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Zhang Z, Jiang Z, Deng T, Zhang J, Liu B, Liu J, Qiu R, Zhang Q, Li X, Nian X, Hong Y, Li F, Peng F, Zhao W, Xia Z, Huang S, Liang S, Chen J, Li C, Yang X. Preclinical immunogenicity assessment of a cell-based inactivated whole-virion H5N1 influenza vaccine. Open Life Sci 2022; 17:1282-1295. [PMID: 36249527 PMCID: PMC9518664 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In influenza vaccine development, Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells provide multiple advantages, including large-scale production and egg independence. Several cell-based influenza vaccines have been approved worldwide. We cultured H5N1 virus in a serum-free MDCK cell suspension. The harvested virus was manufactured into vaccines after inactivation and purification. The vaccine effectiveness was assessed in the Wuhan Institute of Biological Products BSL2 facility. The pre- and postvaccination mouse serum titers were determined using the microneutralization and hemagglutination inhibition tests. The immunological responses induced by vaccine were investigated using immunological cell classification, cytokine expression quantification, and immunoglobulin G (IgG) subtype classification. The protective effect of the vaccine in mice was evaluated using challenge test. Antibodies against H5N1 in rats lasted up to 8 months after the first dose. Compared with those of the placebo group, the serum titer of vaccinated mice increased significantly, Th1 and Th2 cells were activated, and CD8+ T cells were activated in two dose groups. Furthermore, the challenge test showed that vaccination reduced the clinical symptoms and virus titer in the lungs of mice after challenge, indicating a superior immunological response. Notably, early after vaccination, considerably increased interferon-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) levels were found, indicating improved vaccine-induced innate immunity. However, IP-10 is an adverse event marker, which is a cause for concern. Overall, in the case of an outbreak, the whole-virion H5N1 vaccine should provide protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhegang Zhang
- Viral Vaccines Research and Development Department 2, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., LTD , Wuhan , 430207 , China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combination Vaccines, China National Biotec Group , Wuhan , 430207 , China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- National Institute of Food and Drug Control , Beijing , 100050 , China
| | - Tao Deng
- Viral Vaccines Research and Development Department 2, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., LTD , Wuhan , 430207 , China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combination Vaccines, China National Biotec Group , Wuhan , 430207 , China
| | - Jiayou Zhang
- Viral Vaccines Research and Development Department 2, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., LTD , Wuhan , 430207 , China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combination Vaccines, China National Biotec Group , Wuhan , 430207 , China
| | - Bo Liu
- Viral Vaccines Research and Development Department 2, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., LTD , Wuhan , 430207 , China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combination Vaccines, China National Biotec Group , Wuhan , 430207 , China
| | - Jing Liu
- Viral Vaccines Research and Development Department 2, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., LTD , Wuhan , 430207 , China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combination Vaccines, China National Biotec Group , Wuhan , 430207 , China
| | - Ran Qiu
- Viral Vaccines Research and Development Department 2, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., LTD , Wuhan , 430207 , China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combination Vaccines, China National Biotec Group , Wuhan , 430207 , China
| | - Qingmei Zhang
- Viral Vaccines Research and Development Department 2, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., LTD , Wuhan , 430207 , China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combination Vaccines, China National Biotec Group , Wuhan , 430207 , China
| | - Xuedan Li
- Viral Vaccines Research and Development Department 2, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., LTD , Wuhan , 430207 , China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combination Vaccines, China National Biotec Group , Wuhan , 430207 , China
| | - Xuanxuan Nian
- Viral Vaccines Research and Development Department 2, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., LTD , Wuhan , 430207 , China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combination Vaccines, China National Biotec Group , Wuhan , 430207 , China
| | - Yue Hong
- Viral Vaccines Research and Development Department 2, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., LTD , Wuhan , 430207 , China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combination Vaccines, China National Biotec Group , Wuhan , 430207 , China
| | - Fang Li
- Viral Vaccines Research and Development Department 2, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., LTD , Wuhan , 430207 , China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combination Vaccines, China National Biotec Group , Wuhan , 430207 , China
| | - Feixia Peng
- Viral Vaccines Research and Development Department 2, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., LTD , Wuhan , 430207 , China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combination Vaccines, China National Biotec Group , Wuhan , 430207 , China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Viral Vaccines Research and Development Department 2, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., LTD , Wuhan , 430207 , China
| | - Zhiwu Xia
- Viral Vaccines Research and Development Department 2, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., LTD , Wuhan , 430207 , China
| | - Shihe Huang
- Viral Vaccines Research and Development Department 2, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., LTD , Wuhan , 430207 , China
| | | | - Jinhua Chen
- Viral Vaccines Research and Development Department 2, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., LTD , Wuhan , 430207 , China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combination Vaccines, China National Biotec Group , Wuhan , 430207 , China
| | - Changgui Li
- National Institute of Food and Drug Control , Beijing , 100050 , China
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combination Vaccines, China National Biotec Group , Wuhan , 430207 , China
- China National Biotec Group , Beijing , 100029 , China
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Abstract
Vaccines are considered one of the most important advances in modern medicine and have greatly improved our quality of life by reducing or eliminating many serious infectious diseases. Successful vaccines have been developed against many of the most common human pathogens, and this success has not been dependent upon any one specific class of vaccine since subunit vaccines, non-replicating whole-virus or whole-bacteria vaccines, and attenuated live vaccines have all been effective for particular vaccine targets. After completing the initial immunization series, one common aspect of successful vaccines is that they induce long-term protective immunity. In contrast, several partially successful vaccines appear to induce protection that is relatively short-lived and it is likely that long-term protective immunity will be critical for making effective vaccines against our most challenging diseases such as AIDS and malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Amanna
- Najít Technologies, Inc, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Mark K Slifka
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA.
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Iskandar VI, Sasaki Y, Yoshino N, Abubakar RZR, Sato S, Muraki Y. Optimization of trypsins for influenza A/H1N1 virus replication in MDCK SI-6 cells, a novel MDCK cell line. J Virol Methods 2017; 252:94-99. [PMID: 29155214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A cell-based vaccine production method for influenza virus may be an effective and more rapid alternative to egg-based systems. For high-yield virus production, the effect of bovine, porcine, fungal, and recombinant trypsins on influenza A/H1N1 virus replication in MDCK SI-6 cells (SI-6 cells), a novel MDCK cell line developed by our research group, was examined. SI-6 cells infected with influenza A/H1N1 virus were incubated in the presence of four trypsin types at various concentrations, and virus yields in the culture medium were evaluated by a hemagglutination (HA) assay. Virus growth was most efficient in the presence of bovine and porcine trypsins. An analysis of the optimized concentration and definitive HA titer of each trypsin by Gaussian distribution revealed that comparable high virus yields (166.1 and 164.2 HAU/50μl) were obtained at the optimized concentrations of bovine (0.4μg/ml) and porcine (2.1μg/ml) trypsins, respectively, the yields of which were significantly higher than that of fungal and recombinant trypsins. We conclude that bovine and porcine trypsins are suitable for influenza A/H1N1 virus replication in SI-6 cells. This result complements our previous study and suggests the possible application of SI-6 cells to the development of cell-based influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viska I Iskandar
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Nishitokuta, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Yutaka Sasaki
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Nishitokuta, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Naoto Yoshino
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Nishitokuta, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Raden Z R Abubakar
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Nishitokuta, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Sato
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Nishitokuta, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Yasushi Muraki
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Nishitokuta, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan.
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Li X, Ju H, Liu J, Yang D, Qi X, Yang X, Qiu Y, Zheng J, Ge F, Zhou J. Influenza virus-like particles harboring H9N2 HA and NA proteins induce a protective immune response in chicken. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2017; 11:518-524. [PMID: 28752641 PMCID: PMC5705689 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Avian influenza viruses represent a growing threat of an influenza pandemic. The co‐circulation of multiple H9N2 genotypes over the past decade has been replaced by one predominant genotype—G57 genotype, which displays a changed antigenicity and improved adaptability in chickens. Effective H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus vaccines for poultry are urgently needed. Objective In this study, we constructed H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus‐like particle (VLP) and evaluated its protective efficacy in specific pathogen‐free (SPF) chickens to lay the foundation for developing an effective vaccine against influenza viruses. Methods Expression of influenza proteins in VLPs was confirmed by Western blot, hemagglutination inhibition (HI), and neuraminidase inhibition (NI). The morphology was observed by electron microscopy. A group of 15 three‐week‐old SPF chickens was divided into three subgroups of five chickens immunized with VLP, commercial vaccine, and PBS. Challenge study was performed to evaluate efficacy of VLP vaccine. Results and Conclusions The hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins were co‐expressed in the infected cells, self‐assembled, and were released into the culture medium in the form of VLPs of diameter ~80 nm. The VLPs exhibited some functional characteristics of a full influenza virus, including hemagglutination and neuraminidase activity. In SPF chickens, the VLPs elicited serum antibodies specific for H9N2 and induced a higher HI titer (as detected by a homologous antigen) than did a commercial H9N2 vaccine (A/chicken/Shanghai/F/1998). Viral shedding from VLP vaccine subgroup was reduced compared with commercial vaccine subgroup and control subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Veterinary disease diagnostic center, Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Houbin Ju
- Veterinary disease diagnostic center, Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Veterinary disease diagnostic center, Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Dequan Yang
- Veterinary disease diagnostic center, Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyong Qi
- Veterinary disease diagnostic center, Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianchao Yang
- Veterinary disease diagnostic center, Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yafeng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Feifei Ge
- Veterinary disease diagnostic center, Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinping Zhou
- Veterinary disease diagnostic center, Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
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Gianchecchi E, Trombetta C, Piccirella S, Montomoli E. Evaluating influenza vaccines: progress and perspectives. Future Virol 2016. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Severe influenza infections are responsible for 3–5 million cases worldwide and 250,000–500,000 deaths per year. Although vaccination is the primary and most effective means of inducing protection against influenza viruses, it also presents limitations. This review outlines the promising steps that have been taken toward the development of a broadly protective influenza virus vaccine through the use of new technologies. The future challenge is to develop a broadly protective vaccine that is able to induce long-term protection against antigenically variant influenza viruses, regardless of antigenic shift and drift, and thus to protect against seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gianchecchi
- VisMederi Srl, Enterprise of Service in Life Sciences, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Claudia Trombetta
- Department of Molecular & Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Simona Piccirella
- VisMederi Srl, Enterprise of Service in Life Sciences, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- VisMederi Srl, Enterprise of Service in Life Sciences, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Department of Molecular & Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Goodman JL. Investing in Immunity: Prepandemic Immunization to Combat Future Influenza Pandemics. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 62:495-8. [PMID: 26585520 PMCID: PMC7314213 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We are unlikely, with current technologies, to have sufficient pandemic influenza vaccine ready in time to impact the first wave of the next pandemic. Emerging data show that prior immunization with an immunologically distinct hemagglutinin of the same subtype offers the potential to “prime” recipients for rapid protection with a booster dose, years later, of a vaccine then manufactured to match the pandemic strain. This article proposes making prepandemic priming vaccine(s) available for voluntary use, particularly to those at high risk of early occupational exposure, such as first responders and healthcare workers, and to others maintaining critical infrastructure. In addition to providing faster protection and potentially reducing social disruption, being able, early in a pandemic, to immunize those who had received prepandemic vaccine with one dose of the pandemic vaccine, rather than the 2 doses typically required, would reduce the total doses of pandemic vaccine then needed, extending vaccine supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse L Goodman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Medical Product Access, Safety and Stewardship (COMPASS), Georgetown University Medical Center and the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington D.C
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Ramezanpour B, Pronker ES, Kreijtz JHCM, Osterhaus ADME, Claassen E. Market implementation of the MVA platform for pre-pandemic and pandemic influenza vaccines: A quantitative key opinion leader analysis. Vaccine 2015; 33:4349-58. [PMID: 26048779 PMCID: PMC4550479 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative method is presented to rank strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) of modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) as a platform for pre-pandemic and pandemic influenza vaccines. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was applied to achieve pairwise comparisons among SWOT factors in order to prioritize them. Key opinion leaders (KOLs) in the influenza vaccine field were interviewed to collect a unique dataset to evaluate the market potential of this platform. The purpose of this study, to evaluate commercial potential of the MVA platform for the development of novel generation pandemic influenza vaccines, is accomplished by using a SWOT and AHP combined analytic method. Application of the SWOT–AHP model indicates that its strengths are considered more important by KOLs than its weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Particularly, the inherent immunogenicity capability of MVA without the requirement of an adjuvant is the most important factor to increase commercial attractiveness of this platform. Concerns regarding vector vaccines and anti-vector immunity are considered its most important weakness, which might lower public health value of this platform. Furthermore, evaluation of the results of this study emphasizes equally important role that threats and opportunities of this platform play. This study further highlights unmet needs in the influenza vaccine market, which could be addressed by the implementation of the MVA platform. Broad use of MVA in clinical trials shows great promise for this vector as vaccine platform for pre-pandemic and pandemic influenza and threats by other respiratory viruses. Moreover, from the results of the clinical trials seem that MVA is particularly attractive for development of vaccines against pathogens for which no, or only insufficiently effective vaccines, are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Ramezanpour
- Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Viroscience Lab, (')s Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Athena Institute, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Esther S Pronker
- Viroclinics Biosciences BV., Rotterdam Science Tower, Marconistraat 16, 3029 AK Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Joost H C M Kreijtz
- Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Viroscience Lab, (')s Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Viroscience Lab, (')s Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Artemis One Health Research Foundation, Androclus Building, Uithof Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - E Claassen
- Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Viroscience Lab, (')s Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Athena Institute, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Artemis One Health Research Foundation, Androclus Building, Uithof Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Soema PC, Kompier R, Amorij JP, Kersten GFA. Current and next generation influenza vaccines: Formulation and production strategies. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 94:251-63. [PMID: 26047796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective method to prevent influenza infection. However, current influenza vaccines have several limitations. Relatively long production times, limited vaccine capacity, moderate efficacy in certain populations and lack of cross-reactivity are important issues that need to be addressed. We give an overview of the current status and novel developments in the landscape of influenza vaccines from an interdisciplinary point of view. The feasibility of novel vaccine concepts not only depends on immunological or clinical outcomes, but also depends on biotechnological aspects, such as formulation and production methods, which are frequently overlooked. Furthermore, the next generation of influenza vaccines is addressed, which hopefully will bring cross-reactive influenza vaccines. These developments indicate that an exciting future lies ahead in the influenza vaccine field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Soema
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Division of Drug Delivery and Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Kompier
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; FluConsult, Noordwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Pierre Amorij
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Gideon F A Kersten
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Division of Drug Delivery and Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands
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Zhang XS, Pebody R, De Angelis D, White PJ, Charlett A, McCauley JW. The Possible Impact of Vaccination for Seasonal Influenza on Emergence of Pandemic Influenza via Reassortment. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114637. [PMID: 25494180 PMCID: PMC4262424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One pathway through which pandemic influenza strains might emerge is reassortment from coinfection of different influenza A viruses. Seasonal influenza vaccines are designed to target the circulating strains, which intuitively decreases the prevalence of coinfection and the chance of pandemic emergence due to reassortment. However, individual-based analyses on 2009 pandemic influenza show that the previous seasonal vaccination may increase the risk of pandemic A(H1N1) pdm09 infection. In view of pandemic influenza preparedness, it is essential to understand the overall effect of seasonal vaccination on pandemic emergence via reassortment. METHODS AND FINDINGS In a previous study we applied a population dynamics approach to investigate the effect of infection-induced cross-immunity on reducing such a pandemic risk. Here the model was extended by incorporating vaccination for seasonal influenza to assess its potential role on the pandemic emergence via reassortment and its effect in protecting humans if a pandemic does emerge. The vaccination is assumed to protect against the target strains but only partially against other strains. We find that a universal seasonal vaccine that provides full-spectrum cross-immunity substantially reduces the opportunity of pandemic emergence. However, our results show that such effectiveness depends on the strength of infection-induced cross-immunity against any novel reassortant strain. If it is weak, the vaccine that induces cross-immunity strongly against non-target resident strains but weakly against novel reassortant strains, can further depress the pandemic emergence; if it is very strong, the same kind of vaccine increases the probability of pandemic emergence. CONCLUSIONS Two types of vaccines are available: inactivated and live attenuated, only live attenuated vaccines can induce heterosubtypic immunity. Current vaccines are effective in controlling circulating strains; they cannot always help restrain pandemic emergence because of the uncertainty of the oncoming reassortant strains, however. This urges the development of universal vaccines for prevention of pandemic influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Sheng Zhang
- Modelling and Economics Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College School of Public Health, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Richard Pebody
- Respiratory Diseases Department, Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela De Angelis
- Statistics Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University Forvie Site, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. White
- Modelling and Economics Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College School of Public Health, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Modelling Methodology, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College School of Public Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andre Charlett
- Statistics Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - John W. McCauley
- Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Halder N, Kelso JK, Milne GJ. A model-based economic analysis of pre-pandemic influenza vaccination cost-effectiveness. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:266. [PMID: 24884470 PMCID: PMC4045999 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A vaccine matched to a newly emerged pandemic influenza virus would require a production time of at least 6 months with current proven techniques, and so could only be used reactively after the peak of the pandemic. A pre-pandemic vaccine, although probably having lower efficacy, could be produced and used pre-emptively. While several previous studies have investigated the cost effectiveness of pre-emptive vaccination strategies, they have not been directly compared to realistic reactive vaccination strategies. Methods An individual-based simulation model of ~30,000 people was used to examine a pre-emptive vaccination strategy, assuming vaccination conducted prior to a pandemic using a low-efficacy vaccine. A reactive vaccination strategy, assuming a 6-month delay between pandemic emergence and availability of a high-efficacy vaccine, was also modelled. Social distancing and antiviral interventions were examined in combination with these alternative vaccination strategies. Moderate and severe pandemics were examined, based on estimates of transmissibility and clinical severity of the 1957 and 1918 pandemics respectively, and the cost effectiveness of each strategy was evaluated. Results Provided that a pre-pandemic vaccine achieved at least 30% efficacy, pre-emptive vaccination strategies were found to be more cost effective when compared to reactive vaccination strategies. Reactive vaccination coupled with sustained social distancing and antiviral interventions was found to be as effective at saving lives as pre-emptive vaccination coupled with limited duration social distancing and antiviral use, with both strategies saving approximately 420 life-years per 10,000 population for a moderate pandemic with a basic reproduction number of 1.9 and case fatality rate of 0.25%. Reactive vaccination was however more costly due to larger productivity losses incurred by sustained social distancing, costing $8 million per 10,000 population ($19,074/LYS) versus $6.8 million per 10,000 population ($15,897/LYS) for a pre-emptive vaccination strategy. Similar trends were observed for severe pandemics. Conclusions Compared to reactive vaccination, pre-emptive strategies would be more effective and more cost effective, conditional on the pre-pandemic vaccine being able to achieve a certain level of coverage and efficacy. Reactive vaccination strategies exist which are as effective at mortality reduction as pre-emptive strategies, though they are less cost effective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel K Kelso
- School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
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Nguyen-Van-Tam JS, Sellwood C. Preparing for a potential A(H7N9) pandemic: lessons from the deployment of A(H1N1) pandemic vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 12:825-8. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2013.814832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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12
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Kapoor S, Dhama K. Prevention and Control of Influenza Viruses. INSIGHT INTO INFLUENZA VIRUSES OF ANIMALS AND HUMANS 2014. [PMCID: PMC7121144 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-05512-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The 2003–2004 outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) have proven to be disastrous to the regional poultry industry in Asia, and have raised serious worldwide public health apprehension regarding the steps that should be taken to urgently control HPAI. Control measures must be taken based on the principles of biosecurity and disease management and at the same time making public aware of the precautionary measures at the verge of outbreak. Creation of protection and surveillance zones, various vaccination strategies viz. routine, preventive, emergency, mass and targeted vaccination programmes using live, inactivated and recombinant vaccines are the common strategies adopted in different parts of the globe. The new generation vaccines include recombinant vaccines and recombinant fusion vaccine. The pro-poor disease control programmes, giving compensation and subsidies to the farmers along with effective and efficient Veterinary Services forms integral part of control of HPAI. Following biosecurity principles and vaccination forms integral part of control programme against swine and equine influenza as well. Use of neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (Zanamivir and Oseltamivir) for the treatment of human influenza has been widely accepted worldwide. The threat of increasing resistance of the flu viruses to these antivirals has evoked interest in the development of novel antiviral drugs for influenza virus such as inhibitors of cellular factors and host signalling cascades, cellular miRNAs, siRNA and innate immune peptides (defensins and cathelicidins). Commercial licensed inactivated vaccines for humans against influenza A and B viruses are available consisting of three influenza viruses: influenza type A subtype H3N2, influenza type A subtype H1N1 (seasonal) virus strain and influenza type B virus strain. As per WHO, use of tetravaccine consisting of antigens of influenza virus serotypes H3N2, H1N1, B and H5 is the most promising method to control influenza pandemic. All healthy children in many countries are required to be vaccinated between 6 and 59 months of age. The seasonal vaccines currently used in humans induce strain-specific humoral immunity as the antibodies. Universal influenza virus vaccines containing the relatively conserved ectodomain of M2 (M2e), M1, HA fusion peptide and stalk domains, NA, NP alone or in combination have been developed which have been shown to induce cross-protection. The T cell-based vaccines are another recent experimental approach that has been shown to elicit broad-spectrum heterosubtypic immunity in the host. As far as HPAI is concerned, various pandemic preparedness strategies have been documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kapoor
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004 Haryana India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122 Uttar Pradesh India
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Tretyakova I, Pearce MB, Florese R, Tumpey TM, Pushko P. Intranasal vaccination with H5, H7 and H9 hemagglutinins co-localized in a virus-like particle protects ferrets from multiple avian influenza viruses. Virology 2013; 442:67-73. [PMID: 23618102 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza H5, H7 and H9 viruses top the World Health Organization's (WHO) list of subtypes with the greatest pandemic potential. Here we describe a recombinant virus-like particle (VLP) that co-localizes hemagglutinin (HA) proteins derived from H5N1, H7N2, and H9N2 viruses as an experimental vaccine against these viruses. A baculovirus vector was configured to co-express the H5, H7, and H9 genes from A/Viet Nam/1203/2004 (H5N1), A/New York/107/2003 (H7N2) and A/Hong Kong/33982/2009 (H9N2) viruses, respectively, as well as neuraminidase (NA) and matrix (M1) genes from A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1) virus. Co-expression of these genes in Sf9 cells resulted in production of triple-subtype VLPs containing HA molecules derived from the three influenza viruses. The triple-subtype VLPs exhibited hemagglutination and neuraminidase activities and morphologically resembled influenza virions. Intranasal vaccination of ferrets with the VLPs resulted in induction of serum antibody responses and efficient protection against experimental challenges with H5N1, H7N2, and H9N2 viruses.
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Keating GM, Plosker GL, Lyseng-Williamson KA. A/H5N1 prepandemic influenza vaccine (Vepacel®): a guide to its use. BioDrugs 2013; 26:425-30. [PMID: 23106407 DOI: 10.1007/bf03261899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vepacel® is a prepandemic influenza vaccine (whole virion, Vero cell-derived, inactivated) containing antigen of H5N1 strain A/Vietnam/1203/2004 and is approved for use in the EU. Clinical immunogenicity studies with the vaccine have demonstrated good functional neutralizing antibody responses against the vaccine strain (A/Vietnam/1203/2004), and cross-reactivity against H5N1 strains from other clades. In general, adverse events observed in clinical immunogenicity studies with a whole virions H5N1 vaccine (A/Vietnam/1203/2004) were similar to those reported with non-adjuvanted, inactivated, split virion seasonal influenza vaccines.
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