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Chochlakis D, Sandalakis V, Ntoukakis A, Daskalaki MO, Loppinet T, Thalassinaki N, Makridaki R, Panoulis C, Psaroulaki A. Multi-criterion analysis of the effect of physico-chemical microbiological agents on Legionella detection in hotel water distribution systems in Crete. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1214717. [PMID: 38188625 PMCID: PMC10770838 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1214717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Water distribution systems in hotels have been related to outbreaks caused by Legionella spp. Certain measures, including disinfection by chlorination, maintaining increased temperatures are usually undertaken to prevent Legionella outbreaks. However, these preventive strategies are not always effective, since there are several factors (e.g., synergistic interactions with other microbes, physico-chemical factors, biofilm formation, availability of nutrients) that promote survival and proliferation of the pathogen in water pipes., Accordingly, there is a need of a holistic approach in development of preventive models for Legionella outbreaks associated with water distribution systems. Methods Water samples were collected from hotel water systems and were tested for the presence of Legionella, E. coli, total coliforms, total mesophilic count and Pseudomonas. In each sample, temperature and chlorine were also tested. Other epidemiological factors were additionally recorded including number of rooms, stars, proximity of sampling point to the boiler, etc. Data were processed by generalized linear analysis, and modeling based on logistic regression analysis to identify independent predictive factors associated with the presence of Legionella in hotel water systems. Results According to the generalized linear model, temperature affected (p<0.05) the presence of Legionella regardless of the species or the water supply (hot or cold). Additionally, opportunistic (P. aeruginosa) or non-opportunistic (E. coli, coliforms) pathogens were significantly associated (p<0.05) with the presence of all Legionella species. Temperature also exhibited a positive effect to all pathogens tested except for Pseudomonas according to the linear model. Multivariate analysis showed that Pseudomonas, total coliforms, HPC and temperature had a statistically significant effect on the presence of Legionella. Based on a binomial model, cold water had a positive effect on Legionella. Type of sampling and proximity of the sample to the boiler seemed to pose different effect on Legionella depending on the cfu/L. The number of hotel stars and rooms did not appear to have any effect in all tested models. Discussion Collectively, these results indicate the need for development of individualized water safety plans tailored by the presence of other microbiological agents, and unique physico-chemical factors, which could facilitate the survival of Legionella.in hotel water systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimosthenis Chochlakis
- Regional Laboratory of Public Health of Crete, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Vassilios Sandalakis
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Apostolos Ntoukakis
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria-Olga Daskalaki
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Thomas Loppinet
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Niki Thalassinaki
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Rena Makridaki
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Christos Panoulis
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Anna Psaroulaki
- Regional Laboratory of Public Health of Crete, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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Hu D, Zeng J, Chen J, Lin W, Xiao X, Feng M, Yu X. Microbiological quality of roof tank water in an urban village in southeastern China. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 125:148-159. [PMID: 36375901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Urban villages are unique residential neighborhoods in urban areas in China. Roof tanks are their main form of water supply, and water quality deterioration might occur in this system because of poor hygienic conditions and maintenance. In this study, water samples were seasonally collected from an urban village to investigate the influence of roof tanks as an additional water storage device on the variation in the microbial community structure and pathogenic gene markers. Water stagnation in the roof tank induced significant decreases in chlorine (p < 0.05), residual chlorine was as low as 0.02 mg/L in spring. Propidium monoazide (PMA)-qPCR revealed a one-magnitude higher level of total viable bacterial concentration in roof tank water samples (2.14 ± 1.81 × 105 gene copies/mL) than that in input water samples (3.57 ± 2.90 × 104 gene copies/mL, p < 0.05), especially in spring and summer. In addition, pathogenic fungi, Mycobacterium spp., and Legionella spp. were frequently detected in the roof tanks. Terminal users might be exposed to higher microbial risk induced by high abundance of Legionella gene marker. Spearman's rank correlation and redundancy analysis showed that residual chlorine was the driving force that promoted bacterial colonization and shaped the microbial community. It is worth noted that the sediment in the pipe will be agitated when the water supply is restored after the water outages, which can trigger an increase in turbidity and bacterial biomass. Overall, the findings provide practical suggestions for controlling microbiological health risks in roof tanks in urban villages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Shitang Community Health Service Center, Xiamen 361026, China
| | - Wenfang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xinyan Xiao
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Mingbao Feng
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xin Yu
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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Islam SI, Mou MJ, Sanjida S, Mahfuj S. A review on molecular detection techniques of white spot syndrome virus: Perspectives of problems and solutions in shrimp farming. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:778-801. [PMID: 36282009 PMCID: PMC10029913 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aims to provide an update on the current scientific understanding of various aspects of White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) formation, diagnostic procedures, transmission, ecological effects, pathophysiology and management strategies. In terms of production and financial benefits, the WSSV has been the most virulent in shrimp and several other crustacean sectors around the globe. It spreads vertically from diseased broodstock to post-larvae and horizontally by cannibalism, invertebrate vectors, freshwater and sediments. In the transfer of white spot disease (WSD) in newly stocked ponds, the survivability of WSSV in sediment is the most important variable. In typical cultural conditions, it is a highly infectious pathogen capable of inflicting total death within 3-10 days after an outbreak. Some of the current biosecurity strategies used to keep diseases out of shrimp ponds such as pond water disinfection, quarantine of new stocks before stocking and broader usage of specific pathogen-free shrimp. The sequencing and characterisation of various WSSV strains have provided details about pathogen biology, pathogenicity and disease. To develop successful control methods, knowledge of these characteristics is essential. In several shrimp-producing countries in Asia and the Americas, the infections produced by the WSSV have had disastrous socio-economic consequences. As a result of international trade or migration of diseased species, the World Animal Health Organization recognised several illnesses as posing a substantial hazard to farmed shrimp. WSD is receiving much scientific research due to the potential economic effects of the virus. Research is now being done to understand better the molecular biology and pathophysiology of WSSV, as well as how to treat and prevent the virus. However, further study should be conducted in countries with more resilient host species to understand their role in mitigating disease impacts since these revelations may aid in developing a WSD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sk Injamamul Islam
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Bioscience, Faculty of Biological ScienceJashore University of Science and TechnologyJashoreBangladesh
| | - Moslema Jahan Mou
- Department of Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyFaculty of Life and Earth ScienceUniversity of RajshahiRajshahiBangladesh
| | - Saloa Sanjida
- Department of Environmental Science and TechnologyFaculty of Applied Science and TechnologyJashore University of Science and TechnologyJashoreBangladesh
| | - Sarower Mahfuj
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Bioscience, Faculty of Biological ScienceJashore University of Science and TechnologyJashoreBangladesh
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Tap Water Consumption Is Associated with Schoolchildren’s Cognitive Deficits in Afghanistan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148252. [PMID: 35886101 PMCID: PMC9321136 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Environmental influence on intelligence quotient (IQ) is poorly understood in developing countries. We conducted the first cross-sectional investigation to assess the role of socio-economic and environmental factors on schoolchildren’s IQ in Jalalabad, Afghanistan. A representative sample of 245 schoolchildren aged 7–15 was randomly selected in five schools. Children’s records included: non-verbal IQ TONI-1 scale, body mass index, socio-economic status, and further environmental indicators (water supply, proximity to a heavy-traffic road, use of surma traditional cosmetics). The mean age of the children was 11.7 years old (±2.0 years), and 70.2% and 29.8% were male and female, respectively. The children’s mean IQ was 83.8 (±12.6). In total, 37 (14.9%) of the children were overweight, 78 (31.5%) were living below the USD 1.25 poverty line, 133 (53.6%) used tap water supply, 76 (30.6%) used surma, and 166 (66.9%) were exposed to heavy road traffic. The children’s IQ was significantly and independently lowered by tap water use (−3.9; 95% CI [−7.1; −0.6]) and by aging (−1.4; 95% CI [−2.2; −0.6]), as revealed in multivariate analysis, independently of gender, socio-economic status, exposure to heavy road traffic, overweight status, and surma use. Lower IQ among older children is possibly attributed to chronic stress experienced by adolescents due to living conditions in Afghanistan. While using tap water prevents fecal peril, it may expose children to toxic elements such as lead which is known to lower their intellectual development.
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The Presence of Opportunistic Premise Plumbing Pathogens in Residential Buildings: A Literature Review. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14071129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens (OPPP) are microorganisms that are native to the plumbing environment and that present an emerging infectious disease problem. They share characteristics, such as disinfectant resistance, thermal tolerance, and biofilm formation. The colonisation of domestic water systems presents an elevated health risk for immune-compromised individuals who receive healthcare at home. The literature that has identified the previously described OPPPs (Aeromonas spp., Acinetobacter spp., Helicobacter spp., Legionella spp., Methylobacterium spp., Mycobacteria spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Stenotrophomonas spp.) in residential drinking water systems were systematically reviewed. By applying the Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines, 214 studies were identified from the Scopus and Web of Science databases, which included 30 clinical case investigations. Tap components and showerheads were the most frequently identified sources of OPPPs. Sixty-four of these studies detected additional clinically relevant pathogens that are not classified as OPPPs in these reservoirs. There was considerable variation in the detection methods, which included traditional culturing and molecular approaches. These identified studies demonstrate that the current drinking water treatment methods are ineffective against many waterborne pathogens. It is critical that, as at-home healthcare services continue to be promoted, we understand the emergent risks that are posed by OPPPs in residential drinking water. Future research is needed in order to provide consistent data on the prevalence of OPPPs in residential water, and on the incidence of waterborne homecare-associated infections. This will enable the identification of the contributing risk factors, and the development of effective controls.
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Slavik I, Oliveira KR, Cheung PB, Uhl W. Water quality aspects related to domestic drinking water storage tanks and consideration in current standards and guidelines throughout the world - a review. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2020; 18:439-463. [PMID: 32833673 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2020.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In many parts of the world, drinking water storage takes place in near-house or in-house tanks. This can impact drinking water quality considerably. International and numerous national standards and guidelines addressing the construction, installation and operation of domestic drinking water storage tanks are reviewed on their consideration of water quality aspects and the minimisation of health risks associated with drinking water storage. Several national and international standards and guidelines are reviewed in terms of drinking water quality requirements. Factors that have an impact on water quality in relation to the use of domestic drinking water storage tanks are summarised comprehensively. The impact of the domestic storage of drinking water on water quality, the points and locations of use, their positioning, the materials they are made of, their design and operation, as well as aspects of how they are operated and maintained is outlined and discussed in detail. Finally, the incorporation of aspects regarding water quality in drinking water storage tanks in standards and guidelines is presented and assessed. To make the use of domestic drinking water storage tanks safer and more efficient, recommendations for modifications, improvements and extensions of respective standards are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Slavik
- Wahnbachtalsperrenverband, 53721 Siegburg, Germany; Technische Universität Dresden, Chair of Water Supply Engineering, 01062 Dresden, Germany E-mail:
| | - Keila Roberta Oliveira
- Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism and Geography, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande/MS, CEP 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Peter Batista Cheung
- Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism and Geography, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande/MS, CEP 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Wolfgang Uhl
- Technische Universität Dresden, Chair of Water Supply Engineering, 01062 Dresden, Germany E-mail: ; Aquateam COWI AS, Karvesvingen 2a, 0579 Oslo, Norway and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Liu H, Wahman DG, Pressman JG. Evaluation of Monochloramine and Free Chlorine Penetration in a Drinking Water Storage Tank Sediment Using Microelectrodes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:9352-9360. [PMID: 31287953 PMCID: PMC6759989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Sediment accumulation in water storage tanks may protect microorganisms from disinfectant exposure, causing the degradation of water quality. However, microbial activity and disinfectant penetration within water storage sediment remain largely uncharacterized. This study evaluated the penetration of monochloramine and free chlorine into a 2 cm (20000 μm) deep drinking water storage tank sediment using microelectrodes. The sediment was successively exposed to monochloramine for 4 months, free chlorine for 2 months, and monochloramine for 2 months. Temporal monochloramine, free chlorine, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate profiles were acquired using microelectrodes. The results showed that complete monochloramine or free chlorine penetration was not observed. Likewise, DO never fully penetrated the sediment, progressing inward with time to a maximum depth of 10000 μm and indicating microbial activity persisted over the entire 8 months. Decreasing ammonium and increasing nitrate concentrations, with minimal nitrite accumulation, further demonstrated microbial activity and indicated complete sediment nitrification. There were measurable levels of ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate during free chlorine application, and nitrification activity gradually resumed upon a switch back to monochloramine. These findings suggest that the periodic removal of sediment from drinking water storage facilities is desirable to remove potentially protected environments for microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Post-Doctoral Fellow at U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - David G. Wahman
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States
| | - Jonathan G. Pressman
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States
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Hua P, de Oliveira KRF, Cheung P, Gonçalves FV, Zhang J. Influences of model structure and calibration data size on predicting chlorine residuals in water storage tanks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 634:705-714. [PMID: 29649715 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the influences of model structure and calibration data size on the modelling performance for the prediction of chlorine residuals in household drinking water storage tanks. The tank models, which consisted of two modules, i.e., hydraulic mixing and water quality modelling processes, were evaluated under identical calibration conditions. The hydraulic mixing modelling processes investigated included the continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) and multi-compartment (MC) methods, and the water quality modelling processes included first order (FO), single-reactant second order (SRSO), and variable reaction rate coefficients (VRRC) second order chlorine decay kinetics. Different combinations of these hydraulic mixing and water quality methods formed six tank models. Results show that by applying the same calibration datasets, the tank models that included the MC method for modelling the hydraulic mixing provided better predictions compared to the CSTR method. In terms of water quality modelling, VRRC kinetics showed better predictive abilities compared to FO and SRSO kinetics. It was also found that the overall tank model performance could be substantially improved when a proper method was chosen for the simulation of hydraulic mixing, i.e., the accuracy of the hydraulic mixing modelling plays a critical role in the accuracy of the tank model. Advances in water quality modelling improve the calibration process, i.e., the size of the datasets used for calibration could be reduced when a suitable kinetics method was applied. Although the accuracies of all six models increased with increasing calibration dataset size, the tank model that consisted of the MC and VRRC methods was the most suitable of the tank models as it could satisfactorily predict chlorine residuals in household tanks by using invariant parameters calibrated against the minimum dataset size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Hua
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Urban Water Management, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Keila Roberta Ferreira de Oliveira
- Fundação Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Faculdade de Engenharias, Arquitetura e Urbanismo e Geografia, Av. Costa e Silva, s/n° - Bairro Universitário, CEP: 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
| | - Peter Cheung
- Fundação Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Faculdade de Engenharias, Arquitetura e Urbanismo e Geografia, Av. Costa e Silva, s/n° - Bairro Universitário, CEP: 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Fábio Veríssimo Gonçalves
- Fundação Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Faculdade de Engenharias, Arquitetura e Urbanismo e Geografia, Av. Costa e Silva, s/n° - Bairro Universitário, CEP: 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Jin Zhang
- Institute of Groundwater and Earth Sciences, Jinan University, 510632 Guangzhou, China
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Abstract
Fungal infections as a result of freshwater exposure or trauma are fortunately rare. Etiologic agents are varied, but commonly include filamentous fungi and Candida. This narrative review describes various sources of potential freshwater fungal exposure and the diseases that may result, including fungal keratitis, acute otitis externa and tinea pedis, as well as rare deep soft tissue or bone infections and pulmonary or central nervous system infections following traumatic freshwater exposure during natural disasters or near-drowning episodes. Fungal etiology should be suspected in appropriate scenarios when bacterial cultures or molecular tests are normal or when the infection worsens or fails to resolve with appropriate antibacterial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J Baumgardner
- Aurora University of Wisconsin Medical Group, Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee, WI; Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI; Center for Urban Population Health, Milwaukee, WI
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Al-Bahry S, Al-Hinai J, Mahmoud I, Al-Musharafi S. Opportunistic and Microbial Pathogens in Municipal Water Distribution Systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apcbee.2013.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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