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Wang Q, Wang P, Yuan M, Zhang M, Zhang S, Sun X, Shang L, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Jiang N, Gao X. Efficacy and mechanism of Baicao Fuyanqing suppository on mixed vaginitis based on 16S rRNA and metabolomics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1166366. [PMID: 37780858 PMCID: PMC10538640 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1166366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mixed vaginitis is the infection of the vagina by at least two different pathogens at the same time, both of which contribute to an abnormal vaginal environment leading to signs and symptoms. Baicao Fuyanqing suppository (BCFYQ) is a Miao ethnomedicine, used to treat various vaginitis. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and possible mechanism of BCFYQ in the treatment of mixed vaginitis based on 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing and metabonomics. Methods Escherichia coli and Candida albicans were used to establish mixed vaginitis model in SD rats. Three groups of low, medium and high doses (0.18/0.36/0.64 g.kg-1) were established, and administered vaginally once a day for 6 consecutive days. After the last administration, vaginal pH and IL-1β, IL-2, IL-13 and IgA levels were measured, and the vaginal tissue was examined pathologically. In addition, the vaginal flora was characterised by 16S rRNA, and endogenous metabolites in the vaginal tissue were detected by UHPLC-Q-Exactive MS. Results Compared with the model group, BCFYQ can reduce the vaginal pH of rats, make it close to the normal group and improve the damaged vaginal epithelial tissue. The results of ELISA showed that BCFYQ decreased the levels of IL-1 β and IL-2 and increased the levels of IL-13 and IgA (P<0.05). In addition, BCFYQ may increase the abundance of vaginal flora, especially Lactobacillus. The differential metabolite enrichment pathway suggests that the therapeutic mechanism of BCFYQ is mainly related to lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism. Conclusion Our research shows that BCFYQ has a good therapeutic effect on mixed vaginitis. It repairs the damaged vaginal mucosa by regulating the vaginal flora and lipid metabolism disorders to improve the local immune function of the vagina and inhibit the growth and reproduction of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants and School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Center of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Pengjiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants and School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Center of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Minyan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants and School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Center of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants and School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Center of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Center of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Experimental Animal Center, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants and School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Center of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Leyuan Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants and School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Center of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yujie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants and School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Center of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yanni Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants and School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Center of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Research and Development Department, Changsheng Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Guizhou, China
| | - Xiuli Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants and School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Center of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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Yu J, Peng P, Zhu J, Yao C, Dai H, Mei R. Therapeutic effects of fenticonazole on bacterial vaginosis in mice. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2023; 370:fnad119. [PMID: 37960949 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnad119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial vaginitis (BV) is a syndrome of increased vaginal discharge, fishy smelling leucorrhea, and itching and burning vulva caused by the microecological imbalance in the vagina induced by mixture of Gardnerella vaginalis (GV) and some anaerobic bacteria. Fenticonazole, an imidazole derivative and antimicrobial compound, has been demonstrated to exert effective therapeutic effects in mixed vaginitis. Accordingly, our study was designed to explore the potential role of fenticonazole in GV-infected BV mouse models. Female C57/BL6 mice were injected intraperitoneally with β-estradiol 3 days before and on the day of GV infection to maintain a pseudoestrus state. On the day of infection, mice were intravaginally inoculated with 20 µl of a suspension of GV (6 × 106 CFU/ml). Fenticonazole was administered as 2% vaginal cream (0.2 mg each mouse) by intravaginal application once a day for 3 days beginning the day of infection. At day 3 postinfection, the mice were sacrificed and vaginal washes were harvested. GV proliferation and Lactobacillus content were calculated in the vaginal lavage. Neutrophil counts in the vaginal lavage were observed through Pap staining. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and proinflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, COX2, and NF-κB) levels in vaginal tissues were measured by ELISA and western blotting. Vaginal tissues were stained by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) to examine the exfoliation of vaginal epithelial cells. GV infection increased GV proliferation and neutrophil counts but reduced Lactobacillus content in the vaginal lavage, as well as enhanced MPO activity, proinflammatory cytokine levels, and the exfoliation of vaginal epithelial cells in vaginal tissues of BV mouse models. However, administration of fenticonazole significantly ameliorated the above phenomena. Fenticonazole greatly improves the symptoms of GV-induced BV in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfen Yu
- Department of Gynecology, Shiyan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, No. 256, Linyin Avenue, Maojian District, Shiyan 442000, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Peiran Peng
- Clinical Medicine Department of Xinjiang Medical University, No. 152 Longquan Street, Tianshan District, Urumqi 830000, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, PR China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Gynecology, Shiyan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, No. 256, Linyin Avenue, Maojian District, Shiyan 442000, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Chao Yao
- Department of Gynecology, Shiyan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, No. 256, Linyin Avenue, Maojian District, Shiyan 442000, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Hongbo Dai
- Department of Gynecology, Shiyan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, No. 256, Linyin Avenue, Maojian District, Shiyan 442000, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Ru Mei
- Department of Medical Genetics and Prenatal Screening, Shiyan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shiyan 442000, Hubei province, PR China
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Roachford OSE, Alleyne AT, Nelson KE. Insights into the vaginal microbiome in a diverse group of women of African, Asian and European ancestries. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14449. [PMID: 36518275 PMCID: PMC9744153 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intra-continentally, vaginal microbiome signatures are reported to be significantly different between Black and Caucasian women, with women of African ancestry having the less well defined heterogenous bacterial community state type (CST) deficient of Lactobacillus species (CST IV). The objective of this study was to characterize the vaginal microbiomes across a more diverse intercontinental group of women (N = 151) of different ethnicities (African American, African Kenyan, Afro-Caribbean, Asian Indonesian and Caucasian German) using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis to determine their structures and offer a comprehensive description of the non-Lactobacillus dominant CSTs and subtypes. Results In this study, the bacterial composition of the vaginal microbiomes differed significantly among the ethnic groups. Lactobacillus spp. (L. crispatus and L. iners) dominated the vaginal microbiomes in African American women (91.8%) compared to European (German, 42.4%), Asian (Indonesian, 45.0%), African (Kenyan, 34.4%) and Afro-Caribbean (26.1%) women. Expanding on CST classification, three subtypes of CST IV (CST IV-A, IV-B and IV-C) (N = 56, 37.1%) and four additional CSTs were described: CST VI Gardnerella vaginalis-dominant (N = 6, 21.8%); CST VII (Prevotella-dominant, N = 1, 0.66%); CST VIII (N = 9, 5.96%), resembling aerobic vaginitis, was differentiated by a high proportion of taxa such as Enterococcus, Streptococcus and Staphylococcus (relative abundance [RA] > 50%) and CST IX (N = 7, 4.64%) dominated by genera other than Lactobacillus, Gardnerella or Prevotella (e.g., Bifidobacterium breve and Anaerococcus vaginalis). Within the vaginal microbiomes, 32 "taxa with high pathogenic potential" (THPP) were identified. Collectively, THPP (mean RA ~5.24%) negatively correlated (rs = -0.68, p < 2.2e-16) with Lactobacillus species but not significantly with Gardnerella/Prevotella spp. combined (r = -0.13, p = 0.1). However, at the individual level, Mycoplasma hominis exhibited moderate positive correlations with Gardnerella (r = 0.46, p = 2.6e-09) and Prevotella spp. (r = 0.47, p = 1.4e-09). Conclusions These findings while supporting the idea that vaginal microbiomes vary with ethnicity, also suggest that CSTs are more wide-ranging and not exclusive to any particular ethnic group. This study offers additional insight into the structure of the vaginal microbiome and contributes to the description and subcategorization of non-Lactobacillus-dominated CSTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orville St. E. Roachford
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Bridgetown, Barbados
| | - Angela T. Alleyne
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Bridgetown, Barbados
| | - Karen E. Nelson
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, United States of America
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
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Characteristics of Probiotic Preparations and Their Applications. Foods 2022; 11:foods11162472. [PMID: 36010472 PMCID: PMC9407510 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The probiotics market is one of the fastest growing segments of the food industry as there is growing scientific evidence of the positive health effects of probiotics on consumers. Currently, there are various forms of probiotic products and they can be categorized according to dosage form and the site of action. To increase the effectiveness of probiotic preparations, they need to be specifically designed so they can target different sites, such as the oral, upper respiratory or gastrointestinal tracts. Here we review the characteristics of different dosage forms of probiotics and discuss methods to improve their bioavailability in detail, in the hope that this article will provide a reference for the development of probiotic products.
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Cervicovaginal microbiota isolated from healthy women exhibit probiotic properties and antimicrobial activity against pathogens isolated from cervical cancer patients. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:491. [PMID: 35840844 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal cervicovaginal microbiota play an important role in HPV persistence and progression to cervical cancer. The present study aimed at isolating and identifying potential probiotics from vaginal swabs of healthy women and evaluating their activity against vaginal pathogens isolated from cervical cancer patients. Based on probiotic, acid-bile tolerance and antimicrobial properties, 13 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from the healthy group were identified by MALDI TOF MS (Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption and Ionisation, Time Of Flight Mass Spectrometry). Among these, four strains, Lactobacillus gasseri P36Mops, Limosilactobacillus fermentum P37Mws, Lactobacillus delbrueckii P31Mcs and Enterococcus faecium P26Mcm, exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against 8 vaginal pathogens (Staphylococcus haemolyticus P41Tcs, Escherichia coli P30Tcs, E. coli P79Bcm, Enterococus faecalis P29Mops, E. faecalis P50Tws, E. faecalis P68Tcb, S. haemolyticus P48Bcb and S. haemolyticus P58Bcb) isolated from precancerous and cervical cancer patients. 16S rRNA sequencing of four potential probiotics revealed congruency with the MALDI-TOF MS identification and phylogenetic analysis showed genetic relationship with previously reported LAB strains. The selected LAB showed strain specific hydrophobicity (35.88-56.70%), auto-aggregation (35.26-61.39%) and antibiotic susceptibility. Interestingly, L. gasseri P36Mops was resistant to five standard antibiotics routinely used against urogenital or vaginal infections. LCMS (Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry) analyses of the CFS (cell-free supernatant) of the four potential probiotics revealed the presence of metabolites such as N-(1-deoxy-1-fructosyl)valine, hygroline, acetoxy-2-hydroxy-16-heptadecen-4-one, avocadyne 4-acetate, avocadyne 2-acetate, taraxinic acid glucosyl ester, 6-hydroxypentadecanedioic acid, with reported antimicrobial activity. The overall data suggest the bio-therapeutic potential of the identified vaginal probiotics against cervical cancer-associated pathogens.
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María Fosch SE, Trossero ML, Grosso OA, Reyes AP, Cocucci SE, Payalef SN, Perazzi BE. Vaginal States: Detection of Conversion Processes in Women Using Contraception and Characterization of Vaginal Lactobacillus Species. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2022; 22:e260122200531. [PMID: 35081896 DOI: 10.2174/1871526522666220126154731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vaginal microenvironment, regulated by an immune system, can be protected or altered by many factors, including contraceptive methods. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of contraceptive methods on the basic vaginal states (BVSs) and to identify culturable vaginal Lactobacillus species. METHODS This is a prospective, consecutive, longitudinal, and descriptive study. The vaginal contents of 208 women were sampled prior to initiating contraception and six months later. The BVSs were established using the balance of vaginal content (BAVACO) methodology that evaluates microbiota and vaginal inflammatory reaction (VIR). Lactobacillus species were characterized by biochemical tests and mass spectrometry. The following contraceptive methods were evaluated: combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP), condom (CON) and rhythm method (RHYT). McNemar's test was used. RESULTS Of the 208 women, 171 attended both examinations. In the COCP group (n=127), 83 vaginal contents maintained a normal microbiota, 1 sample became dysbiotic, and 37/43 dysbiotic microbiota samples reverted to normal (p<0.0001). A conversion to BVS with VIR was detected in the CON group (n=31) (p=0.001). The RHYT group (n=13) maintained its initial BVSs. The predominant Lactobacillus species found were L. crispatus and L. gasseri, with a trend toward a positive association between L. crispatus and COCP (OR=2.82; p=0.058). CONCLUSION Hormone administration corrected the dysbiosis and preserved a normal BVS. The CON increased the VIR. The protection of the microbiota observed in the rhythm method probably responds to a systemic hormonal influence. The trend toward a positive association between COCP and L. crispatus, with its protective properties, evidenced an effective hormonal relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Elena María Fosch
- Agencia PROSAR Santa Fe Norte, Fundación Bioquímica Argentina, Viamonte 1167, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Servicio de Atención Médica de la Comunidad, Ministerio de Salud, 9 de Julio 254, Sa Pereira, Provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Marta Lucia Trossero
- Servicio de Atención Médica de la Comunidad, Ministerio de Salud, 9 de Julio 254, Sa Pereira, Provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Omar Agustin Grosso
- Servicio de Atención Médica de la Comunidad, Ministerio de Salud, 9 de Julio 254, Sa Pereira, Provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ana Paula Reyes
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología Clínica. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Córdoba 2351, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvina Ema Cocucci
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología Clínica. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Córdoba 2351, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra Noemí Payalef
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología Clínica. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Córdoba 2351, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Beatriz Elizabeth Perazzi
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología Clínica. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Córdoba 2351, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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7
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Parolin C, Croatti V, Laghi L, Giordani B, Tondi MR, De Gregorio PR, Foschi C, Vitali B. Lactobacillus Biofilms Influence Anti- Candida Activity. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:750368. [PMID: 34777300 PMCID: PMC8586509 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.750368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacilli are the dominant members of the healthy human vaginal microbiota and represent the first defense line from pathogen infection, including vulvovaginal candidiasis. Biofilm is the predominant microbial growth form in nature, and the formation of biofilms inside the human body has important implications in health and disease. In particular, the formation of biofilm by members of the human resident microbiota is desirable, as it can improve microbial persistence and influence functionality. In the present study, we investigated the capability of 16 vaginal Lactobacillus strains (belonging to Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus vaginalis, and Lactobacillus plantarum species) to form biofilms, and we correlated their mode of growth to anti-Candida activity. L. plantarum strains were the best biofilm producers, and high variability was registered in the level of biofilm formation among L. crispatus and L. gasseri strains. Culture supernatants derived from Lactobacillus biofilm and planktonic growth were tested toward a panel of Candida clinical isolates (Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida lusitaniae, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, and Candida parapsilosis) and their metabolome assessed by 1H-NMR. L. crispatus and L. plantarum strains exhibited the best fungistatic profile, and biofilms enhanced their anti-Candida activity; on the contrary, L. gasseri strains were more effective when grown in a planktonic mode. Biofilm/planktonic mode of growth also affects Lactobacillus metabolism, mainly influencing nitrogen and amino acid pathways, and anti-Candida activity is instead strictly related to carbohydrate metabolism. The present study underlined the strict interdependence between microbial mode of growth, metabolism, and functional properties. Biofilm formation by members of the healthy human microbiota represents a crucial issue in the field of microbial physiology and host–microbiota interactions, beyond supporting the development of new antimycotic strategies based on probiotics grown in adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Parolin
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vanessa Croatti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Laghi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Centre of Foodomics, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Giordani
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Tondi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Foschi
- Department of Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Section of Microbiology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Beatrice Vitali
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Zhang J, Liu M, Ke S, Huang X, Fang S, He M, Fu H, Chen C, Huang L. Gut and Vagina Microbiota Associated With Estrus Return of Weaning Sows and Its Correlation With the Changes in Serum Metabolites. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:690091. [PMID: 34489885 PMCID: PMC8417050 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.690091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
More and more studies have indicated that gut microbiota takes part in the biosynthesis and metabolism of sex hormones. Inversely, sex hormones influence the composition of gut microbiota. However, whether microbiota in the gut and vagina is associated with estrus return of weaning sows is largely unknown. Here, using 16S rRNA gene sequencing in 158 fecal and 50 vaginal samples, we reported the shifts in the gut and vaginal microbiota between normal return and non-return sows. In fecal samples, Lactobacillus and S24-7 were enriched in normal return sows, while Streptococcus luteciae, Lachnospiraceae, Clostridium, and Mogibacterium had higher abundance in non-return sows. In vaginal swabs, the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) annotated to Clostridiales, Ruminoccaceae, and Oscillospira were enriched in normal return sows, while those OTUs annotated to Campylobacter, Anaerococcus, Parvimonas, Finegoldia, and Dorea had higher abundances in non-return sows. Co-abundance group (CAG) analysis repeated the identification of the bacterial taxa associated with the estrus return of weaning sows. The predicted functional capacities in both gut and vaginal microbiome were changed between normal return and non-return sows. Serum metabolome profiles were determined by non-targeted metabolome analysis in seven normal return and six non-return sows. The metabolite features having higher abundance in normal return sows were enriched in the pathways Steroid hormone biosynthesis, Starch and sucrose metabolism, Galactose metabolism, and Vitamin B6 metabolism, while the metabolite features belonging to organic acids and derivatives, indoles and derivatives, sulfoxides, and lignans and neolignans had significantly higher abundance in non-return sows. Correlation analysis found that the changes in gut microbiota were associated with the shifts of serum metabolites and suggested that certain bacteria might affect estrus return of weaning sow through serum metabolites. These findings may provide new insights for understanding the role of the gut and vaginal microbiota in sow return to estrus after weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shanlin Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaochang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shaoming Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Maozhang He
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Congying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lusheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
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9
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Martinez S, Garcia JG, Williams R, Elmassry M, West A, Hamood A, Hurtado D, Gudenkauf B, Ventolini G, Schlabritz-Loutsevitch N. Lactobacilli spp.: real-time evaluation of biofilm growth. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:64. [PMID: 32209050 PMCID: PMC7092459 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01753-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biofilm is a fundamental bacterial survival mode which proceeds through three main generalized phases: adhesion, maturation, and dispersion. Lactobacilli spp. (LB) are critical components of gut and reproductive health and are widely used probiotics. Evaluation of time-dependent mechanisms of biofilm formation is important for understanding of host-microbial interaction and development of therapeutic interventions. Time-dependent LB biofilm growth was studied in two systems: large biofilm output in continuous flow system (microfermenter (M), Institute Pasteur, France) and electrical impedance-based real time label-free cell analyzer (C) (xCELLigence, ACEA Bioscience Inc., San Diego, CA). L. plantarum biofilm growth in M system was video-recorded, followed by analyses using IMARIS software (Bitplane, Oxford Instrument Company, Concord, MA, USA). Additionally, whole genome expression and analyses of attached (A) and dispersed (D) biofilm phases at 24 and 48 h were performed. RESULTS The dynamic of biofilm growth of L. plantarum was similar in both systems except for D phases. Comparison of the transcriptome of A and D phases revealed, that 121 transcripts differ between two phases at 24 h. and 35 transcripts - at 48 h. of M growth. The main pathways, down-regulated in A compared to D phases after 24 h. were transcriptional regulation, purine nucleotide biosynthesis, and L-aspartate biosynthesis, and the upregulated pathways were fatty acid and phospholipid metabolism as well as ABC transporters and purine nucleotide biosynthesis. Four LB species differed in the duration and amplitude of attachment phases, while growth phases were similar. CONCLUSION LB spp. biofilm growth and propagation area dynamic, time-dependent processes with species-specific and time specific characteristics. The dynamic of LB biofilm growth agrees with published pathophysiological data and points out that real time evaluation is an important tool in understanding growth of microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Martinez
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at the Permian Basin, 701 W. 5th Street, Odessa, TX, 79763, USA
| | - Jonathan Gomez Garcia
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at the Permian Basin, 701 W. 5th Street, Odessa, TX, 79763, USA.,University of Texas at the Permian Basin, Odessa, TX, USA
| | - Roy Williams
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at the Permian Basin, 701 W. 5th Street, Odessa, TX, 79763, USA.,University of Texas at the Permian Basin, Odessa, TX, USA
| | - Moamen Elmassry
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Andrew West
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at the Permian Basin, 701 W. 5th Street, Odessa, TX, 79763, USA
| | - Abdul Hamood
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | | | - Brent Gudenkauf
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at the Permian Basin, 701 W. 5th Street, Odessa, TX, 79763, USA
| | - Gary Ventolini
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at the Permian Basin, 701 W. 5th Street, Odessa, TX, 79763, USA.
| | - Natalia Schlabritz-Loutsevitch
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at the Permian Basin, 701 W. 5th Street, Odessa, TX, 79763, USA. .,Department of Neurobiology and Pharmacology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.
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10
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Jung H, Ehlers MM, Peters RPH, Lombaard H, Redelinghuys MJ, Bezuidenhoudt JE, Kock MM. Growth Forms of Gardnerella spp. and Lactobacillus spp. on Vaginal Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:71. [PMID: 32257961 PMCID: PMC7093019 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common vaginal condition in women of reproductive age. During BV development, BV-associated bacteria may form a polymicrobial biofilm, which predispose women to recurrent BV. The aim of the study was to investigate the growth forms of Gardnerella spp. and Lactobacillus spp. and to determine the association between the bacterial growth forms and clinical characteristics [urinary tract infection (UTI) symptoms, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and abnormal vaginal discharge] in women attending a tertiary hospital in Pretoria, South Africa. A first-void urine specimen was collected from 196 women and BV was diagnosed using the Nugent scoring and the Ison-Hay criteria (vaginal smear microscopy). Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) was performed to classify the growth forms [“dispersed” or “biofilm”]. Bacterial cells were categorized as “dispersed” if cells were scattered separately and as “biofilm” if bacterial aggregates on the vaginal epithelial cells were observed. BV was detected in 52 women (52/196; 27%) and in these women, Gardnerella spp. were predominantly present in biofilms (46/52; 88% for Nugent scoring; and 45/50; 90% for Ison-Hay criteria), whereas Lactobacillus spp. were predominantly present in a dispersed form (38/52; 73% for Nugent scoring; and 37/50; 74% for Ison-Hay criteria). The odds of having BV increased when Gardnerella biofilms were present (p < 0.001), whereas the opposite was observed for Lactobacillus biofilms (p = 0.001). Neither Gardnerella spp. or Lactobacillus spp. (both dispersed or biofilms) had an association with the presence of UTI symptoms, HIV coinfection or abnormal vaginal discharge. In conclusion, this study demonstrated and confirmed that Gardnerella biofilms are associated with BV and that Lactobacillus spp. may form biofilms to protect against BV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsul Jung
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Marthie M Ehlers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Tshwane Academic Division, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Remco P H Peters
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Hennie Lombaard
- Wits Obstetrics and Gynaecology Clinical Research Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, University of Witwatersrand/Gauteng Department of Health, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mathys J Redelinghuys
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | | | - Marleen M Kock
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Tshwane Academic Division, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Pretoria, South Africa
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11
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Aziz K, Tariq M, Zaidi A. Biofilm development in L. fermentum under shear flow & sequential GIT digestion. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 366:5423880. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kanwal Aziz
- National Probiotic Lab, National Institute for Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Jhang Road, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tariq
- National Probiotic Lab, National Institute for Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Jhang Road, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Arsalan Zaidi
- National Probiotic Lab, National Institute for Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Jhang Road, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
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12
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Watters C, Fleming D, Bishop D, Rumbaugh KP. Host Responses to Biofilm. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 142:193-239. [PMID: 27571696 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
From birth to death the human host immune system interacts with bacterial cells. Biofilms are communities of microbes embedded in matrices composed of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), and have been implicated in both the healthy microbiome and disease states. The immune system recognizes many different bacterial patterns, molecules, and antigens, but these components can be camouflaged in the biofilm mode of growth. Instead, immune cells come into contact with components of the EPS matrix, a diverse, hydrated mixture of extracellular DNA (bacterial and host), proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids. As bacterial cells transition from planktonic to biofilm-associated they produce small molecules, which can increase inflammation, induce cell death, and even cause necrosis. To survive, invading bacteria must overcome the epithelial barrier, host microbiome, complement, and a variety of leukocytes. If bacteria can evade these initial cell populations they have an increased chance at surviving and causing ongoing disease in the host. Planktonic cells are readily cleared, but biofilms reduce the effectiveness of both polymorphonuclear neutrophils and macrophages. In addition, in the presence of these cells, biofilm formation is actively enhanced, and components of host immune cells are assimilated into the EPS matrix. While pathogenic biofilms contribute to states of chronic inflammation, probiotic Lactobacillus biofilms cause a negligible immune response and, in states of inflammation, exhibit robust antiinflammatory properties. These probiotic biofilms colonize and protect the gut and vagina, and have been implicated in improved healing of damaged skin. Overall, biofilms stimulate a unique immune response that we are only beginning to understand.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Watters
- Wound Infections Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - D Fleming
- Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States; Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - D Bishop
- Wound Infections Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - K P Rumbaugh
- Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States; Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States.
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13
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Schlabritz-Loutsevitch N, Gygax SE, Dick E, Smith WL, Snider C, Hubbard G, Ventolini G. Vaginal Dysbiosis from an Evolutionary Perspective. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26817. [PMID: 27226349 PMCID: PMC4880931 DOI: 10.1038/srep26817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary approaches are powerful tools for understanding human disorders. The composition of vaginal microbiome is important for reproductive success and has not yet been characterized in the contexts of social structure and vaginal pathology in non-human primates (NHPs). We investigated vaginal size, vulvovaginal pathology and the presence of the main human subtypes of Lactobacillus spp./ BV-related species in the vaginal microflora of baboons (Papio spp.). We performed morphometric measurements of external and internal genitalia (group I, n = 47), analyzed pathology records of animals from 1999–2015 (group II, n = 64 from a total of 12,776), and evaluated vaginal swabs using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (group III, n = 14). A total of 68 lesions were identified in 64 baboons. Lactobacillus iners, Gardnerella vaginalis, Atopobium vaginae, Megasphaera I, and Megasphaera II were not detected. L. jensenii, L. crispatus, and L. gasseri were detected in 2/14 (14.2%), 1/14 (7.1%), and 1/14 (7.1%) samples, respectively. BVAB2 was detected in 5/14 (35.7%) samples. The differences in the vaginal milieu between NHP and humans might be the factor associated with human-specific pattern of placental development and should be taken in consideration in NHP models of human pharmacology and microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott E Gygax
- Femeris Women's Health Research Center, Genesis Biotechnology Group - Hamilton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Edward Dick
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - William L Smith
- Femeris Women's Health Research Center, Genesis Biotechnology Group - Hamilton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Cathy Snider
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Gene Hubbard
- University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Gary Ventolini
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at the Permian Basin, Odessa, Texas, USA
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14
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Biofilms of vaginal Lactobacillus reuteri CRL 1324 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL 1332: kinetics of formation and matrix characterization. Arch Microbiol 2016; 198:689-700. [PMID: 27146055 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-016-1225-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion and biofilm formation are strain properties that reportedly contribute to the permanence of lactobacilli in the human vagina. The kinetics of biofilm formation and the chemical nature of the biofilm matrix formed by Lactobacillus reuteri CRL (Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos Culture Collection) 1324 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL 1332, vaginal beneficial strains, were evaluated in this work. Crystal violet-stained microplate assay and techniques of epifluorescence, electron and confocal microscopy were applied. The highest density and complexity of biofilms of both vaginal lactobacilli were observed at 72 h of incubation. Protease, proteinase K, α-chymotrypsin and trypsin treatments efficiently detached L. reuteri CRL 1324 biofilm that was also partially affected by α-amylase. However, L. rhamnosus CRL 1332 biofilm was slightly affected by protease, proteinase K and α-amylase. Confocal microscopy revealed greater amount of polysaccharides in L. rhamnosus CRL 1332 biofilm matrix than in L. reuteri CRL 1324 biofilm matrix. The results indicate that proteins are one of the main components of the L. reuteri CRL 1324 biofilm, while the biofilm matrix of L. rhamnosus CRL 1332 is composed of carbohydrates and proteins. The results obtained support the knowledge, understanding and characterization of two biofilm-forming vaginal Lactobacillus strains.
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Recine N, Palma E, Domenici L, Giorgini M, Imperiale L, Sassu C, Musella A, Marchetti C, Muzii L, Benedetti Panici P. Restoring vaginal microbiota: biological control of bacterial vaginosis. A prospective case-control study using Lactobacillus rhamnosus BMX 54 as adjuvant treatment against bacterial vaginosis. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2015; 293:101-107. [PMID: 26142892 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-015-3810-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most prevalent lower genital tract infection in reproductive-age women worldwide. BV is an ecological disorder of the vaginal microbiota characterized microbiologically by replacement of the lactobacilli, predominant vaginal microbiota. It is characterized by a high rate of relapse in sexual active women, and these patients show three or more relapses each year. A healthy vagina is characterized by hydrogen peroxide and acid-producing lactobacilli, which are crucial to maintain the physiological vaginal ecosystem and their depletion speeds up bacterial overgrowth with pH elevation, salidase and amine production, leading to the observed signs and symptoms of BV. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of long-term vaginal lactobacilli's implementation in restoring and maintaining vaginal microflora and pH and to collect data about prophylactic approach based on probiotics supplementation with lactobacilli. METHODS This is a prospective case-control study, performed between January 2013 and September 2014 at Department of Gynecological Obstetrics and Urologic Sciences of "Sapienza" University of Rome. 250 non-pregnant sexually active women with diagnoses of BV were collected. Patients selected were divided in Group A (125 patients assigned to standard treatment for BV-metronidazole 500 mg orally twice a day for 7 days) and Group B (125 women undergoing the same standard antibiotic regimen followed by vaginal tablets containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus BMX 54). Patients were evaluated after 2, 6, and 9 months (T0, T2, T6, and T9) in term of recurrences rates of BV, vaginal symptoms, re-establishment of healthy vaginal flora, vaginal pH, and treatment tolerability. RESULTS Vaginal flora was significantly replaced in Group B patients after 2 months comparing with Group A (p = 0.014). These data were confirmed at 6 and 9 months follow-up: patients that underwent prophylactic therapy with NORMOGIN(®) experienced significantly low rate of recurrences comparing with patients treated with antibiotics only (p < 0.001). During follow-up patients continuing supplementation had significant pH decrease respect to other patients (p < 0.001 at 9 months follow-up visit). CONCLUSIONS Probiotic supplementation with vaginal Lactobacillus rhamnosus BMX54 seems to be useful in hindering bacteria growth especially after antibiotic therapy; therefore this intervention may be considered a new prophylactic treatment for preventing recurrence of BV, in particular in high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Recine
- Department of Gynecological Obstetrics and Urologic Sciences, University Sapienza of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 1555, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Ettore Palma
- Department of Gynecological Obstetrics and Urologic Sciences, University Sapienza of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 1555, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Lavinia Domenici
- Department of Gynecological Obstetrics and Urologic Sciences, University Sapienza of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 1555, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Margherita Giorgini
- Department of Gynecological Obstetrics and Urologic Sciences, University Sapienza of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 1555, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Ludovica Imperiale
- Department of Gynecological Obstetrics and Urologic Sciences, University Sapienza of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 1555, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Carolina Sassu
- Department of Gynecological Obstetrics and Urologic Sciences, University Sapienza of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 1555, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Musella
- Department of Gynecological Obstetrics and Urologic Sciences, University Sapienza of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 1555, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Marchetti
- Department of Gynecological Obstetrics and Urologic Sciences, University Sapienza of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 1555, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Ludovico Muzii
- Department of Gynecological Obstetrics and Urologic Sciences, University Sapienza of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 1555, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Benedetti Panici
- Department of Gynecological Obstetrics and Urologic Sciences, University Sapienza of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 1555, 00161, Rome, Italy
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