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Capoferri D, Bignotti E, Ravaggi A, Mitola S, Romani C. Finding the junction between claudins and endometrial carcinoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:189019. [PMID: 37951482 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.189019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Endometrial carcinoma (EC) defines a heterogeneous group of neoplastic diseases originating from the transformation of endometrial cells that constitute the internal lining of the uterus. To date several molecular targets have been analysed to describe the natural course of the disease, claudins being among these. Claudins are the main components of tight junctions (TJs), and their main functions are ascribed to the compartmentalization of tissues and cell-cell communication by means of intracellular ions diffusion: these features are typical of epithelial cells. Their overexpression, mis-localization or loss contribute to the malignancy of EC cells. This review collected all available data regarding the expression, regulation and claudin-related signaling pathways to provide a comprehensive view on the influence of claudin in EC progression. Further, the translational potential of claudin differential expression was explored, indicating that their role in personalized medicine could also contribute to EC therapy besides their employment for diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Capoferri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Eliana Bignotti
- Angelo Nocivelli Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy; Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Antonella Ravaggi
- Angelo Nocivelli Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy; Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Stefania Mitola
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Chiara Romani
- Angelo Nocivelli Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy.
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He Z, Fan F, Xu Z, Zhang M, Zhao R, Ke X, Wang Q, Yan S, Zheng H. Downregulation of CLDN6 inhibits cell migration and invasion and promotes apoptosis by regulation of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. Transl Cancer Res 2023; 12:1753-1764. [PMID: 37588735 PMCID: PMC10425638 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-23-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Background High expression of CLDN6 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been widely reported. During this research, CLDN6's effect on the infiltration, migration, and apoptosis of HCC cells was investigated. Methods Initially, the knockdown and overexpression of CLDN6 in HCC cells were carried out by short interfering RNA (siRNA) and plasmid transfection. The transfection efficiency was detected by means of a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay, immunofluorescence staining, and Western blot analysis. Transwell and wound-healing assays were employed for the detection of invasion and migration ability. CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry were utilized for the detection of apoptosis. Finally, analysis of the expression of pathway-related proteins (JAK2, STAT3, p-JAK2, and p-STAT3) and the regulation of apoptotic responses (by measurement of cleaved caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2 levels) was carried out. Results When CLDN6 was knocked down, the cellular invasion and migration ability decreased, and apoptosis increased, which decreased p-JAK2, p-STAT3, and anti-apoptotic protein bcl-2 expression. Furthermore, an elevation was observed in cleaved caspase-3 and Bax expression levels. Contrarily, upon overexpression of CDLN6, the aforementioned experimental results were reversed. Conclusions CLDN6 knockdown results in the inhibition of HCC cells' infiltration and migration and promotes apoptosis via downregulation of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Fangtian Fan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Zhidong Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiquan Ke
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Qizhi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Shanjun Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Hailun Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
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Heat Shock Protein B7 Inhibits the Progression of Endometrial Carcinoma by Inhibiting PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway. Reprod Sci 2023; 30:590-600. [PMID: 35859224 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-022-01041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the role and mechanism of action of Heat shock protein B7 (HSPB7) in endometrial carcinoma (EC). METHODS GEPIA (Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis) was used to analyze the expression and prognostic value of HSPB7 in TCGA data. HSPB7 mRNA and protein expression levels were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. EC cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion were determined by colony formation, EdU, flow cytometry, and transwell assays. Mitochondrial membrane potential was determined using JC-1 probe. In addition, apoptosis-related and metastasis-related proteins were quantitatively evaluated. A gene set enrichment analysis of the signaling pathways by which HSPB7 influences EC was performed and the levels of enriched pathway-related proteins were evaluated. RESULTS We first proved that HSPB7 was downregulated in EC tissues and HSPB7 levels were positively related to survival rates. In functional assays, HSPB7 overexpression suppressed the proliferation, migration, and invasion of EC cells and conversely promoted apoptosis. Moreover, HSPB7 overexpression decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential of EC cells significantly. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway was significantly enriched in EC. HSPB7 inhibited the phosphorylation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway to reduce proliferation, migration and invasion, and increased apoptosis in EC cells. CONCLUSION HSPB7 was downregulated in EC and influenced EC cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and apoptosis via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. These findings provide a novel perspective for the development of EC treatment strategies.
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Tight Junction Protein Signaling and Cancer Biology. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020243. [PMID: 36672179 PMCID: PMC9857217 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) are intercellular protein complexes that preserve tissue homeostasis and integrity through the control of paracellular permeability and cell polarity. Recent findings have revealed the functional role of TJ proteins outside TJs and beyond their classical cellular functions as selective gatekeepers. This is illustrated by the dysregulation in TJ protein expression levels in response to external and intracellular stimuli, notably during tumorigenesis. A large body of knowledge has uncovered the well-established functional role of TJ proteins in cancer pathogenesis. Mechanistically, TJ proteins act as bidirectional signaling hubs that connect the extracellular compartment to the intracellular compartment. By modulating key signaling pathways, TJ proteins are crucial players in the regulation of cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation, all of which being essential cancer hallmarks crucial for tumor growth and metastasis. TJ proteins also promote the acquisition of stem cell phenotypes in cancer cells. These findings highlight their contribution to carcinogenesis and therapeutic resistance. Moreover, recent preclinical and clinical studies have used TJ proteins as therapeutic targets or prognostic markers. This review summarizes the functional role of TJ proteins in cancer biology and their impact for novel strategies to prevent and treat cancer.
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Knockdown of CLAUDIN-6 Inhibited Apoptosis and Induced Proliferation of Bovine Cumulus Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113222. [PMID: 36362009 PMCID: PMC9656489 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effects of CLAUDIN-6 (CLDN6) on cell apoptosis and proliferation of bovine cumulus cells (CCs). Immunofluorescence staining was used to localize CLDN6 protein in CCs. Three pairs of siRNA targeting CLDN6 and one pair of siRNA universal negative sequence as control were transfected into bovine CCs. Then, the effective siRNA was screened by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and Western blotting. The mRNA expression levels of apoptosis related genes (CASPASE-3, BAX and BCL-2) and proliferation related genes (PCNA, CDC42 and CCND2) were evaluated by RT-qPCR in CCs with CLDN6 knockdown. Cell proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle were detected by flow cytometry with CCK-8 staining, Annexin V-FITC staining and propidium iodide staining, respectively. Results showed that the CLDN6 gene was expressed in bovine CCs and the protein was localized in cell membranes and cytoplasms. After CLDN6 was knocked down in CCs, the cell apoptosis rate significantly decreased and the pro-apoptotic genes BAX and CASPASE-3 were down-regulated significantly, whereas the anti-apoptotic gene BCL-2 was markedly up-regulated (p < 0.05). Additionally, CLDN6 knockdown significantly enhanced cell proliferation of CCs at 72 h after siRNA transfection. The mRNA levels of proliferation-related genes PCNA, CCND2 and CDC42 increased obviously in CCs with CLDN6 knockdown (p < 0.05). After CLDN6 was down-regulated, the percentage of CCs at S phase was significantly increased (p < 0.05). However, there was no remarkable difference in the percentages of cells at the G0/G1 phase and G2/M phase between CCs with or without CLDN6 knockdown (p > 0.05). Therefore, the expression of CLDN6 and its effects on cell proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle of bovine CCs were first studied. CLDN6 low expression inhibited cell apoptosis, induced cell proliferation and cell cycle arrest of bovine CCs.
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Qu H, Wang M, Wang M, Liu Y, Quan C. The expression and the tumor suppressor role of CLDN6 in colon cancer. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:2883-2893. [PMID: 35701678 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04450-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As a member of the tight junction family, CLDN6 is a tumor suppressor in breast cancer, but its role in colon cancer is unknown. In this research, we aimed at revealing the function of CLDN6 in colon cancer. We found that colon cancer tissues lowly expressed CLDN6, and the expression of CLDN6 was negatively correlated with lymph node metastasis. Similarly, CLDN6 was lowly expressed in the colon cancer cell line SW1116, and overexpression of CLDN6 inhibited cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Consistently, the migration and invasion abilities of cells were significantly inhibited after CLDN6 overexpression. In addition, we demonstrated that CLDN6 may inhibit the migration and invasion abilities by activating the TYK2/STAT3 pathway. Therefore, our data indicated that CLDN6 acted as a tumor suppressor and had the potential to be regarded as a biomarker for the progression of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huinan Qu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengshi Quan
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
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Qu H, Qi D, Wang X, Dong Y, Jin Q, Wei J, Quan C. CLDN6 Suppresses c-MYC-Mediated Aerobic Glycolysis to Inhibit Proliferation by TAZ in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010129. [PMID: 35008557 PMCID: PMC8745066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudin 6 (CLDN6) was found to be a breast cancer suppressor gene, which is lowly expressed in breast cancer and inhibits breast cancer cell proliferation upon overexpression. However, the mechanism by which CLDN6 inhibits breast cancer proliferation is unclear. Here, we investigated this issue and elucidated the molecular mechanisms by which CLDN6 inhibits breast cancer proliferation. First, we verified that CLDN6 was lowly expressed in breast cancer tissues and that patients with lower CLDN6 expression had a worse prognosis. Next, we confirmed that CLDN6 inhibited breast cancer proliferation through in vitro and in vivo experiments. As for the mechanism, we found that CLDN6 inhibited c-MYC-mediated aerobic glycolysis based on a metabolomic analysis of CLDN6 affecting cellular lactate levels. CLDN6 interacted with a transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) and reduced the level of TAZ, thereby suppressing c-MYC transcription, which led to a reduction in glucose uptake and lactate production. Considered together, our results suggested that CLDN6 suppressed c-MYC-mediated aerobic glycolysis to inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer by TAZ, which indicated that CLDN6 acted as a novel regulator of aerobic glycolysis and provided a theoretical basis for CLDN6 as a biomarker of progression in breast cancer.
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Qu H, Jin Q, Quan C. CLDN6: From Traditional Barrier Function to Emerging Roles in Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413416. [PMID: 34948213 PMCID: PMC8705207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Claudins (CLDNs) are the most important tight junction proteins, which are mainly expressed in endothelial cells or epithelial cells in a tissue-specific manner. As a member of the CLDNs family, CLDN6 is highly expressed in fetal tissues such as the stomach, pancreas, lung, and kidney, but is not expressed in corresponding adult tissues. The expression of CLDN6 is regulated by a variety of factors, including but not limited to stimuli and transcription factors, DNA methylation, and post-translational modifications. CLDN6 has been found to have a key role in the formation of barriers, especially the lung epithelial barrier and the epidermal permeability barrier (EPB). Importantly, the roles of CLDN6 in cancers have gained focus and are being investigated in recent years. Strong evidence indicates that the altered expression of CLDN6 is linked to the development of various cancers. Malignant phenotypes of tumors affected by CLDN6 include proliferation and apoptosis, migration and invasion, and drug resistance, which are regulated by CLDN6-mediated key signaling pathways. Given the important role in tumors and its low or no expression in normal tissues, CLDN6 is an ideal target for tumor therapy. This review aims to provide an overview of the structure and regulation of CLDN6, and its traditional barrier function, with a special emphasis on its emerging roles in cancers, including its impact on the malignant phenotypes, signal-modulating effects, the prognosis of tumor patients, and clinical applications in cancers.
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Lu Y, Dang Q, Bo Y, Su X, Wang L, Sun J, Wei J, Quan C, Li Y. The Expression of CLDN6 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Tissue and the Effects of CLDN6 on Biological Phenotypes of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. J Cancer 2021; 12:5454-5463. [PMID: 34405008 PMCID: PMC8364659 DOI: 10.7150/jca.55727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CLDN6, a member of claudin (CLDN) family, was found to be a breast cancer suppressor gene in our early experiments. However, CLDN6 was highly expressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma (hHCC) (TCGA database), and the role of CLDN6 in hHCC is still unclear. To investigate the expression of CLDN6, immunohistochemical staining was performed in hHCC tissues. As a result, hHCC tissues highly expressed CLDN6, and the expression was related to the degree of tumor's differentiation. To research the role of CLDN6 in hHCC cells, CLDN6 was silenced in HepG2 and Hep3B cells which highly expressed CLDN6 through liposome transfection. Results showed that after silencing of CLDN6, the proliferation, migration and invasion abilities of hHCC cells were inhibited. Meanwhile, the expression of E-cadherin was upregulated, and the expression of N-cadherin and Vimentin was downregulated. All the results above indicated that CLDN6 promoted the development of hHCC, and could be a potential target for the treatment of it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China.,The Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Qihua Dang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Bo
- The Department of Pathology, Jilin Provincial Cancer Hospital, 1018 Huguang Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejin Su
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyuan Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengshi Quan
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanru Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
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Du H, Yang X, Fan J, Du X. Claudin 6: Therapeutic prospects for tumours, and mechanisms of expression and regulation (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:677. [PMID: 34296304 PMCID: PMC8335585 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) are an important component of cell connectivity; they maintain cell polarity, permeability and adhesion, and participate in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation. The claudin (CLDN) family is integral to TJs, and CLDN6 is an important member of this family. Abnormal expression of CLDN6 can destroy the integrity of TJs through various mechanisms and can serve multiple roles in the occurrence and development of tumours. CLDN6 is widely expressed in various tumours but rarely expressed in healthy adult tissues. The aim of this review is to critically examine the recent literature on CLDN6, including its structure, expression in different tumours, regulatory mechanisms and therapeutic prospects. Although some conclusions are controversial, in certain tumours, such as liver, ovarian, endometrial and oesophageal cancer, and atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumours, research consistently shows that CLDN6 is expressed in tumour tissues but is not expressed or is expressed at low levels in surrounding tissues. In these tumours, CLDN6 has potential as a carcinoembryonic antigen and a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Du
- Department of Oncology, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan 621000, P.R. China
| | - Xiyue Yang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Jinjia Fan
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobo Du
- Department of Oncology, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan 621000, P.R. China
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Li J. Context-Dependent Roles of Claudins in Tumorigenesis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:676781. [PMID: 34354941 PMCID: PMC8329526 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.676781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The barrier and fence functions of the claudin protein family are fundamental to tissue integrity and human health. Increasing evidence has linked claudins to signal transduction and tumorigenesis. The expression of claudins is frequently dysregulated in the context of neoplastic transformation. Studies have uncovered that claudins engage in nearly all aspects of tumor biology and steps of tumor development, suggesting their promise as targets for treatment or biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis. However, claudins can be either tumor promoters or tumor suppressors depending on the context, which emphasizes the importance of taking various factors, including organ type, environmental context and genetic confounders, into account when studying the biological functions and targeting of claudins in cancer. This review discusses the complicated roles and intrinsic and extrinsic determinants of the context-specific effects of claudins in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Hospital of Mianyang, Sichuan Mental Health Center, Mianyang, China
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STYX/FBXW7 axis participates in the development of endometrial cancer cell via Notch-mTOR signaling pathway. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:222534. [PMID: 32239181 PMCID: PMC7167255 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most common gynecologic malignancy in world. It has been reported that the mutation rate of FBXW7 is frequent in EC, but the specific functions of FBXW7 remain unknown in EC. In the present study, we revealed the role and mechanism of FBXW7 in EC cells. Compared with adjacent nontumor tissues, the FBXW7 expression level was lower in EC tissues. However, the level of STYX was in contrast with the expression of FBXW7 in EC tissues. And STYX interacted with FBXW7 and then down-regulated its expression level in EC. Over-expression of FBXW7 inhibited cell proliferation and facilitated apoptosis in EC cells, whereas silencing FBXW7 acted an opposite effect on EC cells. And the process of FBXW7 participated the proliferation and apoptosis in EC was regulated by STYX. FBXW7 suppressed the expression of Notch pathway related protein, and further inhibited the phosphorylation of mTOR. In addition, we also found that mTOR activitor (MHY1485) and Notch activator (Jagged-1) reversed the effect of over-expressing FBXW7 on cell proliferation and cell apoptosis. And Notch inhibitor (DAPT) counteracted the impact of over-expressing STYX on cell proliferation and cell apoptosis. Collectively, the present study verified that STYX inhibited the expression level of FBXW7 in EC, and then promoted cell proliferation but suppressed apoptosis through Notch–mTOR signaling pathway, which promoted carcinogenesis and progression of EC.
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Prognostic Significance of Aberrant Claudin-6 Expression in Endometrial Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102748. [PMID: 32987797 PMCID: PMC7656298 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the claudin (CLDN) family, CLDN6 exhibits aberrant expression in various cancers, but its biological relevance has not yet been established. We generated a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against human CLDN6 and verified its specificity. By immunohistochemical staining and semi-quantification, we evaluated the relationship between CLDN6 expression and clinicopathological parameters in tissues from 173 cases of endometrial cancer. RESULTS The established mAb selectively recognized CLDN6 protein. Ten of the 173 cases (5.8%) showed high CLDN6 expression (score 3+), whereas 19 (11.0%), 18 (10.4%) and 126 (72.4%) cases revealed low CLDN6 expression (score 2+, 1+ and 0, respectively). In addition, intratumor heterogeneity of CLDN6 expression was observed even in the cases with high CLDN6 expression. The 5-year survival rates in the high and low CLDN6 groups was approximately 30% and 90%, respectively. Among the clinicopathological factors, the high CLDN6 expression was significantly associated with surgical stage III/IV, histological grade 3, lymphovascular space involvement, lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis. Furthermore, the high CLDN6 expression was an independent prognostic marker for overall survival of endometrial cancer patients (hazard ratio 3.50, p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded that aberrant CLDN6 expression is useful to predict poor outcome for endometrial cancer and might be a promising therapeutic target.
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Liu Y, Chang Y, He X, Cai Y, Jiang H, Jia R, Leng J. CD47 Enhances Cell Viability and Migration Ability but Inhibits Apoptosis in Endometrial Carcinoma Cells via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1525. [PMID: 32984001 PMCID: PMC7479237 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purposes: To measure expression levels of CD47 during endometrial carcinoma development, and to determine specific modulatory effects. Methods: CD47 expression levels in endometrial carcinoma tissues and adjacent tissues were analyzed using qRT-PCR. CD47-overexpressed or downregulated cell models were established using CD47 plasmid or CD47 shRNA. The effects of CD47 on HEC-1A and Ishikawa cell growth were evaluated using CCK-8 assays. Migration ability of transfected HEC-1A and Ishikawa cells were examined using wound healing assays. Flow cytometry was used to measure the effects of CD47 on apoptosis and the cell cycle in HEC-1A and Ishikawa cells. Western blot was used to analyze the correlation between CD47 expression level and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Results: Highly expressed CD47 was observed in endometrial carcinoma tissues, with higher levels in more advanced tissues than in early tissues. Upregulation of CD47 enhanced cell viability and migration ability in HEC-1A and Ishikawa cells, while silencing CD47 caused the opposite results. CD47 overexpression suppressed apoptosis and inhibited cell cycle arrest in HEC-1A and Ishikawa cells. CD47 upregulation contributes to the activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in endometrial carcinoma cells. Conclusion: CD47 exerts oncogenic functions in endometrial carcinoma by activating PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling, suggesting it may be a novel immunotherapeutic target for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Friendship Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Friendship Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhong He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Friendship Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yixuan Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Friendship Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Friendship Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ru Jia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Friendship Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiyan Leng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Friendship Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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15
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Li XC, Cheng Y, Yang X, Zhou JY, Dong YY, Shen BQ, Wang JQ, Zhao LJ, Wang ZQ, Li XP, Wang JL. Decreased expression of TRPM4 is associated with unfavorable prognosis and aggressive progression of endometrial carcinoma. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:3926-3939. [PMID: 32774746 PMCID: PMC7407693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 4 (TRPM4) is a nonselective channel conducting monovalent ions and indirectly regulates intracellular Ca2+. Aberrant expression has been reported in a number of cancers. However, the biological function of TRPM4 in endometrial carcinoma (EC) is still unknown. We find that decreased TRPM4 expression is significantly correlated with a poor prognosis, overall survival (OS, P<0.001) and recurrence-free survival (P=0.002) through The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets in mRNA level. Multivariate Cox regression analysis suggests that TRPM4 is an independent prognostic factor for OS in EC patients. In vitro assays show that TRPM4-deletion results in significant promotion of proliferation and migration in EC cells. We then conducted a gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and according to the results, the expression of TRPM4 is modulated by estrogen, which is inhibited by ER antagonist. Furthermore, the silencing of TRPM4 causes a decreased p53 and hyper-activation of EMT, PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in EC, as demonstrated in vitro. Overall, these results indicate that TRPM4 is clinically useful in predicting EC prognosis and represent a potential candidate as a new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Chen Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People’s HospitalBeijing, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People’s HospitalBeijing, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People’s HospitalBeijing, China
| | - Jing-Yi Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People’s HospitalBeijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Female Pelvic Floor Disorders DiseasesBeijing, China
| | - Yang-Yang Dong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People’s HospitalBeijing, China
| | - Bo-Qiang Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People’s HospitalBeijing, China
| | - Jia-Qi Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People’s HospitalBeijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Female Pelvic Floor Disorders DiseasesBeijing, China
| | - Li-Jun Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People’s HospitalBeijing, China
| | - Zhi-Qi Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People’s HospitalBeijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People’s HospitalBeijing, China
| | - Jian-Liu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People’s HospitalBeijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Female Pelvic Floor Disorders DiseasesBeijing, China
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16
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Zhou JW, Wang H, Sun W, Han NN, Chen L. ASPM is a predictor of overall survival and has therapeutic potential in endometrial cancer. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:1942-1953. [PMID: 32509189 PMCID: PMC7270042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is one of the most common cancers in women, and its pathogenesis is complex. Abnormal spindle microtubule assembly (ASPM) is highly expressed in a variety of cancers and is related to poor clinical prognosis and recurrence. However, the role of ASPM in EC is still unclear. Our study was conducted to investigate the association of ASPM with tumour progression and prognosis in EC. METHODS The expression level of ASPM in EC patients was analysed by using the TCGA database and by using immunohistochemistry (IHC) to analyse EC patient samples. The relationship between ASPM expression and clinicopathological variables was analysed by the chi-square test. Survival curves were analysed by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and log-rank test. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to measure the prognosis of EC. The effects of ASPM on the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of EC cells (HEC-1A and Ishikawa) were analysed by MTT and Transwell assays. The effect of ASPM on the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway was detected by Western blotting. RESULTS ASPM was highly overexpressed in EC. Overexpression of ASPM was related to significantly worse overall survival (P<0.05) in EC patients. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses suggested that upregulation of ASPM was related to poor prognosis in EC. Knockdown of ASPM inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of EC cells. ASPM knockdown suppressed the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway, while β-catenin overexpression reversed the effect of shASPM on cell activity. CONCLUSIONS ASPM acts as an independent predictor of clinical prognosis and serves as a potential target gene for EC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Wei Zhou
- Department of Gynaecology, Jiangsu Province Hospital Nanjing 210000, P. R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Gynaecology, Jiangsu Province Hospital Nanjing 210000, P. R. China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Gynaecology, Jiangsu Province Hospital Nanjing 210000, P. R. China
| | - Nan-Nan Han
- Department of Gynaecology, Jiangsu Province Hospital Nanjing 210000, P. R. China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Gynaecology, Jiangsu Province Hospital Nanjing 210000, P. R. China
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17
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Kohmoto T, Masuda K, Shoda K, Takahashi R, Ujiro S, Tange S, Ichikawa D, Otsuji E, Imoto I. Claudin-6 is a single prognostic marker and functions as a tumor-promoting gene in a subgroup of intestinal type gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 2020; 23:403-417. [PMID: 31654186 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-019-01014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to identify novel tumor-promoting drivers highly expressed in gastric cancer (GC) that contribute to worsened prognosis in affected patients. METHODS Genes whose expression was increased and correlated with worse prognosis in GC were screened using datasets from the Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus. We examined Claudin-6 (CLDN6) immunoreactivity in GC tissues and the effect of CLDN6 on cellular functions in GC cell lines. The mechanisms underlying GC-promoting function of CLDN6 were also investigated. RESULTS CLDN6 was identified as a gene overexpressed in GC tumors as compared with adjacent non-tumorous tissues and whose increased expression was positively correlated with worse overall survival of GC patients, particularly those with Lauren's intestinal type GC, in data from multiple publicly available datasets. Additionally, membranous CLDN6 immunoreactivity detected in intestinal type GC tumors was correlated with worse overall survival. In CLDN6-expressing GC cells, silencing of CLDN6 inhibited cell proliferation and migration/invasion abilities, possibly via suppressing transcription of YAP1 and its downstream transcriptional targets at least in part. CONCLUSIONS This study identified CLDN6 as a GC-promoting gene, suggesting that CLDN6 to be a possible single prognostic marker and promising therapeutic target for a subset of GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kohmoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.,Division of Molecular Genetics, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8681, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Masuda
- Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Shoda
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Rizu Takahashi
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Sae Ujiro
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Tange
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ichikawa
- First Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Eigo Otsuji
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Issei Imoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan. .,Division of Molecular Genetics, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8681, Japan. .,Department of Cancer Genetics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan.
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18
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Claudins: New Players in Human Fertility and Reproductive System Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030711. [PMID: 32197343 PMCID: PMC7140004 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudins are major integral proteins of tight junctions (TJs), the apical cell-cell adhesions that enable maintaining polarity of epithelial cells, their differentiation, and cell signaling. A number of studies have indicated that claudins might play a crucial role in both physiology and pathogenesis. Their tissue-specific expression was originally linked to the development of different types of cancer and triggered a hope to use them as diagnostic or prognostic markers. However, it seems that their expression is more complex than that, and undoubtedly, claudins participate in one of the most important molecular events in cells. This review summarizes the recent research evaluating the role of claudins in fertility and the most common endocrine-dependent cancers in the reproductive system and highlights the crucial role of claudins both in human fertility and the most common cancers.
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19
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Huang L, Zhao C, Sun K, Yang D, Yan L, Luo D, He J, Hu X, Wang R, Shen X, Xiao N, Zhong Z. Downregulation of CLDN6 inhibits cell proliferation, migration, and invasion via regulating EGFR/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Biochem Funct 2020; 38:541-548. [PMID: 32056244 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence showed that the claudin-6 (CLDN6) expression was abnormal in many cancers, while its expression and biological functions in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still unclear. The present study demonstrated that CLDN6 was upregulated in HCC tissues compared with tumour-adjacent tissues. CLDN6 silencing was significantly inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion of HepG2 cells. Meanwhile, downregulation of CLDN6 remarkably inhibited the activation of EGFR/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway. Interestingly, the effect of CLDN6 overexpression on HepG2 cell proliferation and invasion could be inhibited by EGFR/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway inhibitor (AG1478). SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: These findings suggested that CLDN6 may act as an oncogene in HCC and improve HepG2 cell proliferation, migration, and invasion may via EGFR/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chanjuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, SiChuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Sun
- Chengdu Lilai Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Dandan Yang
- Chengdu Lilai Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Linxia Yan
- Chengdu Lilai Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Chengdu Lilai Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinli He
- Chengdu Lilai Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuemei Hu
- Chengdu Lilai Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Chengdu Lilai Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaofei Shen
- Chengdu Lilai Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Ning Xiao
- Health Management Center & Physical Examination Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhendong Zhong
- Institute of Laboratory Animals of Sichuan Academy of Medical Science, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
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20
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Zhou K, Zhao J, Qi L, He Y, Xu J, Dai M. Kinesin Family Member C1 (KIFC1) Accelerates Proliferation and Invasion of Endometrial Cancer Cells Through Modulating the PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2020; 19:1533033820964217. [PMID: 33034273 PMCID: PMC7549169 DOI: 10.1177/1533033820964217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the most common cancers among women worldwide. Kinesin family member C1 (KIFC1) has been demonstrated to play crucial roles in various tumors. However, the function of KIFC1 in EC remains to be revealed. In this study, upregulation of KIFC1 expression in human EC tissues was found from analysis on data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and positively correlated with short survival outcome of EC patients. In addition, the mRNA and protein levels of KIFC1 were confirmed to be up-regulated in EC cells (Ishikawa, HEC-1B, HEC-1A and KLE) compared to human normal endometrial stromal cells (hESCs) by quantitative real time PCR and western blot. In vitro functional experiments showed that overexpression of KIFC1 promoted proliferation, migration and invasion of EC cells, while KIFC1 depletion showed the opposite results. Moreover, KIFC1 knockdown suppressed tumor growth in mice. Further mechanism analysis showed that KIFC1 participated in the regulation of EC progression through regulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Collectively, KIFC1 promoted proliferation and invasion through modulating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in EC, implying that KIFC1 might provide a promising therapeutic target for the therapy of EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kening Zhou
- Department of Gynaecology, People’s Hospital of Quzhou City, Quzhou,
China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Department of Pathology, People’s Hospital of Quzhou City, Quzhou,
China
| | - Lifang Qi
- Department of Gynaecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou
Medical University, Lucheng District, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yingying He
- Department of Pathology, People’s Hospital of Quzhou City, Quzhou,
China
| | - Jingui Xu
- Department of Gynaecology, People’s Hospital of Quzhou City, Quzhou,
China
| | - Mimi Dai
- Department of Gynaecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou
Medical University, Lucheng District, Wenzhou, China
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21
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Chen C, Lin J, Li L, Zhu T, Gao L, Wu W, Liu Q, Ou S. The role of the BMP4/Smad1 signaling pathway in mesangial cell proliferation: A possible mechanism of diabetic nephropathy. Life Sci 2019; 220:106-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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