & methods: QCT–SA nanomixed micelles were prepared by the self-assembly method employing the Quality by Design (QbD) approach and evaluated for various in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo parameters. Results: The optimized formulation showed enhanced percent permeation (Q24), in other words, 78.12 ± 0.47, improved in vitro cellular uptake and annexin-V–apoptosis assay exhibited 60.86% cell death. The 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene and histopathology protocol revealed the improved antineoplastic action of QCT. The dermatokinetic profile showed the maximum drug concentration (6 h), in other words, 416.02 ± 26 μg/cm2 in epidermis and 103.65 ± 12 μg/cm2 in dermis. Conclusion: The overall performance ratified the safety and efficacy of optimized nanomixed micelless of QCT with SA in a synergistic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premjeet Singh Sandhu
- UGC-Centre of Excellence in Applications of Nanomaterials, Nanoparticles & Nanocomposites, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
- Division of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
- UGC-Centre of Advanced Studies (CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Rajendra Kumar
- UGC-Centre of Excellence in Applications of Nanomaterials, Nanoparticles & Nanocomposites, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Research & Education (PGIMER) Hospital, Chandigarh 160015, India
| | - OP Katare
- Division of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
- Research Promotion Cell, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Bhupinder Singh
- UGC-Centre of Excellence in Applications of Nanomaterials, Nanoparticles & Nanocomposites, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
- Division of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
- UGC-Centre of Advanced Studies (CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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Jahangirian H, Lemraski EG, Webster TJ, Rafiee-Moghaddam R, Abdollahi Y. A review of drug delivery systems based on nanotechnology and green chemistry: green nanomedicine. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:2957-2978. [PMID: 28442906 PMCID: PMC5396976 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s127683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This review discusses the impact of green and environmentally safe chemistry on the field of nanotechnology-driven drug delivery in a new field termed "green nanomedicine". Studies have shown that among many examples of green nanotechnology-driven drug delivery systems, those receiving the greatest amount of attention include nanometal particles, polymers, and biological materials. Furthermore, green nanodrug delivery systems based on environmentally safe chemical reactions or using natural biomaterials (such as plant extracts and microorganisms) are now producing innovative materials revolutionizing the field. In this review, the use of green chemistry design, synthesis, and application principles and eco-friendly synthesis techniques with low side effects are discussed. The review ends with a description of key future efforts that must ensue for this field to continue to grow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Jahangirian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Thomas J Webster
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roshanak Rafiee-Moghaddam
- School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor
| | - Yadollah Abdollahi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Nazar MF, Saleem MA, Bajwa SN, Yameen B, Ashfaq M, Zafar MN, Zubair M. Encapsulation of Antibiotic Levofloxacin in Biocompatible Microemulsion Formulation: Insights from Microstructure Analysis. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:437-443. [PMID: 28006901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b09326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Microemulsions (μEs) are unique systems that offer exciting perspectives in biophysical research for mimicing biomembranes at the molecular level. In the present study, biocompatible μE formulation of a new oil-in-water (o/w) system comprising clove oil/Tween 20/2-propanol/water was accomplished for encapsulating an antibiotic, levofloxacin (LVF). The pseudoternary phase diagram was delineated at a constant cosurfactant/surfactant (2:1) ratio to meet the economic feasibility. The gradual changes occurring in the microstructure of the as-formulated four-component μEs were explored via multiple complementary characterization techniques. The results of electrical conductivity (σ), viscosity (η), and optical microscopic measurements suggested the existence of a percolation transition to a bicontinuous structure in the microregions of the as-formulated μE. LVF displayed a high solubility (5.0 wt %) at the pH of 6.9 in an optimum μE formulation comprising 2-propanol (36.4%), Tween 20 (18.2%), clove oil (20.7%), and water (24.7%). The LVF-loaded μE composition showed long-term stability for over 6 months of storage. Fourier transform IR analysis showed that LVF was stable inside the μE formulation, indicating the absence of any possible aggregation of LVF. Dynamic light scattering revealed that the average particle size of drug-free μE (64.5 ± 3.4 nm) increases to 129.7 ± 5.8 nm upon loading of LVF, suggesting the accumulation of LVF in the interfacial layers of the micelles. Moreover, fluorescence measurements indicated that LVF might be localized in the interfacial film of μE system, which may result in a controlled release of drug.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sana Nawaz Bajwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat , Gujrat 50700, Pakistan
| | - Basit Yameen
- Department of Chemistry, Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering (SBASSE), Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS) , Lahore 54790, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ashfaq
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat , Gujrat 50700, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Zubair
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat , Gujrat 50700, Pakistan
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