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Guo B, Zheng C, Cao J, Qiu X, Luo F, Li H, Lee SM, Yang X, Zhang G, Sun Y, Zhang Z, Wang Y. Tetramethylpyrazine Nitrone Promotes the Clearance of Alpha-Synuclein via Nrf2-Mediated Ubiquitin-Proteasome System Activation. Neuromolecular Med 2024; 26:9. [PMID: 38568291 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-024-08775-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) and α-syn cytotoxicity are hallmarks of sporadic and familial Parkinson's disease (PD). Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2)-dependent enhancement of the expression of the 20S proteasome core particles (20S CPs) and regulatory particles (RPs) increases proteasome activity, which can promote α-syn clearance in PD. Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator 1α (PGC-1α) may reduce oxidative stress by strongly inducing Nrf2 gene expression. In the present study, tetramethylpyrazine nitrone (TBN), a potent-free radical scavenger, promoted α-syn clearance by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) in cell models overexpressing the human A53T mutant α-syn. In the α-syn transgenic mice model, TBN improved motor impairment, decreased the products of oxidative damage, and down-regulated the α-syn level in the serum. TBN consistently up-regulated PGC-1α and Nrf2 expression in tested models of PD. Additionally, TBN similarly enhanced the proteasome 20S subunit beta 8 (Psmb8) expression, which is linked to chymotrypsin-like proteasome activity. Furthermore, TBN increased the mRNA levels of both the 11S RPs subunits Pa28αβ and a proteasome chaperone, known as the proteasome maturation protein (Pomp). Interestingly, specific siRNA targeting of Nrf2 blocked TBN's effects on Psmb8, Pa28αβ, Pomp expression, and α-syn clearance. In conclusion, TBN promotes the clearance of α-syn via Nrf2-mediated UPS activation, and it may serve as a potentially disease-modifying therapeutic agent for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases, and Institute of New Drug Research, Jinan University College of Pharmacy, 601# Huangpu Road, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Chengyou Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases, and Institute of New Drug Research, Jinan University College of Pharmacy, 601# Huangpu Road, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jie Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases, and Institute of New Drug Research, Jinan University College of Pharmacy, 601# Huangpu Road, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiaoling Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases, and Institute of New Drug Research, Jinan University College of Pharmacy, 601# Huangpu Road, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Fangcheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases, and Institute of New Drug Research, Jinan University College of Pharmacy, 601# Huangpu Road, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Haitao Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, 519041, China
| | - Simon Mingyuan Lee
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, 999078, Macao SAR, China
| | - Xifei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 8, Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Gaoxiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases, and Institute of New Drug Research, Jinan University College of Pharmacy, 601# Huangpu Road, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yewei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases, and Institute of New Drug Research, Jinan University College of Pharmacy, 601# Huangpu Road, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Zaijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases, and Institute of New Drug Research, Jinan University College of Pharmacy, 601# Huangpu Road, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Yuqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases, and Institute of New Drug Research, Jinan University College of Pharmacy, 601# Huangpu Road, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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Guo B, Zheng C, Cao J, Luo F, Li H, Hu S, Mingyuan Lee S, Yang X, Zhang G, Zhang Z, Sun Y, Wang Y. Tetramethylpyrazine nitrone exerts neuroprotection via activation of PGC-1α/Nrf2 pathway in Parkinson's disease models. J Adv Res 2023:S2090-1232(23)00360-0. [PMID: 37989471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parkinson's disease (PD) is common neurodegenerative disease where oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction play important roles in its progression. Tetramethylpyrazine nitrone (TBN), a potent free radical scavenger, has shown protective effects in various neurological conditions. However, the neuroprotective mechanisms of TBN in PD models remain unclear. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate TBN's neuroprotective effects and mechanisms in PD models. METHODS TBN's neuroprotection was initially measured in MPP+/MPTP-induced PD models. Subsequently, a luciferase reporter assay was used to detect peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator 1α (PGC-1α) promoter activity. Effects of TBN on antioxidant damage and the PGC-1α/Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway were thoroughly investigated. RESULTS In MPP+-induced cell model, TBN (30 to 300 μM) increased cell survival by 9.95% (P < 0.05), 16.63% (P < 0.001), and 24.09% (P < 0.001), respectively. TBN enhanced oxidative phosphorylation (P < 0.05) and restored PGC-1α transcriptional activity suppressed by MPP+ (84.30% vs 59.03%, P < 0.01). In MPTP-treated mice, TBN (30 mg/kg) ameliorated motor impairment, increased striatal dopamine levels (16.75%, P < 0.001), dopaminergic neurons survival (27.12%, P < 0.001), and tyrosine hydroxylase expression (28.07%, P < 0.01). Selegiline, a positive control, increased dopamine levels (15.35%, P < 0.001) and dopaminergic neurons survival (25.34%, P < 0.001). Additionally, TBN reduced oxidative products and activated the PGC-1α/Nrf2 pathway. PGC-1α knockdown diminished TBN's neuroprotective effects, decreasing cell viability from 73.65% to 56.87% (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION TBN has demonstrated consistent effectiveness in MPP+-induced midbrain neurons and MPTP-induced mice. Notably, the therapeutic effect of TBN in mitigating motor deficits and neurodegeneration is superior to selegiline. The neuroprotective mechanisms of TBN are associated with activation of the PGC-1α/Nrf2 pathway, thereby reducing oxidative stress and maintaining mitochondrial function. These findings suggest that TBN may be a promising therapeutic candidate for PD, warranting further development and investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, and Institute of New Drug Research, Jinan University College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou 510632, China; Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral research station, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chengyou Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, and Institute of New Drug Research, Jinan University College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou 510632, China; School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jie Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, and Institute of New Drug Research, Jinan University College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Fangcheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, and Institute of New Drug Research, Jinan University College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Haitao Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai 519041, China
| | - Shengquan Hu
- Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine/Shenzhen Institute of Gerontology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Simon Mingyuan Lee
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Xifei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 8, Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Gaoxiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, and Institute of New Drug Research, Jinan University College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zaijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, and Institute of New Drug Research, Jinan University College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Yewei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, and Institute of New Drug Research, Jinan University College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Yuqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, and Institute of New Drug Research, Jinan University College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Dailah HG. Therapeutic Potential of Small Molecules Targeting Oxidative Stress in the Treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A Comprehensive Review. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175542. [PMID: 36080309 PMCID: PMC9458015 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an increasing and major global health problem. COPD is also the third leading cause of death worldwide. Oxidative stress (OS) takes place when various reactive species and free radicals swamp the availability of antioxidants. Reactive nitrogen species, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and their counterpart antioxidants are important for host defense and physiological signaling pathways, and the development and progression of inflammation. During the disturbance of their normal steady states, imbalances between antioxidants and oxidants might induce pathological mechanisms that can further result in many non-respiratory and respiratory diseases including COPD. ROS might be either endogenously produced in response to various infectious pathogens including fungi, viruses, or bacteria, or exogenously generated from several inhaled particulate or gaseous agents including some occupational dust, cigarette smoke (CS), and air pollutants. Therefore, targeting systemic and local OS with therapeutic agents such as small molecules that can increase endogenous antioxidants or regulate the redox/antioxidants system can be an effective approach in treating COPD. Various thiol-based antioxidants including fudosteine, erdosteine, carbocysteine, and N-acetyl-L-cysteine have the capacity to increase thiol content in the lungs. Many synthetic molecules including inhibitors/blockers of protein carbonylation and lipid peroxidation, catalytic antioxidants including superoxide dismutase mimetics, and spin trapping agents can effectively modulate CS-induced OS and its resulting cellular alterations. Several clinical and pre-clinical studies have demonstrated that these antioxidants have the capacity to decrease OS and affect the expressions of several pro-inflammatory genes and genes that are involved with redox and glutathione biosynthesis. In this article, we have summarized the role of OS in COPD pathogenesis. Furthermore, we have particularly focused on the therapeutic potential of numerous chemicals, particularly antioxidants in the treatment of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamad Ghaleb Dailah
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
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Alonso JM, Escobar-Peso A, Palomino-Antolín A, Diez-Iriepa D, Chioua M, Martínez-Alonso E, Iriepa I, Egea J, Alcázar A, Marco-Contelles J. Privileged Quinolylnitrones for the Combined Therapy of Ischemic Stroke and Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14090861. [PMID: 34577561 PMCID: PMC8465398 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular diseases such as ischemic stroke are known to exacerbate dementia caused by neurodegenerative pathologies such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Besides, the increasing number of patients surviving stroke makes it necessary to treat the co-occurrence of these two diseases with a single and combined therapy. For the development of new dual therapeutic agents, eight hybrid quinolylnitrones have been designed and synthesized by the juxtaposition of selected pharmacophores from our most advanced lead-compounds for ischemic stroke and AD treatment. Biological analyses looking for efficient neuroprotective effects in suitable phenotypic assays led us to identify MC903 as a new small quinolylnitrone for the potential dual therapy of stroke and AD, showing strong neuroprotection on (i) primary cortical neurons under oxygen–glucose deprivation/normoglycemic reoxygenation as an experimental ischemia model; (ii), neuronal line cells treated with rotenone/oligomycin A, okadaic acid or β-amyloid peptide Aβ25–35, modeling toxic insults found among the effects of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Alonso
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (IQOG, CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.A.); (D.D.-I.); (M.C.)
| | - Alejandro Escobar-Peso
- Department of Research, IRYCIS, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. Colmenar Km 9.1, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (A.E.-P.); (E.M.-A.)
| | - Alejandra Palomino-Antolín
- Molecular Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Plasticity Research Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28009 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Daniel Diez-Iriepa
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (IQOG, CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.A.); (D.D.-I.); (M.C.)
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km 33.6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain;
| | - Mourad Chioua
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (IQOG, CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.A.); (D.D.-I.); (M.C.)
| | - Emma Martínez-Alonso
- Department of Research, IRYCIS, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. Colmenar Km 9.1, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (A.E.-P.); (E.M.-A.)
| | - Isabel Iriepa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km 33.6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain;
- Institute of Chemical Research Andrés M. del Río, Alcalá University, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Javier Egea
- Molecular Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Plasticity Research Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28009 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (J.E.); (A.A.); (J.M.-C.)
| | - Alberto Alcázar
- Department of Research, IRYCIS, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. Colmenar Km 9.1, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (A.E.-P.); (E.M.-A.)
- Correspondence: (J.E.); (A.A.); (J.M.-C.)
| | - José Marco-Contelles
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (IQOG, CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.A.); (D.D.-I.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: (J.E.); (A.A.); (J.M.-C.)
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Marano S, Minnelli C, Ripani L, Marcaccio M, Laudadio E, Mobbili G, Amici A, Armeni T, Stipa P. Insights into the Antioxidant Mechanism of Newly Synthesized Benzoxazinic Nitrones: In Vitro and In Silico Studies with DPPH Model Radical. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081224. [PMID: 34439472 PMCID: PMC8388956 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic nitrone spin-traps are being explored as therapeutic agents for the treatment of a wide range of oxidative stress-related pathologies, including but not limited to stroke, cancer, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases. In this context, increasing efforts are currently being made to the design and synthesis of new nitrone-based compounds with enhanced efficacy. The most researched nitrones are surely the ones related to α-phenyl-tert-butylnitrone (PBN) and 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) derivatives, which have shown to possess potent biological activity in many experimental animal models. However, more recently, nitrones with a benzoxazinic structure (3-aryl-2H-benzo[1,4]oxazin-N-oxides) have been demonstrated to have superior antioxidant activity compared to PBN. In this study, two new benzoxazinic nitrones bearing an electron-withdrawing methoxycarbonyl group on the benzo moiety (in para and meta positions respect to the nitronyl function) were synthesized. Their in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by two cellular-based assays (inhibition of AAPH-induced human erythrocyte hemolysis and cell death in human retinal pigmented epithelium (ARPE-19) cells) and a chemical approach by means of the α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay, using both electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and UV spectrophotometry. A computational approach was also used to investigate their potential primary mechanism of antioxidant action, as well as to rationalize the effect of functionalization on the nitrones reactivity toward DPPH, chosen as model radical in this study. Further insights were also gathered by exploring the nitrone electrochemical properties via cyclic voltammetry and by studying their kinetic behavior by means of EPR spectroscopy. Results showed that the introduction of an electron-withdrawing group in the phenyl moiety in the para position significantly increased the antioxidant capacity of benzoxazinic nitrones both in cell and cell-free systems. From the mechanistic point of view, the calculated results closely matched the experimental findings, strongly suggesting that the H-atom transfer (HAT) is likely to be the primary mechanism in the DPPH quenching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Marano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Ingegneria della Materia, dell’Ambiente ed Urbanistica (SIMAU), Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.M.); (E.L.)
| | - Cristina Minnelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente (DISVA), Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (C.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Lorenzo Ripani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.R.); (M.M.)
| | - Massimo Marcaccio
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.R.); (M.M.)
| | - Emiliano Laudadio
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Ingegneria della Materia, dell’Ambiente ed Urbanistica (SIMAU), Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.M.); (E.L.)
| | - Giovanna Mobbili
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente (DISVA), Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (C.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Adolfo Amici
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche-Sez. Biochimica, Biologia e Fisica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (A.A.); (T.A.)
| | - Tatiana Armeni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche-Sez. Biochimica, Biologia e Fisica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (A.A.); (T.A.)
| | - Pierluigi Stipa
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Ingegneria della Materia, dell’Ambiente ed Urbanistica (SIMAU), Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.M.); (E.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-071-2204409
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Synthesis and evaluation of cyclic nitrone derivatives as potential anti-cancer agents. Med Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02729-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Deletraz A, Tuccio B, Roussel J, Combes M, Cohen-Solal C, Fabre PL, Trouillas P, Vignes M, Callizot N, Durand G. Para-Substituted α-Phenyl- N- tert-butyl Nitrones: Spin-Trapping, Redox and Neuroprotective Properties. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:30989-30999. [PMID: 33324807 PMCID: PMC7726753 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a series of para-substituted α-phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrones (PBN) were studied. Their radical-trapping properties were evaluated by electron paramagnetic resonance, with 4-CF3-PBN being the fastest derivative to trap the hydroxymethyl radical (•CH2OH). The redox properties of the nitrones were further investigated by cyclic voltammetry, and 4-CF3-PBN was the easiest to reduce and the hardest to oxidize. This is due to the presence of the electron-withdrawing CF3 group. Very good correlations between the Hammett constants (σp) of the substituents and both spin-trapping rates and redox potentials were observed. These correlations were further supported by computationally determined ionization potentials and atom charge densities. Finally, the neuroprotective effect of these derivatives was studied using two different in vitro models of cell death on primary cortical neurons injured by glutamate exposure or on glial cells exposed to t BuOOH. Trends between the protection afforded by the nitrones and their lipophilicity were observed. 4-CF3-PBN was the most potent agent against t BuOOH-induced oxidative stress on glial cells, while 4-Me2N-PBN showed potency in both models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Deletraz
- Institut
des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-Université
Montpellier-ENSCM & Avignon Université, Equipe Chimie Bioorganique
et Systèmes Amphiphiles, 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza, BP 21239, Avignon 84916, Cedex 9, France
| | - Béatrice Tuccio
- Aix-Marseille
Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Avenue Escadrille Normandie
Niemen, 13397 Marseille, Cedex 20, France
| | - Julien Roussel
- Institut
des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-Université
Montpellier-ENSCM-Site faculté des Sciences, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, Cedex 05, France
| | - Maud Combes
- Neuro-Sys, 410 Chemin Départemental
60, 13120 Gardanne, France
| | - Catherine Cohen-Solal
- Institut
des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-Université
Montpellier-ENSCM-Site faculté des Sciences, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, Cedex 05, France
| | - Paul-Louis Fabre
- Pharma-Dev,
UMR152, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, 35 chemin des Maraîchers, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Patrick Trouillas
- INSERM U1248
IPPRITT, Univ. Limoges, Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, 2 rue Du Professeur Descottes, 87000 Limoges, France
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, tř. 17 listopadu, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michel Vignes
- Institut
des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-Université
Montpellier-ENSCM-Site faculté des Sciences, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, Cedex 05, France
| | - Noelle Callizot
- Neuro-Sys, 410 Chemin Départemental
60, 13120 Gardanne, France
| | - Grégory Durand
- Institut
des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-Université
Montpellier-ENSCM & Avignon Université, Equipe Chimie Bioorganique
et Systèmes Amphiphiles, 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza, BP 21239, Avignon 84916, Cedex 9, France
- . Phone: +33 (0)4 9014 4445
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Homo-Tris-Nitrones Derived from α-Phenyl- N-tert-butylnitrone: Synthesis, Neuroprotection and Antioxidant Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217949. [PMID: 33114714 PMCID: PMC7663103 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we report the synthesis, antioxidant and neuroprotective power of homo-tris-nitrones (HTN) 1-3, designed on the hypothesis that the incorporation of a third nitrone motif into our previously identified homo-bis-nitrone 6 (HBN6) would result in an improved and stronger neuroprotection. The neuroprotection of HTNs 1-3, measured against oligomycin A/rotenone, showed that HTN2 was the best neuroprotective agent at a lower dose (EC50 = 51.63 ± 4.32 μM), being similar in EC50 and maximal activity to α-phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN) and less potent than any of HBNs 4-6. The results of neuroprotection in an in vitro oxygen glucose deprivation model showed that HTN2 was the most powerful (EC50 = 87.57 ± 3.87 μM), at lower dose, but 50-fold higher than its analogous HBN5, and ≈1.7-fold less potent than PBN. HTN3 had a very good antinecrotic (IC50 = 3.47 ± 0.57 μM), antiapoptotic, and antioxidant (EC50 = 6.77 ± 1.35 μM) profile, very similar to that of its analogous HBN6. In spite of these results, and still being attractive neuroprotective agents, HTNs 2 and 3 do not have better neuroprotective properties than HBN6, but clearly exceed that of PBN.
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Abstract
The recent advances of tetramethylpyrazine nitrones and quinolylnitrones for the treatment of stroke have been reviewed and compared with other agents, showing promising therapeutic applications. As a result of a functional transformation of natural product ligustrazine, (Z)-N-tert-butyl-1-(3,5,6-trimethylpyrazin-2-yl)methanimine oxide (6) is a multitarget small nitrone showing potent thrombolytic activity and free radicals scavenging power, in addition to nontoxicity and blood-brain barrier permeability. Similarly, antioxidant (Z)-N-tert-butyl-1-(2-chloro-6-methoxyquinolin-3-yl)methanimine oxide (17) is a novel agent for cerebral ischemia therapy as it is able to scavenge different types of free radical species, showing strong neuroprotection and reduced infarct size.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Marco-Contelles
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, CSIC; Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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10
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Hu L, Feng H, Zhang H, Yu S, Zhao Q, Wang W, Bao F, Ding X, Hu J, Wang M, Xu Y, Wu Z, Li X, Tang Y, Mao F, Chen X, Zhang H, Li J. Development of Novel N-hydroxypyridone Derivatives as Potential Anti-Ischemic Stroke Agents. J Med Chem 2020; 63:1051-1067. [PMID: 31910018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study had identified ciclopirox (CPX) as a promising lead compound for treatment of ischemic stroke. To find better neuroprotective agents, a series of N-hydroxypyridone derivatives based on CPX were designed, synthesized, and evaluated in this study. Among these derivatives, compound 11 exhibits significant neuroprotection against oxygen glucose deprivation and oxidative stress-induced injuries in neuronal cells. Moreover, compound 11 possesses good blood-brain barrier permeability and superior antioxidant capability. In addition, a complex of compound 11 with olamine-11·Ola possesses good water solubility, negligible hERG inhibition, and superior metabolic stability. The in vivo experiment demonstrates that 11·Ola significantly reduces brain infarction and alleviates neurological deficits in middle cerebral artery occlusion rats. Hence, compound 11·Ola is identified in our research as a prospective prototype in the innovation of stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Hongxuan Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Hongguang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Songda Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Qinyuan Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Wei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Fengxia Bao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Xun Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Jiajing Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Manjiong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Yixiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Zengrui Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Xiaokang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Yun Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Fei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
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11
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Gauvin DV, Yoder J, Zimmermann ZJ, Tapp R. Ototoxicity: The Radical Drum Beat and Rhythm of Cochlear Hair Cell Life and Death. Int J Toxicol 2018; 37:195-206. [PMID: 29575954 DOI: 10.1177/1091581818761128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The function and structure of the auditory information processing system establishes a unique sensory environment for the "perfect storm." The battle between life and death pits the cascade of an apoptotic storm, programmed cell death cascades, against simple cell death (necrosis) pathways. Live or die, the free radical biology of oxygen and hydroxylation, and the destruction of transition metal migration through the mechanical gate sensory processes of the hair cell lead to direct access to the cytoplasm, cytoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria of the inner workings of the hair cells. These lead to subsequent interactions with nuclear DNA resulting in permanent hearing loss. The yin and yang of pharmaceutical product development is to document what kills, why it kills, and how do we mitigate it. This review highlights the processes of cell death within the cochlea.
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Affiliation(s)
- David V Gauvin
- 1 Neurobehavioral Sciences Department, MPI Research, Inc., Mattawan, MI, USA
| | - Joshua Yoder
- 1 Neurobehavioral Sciences Department, MPI Research, Inc., Mattawan, MI, USA
| | | | - Rachel Tapp
- 1 Neurobehavioral Sciences Department, MPI Research, Inc., Mattawan, MI, USA
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12
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HPN-07, a free radical spin trapping agent, protects against functional, cellular and electrophysiological changes in the cochlea induced by acute acoustic trauma. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183089. [PMID: 28832600 PMCID: PMC5568441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is considered a major cause of the structural and functional changes associated with auditory pathologies induced by exposure to acute acoustic trauma AAT). In the present study, we examined the otoprotective effects of 2,4-disulfophenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (HPN-07), a nitrone-based free radical trap, on the physiological and cellular changes in the auditory system of chinchilla following a six-hour exposure to 4 kHz octave band noise at 105 dB SPL. HPN-07 has been shown to suppress oxidative stress in biological models of a variety of disorders. Our results show that administration of HPN-07 beginning four hours after acoustic trauma accelerated and enhanced auditory/cochlear functional recovery, as measured by auditory brainstem responses (ABR), distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE), compound action potentials (CAP), and cochlear microphonics (CM). The normally tight correlation between the endocochlear potential (EP) and evoked potentials of CAP and CM were persistently disrupted after noise trauma in untreated animals but returned to homeostatic conditions in HPN-07 treated animals. Histological analyses revealed several therapeutic advantages associated with HPN-07 treatment following AAT, including reductions in inner and outer hair cell loss; reductions in AAT-induced loss of calretinin-positive afferent nerve fibers in the spiral lamina; and reductions in fibrocyte loss within the spiral ligament. These findings support the conclusion that early intervention with HPN-07 following an AAT efficiently blocks the propagative ototoxic effects of oxidative stress, thereby preserving the homeostatic and functional integrity of the cochlea.
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13
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Cupello MP, Saraiva FM, Ippolito P, Fernandes ADS, Menna-Barreto RFS, Costa DDSDS, Paula JIO, Costa PRR, Nogueira NP, Felzenswalb I, Dias AG, Paes MC. Mutagenic and Cytotoxicity LQB 123 Profile: Safety and Tripanocidal Effect of a Phenyl-t-Butylnitrone Derivative. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:2483652. [PMID: 28316976 PMCID: PMC5339480 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2483652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic options for Chagas disease are limited and its treatment presents a number of drawbacks including toxicity, drug resistance, and insufficient effectiveness against the chronic stage of the disease. Therefore, new therapeutical options are mandatory. In the present work, we evaluated the effect of a phenyl-tert-butylnitrone (PBN) derivate, LQB 123, against Trypanosoma cruzi forms. LQB 123 presented a trypanocidal effect against bloodstream trypomastigotes (IC50 = 259.4 ± 6.1 μM) and intracellular amastigotes infecting peritoneal macrophages (IC50 = 188.2 ± 47.5 μM), with no harmful effects upon the mammalian cells (CC50 values greater than 4 mM), resulting in a high selectivity index (CC50/IC50 > 20). Additionally, metacyclic trypomastigotes submitted to LQB 123 presented an IC50 of about 191.8 ± 10.5 μM and epimastigotes forms incubated with different concentrations of LQB 123 presented an inhibition of parasite growth with an IC50 of 255.1 ± 3.6 μM. Finally, we investigated the mutagenic potential of the nitrone by the Salmonella/microsome assay and observed no induction of mutagenicity even in concentrations as high as 33000 μM. Taken together, these results present a nonmutagenic compound, with trypanocidal activity against all relevant forms of T. cruzi, offering new insights into CD treatment suggesting additional in vivo tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Peixoto Cupello
- Laboratório de Interação Tripanossomatídeos e Vetores, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Unidade de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico (UDT) de Triagem de Compostos Químicos para Doenças Negligenciadas com Ênfase Farmacológica contra a Doença de Chagas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Francis Monique Saraiva
- Laboratório de Interação Tripanossomatídeos e Vetores, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Unidade de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico (UDT) de Triagem de Compostos Químicos para Doenças Negligenciadas com Ênfase Farmacológica contra a Doença de Chagas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Pedro Ippolito
- Laboratório de Interação Tripanossomatídeos e Vetores, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Andréia da Silva Fernandes
- Laboratório de Mutagênese Ambiental LABMUT, Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jessica Isis Oliveira Paula
- Laboratório de Interação Tripanossomatídeos e Vetores, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Unidade de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico (UDT) de Triagem de Compostos Químicos para Doenças Negligenciadas com Ênfase Farmacológica contra a Doença de Chagas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto Ribeiro Costa
- Laboratório de Química Bioorgânica, NPPN, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Natália Pereira Nogueira
- Laboratório de Interação Tripanossomatídeos e Vetores, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Unidade de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico (UDT) de Triagem de Compostos Químicos para Doenças Negligenciadas com Ênfase Farmacológica contra a Doença de Chagas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Israel Felzenswalb
- Laboratório de Mutagênese Ambiental LABMUT, Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ayres Guimarães Dias
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcia Cristina Paes
- Laboratório de Interação Tripanossomatídeos e Vetores, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Unidade de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico (UDT) de Triagem de Compostos Químicos para Doenças Negligenciadas com Ênfase Farmacológica contra a Doença de Chagas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia, Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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14
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Wang G, Wang JJ, Fu XL, Guang R, To SST. Advances in the targeting of HIF-1α and future therapeutic strategies for glioblastoma multiforme (Review). Oncol Rep 2016; 37:657-670. [PMID: 27959421 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell metabolism can be reprogrammed by tissue hypoxia leading to cell transformation and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) progression. In response to hypoxia, GBM cells are able to express a transcription factor called hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1). HIF-1 belongs to a family of heterodimeric proteins that includes HIF-1α and HIF-1β subunits. HIF-1α has been reported to play a pivotal role in GBM development and progression. In the present review, we discuss the role of HIF-1α in glucose uptake, cancer proliferation, cell mobility and chemoresistance in GBM. Evidence from previous studies indicates that HIF-1α regulates angiogenesis, metabolic and transcriptional signaling pathways. Examples of such are the EGFR, PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK pathways. It affects cell migration and invasion by regulating glucose metabolism and growth in GBM cells. The present review focuses on the strategies through which to target HIF-1α and the related downstream genes highlighting their regulatory roles in angiogenesis, apoptosis, migration and glucose metabolism for the development of future GBM therapeutics. Combined treatment with inhibitors of HIF-1α and glycolysis may enhance antitumor effects in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Shanghai 200235, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Jie Wang
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Shanghai 200235, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Li Fu
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Shanghai 200235, P.R. China
| | - Rui Guang
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Shanghai 200235, P.R. China
| | - Shing-Shun Tony To
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
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15
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Cardiac Response to Oxidative Stress Induced by Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 170:101-27. [DOI: 10.1007/112_2015_5004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Stiles M, Moiseyev GP, Budda ML, Linens A, Brush RS, Qi H, White GL, Wolf RF, Ma JX, Floyd R, Anderson RE, Mandal NA. PBN (Phenyl-N-Tert-Butylnitrone)-Derivatives Are Effective in Slowing the Visual Cycle and Rhodopsin Regeneration and in Protecting the Retina from Light-Induced Damage. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145305. [PMID: 26694648 PMCID: PMC4687940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A2E and related toxic molecules are part of lipofuscin found in the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in eyes affected by Stargardt's disease, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and other retinal degenerations. A novel therapeutic approach for treating such degenerations involves slowing down the visual cycle, which could reduce the amount of A2E in the RPE. This can be accomplished by inhibiting RPE65, which produces 11-cis-retinol from all-trans-retinyl esters. We recently showed that phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN) inhibits RPE65 enzyme activity in RPE cells. In this study we show that like PBN, certain PBN-derivatives (PBNDs) such as 4-F-PBN, 4-CF3-PBN, 3,4-di-F-PBN, and 4-CH3-PBN can inhibit RPE65 and synthesis of 11-cis-retinol in in vitro assays using bovine RPE microsomes. We further demonstrate that systemic (intraperitoneal, IP) administration of these PBNDs protect the rat retina from light damage. Electroretinography (ERG) and histological analysis showed that rats treated with PBNDs retained ~90% of their photoreceptor cells compared to a complete loss of function and 90% loss of photoreceptors in the central retina in rats treated with vehicle/control injections. Topically applied PBN and PBNDs also significantly slowed the rate of the visual cycle in mouse and baboon eyes. One hour dark adaptation resulted in 75-80% recovery of bleachable rhodopsin in control/vehicle treated mice. Eye drops of 5% 4-CH3-PBN were most effective, inhibiting the regeneration of bleachable rhodopsin significantly (60% compared to vehicle control). In addition, a 10% concentration of PBN and 5% concentration of 4-CH3-PBN in baboon eyes inhibited the visual cycle by 60% and by 30%, respectively. We have identified a group of PBN related nitrones that can reach the target tissue (RPE) by systemic and topical application and slow the rate of rhodopsin regeneration and therefore the visual cycle in mouse and baboon eyes. PBNDs can also protect the rat retina from light damage. There is potential in developing these compounds as preventative therapeutics for the treatment of human retinal degenerations in which the accumulation of lipofuscin may be pathogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Stiles
- Department of Ophthalmology, OUHSC, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Gennadiy P. Moiseyev
- Department of Physiology, OUHSC, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Madeline L. Budda
- Department of Cell Biology, OUHSC, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Annette Linens
- Department of Ophthalmology, OUHSC, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Richard S. Brush
- Department of Ophthalmology, OUHSC, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Hui Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology, OUHSC, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Gary L. White
- Department of Pathology, OUHSC, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Roman F. Wolf
- Department of Pathology, OUHSC, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Jian-xing Ma
- Department of Physiology, OUHSC, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, OUHSC, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Robert Floyd
- Experimental Therapeutics, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Robert E. Anderson
- Department of Ophthalmology, OUHSC, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, OUHSC, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Nawajes A. Mandal
- Department of Ophthalmology, OUHSC, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, OUHSC, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, OUHSC, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, OUHSC, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Choi SH, Choi CH. Noise-Induced Neural Degeneration and Therapeutic Effect of Antioxidant Drugs. J Audiol Otol 2015; 19:111-9. [PMID: 26771008 PMCID: PMC4704551 DOI: 10.7874/jao.2015.19.3.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary site of lesion induced by noise exposure is the hair cells in the organ of Corti and the primary neural degeneration occurs in synaptic terminals of cochlear nerve fibers and spiral ganglion cells. The cellular basis of noise-induced hearing loss is oxidative stress, which refers to a severe disruption in the balance between the production of free radicals and antioxidant defense system in the cochlea by excessive production of free radicals induced by noise exposure. Oxidative stress has been identified by a variety of biomarkers to label free radical activity which include four-hydroxy-2-nonenal, nitrotyrosine, and malondialdehyde, and inducible nitric oxide synthase, cytochrome-C, and cascade-3, 8, 9. Furthermore, oxidative stress is contributing to the necrotic and apoptotic cell deaths in the cochlea. To counteract the known mechanisms of pathogenesis and oxidative stress induced by noise exposure, a variety of antioxidant drugs including oxygen-based antioxidants such as N-acetyl-L-cystein and acetyl-L-carnitine and nitrone-based antioxidants such as phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN), disufenton sodium, 4-hydroxy PBN, and 2, 4-disulfonyl PBN have been used in our laboratory. These antioxidant drugs were effective in preventing or treating noise-induced hearing loss. In combination with other antioxidants, antioxidant drugs showed a strong synergistic effect. Furthermore, successful use of antioxidant drugs depends on the optimal timing of treatment and the duration of treatment, which are highly related to the time window of free radical formation induced by noise exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Hee Choi
- Department of Audiology & Speech Language Pathology, Research Institute of Biomimetic Sensory Control, and Catholic Hearing Voice Speech Center, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Chul-Hee Choi
- Department of Audiology & Speech Language Pathology, Research Institute of Biomimetic Sensory Control, and Catholic Hearing Voice Speech Center, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Korea
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18
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Tuttolomondo A, Pecoraro R, Arnao V, Maugeri R, Iacopino DG, Pinto A. Developing drug strategies for the neuroprotective treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Expert Rev Neurother 2015; 15:1271-84. [PMID: 26469760 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2015.1101345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Developing new treatment strategies for acute ischemic stroke in the last twenty years has offered some important successes, but also several failures. Most trials of neuroprotective therapies have been uniformly negative to date. Recent research has reported how excitatory amino acids act as the major excitatory neurotransmitters in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Furthermore, other therapeutic targets such as free radical scavenger strategies and the anti-inflammatory neuroprotective strategy have been evaluated with conflicting data in animal models and human subjects with acute ischemic stroke. Whereas promising combinations of neuroprotection and neurorecovery, such as citicoline, albumin and cerebrolysin have been tested with findings worthy of further evaluation in larger randomized clinical trials. Understanding the complexities of the ischemic cascade is essential to developing pharmacological targets for acute ischemic stroke in neuroprotective or flow restoration therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Tuttolomondo
- a Internal Medicine and Cardio-Angiology Ward, Department of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Di.Bi. M.I.S , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Rosaria Pecoraro
- a Internal Medicine and Cardio-Angiology Ward, Department of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Di.Bi. M.I.S , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy.,b Emergency Care Unit , Fondazione Istituto S. Raffaele/Giglio of Cefalù , Cefalù , Italy
| | - Valentina Arnao
- c Neurology Ward, Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Rosario Maugeri
- d Neurosurgery Ward, Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Domenico Gerardo Iacopino
- d Neurosurgery Ward, Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Antonio Pinto
- a Internal Medicine and Cardio-Angiology Ward, Department of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Di.Bi. M.I.S , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
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19
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Rosselin M, Choteau F, Zéamari K, Nash KM, Das A, Lauricella R, Lojou E, Tuccio B, Villamena FA, Durand G. Reactivities of substituted α-phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrones. J Org Chem 2014; 79:6615-26. [PMID: 24968285 PMCID: PMC4216227 DOI: 10.1021/jo501121g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
![]()
In
this work, a series of α-phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrones bearing one, two, or three substituents
on the tert-butyl group was synthesized. Cyclic voltammetry
(CV) was used to investigate their electrochemical properties and
showed a more pronounced substituent effect for oxidation than for
reduction. Rate constants of superoxide radical (O2•–) reactions with nitrones were determined using
a UV–vis stopped-flow method, and phenyl radical (Ph•) trapping rate constants were measured by EPR spectroscopy. The
effect of N-tert-butyl substitution
on the charge density and electron density localization of the nitronyl
carbon as well as on the free energies of nitrone reactivity with
O2•– and HO2• were computationally rationalized at the PCM/B3LYP/6-31+G**//B3LYP/6-31G*
level of theory. Theoretical and experimental data showed that the
rates of the reaction correlate with the nitronyl carbon charge density,
suggesting a nucleophilic nature of O2•– and Ph• addition to the nitronyl carbon atom.
Finally, the substituent effect was investigated in cell cultures
exposed to hydrogen peroxide and a correlation between the cell viability
and the oxidation potential of the nitrones was observed. Through
a combination of computational methodologies and experimental methods,
new insights into the reactivity of free radicals with nitrone derivatives
have been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Rosselin
- Avignon Université , Equipe Chimie Bioorganique et Systèmes Amphiphiles, 33 rue Louis Pasteur, F-84000 Avignon, France
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Ries MI, Ali H, Lankhorst PP, Hankemeier T, Bovenberg RAL, Driessen AJM, Vreeken RJ. Novel key metabolites reveal further branching of the roquefortine/meleagrin biosynthetic pathway. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:37289-95. [PMID: 24225953 PMCID: PMC3873581 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.512665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic profiling and structural elucidation of novel secondary metabolites obtained from derived deletion strains of the filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum were used to reassign various previously ascribed synthetase genes of the roquefortine/meleagrin pathway to their corresponding products. Next to the structural characterization of roquefortine F and neoxaline, which are for the first time reported for P. chrysogenum, we identified the novel metabolite roquefortine L, including its degradation products, harboring remarkable chemical structures. Their biosynthesis is discussed, questioning the exclusive role of glandicoline A as key intermediate in the pathway. The results reveal that further enzymes of this pathway are rather unspecific and catalyze more than one reaction, leading to excessive branching in the pathway with meleagrin and neoxaline as end products of two branches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco I. Ries
- From the Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden
| | - Hazrat Ali
- the Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen
- the Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentations, Julianalaan 67, 2628BC Delft
| | | | - Thomas Hankemeier
- From the Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden
- the Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, and
| | - Roel A. L. Bovenberg
- the DSM Biotechnology Center, Alexander Fleminglaan 1, 2613AX Delft
- the Department of Synthetic Biology and Cell Engineering, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnold J. M. Driessen
- the Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen
- the Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentations, Julianalaan 67, 2628BC Delft
| | - Rob J. Vreeken
- From the Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden
- the Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, and
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Lapchak PA, McKim JM. CeeTox™ Analysis of CNB-001 a Novel Curcumin-Based Neurotrophic/Neuroprotective Lead Compound to Treat Stroke: Comparison with NXY-059 and Radicut. Transl Stroke Res 2013; 2:51-9. [PMID: 21494575 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-010-0034-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we used a comprehensive cellular toxicity (CeeTox) analysis panel to determine the toxicity profile for CNB-001 [4-((1E)-2-(5-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxystyryl-)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazoyl-3-yl)vinyl)-2-methoxy-phenol)], which is a hybrid molecule created by combining cyclohexyl bisphenol A, a molecule with neurotrophic activity and curcumin, a spice with neuro-protective activity. CNB-001 is a lead development compound since we have recently shown that CNB-001 has significant preclinical efficacy both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we compared the CeeTox profile of CNB-001 with two neuroprotective molecules that have been clinically tested for efficacy: the hydrophilic free radical spin trap agent NXY-059 and the hydrophobic free radical scavenger edaravone (Radicut). CeeTox analyses using a rat hepatoma cell line (H4IIE) resulted in estimated C(Tox) value (i.e., sustained concentration expected to produce toxicity in a rat 14-day repeat dose study) of 42 μM for CNB-001 compared with >300 μM for both NXY-059 and Radicut. The CeeTox panel suggests that CNB-001 produces some adverse effects on cellular adenosine triphosphate content, membrane toxicity, glutathione content, and cell mass (or number), but only with high concentrations of the drug. After a 24-h exposure, the drug concentration that produced a half-maximal response (TC(50)) on the measures noted above ranges from 55 to 193 μM. Moreover, all CNB-001-induced changes in the markers were coincident with loss of cell number, prior to acute cell death as measured by membrane integrity, suggesting a cytostatic effect of CNB-001. NXY-059 and Radicut did not have acute toxic effects on H4IIE cells. We also found that CNB-001 resulted in an inhibition of ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase activity, indicating that the drug may affect cytochrome P4501A activity and that CNB-001 was metabolically unstable using a rat microsome assay system. For CNB-001, an estimated in vitro efficacy/toxicity ratio is 183-643-fold, suggesting that there is a significant therapeutic safety window for CNB-001 and that it should be further developed as a novel neuroprotective agent to treat stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Lapchak
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Burns and Allen Research Institute, 110 N. George Burns Road, D-2091, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Floyd RA, Castro Faria Neto HC, Zimmerman GA, Hensley K, Towner RA. Nitrone-based therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases: their use alone or in combination with lanthionines. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 62:145-156. [PMID: 23419732 PMCID: PMC3715559 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of free radical reactions occurring in biological processes led to the development and employment of novel methods and techniques focused on determining their existence and importance in normal and pathological conditions. For this reason the use of nitrones for spin trapping free radicals became widespread in the 1970s and 1980s, when surprisingly the first evidence of their potent biological properties was noted. Since then widespread exploration and demonstration of the potent biological properties of phenyl-tert-butylnitrone (PBN) and its derivatives took place in preclinical models of septic shock and then in experimental stroke. The most extensive commercial effort made to capitalize on the potent properties of the PBN-nitrones was for acute ischemic stroke. This occurred during 1993-2006, when the 2,4-disulfonylphenyl PBN derivative, called NXY-059 in the stroke studies, was shown to be safe in humans and was taken all the way through clinical phase 3 trials and then was deemed to be ineffective. As summarized in this review, because of its excellent human safety profile, 2,4-disulfonylphenyl PBN, now called OKN-007 in the cancer studies, was tested as an anti-cancer agent in several preclinical glioma models and shown to be very effective. Based on these studies this compound is now scheduled to enter into early clinical trials for astrocytoma/glioblastoma multiforme this year. The potential use of OKN-007 in combination with neurotropic compounds such as the lanthionine ketamine esters is discussed for glioblastoma multiforme as well as for various other indications leading to dementia, such as aging, septic shock, and malaria infections. There is much more research and development activity ongoing for various indications with the nitrones, alone or in combination with other active compounds, as briefly noted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Floyd
- Experimental Therapeutics, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | | | - Guy A Zimmerman
- Laboratorio de Immunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, IOC, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Kenneth Hensley
- Department of Pathology and Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH
| | - Rheal A Towner
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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23
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Towner RA, Gillespie DL, Schwager A, Saunders DG, Smith N, Njoku CE, Krysiak RS, Larabee C, Iqbal H, Floyd RA, Bourne DWA, Abdullah O, Hsu EW, Jensen RL. Regression of glioma tumor growth in F98 and U87 rat glioma models by the Nitrone OKN-007. Neuro Oncol 2013; 15:330-40. [PMID: 23328810 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nos337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme, a World Health Organization grade IV glioma, has a poor prognosis in humans despite current treatment options. Here, we present magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data regarding the regression of aggressive rat F98 gliomas and human U87 glioma xenografts after treatment with the nitrone compound OKN-007, a disulfonyl derivative of α-phenyl-tert-butyl nitrone. METHODS MRI was used to assess tumor volumes in F98 and U87 gliomas, and bioluminescence imaging was used to measure tumor volumes in F98 gliomas encoded with the luciferase gene (F98(luc)). Immunohistochemistry was used to assess angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF] and microvessel density [MVD]), cell differentiation (carbonic anhydrase IX [CA-IX]), hypoxia (hypoxia-inducible factor-1α [HIF-1α]), cell proliferation (glucose transporter 1 [Glut-1] and MIB-1), proliferation index, and apoptosis (cleaved caspase 3) markers in F98 gliomas. VEGF, CA-IX, Glut-1, HIF-1α, and cleaved caspase 3 were assessed in U87 gliomas. RESULTS Animal survival was found to be significantly increased (P < .001 for F98, P < .01 for U87) in the group that received OKN-007 treatment compared with the untreated groups. After MRI detection of F98 gliomas, OKN-007, administered orally, was found to decrease tumor growth (P < .05). U87 glioma volumes were found to significantly decrease (P < .05) after OKN-007 treatment, compared with untreated animals. OKN-007 administration resulted in significant decreases in tumor hypoxia (HIF-1α [P < .05] in both F98 and U87), angiogenesis (MVD [P < .05], but not VEGF, in F98 or U87), and cell proliferation (Glut-1 [P < .05 in F98, P < .01 in U87] and MIB-1 [P < .01] in F98) and caused a significant increase in apoptosis (cleaved caspase 3 [P < .001 in F98, P < .05 in U87]), compared with untreated animals. CONCLUSIONS OKN-007 may be considered as a promising therapeutic addition or alternative for the treatment of aggressive human gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rheal A Towner
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th St., Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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Potential implication of the chemical properties and bioactivity of nitrone spin traps for therapeutics. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:1171-207. [PMID: 22709256 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrone therapeutics has been employed in the treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases such as neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disease and cancer. The nitrone-based compound NXY-059, which is the first drug to reach clinical trials for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, has provided promise for the development of more robust pharmacological agents. However, the specific mechanism of nitrone bioactivity remains unclear. In this review, we present a variety of nitrone chemistry and biological activity that could be implicated for the nitrone's pharmacological activity. The chemistries of spin trapping and spin adduct reveal insights on the possible roles of nitrones for altering cellular redox status through radical scavenging or nitric oxide donation, and their biological effects are presented. An interdisciplinary approach towards the development of novel synthetic antioxidants with improved pharmacological properties encompassing theoretical, synthetic, biochemical and in vitro/in vivo studies is covered.
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Arce C, Diaz-Castroverde S, Canales MJ, Marco-Contelles J, Samadi A, Oset-Gasque MJ, González MP. Drugs for stroke: action of nitrone (Z)-N-(2-bromo-5-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzylidene)-2-methylpropan-2-amine oxide on rat cortical neurons in culture subjected to oxygen-glucose-deprivation. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 55:475-9. [PMID: 22858224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The action of (Z)-N-(2-bromo-5-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzylidene)-2-methylpropan-2-amine oxide (RP6) on rat cortical neurons in culture, under oxygen-glucose-deprivation conditions, is reported. Cortical neurons in culture were treated during 1 h with OGD. After, they were placed under normal conditions during 24 h (reperfusion) in absence and presence of RP6. Different parameters were measured under each condition (control, 1 h OGD and 1 h OGD + reperfusion in absence and presence of RP6). RP6 protects neurons against ROS generation, lipid peroxidation levels, LDH release and mitochondrial membrane potential alteration, when administered during reperfusion after the OGD damage. Consequently, these results show that nitrone RP6 protects cells against ischemia injury produced during the reoxygenation, and could be a potential drug for the ictus therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Arce
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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26
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Soto-Otero R, Méndez-Álvarez E, Sánchez-Iglesias S, Labandeira-García JL, Rodríguez-Pallares J, Zubkov FI, Zaytsev VP, Voskressensky LG, Varlamov AV, de Candia M, Fiorella F, Altomare C. 2-Benzazepine Nitrones Protect Dopaminergic Neurons against 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Oxidative Toxicity. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2012; 345:598-609. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Lapchak PA. CeeTox Analysis to De-risk Drug Development: The Three Antioxidants (NXY-059, Radicut, and STAZN). Transl Stroke Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9530-8_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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28
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Floyd RA, Chandru HK, He T, Towner R. Anti-cancer activity of nitrones and observations on mechanism of action. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2011; 11:373-9. [PMID: 21651461 DOI: 10.2174/187152011795677517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The nitrone compound PBN, α-phenyl-tert-butylnitrone, and closely related nitrones have anti-cancer activity in several experimental cancer models. The three experimental models most extensively studied include A) the rat choline deficiency liver cancer model, B) the rat C6 glioma model and C) the mouse APC(Min/+) colon cancer model. The two PBN-nitrones mostly studied are PBN and a PBN derivative 2,4-disulfophenyl-tert-butylnitrone, referred as OKN-007. OKN-007 is a proprietary compound that has had extensive commercial development (designated as NXY-059) for another indication, acute ischemic stroke, and after extensive clinical studies was shown to lack efficacy for this indication but was shown to be very safe for human use. This compound administered orally in the rat glioma model has potent activity in treating fully formed gliomas. In this report observations made on the PBN-nitrones in experimental cancer models will be summarized. In addition the experimental results will be discussed in the general framework of the properties of the compounds with a view to try to understand the mechanistic basis of how the PBN-nitrones act as anti-cancer agents. Possible mechanisms related to the suppression of NO production, S-nitrosylation of critical proteins and inhibition of NF-κB activation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Floyd
- Merrick Foundation Chair in Aging Research, Head Experimental Therapeutics Reasearch Program, Oklahoma Medical Research, Foundation, Oklahoma City, 73104 USA.
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Floyd RA, Towner RA, He T, Hensley K, Maples KR. Translational research involving oxidative stress and diseases of aging. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:931-41. [PMID: 21549833 PMCID: PMC3156308 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
There is ample mounting evidence that reactive oxidant species are exacerbated in inflammatory processes, many pathological conditions, and underlying processes of chronic age-related diseases. Therefore there is increased expectation that therapeutics can be developed that act in some fashion to suppress reactive oxidant species and ameliorate the condition. This has turned out to be more difficult than at first expected. Developing therapeutics for indications in which reactive oxidant species are an important consideration presents some unique challenges. We discuss important questions including whether reactive oxidant species should be a therapeutic target, the need to recognize the fact that an antioxidant in a defined chemical system may be a poor antioxidant operationally in a biological system, and the importance of considering that reactive oxidant species may accompany the disease or pathological system rather than being a causative factor. We also discuss the value of having preclinical models to determine if the processes that are important in causing the disease under study are critically dependent on reactive oxidant species events and if the therapeutic under consideration quells these processes. In addition we discuss measures of success that must be met in commercial research and development and in preclinical and clinical trials and discuss as examples our translational research effort in developing nitrones for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke and as anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Floyd
- Experimental Therapeutics, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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30
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Cook DJ, Tymianski M. Translating promising preclinical neuroprotective therapies to human stroke trials. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2011; 9:433-49. [PMID: 21517728 DOI: 10.1586/erc.11.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the third leading cause of mortality and carries the greatest socioeconomic burden of disease in North America. Despite several promising therapies discovered in the preclinical setting, there have been no positive results in human stroke clinical trials to date. In this article, we review the potential causes for failure and discuss strategies that have been proposed to overcome the barrier to translation of stroke therapies. To improve the chance of success in future human stroke trials, we propose that therapies be tested in stroke models that closely resemble the human condition with molecular, imaging and functional outcomes that relate to outcomes utilized in clinical trials. These strategies include higher-order, old-world, nonhuman primate models of stroke with clinically relevant outcome measures. Although stroke neuroprotection has been looked upon pessimistically given the many failures in clinical trials to date, we propose that neuroprotection in humans is feasible and will be realized with rigorous translational science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas James Cook
- University of Toronto, Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Research Institute Neuroprotection Laboratory, 11-414 MCl 399 Bathurst St, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada
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Koszytkowska-Stawińska M, Mironiuk-Puchalska E, Sas W. Synthesis of 1-pyrroline 1-oxides analogous to pseudouridine. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wong GKC, Poon WS. The Biochemical Basis of Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors as Neuroprotective Agents in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010. [PMCID: PMC4034087 DOI: 10.3390/ph3103186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- George Kwok Chu Wong
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +852-2632-2624; Fax: +857-2637-7974
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33
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Floyd RA, Towner RA, Wu D, Abbott A, Cranford R, Branch D, Guo WX, Foster SB, Jones I, Alam R, Moore D, Allen T, Huycke M. Anti-cancer activity of nitrones in the Apc(Min/+) model of colorectal cancer. Free Radic Res 2010; 44:108-17. [PMID: 19886748 DOI: 10.3109/10715760903321796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The nitrones of alpha-phenyl-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN) and 4-hydroxyl-PBN (4-OH-PBN) that have anti-cancer activity in models of liver cancer and glioblastomas were tested in the ApcMin/+ mouse model. Mice were administered PBN and 4-OH-PBN in drinking water and intestinal tumour size and number assessed after 3-4 months. Throughout the experiment, contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to monitor colon tumours. MRI data showed a time-dependent significant increase in total colonic signal intensity in sham-treated mice, but a significant decrease for PBN-treated mice and slight decrease for 4-OHPBN treated mice, probably due to the limited water solubility of 4-OH-PBN. Final pathological and percentage survival data agreed with the MRI data. PBN had little effect on oxaliplatin-mediated killing of HCT116 colon cancer cells and caused only a slight decrease in the amount of active fraction caspase 3 in oxaliplatin-treated cells. PBN has significant anti-cancer activity in this model of intestinal neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Floyd
- Experimental Therapeutics Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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Durand G, Prosak RA, Han Y, Ortial S, Rockenbauer A, Pucci B, Villamena FA. Spin trapping and cytoprotective properties of fluorinated amphiphilic carrier conjugates of cyclic versus linear nitrones. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22:1570-81. [PMID: 19678661 DOI: 10.1021/tx900114v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nitrones have been employed as spin trapping reagent as well as pharmacological agent against neurodegenerative diseases and ischemia-reperfusion induced injury. The structure-activity relationship was explored for the two types of nitrones, i.e., cyclic (DMPO) and linear (PBN), which are conjugated to a fluorinated amphiphilic carrier (FAC) for their cytoprotective properties against hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), 3-morpholinosynonimine hydrochloride (SIN-1), and 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) induced cell death on bovine aortic endothelial cells. The compound FAMPO was synthesized and characterized, and its physical-chemical and spin trapping properties were explored. Cytotoxicity and cytoprotective properties of various nitrones either conjugated and nonconjugated to FAC (i.e., AMPO, FAMPO, PBN, and FAPBN) were assessed using a 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) reduction assay. Results show that of all the nitrones tested, FAPBN is the most protective against H(2)O(2), but FAMPO and to a lesser extent its unconjugated form, AMPO, are more protective against SIN-1 induced cytotoxicity. However, none of the nitrones used protect the cells from HNE-induced cell death. The difference in the cytoprotective properties observed between the cyclic and linear nitrones may arise from the differences in their intrinsic antioxidant properties and localization in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Durand
- Laboratoire de Chimie BioOrganique et des Systèmes Moléculaires Vectoriels, Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, 33 Rue Louis Pasteur, 84000 Avignon, France.
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Culot M, Mysiorek C, Renftel M, Roussel BD, Hommet Y, Vivien D, Cecchelli R, Fenart L, Berezowski V, Dehouck MP, Lundquist S. Cerebrovascular protection as a possible mechanism for the protective effects of NXY-059 in preclinical models: An in vitro study. Brain Res 2009; 1294:144-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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36
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Floyd RA, Kopke RD, Choi CH, Foster SB, Doblas S, Towner RA. Nitrones as therapeutics. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:1361-74. [PMID: 18793715 PMCID: PMC2796547 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Revised: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Nitrones have the general chemical formula X-CH=NO-Y. They were first used to trap free radicals in chemical systems and then subsequently in biochemical systems. More recently several nitrones, including alpha-phenyl-tert-butylnitrone (PBN), have been shown to have potent biological activity in many experimental animal models. Many diseases of aging, including stroke, cancer development, Parkinson disease, and Alzheimer disease, are known to have enhanced levels of free radicals and oxidative stress. Some derivatives of PBN are significantly more potent than PBN and have undergone extensive commercial development for stroke. Recent research has shown that PBN-related nitrones also have anti-cancer activity in several experimental cancer models and have potential as therapeutics in some cancers. Also, in recent observations nitrones have been shown to act synergistically in combination with antioxidants in the prevention of acute acoustic-noise-induced hearing loss. The mechanistic basis of the potent biological activity of PBN-related nitrones is not known. Even though PBN-related nitrones do decrease oxidative stress and oxidative damage, their potent biological anti-inflammatory activity and their ability to alter cellular signaling processes cannot readily be explained by conventional notions of free radical trapping biochemistry. This review is focused on our studies and others in which the use of selected nitrones as novel therapeutics has been evaluated in experimental models in the context of free radical biochemical and cellular processes considered important in pathologic conditions and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Floyd
- Experimental Therapeutics Research Program, Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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Chacon MR, Jensen MB, Sattin JA, Zivin JA. Neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia: emphasis on the SAINT trial. Curr Cardiol Rep 2008; 10:37-42. [PMID: 18416999 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-008-0008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is a significant cause of death and disability in the United States. It has been 10 years since tissue plasminogen activator became the first medication approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treatment for AIS. However, this treatment simply reopens arteries. The identification of deleterious cellular reactions that occur secondary to cerebral ischemia has led investigators to search for neuroprotection strategies to complement reperfusion. More than 100 human trials, including a handful of phase III trials, had failed to produce an efficacious neuroprotective agent. In 2006, the first positive trial of neuroprotection was published: the SAINT I (Stroke-Acute Ischemic NXY Treatment) study. In February 2008, the SAINT II study was published, indicating that NXY-059 was not effective for AIS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus R Chacon
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0624, USA
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Polovyanenko DN, Plyusnin VF, Reznikov VA, Khramtsov VV, Bagryanskaya EG. Mechanistic studies of the reactions of nitrone spin trap PBN with glutathiyl radical. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:4841-7. [PMID: 18363401 DOI: 10.1021/jp711548x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We performed mechanistic studies of the reaction of PBN with the physiologically relevant glutathiyl radical, GS*, formed upon oxidation of the intracellular antioxidant, glutathione, GSH. The scavenging rate constant of GS* by PBN has been measured directly by laser flash photolysis and indirectly by competitive EPR of the spin adduct of PBN and another spin trap, DMPO (5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide), and was found to be 6.7 x 107 M(-1) s(-1). Reverse decomposition of the paramagnetic PBN-glutathiyl radical adduct to the nitrone and thiyl radical was observed for the first time. The rate constant for the reaction of the monomolecular decomposition of the radical adduct was found to be 1.7 s(-1). Diamagnetic, EPR-invisible products of PBN adduct degradation were studied by 1H NMR and 19F NMR using newly synthesized fluorine-substituted PBN.
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Hobbs CE, Oorschot DE. Neonatal rat hypoxia-ischemia: long-term rescue of striatal neurons and motor skills by combined antioxidant-hypothermia treatment. Brain Pathol 2008; 18:443-54. [PMID: 18371175 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2008.00146.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxia-ischemia can cause long-term neurological and behavioral disability. Recent multicenter clinical trials suggest that moderate hypothermia, within 6 h of birth, offers significant yet incomplete protection. We investigated the effect of combined treatment with the antioxidant N-tert-butyl-(2-sulfophenyl)-nitrone (S-PBN) and moderate hypothermia on long-term neuronal injury and behavioral disability. S-PBN or its diluent was administered 12-hourly to rats from postnatal day (PN) 7 to 10. On PN8, hypoxia-ischemia was induced. Immediately post-hypoxia, additional S-PBN and 6 h of moderate hypothermia or additional diluent and 6 h of normothermia were administered. At 1 week, and at 11 weeks, after hypoxia-ischemia, the absolute number of surviving medium-spiny neurons was measured in the coded right striatum. In a separate experiment, skilled forepaw ability was investigated in coded 9- to 11-week-old rats. Normal, uninjured animals were also tested for motor skills at 9- to 11-weeks-of-age. The combination of S-PBN and moderate hypothermia provided statistically significant short- and long-term protection of the striatal medium-spiny neurons to normal control levels. This combinatorial treatment also preserved fine motor skills to normal control levels. The impressive histological and functional preservation suggests that S-PBN and moderate hypothermia is a safe and attractive combination therapy for perinatal hypoxia-ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Hobbs
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Experimental models, neurovascular mechanisms and translational issues in stroke research. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 153 Suppl 1:S396-405. [PMID: 18157168 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous failures in clinical stroke trials have led to some pessimism in the field. This short review examines the following questions: Can experimental models of stroke be validated? How can combination stroke therapies be productively pursued? Can we achieve neuroprotection without reperfusion? And finally, can we move from a pure neurobiology view of stroke towards a more integrative approach targeting all cell types within the entire neurovascular unit? Emerging data from both experimental models and clinical findings suggest that neurovascular mechanisms may provide new opportunities for treating stroke. Ultimately, both bench-to-bedside and bedside-back-to-bench interactions may be required to overcome the translational hurdles for this challenging disease.
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Villamena FA, Merle JK, Hadad CM, Zweier* JL. Rate constants of hydroperoxyl radical addition to cyclic nitrones: a DFT study. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:9995-10001. [PMID: 17845014 PMCID: PMC2544612 DOI: 10.1021/jp073615s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nitrones are potential synthetic antioxidants against the reduction of radical-mediated oxidative damage in cells and as analytical reagents for the identification of HO2* and other such transient species. In this work, the PCM/B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d) and PCM/mPW1K/6-31+G(d,p) density functional theory (DFT) methods were employed to predict the reactivity of HO2* with various functionalized nitrones as spin traps. The calculated second-order rate constants and free energies of reaction at both levels of theory were in the range of 100-103 M-1 s-1 and 1 to -12 kcal mol-1, respectively, and the rate constants for some nitrones are on the same order of magnitude as those observed experimentally. The trend in HO2* reactivity to nitrones could not be explained solely on the basis of the relationship of the theoretical positive charge densities on the nitronyl-C, with their respective ionization potentials, electron affinities, rate constants, or free energies of reaction. However, various modes of intramolecular H-bonding interaction were observed at the transition state (TS) structures of HO2* addition to nitrones. The presence of intramolecular H-bonding interactions in the transition states were predicted and may play a significant role toward a facile addition of HO2* to nitrones. In general, HO2* addition to ethoxycarbonyl- and spirolactam-substituted nitrones, as well as those nitrones without electron-withdrawing substituents, such as 5,5-dimethyl-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) and 5-spirocyclopentyl-pyrroline N-oxide (CPPO), are most preferred compared to the methylcarbamoyl-substituted nitrones. This study suggests that the use of specific spin traps for efficient trapping of HO2* could pave the way toward improved radical detection and antioxidant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick A. Villamena
- Department of Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA 43210
- Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA 43210
- Correspondence to: , Fax: (614)−688−0999. , Fax: (614)−292−1685; , Fax: (614)−247−7799
| | - John K. Merle
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA 43210
| | - Christopher M. Hadad
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA 43210
- Correspondence to: , Fax: (614)−688−0999. , Fax: (614)−292−1685; , Fax: (614)−247−7799
| | - Jay L. Zweier*
- Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA 43210
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA 43210
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Armstrong JS. Mitochondrial medicine: pharmacological targeting of mitochondria in disease. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 151:1154-65. [PMID: 17519949 PMCID: PMC2189819 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a central role in cell life and death and are known to be important in a wide range of diseases including the cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and the age-related neurodegenerative diseases. The unique structural and functional characteristics of mitochondria enable the selective targeting of drugs designed to modulate the function of this organelle for therapeutic gain. This review discusses mitochondrial drug targeting strategies and a variety of novel mitochondrial drug targets including the electron transport chain, mitochondrial permeability transition, Bcl-2 family proteins and mitochondrial DNA. Mitochondrial drug-targeting strategies will open up avenues for manipulating mitochondrial functions and allow for selective protection or eradication of cells for therapeutic gain in a variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Armstrong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingapore
- Author for correspondence:
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Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in developed countries. There is no effective treatment for the most prevalent atrophic (dry) form of AMD. Atrophic AMD is triggered by abnormalities in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) that lies beneath the photoreceptor cells and normally provides critical metabolic support to these light-sensing cells. Secondary to RPE dysfunction, macular rods and cones degenerate leading to the irreversible loss of vision. Oxidative stress, formation of drusen, accumulation of lipofuscin, local inflammation and reactive gliosis represent the pathologic processes implicated in pathogenesis of atrophic AMD. This review discusses potential target areas for small-molecule and biologic intervention, which may lead to development of new therapeutic treatments for atrophic AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Petrukhin
- Columbia University, Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute Annex, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Bachler V. Orthogonal natural atomic orbitals form an appropriate one-electron basis for expanding CASSCF wave functions into localized bonding schemes and their weights. J Comput Chem 2007; 28:2013-9. [PMID: 17407092 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.20718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Localized bonding schemes and their weights have been obtained for the pi-electron system of nitrone by expanding complete active space self-consistent field wave functions into a set of Slater determinants composed of orthogonal natural atomic orbitals (NAOs) of Weinhold and Landis (Valency and Bonding: A Natural Bond Orbital Donor-Acceptor Perspective, 2005). Thus, the derived bonding schemes are close to orthogonal valence bond structures. The calculated sequence of bonding scheme weights accords with the sequence of genuine resonance structure weights derived previously by Ohanessian and Hiberty (Chem Phys Lett 1987, 137, 437), who employed nonorthogonal atomic orbitals. This accord supports the notion that NAOs form an appropriate orthogonal one-electron basis for expanding complete active space self-consistent field wave functions into meaningful bonding schemes and their weights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinzenz Bachler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Bioanorganische Chemie, Stiftstrasse 43-36, Postfach 101365, D-45413 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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Scatena R, Martorana GE, Bottoni P, Botta G, Pastore P, Giardina B. An update on pharmacological approaches to neurodegenerative diseases. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2007; 16:59-72. [PMID: 17155854 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.16.1.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are now generally considered as a group of disorders that seriously and progressively impair the functions of the nervous system through selective neuronal vulnerability of specific brain regions. Alzheimer's disease is the most common neurodegenerative disease, followed in incidence by Parkinson's disease; much less common are frontotemporal dementia, Huntington's disease, amyothrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's disease), progressive supranuclear palsy, spinocerebellar ataxia, Pick's disease and, lastly, prion disease. In this review, the authors intend to survey new drugs in different clinical phases but not in the preclinical or discovery stages nor already in the market, with new molecules aimed at interrupting or at attenuating different pathogenic pathways of neurodegeneration and/or at ameliorating symptoms. Drugs in different pharmacological phases are under study or are ready to be introduced into therapy for Alzheimer's disease, which display anti-beta-amyloid activity or nerve growth factor-like activity or anti-inflammatory properties. Other drugs possess mixed mechanisms of action, such as acetylcholinesterase inhibition and impairment of beta-amyloid formation through inhibition of beta-amyloid precursor protein synthesis and/or modulation of secretase activity. Other therapeutic approaches are based on immunotherapy, control of metal ions interactions with beta-amyloid and ensuing oxidative reactions as well as metabolic or hormonal regulation. The symptomatic therapy of motor behaviour in Parkinson's disease, based on l-DOPA, is registering adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonists, monoamine oxidase B inhibitors and ion channel modulators, as well as dopamine uptake inhibitors and glutamate AMPA receptor antagonists. There are also many other drugs involved, including astrocyte-modulating agents, 5-HT(1A) agonists and alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor antagonists, which are targeted at preventing or ameliorating Parkinson's disease-related or l-DOPA-induced dyskinesias. Huntington's disease therapy envisages a Phase III drug, LAX-101, which displays antiapoptotic properties by promoting membrane stabilisation and mitochondrial integrity. Other drugs with antioxidant and antiapoptotic steroid-like and neuroprotective activity are under investigation for the therapy of the less common neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Scatena
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Universita' Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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Abstract
The brain and nervous system are prone to oxidative stress, and are inadequately equipped with antioxidant defense systems to prevent 'ongoing' oxidative damage, let alone the extra oxidative damage imposed by the neurodegenerative diseases. Indeed, increased oxidative damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, accumulation of oxidized aggregated proteins, inflammation, and defects in protein clearance constitute complex intertwined pathologies that conspire to kill neurons. After a long lag period, therapeutic and other interventions based on a knowledge of redox biology are on the horizon for at least some of the neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Abstract
Developments in acute stroke therapy have followed advances in the understanding of the evolving pathophysiology in both ischaemic stroke and intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH). In ischaemic stroke, rapid reperfusion of the ischaemic penumbra with thrombolysis within 3 h of symptom onset is of proven benefit, but few patients currently receive therapy, mainly due to the short-time window and lack of stroke expertise. In ICH, a recent study indicated that a haemostatic agent can limit ongoing bleeding and improve outcomes when administered within 4 h of stroke onset. These advances in acute stroke therapy underlie the concept that 'time is brain' and that urgent intervention can limit cerebral damage. Neuroprotective therapy could offer the prospect of a greater proportion of stroke patients receiving treatment, potentially before imaging and even in the ambulance setting. Virtually all stroke patients would benefit from receiving multidisciplinary care in acute stroke units.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Davis
- Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital and University of Melbourne,Victoria, Australia.
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Abstract
Age-related diseases deprive individuals of a higher quality of life and therefore therapeutics for their treatment provide significant potential. An overview of the observations of nitrones as potential therapeutics in several age-related diseases is presented. Treatment of acute ischemic stroke is one condition where a nitrone (NXY-059) is in late phase 3 clinical trials now. Also presented is a summary of the most recent work we have accomplished on the anticancer activity of the nitrones in a hepatocellular carcinoma. The mechanistic basis of action of these compounds in several animal models is not yet understood at the molecular levels; however, it does appear clear that their anti-inflammatory properties are central to their action, which is based on their ability to down-regulate exacerbated signal transduction processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Floyd
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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50
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Balogh GT, Szántó Z, Forrai E, Gyorffy W, Lopata A. Use of reversed-phase liquid chromatography for determining the lipophilicity of alpha-aryl-N-cyclopropylnitrones. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 39:1057-62. [PMID: 16019180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2005] [Revised: 05/25/2005] [Accepted: 05/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) retention parameter and various calculated log P-values of our previously synthesized alpha-aryl-N-cyclopropyl-nitrone derivatives was investigated. The RP-HPLC experiments were carried out with acetonitrile-water and methanol-water mixtures as mobile phases and with two kinds of stationary phases of different polarity. The retention parameter, log k(w) was obtained by linear extrapolation of the log k retention to pure water as the mobile phase. The calculated log P-values were C log P, ACD/log P, R log P, A log P, LogKow, X log P and M log P. Statistically, highly significant correlations were found between log k(w) and the calculated log P-values with squared correlation coefficients ranging from 0.771 (with A log P) to 0.956 (with C log P). In addition, the comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) method was also applied to correlate the log k(w) retention parameter of the compounds with their molecular fields. Statistically significant CoMSIA models were obtained between log k(w) and the hydrophobic and steric molecular fields of our compounds. The CoMSIA models describe how the structure of the nitrone derivatives influences (through hydrophobic and steric interactions with the stationary phase) the chromatographic retention of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- György T Balogh
- Gedeon Richter Ltd., Pilot Plant II, P.O. Box 27, Budapest H-1475, Hungary.
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