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Moretti A, Snichelotto F, Liguori S, Paoletta M, Toro G, Gimigliano F, Iolascon G. The challenge of pharmacotherapy for musculoskeletal pain: an overview of unmet needs. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2024; 16:1759720X241253656. [PMID: 38799611 PMCID: PMC11119417 DOI: 10.1177/1759720x241253656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Musculoskeletal disorders are characterized by several impairments, including pain, affecting muscles, bones, joints and adjacent connective tissue, resulting in temporary or permanent functional limitations and disability. Musculoskeletal pain is particularly prevalent worldwide and greatly impacts the quality of life, social participation and economic burden. To date, several issues persist about the classification of musculoskeletal pain and its management strategies and resources. The treatment of musculoskeletal pain conditions is complex and often requires a multimodal approach, including pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapy that might be ineffective in many cases, resulting in poor patient satisfaction and controversial expectations about the potential benefits of available interventions. This manuscript provides an overview of unmet needs in managing musculoskeletal pain, particularly focusing on pharmacotherapeutic pitfalls in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antimo Moretti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties and Dentistry, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Francesco Snichelotto
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties and Dentistry, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Liguori
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties and Dentistry, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Paoletta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties and Dentistry, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Toro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties and Dentistry, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Gimigliano
- Department of Physical and Mental Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Iolascon
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties and Dentistry, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Naples, Italy
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Cysewski P, Jeliński T, Przybyłek M, Mai A, Kułak J. Experimental and Machine-Learning-Assisted Design of Pharmaceutically Acceptable Deep Eutectic Solvents for the Solubility Improvement of Non-Selective COX Inhibitors Ibuprofen and Ketoprofen. Molecules 2024; 29:2296. [PMID: 38792157 PMCID: PMC11124057 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are commonly used in pharmaceutical applications as excellent solubilizers of active substances. This study investigated the tuning of ibuprofen and ketoprofen solubility utilizing DESs containing choline chloride or betaine as hydrogen bond acceptors and various polyols (ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, glycerol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol) as hydrogen bond donors. Experimental solubility data were collected for all DES systems. A machine learning model was developed using COSMO-RS molecular descriptors to predict solubility. All studied DESs exhibited a cosolvency effect, increasing drug solubility at modest concentrations of water. The model accurately predicted solubility for ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and related analogs (flurbiprofen, felbinac, phenylacetic acid, diphenylacetic acid). A machine learning approach utilizing COSMO-RS descriptors enables the rational design and solubility prediction of DES formulations for improved pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Cysewski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Pharmacy Faculty, Collegium Medicum of Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Kurpińskiego 5, 85-096 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (T.J.); (M.P.)
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Deng W, He Q, Zhang W. Analysis of the mechanism of curcumin against osteoarthritis using metabolomics and transcriptomics. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:3313-3329. [PMID: 37938371 PMCID: PMC11074044 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02785-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin, a polyphenolic compound derived from the turmeric plant (Curcuma longa), has been extensively studied for its anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties. The safety and efficacy of curcumin have been thoroughly validated. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism for treating osteoarthritis remains ambiguous. This study aims to reveal the potential mechanism of curcumin in treating osteoarthritis by using metabolomics and transcriptomics. Firstly, we validated the effect of curcumin on inflammatory factors in human articular chondrocytes. Secondly, we explored the cellular metabolism mechanism of curcumin against osteoarthritis using cell metabolomics. Thirdly, we assessed the differences in gene expression of human articular chondrocytes through transcriptomics. Lastly, to evaluate the essential targets and elucidate the potential mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects of curcumin in osteoarthritis, we conducted a screening of the proteins within the shared pathway of metabolomics and transcriptomics. Our results demonstrated that curcumin significantly decreased the levels of inflammatory markers, such as IL-β, IL-6, and TNF-α, in human articular chondrocytes. Cell metabolomics identified 106 differential metabolites, including beta-aminopropionitrile, 3-amino-2-piperidone, pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde, and various other components. The transcriptomic analysis yielded 1050 differential mRNAs. Enrichment analysis showed that the differential metabolites and mRNAs were significantly enriched in seven pathways, including glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism; pentose and glucuronate interconversions; glycerolipid metabolism; histidine metabolism; mucin-type o-glycan biosynthesis; inositol phosphate metabolism; and cysteine and methionine metabolism. A total of 23 key targets were identified to be involved in these pathways. We speculate that curcumin may alleviate osteoarthritis by targeting key proteins involved in glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism; inhibiting pyruvate production; and modulating glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Deng
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China
| | - Qinghu He
- Department of Rehabilitation and Healthcare, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, 418000, Hunan, China.
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China.
| | - Wenan Zhang
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China
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Patil S, Nadaf N, Gupta S, Barai P, Makhija S, Lodha P, Patel C, Gondane AA, Pawar D, Sharma A. A Comparative Analysis of the Efficacy and Safety of Nimesulide/Paracetamol Fixed-Dose Combination With Other NSAIDs in Acute Pain Management: A Randomized, Prospective, Multicenter, Active-Controlled Study (the SAFE-2 Study). Cureus 2024; 16:e58859. [PMID: 38800230 PMCID: PMC11126320 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.58859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective In this study, we aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of the fixed-dose combination (FDC) of nimesulide (100 mg) + paracetamol (325 mg) [NP], ketorolac (10 mg) [Kt] alone, diclofenac (50 mg) + paracetamol (325 mg) [DP], and aceclofenac (100 mg) + paracetamol (325 mg) [AP] in patients with acute painful conditions. Methods This was a randomized, prospective, open-label, multicentre, active-controlled study involving patients aged ≥18 years, with acute painful conditions like low back pain, acute musculoskeletal disorders, and trauma such as tendinitis, tenosynovitis, bursitis, sprains and strains, migraine, dental pain, painful dental procedures, and post-surgical pain. Reduction in pain intensity and liver, renal, gastrointestinal, and cardiovascular safety were assessed on days seven and 14. Results A total of 600 patients were randomized into NP, Kt, DP, and AP groups in a 1:1:1:1 ratio. NP, DP, and AP were administered twice a day while Kt was given three times a day. The reduction of pain as measured by the numerical rating scale (NRS) scores at the end of day seven was 3.75 ± 1.58 in the NP group, 2.96 ± 1.18 in the Kt group, 3.42 ± 1.42 in the DP group, and 3.47 ± 1.30 in the AP group. The pain reduction in the NP group was significantly greater (p<0.001) as compared to the Kt group and non-inferior to the DP and AP groups on days seven and 14. Non-inferiority was concluded between the NP, DP, and AP groups as the lower limit of 95% CI of the difference in the change of pain intensity on both days seven and 14 was above the predefined margin of -1.0. All the drugs were well tolerated, but a significantly greater number of adverse events were reported in the DP group (32) as compared to the NP group (14) (p<0.05). The most common adverse events reported during the study were nausea, gastritis, and abdominal pain in all four groups. There was no significant alteration in liver and renal function tests except a rise in serum creatinine in the DP group. Conclusions The FDC of nimesulide with paracetamol is superior to ketorolac and non-inferior to the FDC of diclofenac with paracetamol and aceclofenac with paracetamol in the management of pain in patients with acute painful conditions. The tolerability profile of the FDC of nimesulide with paracetamol is similar to that of ketorolac but better than diclofenac with paracetamol and aceclofenac with paracetamol combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Patil
- Orthopedics, Patil Orthopedic Hospital, Karad, IND
| | - Naushad Nadaf
- Dentistry, Shaheen Naushad Nadaf Dental Clinic, Solapur, IND
| | | | | | | | - Prateek Lodha
- Orthopedics, Zydus Multispeciality Hospital, Ahmedabad, IND
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Aldeeb RAE, Ibrahim SSA, Khalil IA, Ragab GM, El-Gazar AA, Taha AA, Hassan DH, Gomaa AA, Younis MK. Enhancing collagen based nanoemulgel for effective topical delivery of Aceclofenac and Citronellol oil: Formulation, optimization, in-vitro evaluation, and in-vivo osteoarthritis study with a focus on HMGB-1/RAGE/NF-κB pathway, Klotho, and miR-499a. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024:10.1007/s13346-024-01548-3. [PMID: 38502267 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-024-01548-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The majority of conventional osteoarthritis (OA) treatments are based on molecular adjustment of certain signaling pathways associated with osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis, however there is a significant need to search for more effective and safe treatments. This study centers around formulating Aceclofenac (ACF) with high bioavailability in combination with Citronellol oil and collagen. The optimal concentrations of Citronellol oil/D-Limonene oil, Tween 80, and Transcutol HP were determined using a pseudoternary phase diagram. The formulated nanoemulsions were studied for thermophysical stability. Thermodynamically stable formula were analyzed for droplet size, zeta potential, and in-vitro permeation. Then, collagen based nanoemulsion were prepared to capitalize on its efficacy in reducing osteoarthritis side effects and characterized for nano size properties. Formulae F10 and F10C were chosen as optimum nanosize formula. Hense, they were prepared and characterized as nanoemulgel dosage form. The nanoemulgel formulae F10NEG1 and F10CNEG1 showed reasonable viscosity and spreadability, with complete drug release after 4 h. These formulae were chosen for further In vivo anti-OA study. Collagen based ACF/citronellol emugel were able to modulate HMGB-1/RAGE/NF-κB pathway, mitigating the production of inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. They were also able to modulate Klotho and miR-499, reducing serum CTXII and COMP, by reducing the cartilage destruction. Histological investigations validated the efficacy, safety, and superiority of Aceclofenac in combination with Citronellol oil and collagen (F10CNEG1) over solo the treated group (F10NEG1 and blank). Hence, the findings of the current work encourage the use of this promising combined formula in treatment of OA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Abd Elhameed Aldeeb
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October City, 12566, Egypt.
| | | | - Islam Ahmed Khalil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October City, 12566, Egypt
| | - Ghada Mohamed Ragab
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October City, 12566, Egypt
| | - Amira Ahmed El-Gazar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, 12585, Egypt
| | - Amal Anwar Taha
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October City, 12566, Egypt
| | - Doaa Hussien Hassan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October City, 12566, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Ahmed Gomaa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, 6th of October City, 12585, Egypt
| | - Mona Kamal Younis
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October City, 12566, Egypt
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Budiman A, Anastasya G, Handini AL, Lestari IN, Subra L, Aulifa DL. Characterization of Drug with Good Glass-Forming Ability Loaded Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles and Its Impact Toward in vitro and in vivo Studies. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:2199-2225. [PMID: 38465205 PMCID: PMC10924831 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s453873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Solid oral dosage forms are mostly preferred in pharmaceutical formulation development due to patient convenience, ease of product handling, high throughput, low manufacturing costs, with good physical and chemical stability. However, 70% of drug candidates have poor water solubility leading to compromised bioavailability. This phenomenon occurs because drug molecules are often absorbed after dissolving in gastrointestinal fluid. To address this limitation, delivery systems designed to improve the pharmacokinetics of drug molecules are needed to allow controlled release and target-specific delivery. Among various strategies, amorphous formulations show significantly high potential, particularly for molecules with solubility-limited dissolution rates. The ease of drug molecules to amorphized is known as their glass-forming ability (GFA). Specifically, drug molecules categorized into class III based on the Taylor classification have a low recrystallization tendency and high GFA after cooling, with substantial "glass stability" when heated. In the last decades, the application of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) as drug delivery systems (DDS) has gained significant attention in various investigations and the pharmaceutical industry. This is attributed to the unique physicochemical properties of MSNs, including high loading capacity, recrystallization inhibition, excellent biocompatibility, and easy functionalization. Therefore, this study aimed to discuss the current state of good glass former drug loaded mesoporous silica and shows its impact on the pharmaceutical properties including dissolution and physical stability, along with in vivo study. The results show the importance of determining whether mesoporous structures are needed in amorphous formulations to improve the pharmaceutical properties of drug with a favorable GFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Budiman
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Gracia Anastasya
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Annisa Luthfiyah Handini
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Ira Novianty Lestari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Laila Subra
- Department of Pharmacy, Universiti Geomatika Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Diah Lia Aulifa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
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Amisha, Das Gupta G, Singh H, Singh S, Singh A. QbD-assisted optimisation of liposomes in chitosan gel for dermal delivery of aceclofenac as synergistic approach to combat pain and inflammation. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024:10.1007/s13346-024-01514-z. [PMID: 38291224 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-024-01514-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Aceclofenac (ACE) is a drug that was precisely devised to circumvent the shortcomings associated with diclofenac. However, ACE too corresponds to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-related adverse effects, but with a lower amplitude. The present investigation seeks to develop liposomes loaded with ACE adopting a central composite design (CCD) and formulate a chitosan-based hydrogel for synergistic anti-inflammatory efficacy and improved ACE dermal administration. On the basis of preliminary vesicle size, Poly Dispersity Index (PDI), and drug entrapment, the composition of lipid, cholesterol, and vitamin E TPGS were chosen as independent variables. The formulation composition met the specifications for an optimum liposomal formulation, with total lipid concentration (13.5% w/w), cholesterol concentration (10% w/w), and surfactant concentration (2% w/w). With particle size and PDI of 174.22 ± 5.46 nm and 0.285 ± 0.01 respectively, the optimised formulation achieved an entrapment effectiveness of 92.08 ± 3.56%. Based on the CCD design, the optimised formulation Acec-Lipo opt was chosen and was subsequently transformed to a chitosan-based gel formulation for in vitro drug release, penetration through the skin, in vivo analgesic therapeutic activity, and skin irritation testing. % age oedema inhibition was found to be greatest with the Acec-Lipo opt gel formulation, followed by Acec gel. These results reinforce the notion that the inclusion of chitosan resulted in a synergistic effect despite the same strength of the drug. The findings suggested that Acec-Lipo incorporated in chitosan gel for skin targeting might be an effective formulation for topical ACE administration in clinical subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amisha
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142 001, India
| | | | - Harmanpreet Singh
- GEM Lab, Department of Pathology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Shamsher Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, India
| | - Amrinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142 001, India.
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India.
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Sivapalan S, Dharmalingam S, Ashokkumar V, Venkatesan V, Angappan M. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and isolation and characterization of a new bioactive compound, 3,4,9-trimethyl-7-propyldecanoic acid from Vitex negundo. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117314. [PMID: 37832812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Herbal medicines derived from plant extraction are affordable, more therapeutically effective, and have fewer side effects than contemporary medications. Vitex negundo L. (V. negundo). is a medicinal shrub, which contains numerous phytoconstituents. In ancient medicinal practices, V. negundo was primarily prescribed as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant characteristics of crude extracts from V. negundo leaves, including those derived from petroleum ether (P), methanol (M), and aqueous (A) solvents. Additionally, the research seeks to identify the specific bioactive compounds responsible for these observed properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS The nitric oxide scavenging study was performed to evaluate the V. negundo crude extract's ability to function as a nitric oxide scavenger. Protein denaturation and proteinase inhibition experiments were employed to study the ability of extracts to suppress proteolysis and inhibit the enzymes that cause tissue injury. The membrane-stabilizing potency of plant extracts were examined through the process of heat-induced hemolysis. The ability of the extracts to neutralize free radicals showed a dose-dependent response, and the aqueous extract exhibited substantially higher activity in both FRAP and DPPH. The GC-MS analysis of V. negundo extracts revealed a vast array of pharmacologically active metabolites. Based on this Bioassay-guided fractionation approach, the optimal extract was selected for the potent molecule isolation and characterization. RESULTS The findings demonstrated that the aqueous extract of V. negundo exhibited markedly superior radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory capabilities compared to the other two extracts. Furthermore, a new molecule, 3,4,9-trimethyl-7-propyldecanoic acid was isolated from this extract, and its chemical structure was successfully determined. CONCLUSION This study revealed that the aqueous extract of V. negundo demonstrated notably stronger in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in comparison to the methanol and petroleum ether extracts. The identified active compound, 3,4,9-trimethyl-7-propyldecanoic acid is likely responsible for the extract's free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory effects. Furthermore, conducting both in vitro and in vivo studies is crucial to substantiate the potential of this active constituent for the development of an anti-inflammatory drug derived from V. negundo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreewardhini Sivapalan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur, 603 203, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sankari Dharmalingam
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur, 603 203, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Veeramuthu Ashokkumar
- Biorefineries for Biofuels & Bioproducts Laboratory (BBBL), Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, SDC, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, India; Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Vijayalakshmi Venkatesan
- Cell and Molecular Biology, ICRM- National Institute of Nutrition, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Gov of India, India
| | - Mangalagowri Angappan
- Centralized Instrumentation Laboratory, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Science University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Xu S, Zhang Q, Li Y, Luo C, Lai R, Guo L, Hai L, Lv G, Wu Y. Pathway to Construct α-Acyloxy Esters by B(C 6F 5) 3-Catalyzed O-H Insertion of Carboxylic Acids with Sulfoxonium Ylides. J Org Chem 2023; 88:15335-15349. [PMID: 37875403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
We report the first example of B(C6F5)3-catalyzed O-H insertion reaction of sulfoxonium ylides and carboxylic acids, achieving efficient construction of diester moieties under metal-free condition. This protocol is characterized by broad substrate tolerance, particularly for various phenylacetic acids, and good compatibility with water/air condition, which is superior to most other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuran Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, third Section, South Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Qingyao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, third Section, South Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, third Section, South Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Cankun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, third Section, South Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Ruizhi Lai
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, third Section, South Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Li Guo
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, third Section, South Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Li Hai
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, third Section, South Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Guanghui Lv
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, third Section, South Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
- Department of Pharmacy, Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Umbilical Cord Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Yong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, third Section, South Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
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Alwaleedy S, Kabara KB, Karale RR, Kamble S, Al-Hamdani S, Kumbharkhane AC, Sarode AV. Water dynamics on the structural properties of some NSAID's with leucine in the picosecond region using time domain spectroscopy. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-18. [PMID: 37897192 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2273987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Concentration-dependent dielectric response for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): Aceclofenac (ACF) and Diclofenac (DCF) in the aqueous leucine solution have been reported at different concentrations and temperatures (298.15 K to 283.15 K). The time domain reflectometry technique in the frequency region of 1 GHz to 30 GHz was used for the present study. Complex permittivity (ε*), static dielectric constant (ε), dielectric relaxation time (τ), dipole moment (μ) and Kirkwood correlation factor (g) have been calculated and discussed in terms of the molecular interaction of water and the used drugs. To give more insights into the structural dynamics of drug-induced amino acids, the study includes molar enthalpy of activation (ΔH), entropy of activation (ΔS), and free energy of activation (ΔF). The overall study concludes that the drug (DCF) having a potent inhibitor of cyclooxygenase found a higher static dielectric constant (ε0) than that of the drug (ACF) having more carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) in the chain, which is more efficient in controlling pain.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suad Alwaleedy
- School of Physical Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded, MS, India
- Department of Physics, Taiz University, Yemen
| | - Komal B Kabara
- School of Physical Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded, MS, India
| | - Ravikant R Karale
- School of Physical Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded, MS, India
| | - Savita Kamble
- School of Physical Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded, MS, India
| | - Saeed Al-Hamdani
- School of Physical Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded, MS, India
| | - Ashok C Kumbharkhane
- School of Physical Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded, MS, India
| | - Arvind V Sarode
- School of Physical Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded, MS, India
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11
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Bitay E, Gergely AL, Szabó ZI. Optimization and Production of Aceclofenac-Loaded Microfiber Solid Dispersion by Centrifugal Spinning. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2256. [PMID: 37765225 PMCID: PMC10537889 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aceclofenac-loaded polyvinylpyrrolidone fiber-based amorphous solid dispersion was produced successfully by centrifugal spinning. The solution concentration and rotational speed were optimized to produce the fiber-based drug carrier system, with a determined production rate of 12.7 g/h dry solid fibers. The obtained fibers were bead-free and smooth-surfaced with an average diameter of 7.5 ± 2.5 μm. Gas chromatographic determinations revealed that ethanol, as a residual solvent, was well below the regulatory limit of 0.5%. Differential scanning calorimetric investigation and infrared spectroscopic measurements were used to track the physicochemical changes that intervene during fiber formation in the solid state. The results revealed that the rapid evaporation of the solvent was accompanied by a probable crystalline to amorphous transition of the active substance during centrifugal spinning. In vitro dissolution studies revealed an instantaneous disintegration of the fibrous structure and a rapid release of the active substance, with the microfibrous webs greatly outperforming the crystalline active substance, especially in the early time-points. This implies that centrifugal spinning offers a viable scale-up production process to prepare drug-loaded fiber-based solid dispersions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enikő Bitay
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Technical and Human Sciences, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Calea Sighișoarei nr. 2., 540485 Târgu-Mureş, Romania;
- Research Institute of the Transylvanian Museum Society, 2–4 Napoca, 400009 Cluj, Romania
| | - Attila Levente Gergely
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Technical and Human Sciences, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Calea Sighișoarei nr. 2., 540485 Târgu-Mureş, Romania;
| | - Zoltán-István Szabó
- Department of Drugs Industry and Pharmaceutical Management, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Gh. Marinescu 38, 540485 Târgu-Mureş, Romania;
- Sz-imfidum Ltd., 525401 Lunga, Romania
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12
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El-Masry AA, Zeid AM. Acriflavine: an efficient green fluorescent probe for sensitive analysis of aceclofenac in pharmaceutical formulations. BMC Chem 2023; 17:93. [PMID: 37533016 PMCID: PMC10394782 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-023-00979-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acriflavine is a multipurpose drug that shows antibacterial, antiviral, antimalarial, and antifungal activities. The remarkable native fluorescence of acriflavine is exploited in analytical chemistry field as an efficient probe for analysis of pharmaceutical and biological compounds. The fluorescent probe action of acriflavine is based on the remarkable fluorescence turning-off via formation of ion-pair complexes with acidic drugs at a specific pH. Herein, the acidic drug aceclofenac is analysed for the first time using acriflavine as a fluorescent probe. Aceclofenac can form an ion-pair complex with acriflavine at pH 8.5, and hence it partially turns off the fluorescence intensity of acriflavine over a concentration range of 1-20 µg/mL. The fluorescence quenching was monitored at 502 nm following an excitation at 265 or 451 nm. The reaction stoichiometry between acriflavine and aceclofenac was found to be 1:1 using limiting logarithmic method. The type of quenching was confirmed to be static using Stern-Volmer plot. The method showed low values of quantitation limit (0.89 µg/mL) and detection limit (0.29 µg/mL). Moreover, the method was linear (r = 0.9999), accurate, precise (RSD < 1.7%), robust, and specific. The proposed method was successfully employed to analyse aceclofenac in its dosage forms with high %recovery (98-101%). Additionally, GAPI and AGREE approaches were used to guarantee the suggested techniques' greenness, and the findings showed an excellent level of greenness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal A El-Masry
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Abdallah M Zeid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
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13
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Lee S, Kim JG, Kim HJ. Efficacy of Aceclofenac and Ilaprazole Combination Therapy versus Celecoxib Monotherapy for Treating NSAID-Induced Dyspepsia in Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Patients. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1307. [PMID: 37512117 PMCID: PMC10384543 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59071307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Dyspepsia is a common adverse event associated with the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. Although proton pump and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors are potential treatment options, the optimal strategy remains unclear. This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of combination therapy with aceclofenac and ilaprazole versus celecoxib monotherapy for the treatment of dyspepsia caused by NSAID use in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. Materials and Methods: This prospective, double-blind, randomized, actively controlled study was conducted at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital in South Korea from July 2020 to September 2021. The participants were randomized into one of two treatment groups: celecoxib monotherapy (control group) and combination therapy with aceclofenac and ilaprazole (test group). The primary efficacy endpoint was the mean change in the Short-Form Leeds Dyspepsia Questionnaire (SF-LDQ) scores from baseline to treatment week 8. The secondary efficacy endpoint was the mean change in Short-Form-12 (SF-12) scores from baseline (week 0) to treatment week 8. Results: The study enrolled 140 patients who were randomly assigned to receive combination therapy with aceclofenac and, ilaprazole or celecoxib. In the per protocol set, the mean change in SF-LDQ scores from week 0 to week 8 was -0.51 ± 4.78 and 1.85 ± 6.70 in the combination therapy and celecoxib group, respectively (p = 0.054). SF-12 scores did not differ significantly between the two groups. Adverse events were reported in both groups, but there was no significant difference in incidence. Conclusions: Combination therapy with aceclofenac and ilaprazole can be a treatment option for NSAID-induced dyspepsia in some situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghoon Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam-si 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Guel Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam-si 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Joong Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam-si 13620, Republic of Korea
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14
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Negi S, Tandel N, Sharma P, Kumar R, Tyagi RK. Aceclofenac and methotrexate combination therapy could influence Th1/Th17 axis to modulate rheumatoid-arthritis-induced inflammation. Drug Discov Today 2023:103671. [PMID: 37330038 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory, autoimmune and connective-tissue arthropathy. The methotrexate (MTX) and aceclofenac (ACL) combination drug regimen is known to regulate the immunological pathways. Also, RA-elicited inflammation is decreased by the combination drug treatment. ACL and MTX combination treatment has been shown to regulate the signaling pathway controlled by NF-κB and FOXO1. The present manuscript reviews the importance of the combination drug regimen to treat and/or manage RA. The combination drug regimen could affect the Th1/Th17 axis to switch the balance toward the immunoregulatory (Th1) phenotype for establishing immune homeostasis. In conclusion, we propose the study of the immunological signaling pathways in experimental humanized RA mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Negi
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Biomedical Parasitology and Nano-immunology Lab, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Sec-39A, Chandigarh-160036, India
| | - Nikunj Tandel
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, SG highway, Ahmedabad-382481, India
| | - Prakriti Sharma
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Biomedical Parasitology and Nano-immunology Lab, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Sec-39A, Chandigarh-160036, India
| | - Rajinder Kumar
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Biomedical Parasitology and Nano-immunology Lab, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Sec-39A, Chandigarh-160036, India
| | - Rajeev K Tyagi
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Biomedical Parasitology and Nano-immunology Lab, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Sec-39A, Chandigarh-160036, India.
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15
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Só GB, Silva IA, Weissheimer T, Lenzi TL, Só MVR, da Rosa RA. Do NSAIDs used prior to standard inferior alveolar nerve blocks improve the analgesia of mandibular molars with irreversible pulpitis? An umbrella review. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:1885-1897. [PMID: 36988825 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-04979-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of the present umbrella review was to answer the following question: "Does the use of NSAIDs as premedication increase the efficacy of the standard inferior alveolar nerve block on teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis?" MATERIAL AND METHODS Systematic reviews with and without meta-analyses that evaluated the influence of premedication on anesthetic efficacy of the inferior alveolar nerve in symptomatic irreversible pulpitis of mandibular molars were searched in six electronic databases (MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and Grey Literature Reports), without the restriction of language or year of publication. A Measurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews (AMSTAR 2) was used to evaluate the quality of the included studies. RESULTS Twelve systematic reviews were included. Only one did not perform a meta-analysis. The AMSTAR 2 overall confidence ranged from very low to high. In general, the main findings of the systematic reviews were that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., ibuprofen, oxicam, diclofenac, association of ibuprofen with acetaminophen, and ketorolac) increased the success rate of the inferior alveolar nerve block. CONCLUSIONS From the "very low" to "high"-quality evidence available, this umbrella review concluded that NSAIDs as premedication acts through cyclooxygenase pathways and block the synthesis of specific prostaglandins that complicate the mechanism of action of the anesthesia, improving its success rate. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can increase the success rate of the anesthetic technique of inferior alveolar nerve block efficacy in situations of mandibular molars with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Barcelos Só
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Rio Grande do Sul Federal University (UFRGS), 2492 Ramiro Barcelos Street, Porto Alegre, RS, 90040-060, Brazil
| | - Isadora Ames Silva
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Rio Grande do Sul Federal University (UFRGS), 2492 Ramiro Barcelos Street, Porto Alegre, RS, 90040-060, Brazil
| | - Theodoro Weissheimer
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Rio Grande do Sul Federal University (UFRGS), 2492 Ramiro Barcelos Street, Porto Alegre, RS, 90040-060, Brazil
| | - Tathiane Larissa Lenzi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Rio Grande do Sul Federal University (UFRGS), 2492 Ramiro Barcelos Street, Porto Alegre, RS, 90040-060, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius Reis Só
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Rio Grande do Sul Federal University (UFRGS), 2492 Ramiro Barcelos Street, Porto Alegre, RS, 90040-060, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Abreu da Rosa
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Rio Grande do Sul Federal University (UFRGS), 2492 Ramiro Barcelos Street, Porto Alegre, RS, 90040-060, Brazil.
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More SJ, Tandulwadkar SS, Balap AR, Lohidasan S, Sinnathambi A, Mahadik KR. Effect of Andrographis paniculata extract and Andrographolide on the pharmacokinetics of Aceclofenac and Celecoxib in rats. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2023; 9:1. [PMID: 36620352 PMCID: PMC9808673 DOI: 10.1186/s43094-022-00450-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In India, for the treatment of cold, fever and inflammation, people consume herbal remedies containing Andrographis paniculata Nees (APE) as main ingredient, along with NSAIDs. So the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of APE and pure andrographolide (AN) on the pharmacokinetic of with aceclofenac (ACF) and celecoxib (CXB) after oral co-administration in wistar rats. After co-administration of APE (equivalent to 20 mg/kg of AN) and AN (20 mg/kg) with ACF (5 mg/kg) and CXB (5 mg/kg) in rats, orally, drug concentrations in plasma were determined using HPLC method. Non-compartment model was used to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters like Cmax, Tmax, t1/2, MRT, Vd, CL, and AUC. Results Co-administration of ACF and CXB with APE and pure AN altered the systemic exposure level of each compound in vivo. The Cmax, Tmax, MRT of CXB were increased whereas Vd and Cl of CXB were decreased significantly after co-administration of CXB with APE. Whereas co-administration of CXB with AN significantly decreased Vd, CL, and MRT of CXB. The concentration of ACF was increased significantly in co-administered groups with pure AN and APE. The AUC0-∞, AUMC0-∞, MRT, Vd and t1/2 of ACF were also significantly decreased in co-administered groups, hence CL of ACF was increased significantly. Conclusion This study concludes that APE and pure AN have effect on pharmacokinetic of CXB and ACF in rat. Not only patients but medical practitioners using Andrographis paniculata should have awareness regarding probable herb-drug interactions with ACF and CXB.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. J. More
- grid.411681.b0000 0004 0503 0903Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University (BVDU), Pune, India
| | - S. S. Tandulwadkar
- grid.411681.b0000 0004 0503 0903Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University (BVDU), Pune, India
| | - Aishwarya R. Balap
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, PES’s Modern College of Pharmacy, Pune, India
| | - S. Lohidasan
- grid.411681.b0000 0004 0503 0903Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University (BVDU), Pune, India
| | - A. Sinnathambi
- grid.411681.b0000 0004 0503 0903Department of Pharmacology, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University (BVDU), Pune, India
| | - K. R. Mahadik
- grid.411681.b0000 0004 0503 0903Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University (BVDU), Pune, India
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Novel non-stimulants rescue hyperactive phenotype in an adgrl3.1 mutant zebrafish model of ADHD. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022:10.1038/s41386-022-01505-z. [PMID: 36400921 PMCID: PMC10267219 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01505-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
ADHD is a highly prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder. The first-line therapeutic for ADHD, methylphenidate, can cause serious side effects including weight loss, insomnia, and hypertension. Therefore, the development of non-stimulant-based therapeutics has been prioritized. However, many of these also cause other effects, most notably somnolence. Here, we have used a uniquely powerful genetic model and unbiased drug screen to identify novel ADHD non-stimulant therapeutics. We first found that adgrl3.1 null (adgrl3.1-/-) zebrafish larvae showed a robust hyperactive phenotype. Although the hyperactivity was rescued by three ADHD non-stimulant therapeutics, all interfered significantly with sleep. Second, we used wild-type zebrafish larvae to characterize a simple behavioral phenotype generated by atomoxetine and screened the 1200 compound Prestwick Chemical Library® for a matching behavioral profile resulting in 67 hits. These hits were re-assayed in the adgrl3.1-/-. Using the previously identified non-stimulants as a positive control, we identified four compounds that matched the effect of atomoxetine: aceclofenac, amlodipine, doxazosin, and moxonidine. We additionally demonstrated cognitive effects of moxonidine in mice using a T-maze spontaneous alternation task. Moxonidine, has high affinity for imidazoline 1 receptors. We, therefore, assayed a pure imidazoline 1 agonist, LNP599, which generated an effect closely matching other non-stimulant ADHD therapeutics suggesting a role for this receptor system in ADHD. In summary, we introduce a genetic model of ADHD in zebrafish and identify five putative therapeutics. The findings offer a novel tool for understanding the neural circuits of ADHD, suggest a novel mechanism for its etiology, and identify novel therapeutics.
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