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Myden A, Stalford SA, Fowkes A, White E, Hirose A, Yamada T. Enhancing developmental and reproductive toxicity knowledge: A new AOP stemming from glutathione depletion. Curr Res Toxicol 2023; 5:100124. [PMID: 37808440 PMCID: PMC10556594 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2023.100124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrated approaches to testing and assessments (IATAs) have been proposed as a method to organise new approach methodologies in order to replace traditional animal testing for chemical safety assessments. To capture the mechanistic aspects of toxicity assessments, IATAs can be framed around the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) concept. To utilise AOPs fully in this context, a sufficient number of pathways need to be present to develop fit for purpose IATAs. In silico approaches can support IATA through the provision of predictive models and also through data integration to derive conclusions using a weight-of-evidence approach. To examine the maturity of a developmental and reproductive toxicity (DART) AOP network derived from the literature, an assessment of its coverage was performed against a novel toxicity dataset. A dataset of diverse compounds, with data from studies performed according to OECD test guidelines TG-421 and TG-422, was curated to test the performance of an in silico model based on the AOP network - allowing for the identification of knowledge gaps within the network. One such gap in the knowledge was filled through the development of an AOP stemming from the molecular initiating event 'glutathione reaction with an electrophile' leading to male fertility toxicity. The creation of the AOP provided the mechanistic rationale for the curation of pre-existing structural alerts to relevant key events. Integrating this new knowledge and associated alerts into the DART AOP network will improve its coverage of DART-relevant chemical space. In addition, broadening the coverage of AOPs for a particular regulatory endpoint may facilitate the development of, and confidence in, robust IATAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alun Myden
- Lhasa Limited, Granary Wharf House, 2 Canal Wharf, Leeds LS11 5PS, United Kingdom
| | - Susanne A. Stalford
- Lhasa Limited, Granary Wharf House, 2 Canal Wharf, Leeds LS11 5PS, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Fowkes
- Lhasa Limited, Granary Wharf House, 2 Canal Wharf, Leeds LS11 5PS, United Kingdom
| | - Emma White
- Lhasa Limited, Granary Wharf House, 2 Canal Wharf, Leeds LS11 5PS, United Kingdom
| | - Akihiko Hirose
- Division of Risk Assessment, Center for Biological Safety and Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamada
- Division of Risk Assessment, Center for Biological Safety and Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
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2
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Fan S, Zhao X, Xie W, Yang X, Yu W, Tang Z, Chen Y, Yuan Z, Han Y, Sheng X, Zhang H, Weng Q. The effect of 3-Methyl-4-Nitrophenol on the early ovarian follicle development in mice by disrupting the clock genes expression. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 363:110001. [PMID: 35654127 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
3-Methyl-4-Nitrophenol (PNMC) is the main degradation product of organophosphate insecticide fenitrothion and a major component of diesel exhaust particles, which is now becoming a widely spread environmental endocrine disruptor. Previous reports showed PNMC exposure can affect the female reproductive system and ovarian function; however, the mechanism remains unclear. The main purpose of this study is to clarify the mechanism underlying the adverse effects of neonatal PNMC treatment on ovarian functions. The neonatal female mice were exposed to 10 mg/kg PNMC and the ovaries were collected on the 7th day after birth. The changes of follicular composition in mice ovaries were analyzed by histological staining, which showed that the proportion of primordial follicles in the ovaries treated by PNMC decreased, while the proportion of secondary follicles increased. The ovarian function was also investigated by detecting the expressions of steroidogenic enzymes (Star, Cyp11a1, Hsd3b1, Cyp17a1, Cyp19a1), gonadotropin receptors (Fshr and Lhr), androgen receptor (Ar), and estrogen receptors (Esr1 and Esr2) by immunohistochemistry or/and real-time quantitative PCR. The expression of Hsd3b1, Cyp17a1 and Esr2 were increased significantly in the PNMC exposed ovaries. Moreover, the expression patterns of clock genes (Bmal1, Clock, Per1, Per2, Cry1, Cry2 and Nr1d1) were disrupted in the ovaries after PNMC exposure. Furthermore, either the expression of DNA Methyltransferase Dnmt3b, or the methylation ratio of CpG islands in the upstream of Cry1 promoter regions were significantly decreased in PNMC exposed ovaries. Altogether, these results indicate that PNMC exposure affects follicle development and ovarian function by interfering with the epigenetic modification and disrupting the expression of clock genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Fan
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wenqian Xie
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaoying Yang
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wenyang Yu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zeqi Tang
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhengrong Yuan
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yingying Han
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xia Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Haolin Zhang
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Qiang Weng
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
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3
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Han Y, Zhang S, Wang Z, Zhang L, Zhang F, Sun F, Zhang H, Yuan Z, Zhang C, Weng Q. Toxicological effects of 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol on mouse ovarian and testicular cell proliferation, apoptosis and oocyte maturation. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 82:94-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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4
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Tomei G, Rosati MV, Ciarrocca M, Capozzella A, Pimpinella B, Palitti T, Casale T, Di Famiani M, Filippelli C, Cangemi C, Giubilati R, Monti C, Tomei F. Urban stressors and plasmatic 17-β-estradiol (E2) in male exposed workers. Toxicol Ind Health 2016; 23:537-43. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233708089043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study is to evaluate if the occupational exposure to urban stressors could cause alterations in 17-β-estradiol (E2) plasma levels and related disorders in male traffic police compared with a control group. After excluding from the study, the subjects with the principal confounding factors, traffic police and controls were matched by age, working life, Body Mass Index (BMI), smoking and drinking habit. A total of 171 male traffic police and 171 controls were included in the study. In traffic police, mean E2 values were significantly lower versus controls ( P < 0.001). The distribution of E2 values in traffic police and controls was significant ( P < 0.001). No significant differences were found in percentage of traffic police versus controls concerning the following questionnaire items: fertility and mental health diseases. Our results suggest that the occupational exposure to chemical urban stressor, interacting with and adding to the psychosocial ones, could alter plasma E2 concentrations in male traffic police compared with a control group. According to our previous researches on other neuro-immune-endocrine parameters, E2 could be used as an early biological marker, valuable for the group, to be used in occupational set even before the onset of the pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tomei
- Department of Psychiatric Science and Psychological Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - MV Rosati
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - M Ciarrocca
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - A Capozzella
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - B Pimpinella
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - T Palitti
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - T Casale
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - M Di Famiani
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - C Filippelli
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - C Cangemi
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - R Giubilati
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - C Monti
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - F Tomei
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
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5
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Yang L, Ma S, Han Y, Wang Y, Guo Y, Weng Q, Xu M. Walnut Polyphenol Extract Attenuates Immunotoxicity Induced by 4-Pentylphenol and 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol in Murine Splenic Lymphocyte. Nutrients 2016; 8:E287. [PMID: 27187455 PMCID: PMC4882700 DOI: 10.3390/nu8050287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
4-pentylphenol (PP) and 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol (PNMC), two important components of vehicle emissions, have been shown to confer toxicity in splenocytes. Certain natural products, such as those derived from walnuts, exhibit a range of antioxidative, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory properties. Here, we investigated the effects of walnut polyphenol extract (WPE) on immunotoxicity induced by PP and PNMC in murine splenic lymphocytes. Treatment with WPE was shown to significantly enhance proliferation of splenocytes exposed to PP or PNMC, characterized by increases in the percentages of splenic T lymphocytes (CD3+ T cells) and T cell subsets (CD4+ and CD8+ T cells), as well as the production of T cell-related cytokines and granzymes (interleukin-2, interleukin-4, and granzyme-B) in cells exposed to PP or PNMC. These effects were associated with a decrease in oxidative stress, as evidenced by changes in OH, SOD, GSH-Px, and MDA levels. The total phenolic content of WPE was 34,800 ± 200 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g, consisting of at least 16 unique phenols, including ellagitannins, quercetin, valoneic acid dilactone, and gallic acid. Taken together, these results suggest that walnut polyphenols significantly attenuated PP and PNMC-mediated immunotoxicity and improved immune function by inhibiting oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubing Yang
- Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Sihui Ma
- Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yu Han
- Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yan Guo
- College of Basic Medicine, Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Qiang Weng
- Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Meiyu Xu
- Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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6
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Yang L, Ma S, Wan Y, Duan S, Ye S, Du S, Ruan X, Sheng X, Weng Q, Taya K, Xu M. In vitro effect of 4-pentylphenol and 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol on murine splenic lymphocyte populations and cytokine/granzyme production. J Immunotoxicol 2016; 13:548-56. [DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2016.1140853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lubing Yang
- Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Sihui Ma
- Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yifang Wan
- Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shuqi Duan
- Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Siyan Ye
- Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shengjie Du
- Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xinwei Ruan
- Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xia Sheng
- Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qiang Weng
- Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Kazuyoshi Taya
- Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Meiyu Xu
- Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
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7
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Kisin ER, Yanamala N, Farcas MT, Gutkin DW, Shurin MR, Kagan VE, Bugarski AD, Shvedova AA. Abnormalities in the male reproductive system after exposure to diesel and biodiesel blend. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2015; 56:265-76. [PMID: 25327512 PMCID: PMC4946425 DOI: 10.1002/em.21915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Altering the fuel source from petroleum-based ultralow sulfur diesel to biodiesel and its blends is considered by many to be a sustainable choice for controlling exposures to particulate material. As the exhaust of biodiesel/diesel blends is composed of a combination of combustion products of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and fatty acid methyl esters, we hypothesize that 50% biodiesel/diesel blend (BD50) exposure could induce harmful outcomes because of its ability to trigger oxidative damage. Here, adverse effects were compared in murine male reproductive organs after pharyngeal aspiration with particles generated by engine fueled with BD50 or neat petroleum diesel (D100). When compared with D100, exposure to BD50 significantly altered sperm integrity, including concentration, motility, and morphological abnormalities, as well as increasing testosterone levels in testes during the time course postexposure. Serum level of luteinizing hormone was significantly depleted only after BD50 exposure. Moreover, we observed that exposure to BD50 significantly increased sperm DNA fragmentation and the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines in the serum and testes on Day 7 postexposure when compared with D100. Histological evaluation of testes sections from BD50 exposure indicated more noticeable interstitial edema, degenerating spermatocytes, and dystrophic seminiferous tubules with arrested spermatogenesis. Significant differences in the level of oxidative stress assessed by accumulation of lipid peroxidation products and depletion of glutathione were detected on exposure to respirable BD50 and D100. Taken together, these results indicate that exposure of mice to inhalable BD50 caused more pronounced adverse effects on male reproductive function than diesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena R. Kisin
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, and Exposure Assessment Branch, HELD, NIOSH, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Naveena Yanamala
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, and Exposure Assessment Branch, HELD, NIOSH, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Mariana T. Farcas
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, and Exposure Assessment Branch, HELD, NIOSH, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Dmitriy W. Gutkin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael R. Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Valerian E. Kagan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Anna A. Shvedova
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, and Exposure Assessment Branch, HELD, NIOSH, Morgantown, West Virginia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
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8
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Trisomboon J, Li C, Suzuki A, Watanabe G, Taya K. 4-Nitro-3-phenylphenol has both androgenic and anti-androgenic-like effects in rats. J Reprod Dev 2015; 61:134-7. [PMID: 25736398 PMCID: PMC4410311 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2014-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effect of endocrine disruption of 4-nitro-3-phenylphenol (PNMPP) on immature male Wistar-Imamichi rats, the rat pituitary was exposed to PNMPP (10–5–10–9 M) for 24 h with or without gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in experiment I. In addition, the Leydig cells (10–5–10–9 M) were exposed to PNMPP for 24 h with or without human chronic gonadotropin (hCG) in experiment II. Our results showed that the PNMPP at 10–5–10–7 M suppressed follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) productions from GnRH-stimulated pituitary cells. At the same time, PNMPP 10–5–10–7 M induced an increase in testosterone production from the Leydig cells treated with or without hCG. Based on our results, it can be concluded that that PNMPP might have both androgen agonist action by decreasing FSH and LH production in the pituitary and anti-androgenic action by increasing
testosterone production in the Leydig cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiratthiya Trisomboon
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand; Labortory of Veterinary Physiology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 183-8509, Japan
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9
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Rengaraj D, Kwon WS, Pang MG. Effects of motor vehicle exhaust on male reproductive function and associated proteins. J Proteome Res 2014; 14:22-37. [PMID: 25329744 DOI: 10.1021/pr500939c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is consistently associated with various diseases and subsequent death among children, adult, and elderly people worldwide. Motor vehicle exhaust contributes to a large proportion of the air pollution present. The motor vehicle exhaust systems emit a variety of toxic components, including carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, ozone, particulate matter, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Several epidemiological studies and laboratory studies have demonstrated that these components are potentially mutagenic, carcinogenic, and endocrine disrupting agents. However, their impact on male reproductive function and associated proteins is not very clear. Therefore, a comprehensive review on the effects of motor vehicle exhaust on male reproductive function and associated proteins is needed to better understand the risks of exhaust exposure for men. We found that motor vehicle exhaust can cause harmful effects on male reproductive functions by altering organ weights, reducing the spermatozoa qualities, and inducing oxidative stress. Remarkably, motor vehicle exhaust exposure causes significant changes in the expression patterns of proteins that are key components involved in spermatogenesis and testosterone synthesis. In conclusion, this review helps to describe the risks of vehicle exhaust exposure and its relationship to potential adverse effects on the male reproduction system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deivendran Rengaraj
- Department of Animal Science & Technology, Chung-Ang University , Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 456-756, Republic of Korea
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10
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Li C, Li X, Jigami J, Hasegawa C, Suzuki AK, Zhang Y, Fujitani Y, Nagaoka K, Watanabe G, Taya K. Effect of nanoparticle-rich diesel exhaust on testosterone biosynthesis in adult male mice. Inhal Toxicol 2012; 24:599-608. [PMID: 22861003 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2012.702140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The effect of nanoparticle-rich diesel exhaust (NR-DE) on the testicular function and factors related with the biosynthesis of testosterone gene expression were investigated in mice. Male C57BL/Jcl mice were exposed to clean air, low-dose NR-DE (Low NR-DE), high-dose NR-DE (High NR-DE) or filtered diesel exhaust (F-DE) for 8 weeks. We found that the mice exposed to High NR-DE had significantly higher testosterone levels than those in the control and F-DE groups. To determine the effects of NR-DE on testicular testosterone production, interstitial cells dissected from the male mice which were exposed to NR-DE, F-DE, or clean air for 8 weeks were incubated with or without human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG; 0.1 IU/mL) for 4 h. The concentrations of testosterone in the culture media were measured. The testosterone production was significantly increased in with or without hCG of High NR-DE exposed group, and significantly decreased in both with or without hCG of F-DE exposed groups. Moreover, several genes, which is associated with testicular cholesterol synthesis, HMG-CoA, LDL-R, SR-B1, PBR, and P450scc, P450 17α, and 17β-HSD were determined in the testis of adult male mice. The results showed High NR-DE exposure significantly increased the expression of these genes. Whereas, the levels in the F-DE exposure group returned to those in the control group, implicating that the nanoparticles in DE contribute to the observed reproductive toxicity. We conclude that enhancement of testosterone biosynthesis by NR-DE exposure may be regulated by increasing testicular enzymes of testosterone biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChunMei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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11
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Li C, Li X, Suzuki AK, Zhang Y, Fujitani Y, Nagaoka K, Watanabe G, Taya K. Effects of exposure to nanoparticle-rich diesel exhaust on pregnancy in rats. J Reprod Dev 2012; 59:145-50. [PMID: 23257834 PMCID: PMC3934203 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2012-145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollutants from burning of diesel fuel are hazardous to human health. Nanoparticles in diesel exhaust potentially have profound impact on fetal development and maternal endocrine function during pregnancy due to their ability to penetrate deeply into the body. To investigate the effects of nanoparticle-rich diesel exhaust (NR-DE) on pregnancy, pregnant rats were exposed to NR-DE, filtered diesel exhaust (F-DE) or clean air for 19 days of gestation. Relative weights of maternal liver and spleen to body weight were significantly lower in the NR-DE and F-DE groups than those in the control group. The serum concentration of maternal progesterone was significantly lower, while those of luteinizing hormone (LH) and corticosterone were significantly higher in the NR-DE and F-DE groups than those in the control group. The serum concentration of estradiol-17β was significantly higher in the F-DE group than that in the control group. The levels of cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and LH receptor mRNA in the corpus luteum were significantly lower in the NR-DE and F-DE groups than those in the control. In fetuses, body weight and crown-rump length were significantly greater and shorter, respectively, in both males and females in the NR-DE and F-DE groups than those in the control group. These results demonstrate that exposure of pregnant rats to NR-DE and F-DE suppresses the function of corpora lutea and stimulates the function of the adrenal cortex, suggesting a risk of spontaneous abortion associated with maternal hormonal changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChunMei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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12
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Ranawat P, Pathak CM, Khanduja KL. A New Perspective on the Quercetin Paradox in Male Reproductive Dysfunction. Phytother Res 2012; 27:802-10. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavitra Ranawat
- Department of Biophysics; Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research; Chandigarh 160012 India
| | - Chander Mohan Pathak
- Department of Biophysics; Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research; Chandigarh 160012 India
| | - Krishan Lal Khanduja
- Department of Biophysics; Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research; Chandigarh 160012 India
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13
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Yue Z, She R, Bao H, Li W, Wang D, Zhu J, Chang L, Yu P. Exposure to 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol affects testicular morphology and induces spermatogenic cell apoptosis in immature male rats. Res Vet Sci 2011; 91:261-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Li Q, Kobayashi M, Inagaki H, Hirata Y, Sato S, Ishizaki M, Okamura A, Wang D, Nakajima T, Kamijima M, Kawada T. Effect of oral exposure to fenitrothion and 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol on splenic cell populations and histopathological alterations in spleen in Wistar rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2010; 30:665-74. [PMID: 20624788 DOI: 10.1177/0960327110377525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fenitrothion (FNT) is used throughout the world as an insecticide in agriculture. To investigate the effect of FNT on the splenocytes and the underlying mechanism, FNT and its main metabolite, 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol (MNP), were administered orally to Wistar rats in daily doses of 0, 5 and 10 mg/kg, 4-5 days/week for 9 weeks. Splenocytes were harvested from control and exposed rats, and the following cell phenotypes were quantified by flow cytometry: (1) B cells (PE-CD45RA), (2) T cells (FITC-CD3), (3) T cell subsets (PE-CD4 and PerCPCD8), (4) natural killer (NK) cells (FITC-CD161a), (5) macrophages (FITC-CD11b), and (6) granulocyte (PE-granulocyte). Body weight, weight of the spleen, and histopathological alterations of spleens were also examined. The percentage of splenic CD8+ T cells and the ratio of CD8/CD4 in the group receiving 10 mg/kg FNT, and the percentages of splenic CD3+ and CD8+ T cells in the group receiving 10 mg/kg MNP were significantly decreased compared with those in the controls. FNT exposure also significantly decreased the weight of the spleen and body weight. In addition, apoptotic lymphocytes in spleen were observed in FNT-exposed rats under transmission electron microscope. However, FNT and MNP exposures did not affect splenic NK cells, B cells, macrophages, and granulocytes. The above findings indicate that FNT and MNP may selectively affect splenic T cells in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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15
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Li C, Taneda S, Taya K, Watanabe G, Li X, Fujitani Y, Ito Y, Nakajima T, Suzuki AK. Effects of inhaled nanoparticle-rich diesel exhaust on regulation of testicular function in adult male rats. Inhal Toxicol 2009; 21:803-11. [PMID: 19653803 DOI: 10.1080/08958370802524381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of nanoparticle-rich diesel exhaust (NR-DE) on reproductive function. Eight-week-old male F344 rats were divided into 12 experimental groups and exposed to either whole NR-DE at low (15.37 microg/m(3), 2.27 x 10(5) particles/cm(3)), middle (36.35 microg/m(3), 5.11 x 10(5) particles/cm(3)), or high (168.84 microg/m(3), 1.36 x 10(6) particles/cm(3)) concentrations or clean air for 4, 8, or 12 weeks (5 hours/day, 5 days/week). NR-DE exposure for 4 or 8 weeks did not affect body weight; however, body weight was significantly decreased in rats exposed to low- or high- concentration NR-DE for 12 weeks compared to the control group. Relative weights of testes, epididymides, seminal vesicles, and prostate had increased non-significantly in all NR-DE-exposed rats at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Adrenal gland relative weights were significantly increased at 4 weeks in rats exposed to low-concentration NR-DE. Plasma luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone concentrations did not change significantly. Plasma testosterone concentrations were significantly increased after exposure to low- or middle-concentration NR-DE for 4 or 8 weeks compared to controls. Plasma immunoreactive (ir-) inhibin concentrations were significantly increased after exposure to high-concentration NR-DE for 4 weeks or middle- or high-concentration NR-DE for 12 weeks compared to controls. Testicular testosterone concentrations were significantly increased at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after exposure to low-concentration NR-DE compared to controls. In contrast, with exposure to low- or high-concentration NR-DE, testicular ir-inhibin concentrations were significantly greater than in controls, but only at 4 weeks. These results suggest that NR-DE inhalation disrupts the endocrine activity of the male reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChunMei Li
- Research Center for Environmental Risk, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki, Japan.
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16
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Mi Y, Zhang C, Li CM, Taneda S, Watanabe G, Suzuki AK, Taya K. Protective effect of quercetin on the reproductive toxicity of 4-nitrophenol in diesel exhaust particles on male embryonic chickens. J Reprod Dev 2009; 56:195-9. [PMID: 20035111 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.09-074n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The 4-nitrophenol (PNP) in diesel exhaust particles (DEP) has been identified as a vasodilator and is a known degradation product of the insecticide parathion. In this study, the protective effect of quercetin, a potent oxygen free radical scavenger and metal chelator, against the oxidative damage of PNP on cultured testicular cells was studied in male embryonic chickens. Testicular cells from Day 18 embryos were cultured in serum-free McCoy's 5A medium and challenged with quercetin (1.0 microg/ml) alone or in combinations with PNP (10(-7)-10(-5) M) for 48 h. The oxidative damage was estimated by measuring cell viability, content of malondialdehyde (MDA), activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidation (GSH-Px) activity. The results showed that exposure to PNP (10(-5) M) induced condensed nuclei, vacuolated cytoplasm and a decrease in testicular cell viability and spermatogonial cell number. Exposure to PNP induced lipid peroxidation by elevation of the content of MDA. Exposure to PNP also decreased GSH-Px activity and SOD activity. However, simultaneous supplementation with quercetin restored these parameters to the same levels as the control. Consequently, PNP induced oxidative stress in spermatogonial cells, and dietary quercetin may attenuate the reproductive toxicity of PNP to restore the intracellular antioxidant system in the testicular cells of embryonic chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Mi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
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17
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Quercetin protects embryonic chicken spermatogonial cells from oxidative damage intoxicated with 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol in primary culture. Toxicol Lett 2009; 190:61-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Endocrine disruptive effect of 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol isolated from diesel exhaust particles in Hershberger assay using castrated immature rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2009; 73:2018-21. [PMID: 19734673 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.90204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To examine the endocrine disruptive effects of 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol (4-nitro-m-cresol; PNMC) in diesel exhaust particles (DEP), the rat Hershberger assay was carried out using castrated immature rats. Castrated 28-d-old immature male rats were implanted with a 5-mm-long silastic tube containing crystalline testosterone and injected with PNMC subcutaneously at doses 1, 10, or 100 mg/kg for 5 consecutive d. The weights of the livers significantly decreased in the 10 and 100 mg/kg PNMC treatment groups as compared with the control group. The weights of the seminal vesicles significantly increased in the 10 mg/kg PNMC treatment group as compared with the control group. The weights of the Cowper's glands were significantly increased in 1 mg/kg PNMC treatment group compared with the control group. The concentrations of plasma testosterone significantly increased in the 10 and 100 mg/kg PNMC treatment groups, indicating that PNMC induced accumulation of bioactive testosterone released from the implanted tube in circulation. Plasma follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels significantly decreased under all the doses in the PNMC treatment groups, indicating that PNMC acts on the hypothalamus-pituitary axis.
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19
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Effects of in utero exposure to nanoparticle-rich diesel exhaust on testicular function in immature male rats. Toxicol Lett 2009; 185:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Revised: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Li C, Suzuki AK, Takahashi S, Taneda S, Watanabe G, Taya K. Effects of 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol on the reproductive toxicity in female Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Biol Pharm Bull 2009; 31:2158-61. [PMID: 18981592 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.31.2158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol (4-nitro-m-cresol, PNMC), a component of diesel exhaust particles and a degradation product of the insecticide fenitrothion, has reproductive toxicity in adult male and immature female Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Here we investigated effects of PNMC on the reproductive toxicity of mature female Japanese quail. The experiment consists of 3 periods of pretreatment, treatment, and post-treatment for 5 d each. The birds were reared, bred naturally for 1 week, and after 5 d of pretreatment, then injected intramuscularly with PNMC at doses 1, 10, or 100 mg/kg body weight daily for 5 d. Body weight, egg weight, and hatchability did not differ among the observation periods. However, at all doses of PNMC, the egg-laying rate showed a modest decrease during the treatment period, with recovery during the post-treatment period. Plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and estrodiol-17beta, were significantly decreased (p<0.05), and plasma concentrations of progesterone significantly increased (p<0.05) in birds treated with 10 and 100 mg/kg PNMC. These results suggest that PNMC have acute toxicity, and inhibited LH secretion, disturbing egg-laying in mature female quail. Our findings indicate that PNMC induces endocrine malfunction at the central level and subsequently disrupts reproductive processes in mature female quails.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChunMei Li
- Environmental Nanotoxicology Section, Research Center for Environmental Risk, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki, Japan
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21
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Noya Y, Mikami Y, Taneda S, Mori Y, Suzuki AK, Ohkura K, Yamaki K, Yoshino S, Seki KI. Improvement of an efficient separation method for chemicals in diesel exhaust particles: analysis for nitrophenols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2008; 15:318-21. [PMID: 18437438 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-008-0006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/21/2008] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
GOAL, SCOPE, AND BACKGROUND Diesel exhaust is believed to consist of thousands of organic constituents and is a major cause of urban pollution. We recently reported that a systematic separation procedure involving successive solvent extractions, followed by repeated column chromatography, resulted in the isolation of vasodilatory active nitrophenols. These findings indicated that the estimation of the amount of nitrophenols in the environment is important to evaluate their effect on human health. The isolation procedure, however, involved successive solvent extractions followed by tedious, repeated chromatography, resulting in poor fractionation and in a significant loss of accuracy and reliability. Therefore, it was crucial to develop an alternative, efficient, and reliable analytical method. Here, we describe a facile and efficient acid-base extraction procedure for the analysis of nitrophenols. MATERIALS AND METHODS Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) were collected from the exhaust of a 4JB1-type engine (ISUZU Automobile Co., Tokyo, Japan). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed with a GCMS-QP2010 instrument (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). RESULTS A solution of DEP in 1-butanol was extracted with aqueous NaOH to afford a nitrophenol-rich oily extract. The resulting oil was methylated with trimethylsilyldiazomethane and subsequently subjected to GC-MS analysis, revealing that 4-nitrophenol, 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol, 2-methyl-4-nitrophenol, and 4-nitro-3-phenylphenol were present in significantly higher concentrations than those reported previously. DISCUSSION Simple acid-base extraction followed by the direct analysis of the resulting extract by GC-MS gave only broad peaks of nitrophenols with a poor detection limit, while the GC-MS analysis of the sample pretreated with (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane gave satisfactorily clear chromatograms with sharp peaks and with a significantly lowered detection limit (0.5 ng/ml, approximately 100 times). CONCLUSION The present method involving an acid-base extraction, in situ derivatization, and GC-MS analysis has shown to be a simple, efficient, and reliable method for the isolation and identification of the chemical substances in DEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Noya
- Central Institute of Isotope Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
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Izawa H, Kohara M, Watanabe G, Taya K, Sagai M. Effects of diesel exhaust particles on the male reproductive system in strains of mice with different aryl hydrocarbon receptor responsiveness. J Reprod Dev 2007; 53:1191-7. [PMID: 17827877 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.19114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) that bind to aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhRs) and decrease sperm production. Since it is not clear if AhR mediates DEP toxicity, we investigated the effect of DEPs in four strains of mice that have different AhR responsiveness. We treated BALB/c, C57BL/6, ICR and DBA/2 mice with DEP suspensions and compared their toxicity in each strain. In both the vehicle- and DEP-treated groups, ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, as an indirect index of AhR activity, was increased in the order of BALB/c > C57BL/6 > ICR > DBA/2. Only BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice had significantly lower daily sperm production (DSP) than vehicle-treated mice. All strains exhibited increased sperm abnormalities. In particular, the C57BL/6, ICR and DBA/2 mice exhibited significantly increased abnormalities. A significant correlation was found between EROD activity and DSP or incidence of morphologically abnormal sperm. These data suggest that DEP toxicity may affect the male reproductive system in an AhR-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Izawa
- Division of Human Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aomori University of Health and Welfare, Aomori, Japan.
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Li C, Taneda S, Suzuki AK, Furuta C, Watanabe G, Taya K. Effects of 3-Methyl-4-nitrophenol on the Suppression of Adrenocortical Function in Immature Male Rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:2376-80. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.2376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- ChunMei Li
- Environmental Nanotoxicology Section, Research Center for Environmental Risk, National Institute for Environmental Studies
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Shinji Taneda
- Environmental Nanotoxicology Section, Research Center for Environmental Risk, National Institute for Environmental Studies
| | - Akira K. Suzuki
- Environmental Nanotoxicology Section, Research Center for Environmental Risk, National Institute for Environmental Studies
| | - Chie Furuta
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
| | - Gen Watanabe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
| | - Kazuyoshi Taya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
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Izawa H, Kohara M, Watanabe G, Taya K, Sagai M. Diesel Exhaust Particle Toxicity on Spermatogenesis in the Mouse is Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Dependent. J Reprod Dev 2007; 53:1069-78. [PMID: 17615446 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.19025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) are particulate matter from diesel exhaust containing many toxic compounds, such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Some toxicities of PAH are considered to express via aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). We hypothesized that the male reproductive toxicity of DEPs may depend on PAHs. BALB/c male mice received 24.7, 74.0 or 220 microg/mouse DEP suspension or vehicle injected into the dorsal subcutaneous layer 10 times during 5 weeks. The mice were euthanized, and blood and organs were collected 2 weeks after the last treatment. The epididymis weights, relative epididymis weights per body weight and daily sperm productions and viabilities of the 74.0 and 220 microg/mouse DEP-treated groups decreased significantly compared with those of the vehicle group. The total incidence of sperm abnormalities in the 74.0 and 220 microg/mouse DEP-treated groups increased significantly compared with the vehicle group. The seminiferous epithelium area ratios of the 74.0 and 220 microg/mouse DEP-treated groups were significantly higher compared with the vehicle and 24.6 microg/mouse DEP-treated groups. The ratios of seminiferous tubules with elongated-type spermatids in the 74.0 and 220 microg/mouse DEP-treated groups were significantly decreased compared with the vehicle group. The testosterone level and hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity as an indirect index of AhR activity in the 74.0 microg/mouse DEP-treated group were significantly increased compared with those of the vehicle group. These results clearly demonstrated that DEPs suppress testicular function, especially spermatogenesis and sperm motility. These effects may be AhR dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Izawa
- Division of Human Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aomori University of Health and Welfare, Aomori, Japan.
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Li C, Takahashi S, Taneda S, Furuta C, Watanabe G, Suzuki AK, Taya K. Effects of 3-Methyl-4-Nitrophenol in Diesel Exhaust Particles on the Regulation of Reproductive Function in Immature Female Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica). J Reprod Dev 2007; 53:673-8. [PMID: 17202750 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.18133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, we found that 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol (PNMC), a component of diesel exhaust particles and also a degradation product of the insecticide fenitrothion, exhibits reproductive toxicity in the adult male Japanese quail. The present study investigated the toxicity of PNMC in the female Japanese quail and its ability to influence reproduction in immature females. The quail (21-day-old) were injected intramuscularly (im) with PNMC at doses 0.1, 1 or 10 mg/kg body weight daily for 3 days. There was no significant difference in body growth between the PNMC-administered and control birds. However, the weights of the oviducts were significantly lower in the PNMC-treated birds at all doses. Furthermore, the plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol-17 beta were significantly decreased with 1 and 10 mg/kg of PNMC. These findings suggest that PNMC might influence the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis with decreasing in secretion of GnRH, LH and ovarian steroid hormones and subsequently disturb growth of the reproductive organs of immature female quail. This study indicates that PNMC induces reproductive toxicity at the central level and disrupts reproductive function in the immature female quail.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChunMei Li
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Japan
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